Levels of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language and requirements for them - Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Levels of RCT

Registration N 32701

In accordance with paragraph ten of paragraph 10 of the Regulations on the procedure for considering issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2002 N 1325 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, N 46, Art. 4571; 2004, N 1, Art. 16; 2006, N 45, article 4670; 2007, N 31, article 4020; 2008, N 29, article 3476; 2009, N 34, article 4170; N 43, article 5049; 2011, N 43 , Art. 6025; 2012, N 23, Art. 2991; N 38, Art. 5074; N 50, Art. 7016; N 53, Art. 7869; 2013, N 52, Art. 7146), I order:

1. Approve the levels of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language and the requirements for them in accordance with the appendix to this order.

2. Recognize as invalid the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of October 28, 2009 N 463 “On approval of federal state requirements for the Russian language as a foreign language” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 14, 2009, registration N 15585).

Minister D. Livanov

Application

Levels of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language and requirements for them

1. This order establishes the following levels of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language, determining the degree of development of communicative competence in Russian as a foreign language, by foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as foreign citizens):

elementary (TEU/A1);

basic for migrant workers (TBUM/A1);

basic (TBU/A2);

first (TRKI-1/V1);

second (TRKI-II/B2);

third (TRKI-III/S1);

fourth (TPKI-IV/C2).

2. The following requirements are established for the elementary level (TEU/A1) of foreign citizens’ proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

2.2. Be able to write a text about yourself, friends, family, work day, your free time (at least 7 phrases on the proposed questions).

2.3. Be able to understand the basic information (topic, main content and communicative intent) of short dialogues and monologues in everyday communication situations.

2.4. Be able to participate in dialogues in situations of everyday everyday communication, be able to maintain a conversation, in particular, about yourself, friends, family, work day, free time.

2.5. Use grammatical and lexical skills to formulate statements in accordance with intentions in a limited set of everyday situations.

The minimum lexical volume should be up to 780 units.

3. The following requirements are established for the basic level for migrant workers (TBUM/A1) of foreign citizens’ proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

3.2. Be able to construct, based on a text read or listened to, a written monologue with elements of production in accordance with the communicative attitude or questions posed (for example, a presentation with elements of an essay, a presentation with a creative task).

3.3. Understand by ear the basic information (that is, the main content, communicative intentions) contained in short monologues and dialogues of a social and everyday nature.

3.4. Be able to independently create coherent, logical statements in accordance with the communicative attitude; understand the content of the interlocutor’s statements, determine his communicative intentions in a limited set of everyday situations.

3.5. Use grammatical and lexical skills to formulate statements about your intentions in a limited set of everyday situations.

The minimum lexical volume should be up to 850 units.

4. The following requirements are established for the basic level (TBU/A2) of foreign citizens’ proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

4.1. Be able to read short texts taken from various sources (magazines, newspapers, signs, inscriptions, indexes, advertisements), understand the basic and additional information of adapted texts of a regional, informational and social character.

4.2. Be able to write a short letter, note, congratulations, etc., present the main content of the source text (at least 15 phrases on the proposed questions).

4.3. Understand basic information (in particular, the topic, indication of place, time, reason) presented in individual dialogues and monologues of a social, everyday and socio-cultural nature.

4.4. Be able to initiate dialogue in everyday situations, maintain a conversation, in particular, about yourself, friends, family, study, work, learning a foreign language, working day, free time, hometown, health, weather, and also construct your own statement based on the text you read .

4.5. Use grammatical and lexical skills to formulate statements in accordance with intentions in a limited set of social and everyday situations.

The minimum lexical volume should be up to 1300 units.

5. The following requirements are established for the first level (TRKI-1/B1) of a foreign citizen’s proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

5.2. Be able to write a text of at least 20 sentences within the framework of a situational and thematic minimum, be able to convey in writing the main content of a read or listened text of an informational, journalistic, socio-cultural or social-everyday nature.

5.3. Understand dialogues in written and oral speech, be able to extract factual information (topic, time, characteristics of objects, goals, reasons) and express your attitude to the statements and actions of speakers, understand announcements, news, and socio-cultural information recorded on audio media.

5.4. Be able to participate in dialogues in a wide range of everyday communication situations, be able to start, maintain and end a dialogue, conduct a conversation on various topics (in particular, about yourself, work, profession, interests, country, city, cultural issues), formulate your own statement based on read text of a socio-cultural nature.

5.5. Use grammatical and lexical skills to formulate statements in accordance with the intentions that arise in communication situations within the framework of a situational and thematic minimum.

The minimum lexical volume should be up to 2300 units.

6. The following requirements are established for the second level (TRFL-II/B2) of a foreign citizen’s proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

6.2. Be able to write plans, theses, notes based on what you have heard and read, write your own written texts of an informative nature in the form of a personal or official business letter, as well as texts of a business nature, including statements, requests, explanatory notes.

6.3. Understand dialogue and the communicative intentions of speakers, radio news, advertisements, and dialogue from feature films and television programs.

6.4. Be able to maintain a dialogue, implementing the proposed tactics of verbal communication: initiate a dialogue-question, talk about what you saw, express your own opinion and evaluate what you saw, analyze the problem in a situation of free conversation.

6.5. Be able to perceive and use lexical and grammatical means of the language, ensuring the correct linguistic design of statements.

The volume of the lexical minimum should be up to 10,000 units, including up to 6,000 units in the active part of the dictionary.

7. The following requirements are established for the third level (TRKI-III/C1) of a foreign citizen’s proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

7.1. Understand and be able to interpret texts related to socio-cultural (with a fairly high level of known information content) and official business (represented by texts of regulatory legal acts, official messages) spheres of communication, as well as read and understand works of fiction in Russian.

7.2. Be able to write an abstract, formal and (or) informal letter, message based on what you have heard and read, demonstrating the ability to analyze and evaluate the information provided, as well as be able to write an essay, article or essay on a free or suggested topic.

7.3. Fully understand the content of an audio text, demonstrate the ability to evaluate what is heard, including radio and television programs, films, recordings of public speeches, and evaluate the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech.

7.4. Be the initiator of a dialogue-conversation, be able to maintain a dialogue using a variety of linguistic means: build a monologue-reasoning on moral and ethical topics, in a situation of free conversation, defend and argue your own opinion.

7.5. Be able to demonstrate complete knowledge of the language system and fluency in the means of expressive language, including stylistic and emotionally expressive, necessary for adequate perception and expression of various communicative intentions.

The volume of the lexical minimum should be up to 12,000 units, including in the active part of the dictionary - up to 7,000 units.

8. The following requirements are established for the fourth level (TPKI-IV/C2) of a foreign citizen’s proficiency in Russian as a foreign language.

8.1. Understand and be able to interpret non-adapted texts on any topic (including abstract philosophical, professional, journalistic and artistic, as well as texts with subtextual and conceptual meanings).

8.2. Be fluent in written language, be able to write detailed texts in all the variety of genre and stylistic characteristics.

8.3. To understand as fully as possible the content, in particular, of radio and television programs, films, television plays, plays, recordings of public speeches, freely perceiving the socio-cultural and emotional features of the speech of speakers, interpreting phraseological units, well-known statements and hidden meanings.

8.4. Be able to achieve communication goals in situations of prepared and unprepared monologue and dialogic communication, including public, demonstrating various tactics of speech behavior.

8.5. Be able to demonstrate complete knowledge of the language system and fluency in the expressive means of language in all the diversity of lexical-grammatical, stylistic, synonymous and structural relations.

The volume of the lexical minimum should be up to 20,000 units, including in the active part of the dictionary - up to 8,000 units.

General proficiency in Russian as a foreign language (state standard for RFL*).

1. Content of communicative and speech competence

1.1. Intentions. Situations and topics of communication

1.1.1. A foreigner must be able to verbally implement the following intentions:
enter into communication, get to know someone, introduce yourself or introduce another person, greet, say goodbye, address someone, thank, apologize, respond to gratitude and apologies, congratulate, ask to repeat, ask again, express a wish;
ask a question and report about a fact or event, a person, an object, the presence or absence of a person or object; about the quantity of items, their quality and affiliation; about the action, time, place, cause and purpose of an action or event;
express intention, desire, request, wish, advice, proposal, invitation, agreement or disagreement, refusal, permission or prohibition, promise, uncertainty;
express your attitude: evaluate a person, object, fact, event.

1.1.2. A foreigner must be able to navigate and implement the most necessary (basic) communicative intentions in the following communication situations:
in the administrative service (in the dean's office, in the directorate, in the office, etc.);
in a store, kiosk, cash register;
at the post office;
at a bank, at a currency exchange office;
in a restaurant, buffet, cafe, canteen;
in library;
in class;
on city streets, in transport;
in the theater, museum, on excursions;
at the clinic, at the doctor’s, at the pharmacy;
in a telephone conversation situation.

1.1.3. A foreigner must be able to communicate verbally on the following topics:
A story about yourself. Biography: childhood, studies, work, interests.
My friend (acquaintance, family member).
Family.
Study, work (place of work, profession).
Studying of foreign language.
My work day.
Free time, recreation, interests.
Hometown, capital.
Health.
Weather.

1.2. Requirements for speech skills
1.2.1. Listening

A. Listening to monologue speech
A foreigner must be able to: understand by ear the information contained in a monologue statement: the topic, main and additional information of each semantic part of the message with sufficient completeness and accuracy.

Subject of the text: relevant for the socio-cultural and everyday sphere of communication.
Type of text: message, narrative, and mixed texts. Specially composed or adapted plot texts, built on the basis of lexical and grammatical material corresponding to the basic level.
Text volume: 300-400 words.
Number of unfamiliar words: up to 1.5%.
Speech rate: 170-200 syllables per minute.
Number of presentations: 2.

B. Listening to dialogic speech
A foreigner must be able to: understand by ear the main content of the dialogue, the communicative intentions of its participants,

Topic of the dialogue: relevant for the everyday and socio-cultural sphere of communication.
Dialogue volume: from 4 to 10 replicas.
Text volume: 250-300 words (10-40 replicas).
Number of unfamiliar words: up to 1.5%.
Speech rate: 180-210 syllables per minute.
Number of presentations: 2.

1.2.2. Reading
A foreigner must be able to:
read the text with an eye to the general scope of its content;
determine the topic of the text: understand its main idea;
understand both basic and additional information contained in the text with sufficient completeness, accuracy and depth.

Type of reading: reading with general content coverage, studying reading.
Type of text: message, narration, description, as well as mixed texts. Specially composed or adapted texts based on lexical and grammatical material corresponding to the basic level.

Text volume: 600-700 words.
Number of unfamiliar words: 3-4%.

1.2.3. Letter
A foreigner must be able to build:
a written monologue of a productive nature on a proposed topic in accordance with the communicative attitude;
a written monologue of a reproductive nature based on a read or listened text in accordance with a communicatively given setting.

Type of text: narrative, message, and mixed texts. Specially composed or adapted texts based on lexical and grammatical material corresponding to the basic level.
Subject of the text: relevant for the socio-cultural and everyday spheres of communication.
Volume of submitted text: up to 400 words.
Number of unknown words: up to 2%.

Written texts on the proposed topic, created by students, must be formatted in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian language and contain 10-12 sentences.

1.2.4. Speaking

A. Monologue speech
A foreigner must be able to:
independently produce coherent statements in accordance with the proposed topic and communicatively given setting;
volume of student statements on the topic: at least 10 sentences;
construct a monologue utterance of a reproductive type based on a read or listened text of various formal semantic structures and communicative orientation;
express an attitude towards facts, events set out in the text, characters and their actions.

Type of text: narrative, message, and mixed texts; specially composed or adapted texts built on the basis of lexical and grammatical material corresponding to the basic level.
Volume of submitted text: 350-400 words.
Number of unknown words: 1.5%.

B. Dialogical speech
A foreigner must be able to:
understand the interlocutor’s statements, determine his communicative intentions in a limited number of speech situations;
respond adequately to the interlocutor’s remarks;
initiate dialogue, express your communicative intention in a limited number of situations. Students' statements must be formatted in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian language, including generally accepted socially determined norms of speech etiquette.

2.1. Phonetics. Graphic arts

Alphabet. The relationship between sounds and letters. Vowels and consonants. Hard and soft, voiced and voiceless consonants. Word, syllable. Accent and rhythm. Pronunciation rules. Syntagmatic division. Types of intonation structures: IK-1 (complete statement), IK-2 (special question, request, demand), IK-3 (general question), IK-4 (comparative question with the conjunction “a”, enumeration, non-finite syntagma).

2.2. Word formation and morphology

2.2.1. Composition of the word

The concept of the basis of a word; word stem and ending; root, prefix, suffix. Recognition of individual word-formation patterns:
nouns: person by nationality with the suffixes -ets, -anin; a female person with the suffixes -k(a), -its(a), -nits(a); person by profession with the suffix -tel, names of persons by profession and actions with a zero suffix; verbal nouns with the suffix -eni-e, -ani-e, etc.
adjectives: with suffixes -n-, -sk-, -ichesk-;
adverbs: with suffixes -о, motivated by qualitative adjectives, with the prefix po- and suffix -ski;
verbs: with suffixes -yva-/-iva-, -va-, -a-, -i-, -ova-/-eva-, -nu-; verbs of motion with the prefixes в-, у-, у-, по-, по-.
Basic alternations of sounds in the root in the forms of verbs of II conjugation.

2.2.2. Noun

Animate and inanimate nouns. Gender and number of nouns. Case system of nouns. Shaping; meaning and use of cases.
Basic meanings of cases:

Nominative
active person
name of person (object)
appeal
facial characteristics
facts, events
presence of an item
object of possession
day of the month
identification
item of necessity
event, action in time phase
object of the verb hurts

Genitive
a) without preposition:
person who owns something
definition of a person (object)
designation of a part of a whole
absence of a person (object)
designation of quantity, measure in combination with cardinal numerals and the words “many”, “few”, “several”
month and year in date ( What number?)
time of action or event

b) with prepositions:
starting point of movement (from, from, from)
final destination (to)
duration of action (after, during, before)
person who owns something

Dative
a) without preposition:
recipient of the action
a person in need of something
person (object) whose age is being discussed
a person experiencing a condition

b) with prepositions:
face as the target of movement (to)
place of movement of a person (object) along the surface (on)
means of communication (by)
definition (by)

Accusative
a) without preposition:
person (object) as an object of action
subject of the verb to call
duration of action (duration, repeatability)

b) with prepositions:
direction of movement (in, on)

Instrumental case
a) without preposition:
with verbs to engage, be interested
characteristics of a person, an object (with verbs to be, become, appear, etc.)

b) with prepositions:
compatibility
location (above, below, next to)

Prepositional
object of speech, thought
place (in/on)
time (on)
vehicle (on)

2.2.3. Pronoun

Meaning, forms of change and use of personal (I, you, he, she), interrogative (who, what, which, whose, how many...), possessive (my, your, your, ...), demonstrative (that, this...), attributive (himself, each, all), negative (nobody, nothing,...) pronouns.

2.2.4. Adjective

Full adjectives (good, beautiful, difficult). Agreement of full adjectives with nouns in gender, number and case. Case system of full adjectives. Short adjectives (glad, ready, busy, must, sick).

2.2.5. Verb

Infinitive (read, help, go). Imperfect and perfect forms of the verb (read, read, decide, decide). Present, past and future tenses of the verb (read, read, will read, read, read). Verb stem, 1st and 2nd conjugation of the verb (to do, to hurry). Classes and groups of verbs. 1: read - I read, 2: be able - I can; 3: feel - feel; 4: meet - meeting; 5: rest - I’ll rest; 6: give - give; 7: wait - waiting; 8: write - write; 9: sing - sing; 10: able - can; 11: go - go; 12: go - go; 13: want - want; 14: take - take; 15: live - live; 16: drink - drink; 17: eat - eat. Imperative (read). Verb control (watching TV; talking to my brother). Transitive and intransitive verbs (met brother, met brother). Verbs of motion without prefixes and with prefixes (po-, at-, u-, you-, in-) - go, walk, go, drive, fly, fly, carry, carry, carry, carry.

2.2.6. Numeral

Cardinal numbers (one, two, three,...). Using numerals in combination with nouns
(one book, two years). Ordinal numbers (first, tenth), their declension.

2.2.7. Adverb

Classes of adverbs by meaning: place (far, close), time (morning, winter), manner of action (good, bad), measure and degree (slow, fast). Predicative adverbs (necessary, possible, impossible), interrogative adverbs (how, when, where, where, from).

2.2.8. Functional parts of speech

Prepositions (in, about, on, above, under, without, during, through, after, with, before, to, by, from, from, at, etc.), conjunctions and allied words (and, or, a, but, not only..., but also..., because, therefore, what, so that, if, where, where, which, etc.), particles (not, nor, whether, really, unless), their meanings .

2.3. Syntax

2.3.1. Types of simple sentences

Narrative: My friend arrived yesterday.
Interrogative: How mach is this book?
Incentives: Let's go to the park.
Affirmative: Andrey is watching TV. Today it's warm.
Negative: The guests didn't come. There is no one in the room.
Two-piece models: Andrey is sleeping. Brother is a teacher. Mom is at home. There was a concert on Friday. I have a ticket. There is a metro in the city.
One-component models without a conjugated form of the verb: Cold.
One-component models with the conjugated form of the verb: Write! The dining room will open at 10 o'clock.

2.3.2. The concept of subject and predicate in a sentence, their agreement

Ways of expressing the grammatical and logical subject:

nominative case: Anna (she) is dancing.
genitive case (without preposition)

Ways to express a predicate:

Verb in the indicative, imperative mood: Anton is reading. Read it!
- a combination of the personal form of a verb with an infinitive: I am going for a walk.
- a combination of the personal form of a verb with a noun: Igor will (become) a doctor.
- a combination of a predicative adverb possible, necessary, necessary, impossible,... with an infinitive: I need to work.
- predicative adverb: Cold. It's cold in winter. I'm cold.

2.3.3. Ways to express logical-semantic relations in a sentence

Object relations (case and prepositional-case constructions of nouns): I am reading a book. I read about Russia.
attributive relations
- agreed definition: Beautiful girl.
- inconsistent definition (noun in the genitive case): Brother's book.
spatial relations (prepositional-case constructions of nouns, adverbs): John lives in America. Natasha lives far away.
temporal relations (prepositional-case constructions of nouns, adverbs): A friend will arrive in September. I've been waiting for you for a long time.
target relations (combination of the personal form of the verb with the infinitive): We came to Moscow to study.

Conjunctive words and conjunctions in indirect speech: what, so that, where, when, how much, why, whether, etc.

2.3.5. Order of words in a sentence
Neutral word order in a sentence.
Preposition of the subject group, postposition of the predicate group: Brother is reading.
Determinant at the beginning of a sentence (preposition of the predicate group, postposition of the subject group): The winter holidays began.
Word order and actual sentence division:
Igor returned late in the evening (When did Igor return?). Late in the evening Igor returned (Who came back late in the evening?).
Peculiarities of word arrangement in phrases with neutral word order in a sentence.
In substantive phrases, the adjective precedes the noun ( summer night).
The dependent case form follows the stem word ( in the middle of the day).
In verb combinations, adverbs ending in -о, -е precede the verb ( It got dark quickly, I studied well).
The dependent case form follows the verb ( came to class).

2.3.4. Types of complex sentences

Compound sentences with conjunctions and, and, but, or; not only but....
Complex sentences, types of subordinate clauses with various conjunctions and allied words:
explanatory (what, in order, whether, who, how, which, whose, where, where);
attributive (which);
temporary (when);
conditional (if);
cause-and-effect (because, therefore);
target (to).

2.4. Vocabulary

The lexical minimum of the basic level is 1300 units, ensuring communication within the framework of the thematic and intentional minimums of this standard.

A basic level certificate indicates that a foreigner has sufficient and necessary knowledge for further study of the Russian language for general cultural purposes, as well as for mastering the Russian language as a means of professional communication.

* The developers of the Russian state system of educational standards are specialists from Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, St. Petersburg State University, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and St. Petersburg State Technical University.

Keywords

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES / LEXICAL MINIMUM / LANGUAGE MINIMUM / CORPUS LINGUISTICS/ RUSSIAN LANGUAGE / CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEXICAL MINIMUM/ FREQUENCY / COVERAGE / RUSSIAN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES/ LEXICAL MINIMA / WORD LIST / CORPUS LINGUISTICS / RUSSIAN LANGUAGE / CRITERIA OF LEXICAL SELECTION / WORD DISPERSION / WORD FREQUENCY / COVERAGE / NUMBER OF WORDS

annotation scientific article on linguistics and literary criticism, author of the scientific work - Vlasova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna, Karpova Elizaveta Lvovna, Olshevskaya Maria Yurievna

The article contains a study of the methodology for compiling lexical minimums(hereinafter referred to as LM) in the Russian language of general proficiency (State standard, System lexical minimums V.V. Morkovkina and the Frequency Dictionary of the Russian Language for Foreigners, created by S.A. Sharov as part of the KELLY project), as well as an analysis of special lexical minimums in medicine, robotics, nuclear energy, mathematics. General methodological, linguostatistical and corpus-oriented approaches to creating LM are considered and systematized. The article also describes the process and results of creating our own corpus of political science textbooks and a frequency list based on the use of these methods. It was revealed that the key place in the development lexical minimum The focus is on the process of list minimization itself, i.e. the principles on the basis of which the length of the lexical list is determined, as well as the criteria for including or excluding a lexical item from the final list. It is shown that with a corpus-oriented approach to compiling lexical minimum in a particular discipline, a key role is played not only by absolute and relative frequencies, but also by the coverage index, which shows what percentage of the text is made up of all uses of each lexical unit. When compiling lexical minimum in political science, the coverage indicator revealed that the 8,237 most frequent lexemes form 98% of the tokens of the entire corpus. Analysis of the final list from the point of view of linguodidactics showed that to understand 50% of the corpus of educational and professional texts in the discipline, knowledge of the 1,000 most frequent significant words is necessary, and the optimal number is the interval of 3,500-4,500 words of the frequency list, after mastering which the indicator increases coverage slows down, and understanding is ensured to a large extent by means of coherence, logical structure and strategies for communicative deployment of the text. The results show that the combination of three main generation methods lexical minimums allows you to obtain a methodologically sound idea of the vocabulary requirements of students studying the Russian language for educational and professional purposes.

Vocabulary: How Many Words Are Enough? Principles of Minimizing Learners' Vocabulary

This article analyzes methodology of compiling Russian general wordlists and lexical minima for teaching Russian for specific purposes. The study systematizes three approaches: linguo-didactic, linguo-statistical, and corpus-based. The article also describes the process and results of applying all the three methods to the development of a lexical minimum based on political science corpus. Methodological analysis comprises general word lists for the Russian State Standard Exam (TRKI), the System of lexical minima by V. V. Morkovkin, and the Frequency dictionary of the Russian language for foreigners, created by S. A. Sharov as a part of the KELLY project, as well as special lexical minima for medicine, robotics, nuclear energy, and mathematics. It has been revealed that the core element in the development of a discipline-specific lexical minimum is minimization that involves a set of principles determining the optimal length of the list and lexeme selection. For the Russian general word lists, the most common principles of minimization are methodical expediency (“relevance” of the word at each level), quantitative metrics, including absolute and relative frequencies, the word rank, and a coverage index, showing the percentage of text that every lexeme covers. The article reports the results of combining the quantitative methods, corpus-based analysis, and didactic principles to apply to the development of the lexical minimum based on political science textbooks. The core index, defining the length of this list, was coverage which was revealed that 8,237 most frequent lexemes cover 98% of the whole corpus. The linguo-didactic analysis showed that 1,000 most frequent lexemes, without stop-words, cover 50% of this corpus, and therefore this wordlist allows foreign learners to understand about a half of the corpus. After reaching the point of 3,500 of the most frequent words, the coverage index grows insignificantly, and this number can be considered to be a target in teaching and learning discipline-specific vocabulary. It is notable that the recommended lexical minimum, comprising 1,000-3,500 of the most frequent words, is only a starting point for reading comprehension of texts for professionals also referred to as ‘special’ texts. Their deeper and effective understanding also involves competence in rhetoric strategies and text structure.

Text of scientific work on the topic “LEXICAL MINIMUM IN THE LANGUAGE OF SPECIALTIES: HOW MANY WORDS ARE ENOUGH? DEVELOPMENT OF MINIMIZATION PRINCIPLES"

UDC 81"373.47

DOI 10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-4-63-77

Lexical minimum for the language of specialty: how many words are enough? Development of minimization principles

E. A. Vlasova, E. L. Karpova, M. Yu. Olshevskaya

National Research University Higher School of Economics

Moscow, Russia

annotation

The article contains a study of the methodology for compiling lexical minimums (hereinafter - LM) for the Russian language of general proficiency (State Standard, System of Lexical Minima by V.V. Morkovkin and Frequency Dictionary of the Russian Language for Foreigners, created by S.A. Sharov within the framework of the KELLY project), and also analysis of special lexical minimums in medicine, robotics, nuclear energy, mathematics. General methodological, linguostatistical and corpus-oriented approaches to creating LM are considered and systematized. The article also describes the process and results of creating our own corpus of political science textbooks and a frequency list based on the use of these methods. It has been revealed that a key place in the development of a lexical minimum is occupied by the process of list minimization itself, i.e. the principles on the basis of which the length of the lexical list is determined, as well as the criteria for including or excluding a lexical item from the final list. It is shown that in a corpus-based approach to compiling a lexical minimum for a particular discipline, a key role is played not only by absolute and relative frequencies, but also by coverage - an index showing what percentage of the text is made up of all uses of each lexical unit. When compiling a lexical minimum for political science, the coverage indicator revealed that the 8,237 most frequent lexemes form 98% of the tokens of the entire corpus. Analysis of the final list from the point of view of linguodidactics showed that to understand 50% of the corpus of educational and professional texts in the discipline, knowledge of the 1,000 most frequent significant words is necessary, and the optimal number is the interval of 3,500-4,500 words of the frequency list, after mastering which the indicator increases coverage slows down, and understanding is ensured to a large extent by means of coherence, logical structure and strategies for communicative deployment of the text. The results show that the combination of three main methods for creating lexical minimums allows us to obtain a methodologically sound idea of the vocabulary requirements of students studying the Russian language for educational and professional purposes.

Keywords

Russian language for special purposes, lexical minimum, language minimums, corpus linguistics, Russian language, criteria for selecting a lexical minimum, frequency, coverage

For citation

Vlasova E. A., Karpova E. L., Olshevskaya M. Yu. Lexical minimum in the language of the specialty: how many words are enough? Development of minimization principles // Bulletin of NSU. Series: Linguistics and intercultural communication. 2019. T. 17, no. 4. pp. 63-77. DOI 10.25205/ 1818-7935-2019-17-4-63-77

Vocabulary: How Many Words Are Enough? Principles of Minimizing Learners" Vocabulary

Ekaterina Al. Vlasova, Elizaveta L. Karpova, M. Yu. Olshevskaya

National Research University "Higher School of Economics" Moscow, Russian Federation

This article analyzes methodology of compiling Russian general wordlists and lexical minima for teaching Russian for specific purposes. The study systematizes three approaches: linguo-didactic, linguo-statistical, and corpus-based. The article also describes the process and results of applying all the three methods to the development of a lexical minimum based on political science corpus. Methodological analysis comprises general word lists for the Russian State Standard Exam (TRKI), the System of lexical minima by V. V. Morkovkin, and the Frequency dictionary of the Russian language for foreigners, created by S. A. Sharov as a part of the KELLY project, as well as special lexical minima for medicine, robotics, nuclear energy, and mathematics. It has been revealed that the core element in the development of a discipline-specific lexical minimum is minimization that involves a set of principles determining the optimal length of the list and lexeme selection. For the Russian general word lists, the most common principles of minimization are methodical expediency ("relevance" of the word at each level), quantitative metrics, including absolute and relative frequencies, the word rank, and a coverage index, showing the percentage of text that every lexeme covers. The article reports the results of combining the quantitative methods, corpus-based analysis, and didactic principles to apply to the development of the lexical minimum based on political science textbooks. The core index, defining the length of this list, was coverage which was revealed that 8,237 most frequent lexemes cover 98% of the whole corpus. The linguo-didactic analysis showed that 1,000 most frequent lexemes, without stop-words, cover 50% of this corpus, and therefore this wordlist allows foreign learners to understand about a half of the corpus. After reaching the point of 3,500 of the most frequent words, the coverage index grows insignificantly, and this number can be considered to be a target in teaching and learning discipline-specific vocabulary. It is notable that the recommended lexical minimum, comprising 1,000-3,500 of the most frequent words, is only a starting point for reading comprehension of texts for professionals also referred to as “special” texts. Their deeper and effective understanding also involves competence in rhetoric strategies and text structure. Keywords

Russian language for specific purposes, lexical minima, word list, corpus linguistics, Russian language, criteria of lexical selection, word dispersion, word frequency, coverage, number of words For citation

Vlasova, Ekaterina Al., Karpova, Elizaveta L., Olshevskaya, Maria Yu. Vocabulary: How Many Words Are Enough? Principles of Minimizing Learners" Vocabulary. Vestnik NSU. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, 2019, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 63-77. DOI 10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-4-63-77

Opening remarks

The Russian language for special purposes is a separate direction in linguodidactics with its own range of methodological problems, which are formulated in monographs [Mitrofanova, 1985; Markina, 2011]. Firstly, the central place in teaching is occupied by a large amount of vocabulary necessary for a student for successful educational and professional activities, and often observed inconsistencies between teaching materials and the actual content of academic disciplines. Secondly, unlike general knowledge courses, in professionally oriented classes there is no division into levels, and the vocabulary of students at the time of entering a university can vary greatly. Thirdly, professional texts reflect the stylistic variation and ambiguity characteristic of highly specialized subject areas.

To overcome this methodological gap in domestic lexicography, the development of lexical minima was actively carried out: this term refers to both educational dictionaries and complex lexical lists, the purpose of which is to present an abbreviated model of the thesaurus sufficient for carrying out communicative activities

at different levels of language proficiency or in different subject areas (see definition [Markina, 2011]). With the development of corpus tools, solving educational lexicography problems has become easier thanks to the ability to automatically extract lexical lists from real texts used in highly specialized subject areas. However, as corpus research grew, methodologists were faced with a problem that required theoretical understanding: what number of words should be considered sufficient for an automatically generated lexical list to adequately reflect the significant vocabulary of the subject area and be methodologically appropriate?

Despite the growing number of corpus-oriented lexical minima, this issue has not been discussed separately in Russian educational lexicography. The purpose of this article is to analyze existing approaches to minimizing the frequency list and determine the optimal length of the list according to the language of the specialty. The study was carried out in three stages:

1) corpus-oriented lexical minimums for the language of specialty were analyzed and methodological problems associated with the length of lists were highlighted;

2) approaches to minimizing lists by language of general proficiency are systematized and their applicability in the field of professionally oriented RFL courses is shown;

3) based on the selected approaches and an independently created body of political science textbooks, the optimal length of the lexical minimum was determined, ensuring the understanding of most of the text.

Lexical minimums in the language of specialty: problems of corpus-based approaches

Corpus-based research published in the last decade shows that the recommended length of lexical minimums varies widely, and lists derived from frequency data do not always fully reflect the subject area. Let us dwell on the most significant problems identified by the compilers.

Using the Wordstat program at MSTU. N. E. Bauman developed a lexical minimum for the specialty “Robotics” [Ilyina, 2013]. The basis of the corpus was made up of all textbooks in the specialty - a total of 26 textbooks and teaching aids with a volume of 164,523 words, the final lexical list contains 1,700 words. The compilers drew attention to the fact that the list included a large percentage of function words, which are the most frequent, but they have little content for teaching the language of the specialty.

Using the LitFrequencyMeter program, a frequency list on nuclear energy was created based on 20 textbooks with a volume of 5,676 pages. The final lexical minimum contained only 1,000 units, and the most frequent words were words not related to nuclear topics [Atiyyah, 2015. P. 239]:

Common vocabulary: this, for example, etc.;

General scientific vocabulary: appear, follow, allow, define, implement, consist, represent, consider, use, depend, provide, receive, demand, apply, occur, give;

Nouns of a natural science nature: management, control, reactor, movement, safety, speed, circuit, steam, engine, generator, energy, etc.

As the compiler himself notes, the linguodidactic problem of the resulting list is due to the fact that it does not reflect the specific highly specialized vocabulary on nuclear energy.

In 2016-2018 On the basis of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, under the leadership of O. V. Kukushkina, a medical lexical minimum was developed [Leonenko et al., 2018], based

based on the same methodology as the English list of general medical vocabulary MAWL. The study included a selection of modern scientific articles, various in topic - a total of 96 articles from 32 areas of medicine for 2004-2016. After automation and cleaning, the primary frequency list amounted to 15,129 words; after checking for homonymy, the number of lexemes in the final list was 10,428 words minus the most frequent function words. When including/excluding lexemes, the following principles were taken into account: word-formation activity, absolute frequency, regularity (use in a large number of texts), the number of related words with a given semantic element [Leonenko et al., 2018]. The researchers noted that the list, which exceeded 10,000 words, contained many lexical items that were not related to medical terms themselves.

Some corpus studies are focused only on the automatic extraction of highly specialized terminology, however, even with this formulation of the problem, the spread of numbers turns out to be significant. For example, the dissertation [Markina, 2011. p. 19] describes impressive corpora on philosophy and pedagogy with a volume of 1 million and 2 million word usages, respectively, but the final list contains only 100 terms for each subject area. Based on the texts of lectures at MSTU "STANKIN", a lexical minimum in mathematics was created, containing about 1,500 words and combinations, as well as lexical minimums in various specialties of MSTU MADI, including 352 words in mathematics, 146 words in physics, 174 words in chemistry, 736 words in biology [Ilyina, 2013].

The above review of recent corpus-based professionally oriented lexical minimums shows that the length of the lists varies from 1,000-1,700 lexical items to 10,000 or more. At the same time, different approaches to minimization lead to different methodological problems. With a short list length of 1,000-1,700 units, the list of priority lexemes contains many function words, as well as general scientific vocabulary, while highly specialized terminology, which is difficult for a foreign student, either does not fall into the group of frequency words, or is extracted manually based on intuitive ideas . When compiling an extended list containing about 10,000 lexemes, the list contains a large volume of commonly used and general scientific words and does not reveal highly specialized terminology. In addition, the volume of the lexical minimum of 10,000 units in itself is difficult to study and requires ranking and stratification - division into topics or levels. Thus, answers to fundamental questions related to the compilation of a lexical minimum for highly specialized subject areas have not yet been found: there is no clear idea of how the recommended lists are sufficient for communicative activities, the criteria for the inclusion / exclusion of words have not been fully developed, the possibility of their ranking. Meanwhile, the listed problems have already arisen earlier in the development of lexical minima of general proficiency; several theoretically based minimization methods have been developed. The next section describes the possibilities of their use in compiling recommended lexical lists for the language of the specialty.

Modern approaches to compiling lexical minimums in political science

Lexical minimum in the testing system

The most prominent place in modern linguodidactics is occupied by the lexical minimum, which forms the basis of the State Standard for the Russian Language [Andryushina et al., 2018]. This series of lexical minimums forms the basis for testing in Russian as a foreign language and is gradual in nature in accordance with the pan-European testing system CERF. The system provides for 6 levels of language proficiency - from A1 to C2, however, Russian lexical minimums are developed only for 5 levels - elementary (A1), basic (A2), threshold TRKI-3 (B1), required for admission

to Russian universities, TRFL-2 (B2) and TRFL-3 (C1). According to the developers of the state standard, the C2 level is equal to the carrier level and does not require minimization.

The main alphabetical lexical lists of the listed minimums were created on a large lexicographic base - the explanatory dictionaries of S. I. Ozhegov and G. N. Sklyarevskaya. The latest editions of Ozhegov’s popular dictionary contain more than 100,000 words, terms and phraseological expressions, and the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Russian Language of the Early 21st Century” by G. N. Sklyarevskaya includes 8,500 words, while the published lexical minimums contain from 3,500 to 10 500 occurrences. These data indicate that the minimization process involved a lot of work in eliminating lexical items. When deciding to include a word in the minimum, the compilers were guided by general methodological criteria [Andryushina, 2018]: semantic value, the ability of the word to be included in various combinations, stylistic affiliation, frequency and word-formation potential of the word. These criteria have caused criticism among researchers due to the fact that decisions on the inclusion of lexical units in the main vocabulary list and compliance with the level of language proficiency are based on the subjective experience and intuition of the compilers [Markina, 2011].

The length of the list for each level in the TORKI system is based on the methodological idea that the transition to each next level should be accompanied by a doubling of the thesaurus (we clearly see this increase in TORKI-3,4). For this reason, the requirements for the volume of the lexical minimum of the Russian language are higher at levels B2 and C2 than the requirements of standard exams for other languages, cf. minimum volume for the Cambridge English language exam.

Table l

Requirements for the lexical minimum of TRFL and Cambridge CEF

The Comparison of Vocabulary Size for TRFL and CEF

CERF TRKI scale Minimum length, units. Cambridge CEF exam Minimum length, units.

(A1) Elementary (TEU) 780 Starters, Movers and Flyers 1,500

(A2) Basic (TBU) 1,300 Kernel English Test (KET) 1500-2,500

(B1) First certification level (TRKI-1) 2 300 Preliminary English Test (PET) 2750-3250

(B2) Second certification level (TRKI-2) 5,000 First Certificate in English (FCE) 3,250-3,750

(C1) Third certification level (TRKI-3) 11,000 Cambridge Advanced English (CAE) 3,750-4,500

(C2) Fourth certification level (TRKI-4) not regulated Cambridge Proficiency in English (CPE) 4,500-5,000

A comparison of the data shows that from level B2 the volume of the lexical minimum of TRKI begins to significantly exceed the recommended standards of the Cambridge exam: 1.5 times at level B2, almost 3 times at level C1. Even if we take into account that in the Russian language species pairs are included in the list as two different lexemes, the excess still remains significant.

Thus, the system of gradual lexical minimum, enshrined in the state standard, consists of five lists; the maximum volume of vocabulary required at level C1 is about 11,000 lexical units. Key minimization criteria, including the decision to include a lexeme in the list, the order of occurrence and compliance with the level, as well as the length of the list, were determined primarily from the compilers’ ideas about the order of studying Russian vocabulary. Despite criticism for subjective selection, the current state lexical minimum is currently the most comprehensive and up-to-date list of all existing ones.

System of lexical minimums: linguostatistical approach

An alternative to the lexical minimum that forms the basis of the State Standard is the System of Lexical Minimums of the Russian Language [Morkovkin et al., 1985; 2003]. The expanded and edited edition [Morkovkin et al., 2003] contains 5,000 words, divided into 10 vocabulary lists, which were developed on the basis of a large-scale linguostatistical study: decisions on the inclusion / exclusion of words, the length of the list and its division into levels were made on the basis of quantitative indicators .

The lexicographic base of the System of Lexical Minima became large frequency dictionaries of the Russian language (for a more detailed review, see [Alekseev, 1975]): Josselson's dictionary of 1959 (5,230 words), Frequency Dictionary of E. A. Steinfeldt of 1963 (5,500 words), N. P. Vakar’s dictionary 1966 (2,380 words), Colloquial Speech Dictionary 1968 (2,380 words), L. N. Zasorina’s dictionary 1977 (1,024 words), as well as the Comprehensive Frequency Dictionary Russian scientific and technical vocabulary 1978 (3,047 words). As can be seen from the data presented, when compiling the first Russian frequency dictionaries, the length of the list varied from 1,000 to 5,500 words, i.e., the spread of numbers is less than in modern corpus studies.

The system of lexical minimums is based on the theoretical idea that by creating a list of words recorded in several frequency dictionaries based on different genre sources, lexicographers can obtain a consolidated list reflecting the lexical core of the language [Morkovkin et al., 1985]. The methodology is based on a comparison of frequency dictionaries and data on the frequency of a word, which is measured by two quantities - absolute frequency and rank, i.e. the number in the list, arranged in descending order of frequency. The higher the frequency, the closer the word is to the beginning of the list and the lower its rank. To eliminate the effect of varying word ranks in different frequency dictionaries, V.V. Morkovkin introduces his own unified ranking system, dividing the list of each dictionary into hundreds and assigning an index to each word in accordance with the number of the hundred in which it is included, for example, index 24 means that the word is in the 24th hundred of the frequency list [Ibid]. After compiling a table containing information about the index of each lexeme in frequency dictionaries, the statistical value (degree of usage) of each word is calculated - the arithmetic average of its indices. The resulting table is ordered by descending degree of average and again ranked by hundreds. As a result of the analysis, words with confirmed high frequency were identified - these are all lexemes designated by indices from 1 to 35 and found among 2,500 common words in at least two frequency dictionaries [Ibid]. Lexical units with an index of 35-60, found only in one of the frequency dictionaries among the first 2,500 words, are allocated to the group of words with unconfirmed high frequency [Ibid]. Thus, the key factors for a word to be included in the lexical minimum were its presence in several frequency dictionaries and a low index, that is, proximity to the top of the list.

The division into levels was also carried out on the basis of quantitative metrics: the lower the index of a word, the more common it is and the earlier the student should study it. The final list of the system of lexical minimums, consisting of 5000 words, is divided into 10 groups of 500 words each.

When determining the final length of the lexical list, V.V. Morkovkin was also guided by quantitative indicators, taking as a basis the percentage of coverage [Alekseev, 1975] - a coefficient showing what percentage the sum of word forms of one lexeme or list makes up of the total number of word uses. According to research on linguistic statistics, in written literary speech the first 1,000 words of the frequency list covers 70-80% of the text [Ibid]. According to V.V. Morkovkin, 3,500 lexemes from the 1985 Lexical Minimum covered 82% of the text [Morkovkin et al., 1985]: information on how the percentage of coverage changes depending on the length of the list is presented in Table. 2.

table 2

Coverage of the lexical minimum system

Coverage of Lexical Minima

Number of gradual minimum Minimum length, units. Coverage share, %

Assuming that an international student passively knows the 3,500 most common words, this will provide him with an understanding of 83% of the text. Despite the fact that we are talking about an idealized model of a student’s vocabulary, the indicated numbers can serve as an objective guideline that determines the length of the vocabulary list sufficient for understanding. Thus, supporters of the linguostatistical approach define the lexical minimum as a list of 3,500-5,000 most frequent words. It is important to take into account that the compilers of the System of Lexical Minimums used list consolidation: aspect pairs were counted as one lexeme, comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs were raised to a positive degree during calculations [Morkovkin et al., 1985]. If we consider each aspectual form as a separate word, as is done in other educational dictionaries, then the recommended minimum size must be increased to 5,000 and above. The indicated volume of vocabulary in the TRKI system, which uses an unconsolidated list, corresponds to levels B2-C1.

A significant achievement of the System of Lexical Minimums is the development of objective, quantitatively based minimization criteria and the possibility of their application in modern corpus research. Meanwhile, it should be taken into account that the lexicographic base of this publication is based on frequency dictionaries of the early 20th century. and lags behind the modern state of the Russian language.

Corpus-based educational dictionaries

The system of lexical minimums by V.V. Morkovkin was published in 2003, and already on April 27, 2004, the website of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (http://ruscorpora.ru) appeared, which became the basis for corpus linguistics and quantitative text analysis based on the material of the Russian language . Currently, the volume of the corpus reaches more than 600 million tokens.

The advantages of corpus linguistics and computer tools include the ability to quickly survey large volumes of real and relevant language material, as well as the use of more complex statistical calculations. One of the first tasks that corpus linguistics successfully completed was updating frequency dictionaries of the Russian language based on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. Currently, the materials of the Frequency Dictionary of the Russian Language by O. N. Lyashevskaya and S. A. Sharov are in open online access, during the compilation of which the methodology for creating a frequency list was adjusted taking into account the achievements of computer linguistics. Unlike earlier frequency dictionaries that used absolute frequencies and ranks, the main quantitative metric in corpus-based lexicography studies is relative frequencies: as a rule, this is the coefficient ipm (instances per million words) - absolute frequencies divided by the volume of the corpus and multiplied by a million . Using normalized frequencies allows you to compare corpuses of different sizes and compare lists derived from them using statistical methods, such as chi-square or log-likelihood coefficient. The purpose of these statistical tests is to identify significant vocabulary specific to texts of a certain genre. In particular, frequency lists of significant vocabulary in fiction, journalism, non-journalistic texts and colloquial speech were created on the basis of the National Corpus.

Based on corpus methods and statistical calculations, as well as comparison of lexical minima of other languages, a gradual educational frequency list for Russian as a foreign language was created, that is, divided into levels A1-C2. The peculiarity of this lexical minimum is that it was compiled by the method of translation and reduction of lexical minima of several European languages: this list maximally standardizes and unifies the recommended lexical lists within the framework of the 6-level CERF system. S. A. Sharov's educational dictionary also includes frequency-specific language vocabulary and takes into account the grammatical properties of the Russian language - the presence of aspect pairs. Lexemes that are correlative in appearance are counted as separate words. The resulting consolidated educational lexical minimum A1-C2 contains 9,000 words: this figure is comparable to the level B2-C1 in the TRFL system and the System of Lexical Minimums.

Thus, the developed principles of list reduction, modern corpus tools and statistical methods make it possible to solve various methodological problems and compile frequency lists of lexical units for teaching students vocabulary, taking into account stylistic variation.

Automated compilation of the lexical minimum

in political science

The basis of the study was an independently collected and processed corpus of textbooks on political science, which are used in Russian universities. The main requirement for any created corpus is representativeness, that is, its ability to fully, objectively and adequately reflect the linguistic properties of the area under study. To fulfill this criterion, publicly available lists of recommended literature from leading Russian universities in the field of political science, including MGIMO, Moscow State University, were analyzed. M.V. Lomonosov, St. Petersburg State University, RUDN University, Higher School of Economics, etc. The following is a list containing six untranslated textbooks and teaching aids that are included in the section of required literature for the course and have received recognition in the scientific community.

The second important criterion for a reliable corpus is the balance of texts in terms of their topics and volume. The collected corpus contains modern textbooks published in various scientific

centers from 2004 to 2009 and reflecting a wide range of topics describing the foundations of political theory and history, the political process, relations and technologies, as well as regional studies. The volume of texts was checked using the VoyantTool resource, which automatically calculates the volume of each text (see the list of textbooks in ascending order of their volume in Table 3).

Table 3

Corpus of university textbooks on political science

The Corpus of University Textbooks on Political Sciences

Selyutin V.I. Theory and practice of political science. Voronezh, 2009 82 457 12

Soloviev A.I., Pugachev V.P. Introduction to political science. M., 2000 91 079 13

Political relations and political

Baranov N.A. Chinese process in modern Russia: A course of lectures. St. Petersburg: BSTU, 2004 115466 16

Political science: Political theory, according to

Soloviev A.I. lytic technologies: A textbook for university students. M., 2006 116 145 16

Makarin A.V. Theory and history of political institutions. St. Petersburg, 2008 103061 14

Turovsky R. F. Political regional studies. M.: Publishing house of the State University Higher School of Economics, 2006 207 785 29

From the table 3 shows that the lexical volume of none of the textbooks exceeds 30% of the entire corpus. The size of the corpus was initially 715,993 lemmas, but after cleaning and lemmatization it was reduced to 696,939 tokens: 3% of the text was incorrectly recognized. The primary frequency list, extracted using the ApUops program, contained 16,552 lemmas - this figure significantly exceeds the volume of the lexical minimum of the TORKI-Sh level (about 11,000 lemmas), corresponding to level C1 in the European testing system, and is 8 times greater than the lexical minimum of TORKI -1, which is considered as the threshold for admission to Russian universities. The comparison shows that the primary list requires methodologically and statistically sound minimization.

The first reduction of the list was made at the time of checking and cleaning: proper names, abbreviations (CPRF, NATO, EU, etc.), geographical names and adjectives derived from them (for example, Avar - Avar) were allocated into a separate group of words (1213 lexemes in total): This information is of an encyclopedic nature and it is advisable to formalize the corresponding lexemes in a separate directory of personalities and names. After eliminating proper names and their derivatives, the list contained 15,321 lemmas, which are arranged in descending order of frequency in accordance with Zipf's law: the higher the serial number of a word in the list, the lower its frequency.

It is important that the consolidation of the list was carried out on the basis of the “MyStem” lemmatizer: aspect pairs were counted as different lexemes, regular comparative forms and short adjectives were considered based on the initial form as one lexeme.

The next stage of processing the list consisted of excluding words that appeared 1-2 times in educational texts, that is, representing the phenomenon of parax legomena. After removing lexemes with absolute frequency from the vocabulary list< 3 длина полученного перечня составила 8 430 слов: указанный размер словника сопоставим с лексическими минимумами общего владения, в том числе с учебным словарем C. А. Шарова (около 9 000 лексем) и лексическим минимумом ТРКИ-III (11 000 лексем). В методических целях Сокращенный список длиной 8 430 слов был разделен на 2 части: в отдельную группу объединены знаменательные слова, выполняющие номинативную функцию (8 237 лексем), и служебные слова, знакомые иностранным студентам из курсов по русской грамматике (193 лексемы).

Thus, as a result of the analysis, the working list, which consisted of 16,534 lexemes, was divided into several groups: the main list, function words, rare lexemes hapax legomena, proper names. In table 4 for each group the total coverage ratio and volume ratio are indicated.

Table 4

Frequency lists compiled from the political science corpus

The Wordlist Strata of the Political Science Corpus

List Quantity Coverage, %

lexemes of word forms

Main list 8 237 482209 69

Function words 193 198 097 29

Hapax legomena 6891 8 904 1

Proper names 1231 7 729 1

Housing, total 16 552 696939 100

The data given in table. 4 show that function words have a high coverage coefficient, while proper names and rare words (i.e., hapax legomena) are traditionally removed from the analysis. After stratifying the working list, we checked what percentage of the entire corpus, consisting of 696,939 word forms, is formed by the most frequent significant words included in the main list (8,237 lexemes). The coverage coefficient was calculated in steps of 500 words in descending order of their frequency (Table 5).

Table 5 shows that the 1,000 most frequent significant words of the final list cover about 50% of the entire corpus, 7,500 significant words form 69% of the word forms of the corpus.

The data obtained make it possible to clarify the methodological concept proposed by V.V. Morkovkin, according to which the first 1,000-1,500 most frequent lexemes provide understanding of about 60-70% of the text. This idea does not provide for the fact that among the most frequent words, a large percentage are formed by non-nominal parts of speech, which are responsible for grammatical coherence [Pumpyansky, 1981. P. 318] and do not perform nominative functions. The data given in table. 5 are based on the assumption that understanding of the text is ensured primarily by knowledge of significant words, and not function ones. According to information on the coverage of the frequency list compiled on the basis of the political science corpus, to understand 50-60% of the textbooks studied, it is necessary to know the 1,000-2,000 most frequent nominative lexemes.

Table 5

Coverage of the main frequency list

The Coverage of the Main Frequency Wordlist

Frequency of lexeme Number of word forms, units. Coverage, %

1 500 399 437 57

2 500 435 278 62

3 000 445 702 64

3 500 453 525 65

4 000 459 589 66

4 500 464 379 67

5 000 468 220 67

6 000 474 116 68

6 500 476 394 68

7 000 478 394 69

7 500 480 001 69

8 237 482 209 69

Quantitative data shows that increasing vocabulary leads to increased coverage, and therefore understanding of more text, up to a limit of 4,500 tokens. After this figure, expanding the vocabulary by 500 units (from 4,500 to 5,000 lexemes) does not change the amount of text coverage: within this model, a student who passively knows 4,500 lexemes and a student who knows 5,000 lexemes will understand the same amount of text - 67 %. The correlation becomes even weaker after the frequency threshold of 5,500 words and above. Thus, the optimal length of the lexical minimum, which would ensure understanding of most of the educational texts in the corpus, can be considered 4,500 significant words.

Modern computer technologies make it possible to quickly create corpora based on lists of recommended literature and extract frequency lexical lists. Meanwhile, corpus-based research does not give the teacher a clear recommendation on the optimal volume of vocabulary required for reading and understanding educational texts. A paradoxical situation has arisen: the teacher can easily find out which lexical units are the most frequent in professional texts and in what order they should be studied, but has no idea about the volume of the vocabulary that is optimal for mastering the discipline. A review of approaches to compiling lexical minimums showed that the coverage indicator, widespread in applied linguistics, but, in our opinion, undeservedly forgotten in corpus-oriented studies on educational lexicography, can be used as an objective value reflecting a sufficient volume of a professionally oriented list.

Our research on creating a lexical minimum based on recommended political science textbooks is based on the analysis and combination of three methods:

a) general methodological, based on the gradual principle of increasing complexity;

b) linguistic-statistical, based on the frequency indicator and the lexeme coverage coefficient - an indicator that reflects the percentage of uses of a word from the total number of word forms in the text;

c) corpus-oriented, based on obtaining a frequency list and comparing it with other lists to highlight the core of the lexicon and stylistic stratification.

Based on existing approaches, a comprehensive method has been developed for minimizing the primary frequency list, excluding proper names, rarely used lexemes and function words that do not perform nominative functions. As a result of applying these criteria, the frequency list was reduced from 16,552 to 8,237 lexemes. For the final list of significant words, the coverage coefficient was calculated in increments of 500 words.

Analysis of the final list showed that the 1,000 most frequent significant words cover 50% of the political science corpus. After the border of 3,500 most frequent significant words, the increase in the coverage coefficient slows down. From the point of view of linguistic tactics, this can be interpreted as follows: after reaching a vocabulary size of 3,500 of the most frequent words, learning 1,000 new lexical units does not lead to a significant improvement in understanding - at this stage, means of coherence, organization and logic are more important development of the text of reasoning or text-description. Therefore, when creating corpus-based lists for teaching a language of specialty, the minimum volume can be considered 1,000 significant words, covering about 50% of the corpus. The method used shows that the optimal amount is 3,500-4,500 lexical units. Note that these figures do not take into account function words: they are excluded from the list due to the fact that in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, function parts of speech are part of the study of grammar.

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Morkovkin V. V., Safyan Yu. A., Stepanova E. M., Dorofeeva I. V. Lexical minimums of the modern Russian language. M.: Rus. lang., 1985. 609 p.

Morkovkin V.V., Bogacheva G.F., Lutskaya N.M., Popova Z.P. System of lexical minimums of the modern Russian language: 10 lexical lists from 500 to 5000 of the most important Russian words / Ed. V.V. Morkovkina. M.: AST: Astrel, 2003.

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The material was received by the editorial board Date of submission 07/19/2019

Vlasova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the School of Linguistics of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (Myasnitskaya St., 20, Moscow, 101000, Russia) Ekaterina Al. Vlasova, PhD, Senior Lecturer of the Faculty of Humanities, School of Linguistics, National Research University Higher School of Economics (20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation)

ORCID 0000-0001-6121-1934

Karpova Elizaveta Lvovna, Master's student of the Faculty of Humanities, School of Linguistics, National Research University Higher School of Economics (20 Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russia) Elizaveta L. Karpova, Master Graduate of the Faculty of Humanities, School of Linguistics, National Research University Higher School of Economics (20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation)

[email protected] ORCID 0000-0001-8405-2518 SPIN 8074-4047

Olshevskaya Maria Yuryevna, senior lecturer at the School of Linguistics, National Research University Higher School of Economics (Myasnitskaya St., 20, Moscow, 101000, Russia) Maria Yu. Olshevskaya, Senior Lecturer of the Faculty of Humanities, School of Linguistics, National Research University Higher School of Economics (20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation)

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUSSIAN STATE SYSTEM OF TESTING FOR FOREIGN CITIZENS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LEXICAL MINIMUM IN RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE SECOND CERTIFICATION LEVEL. COMMON OWNERSHIP 5th edition Electronic edition St. Petersburg “Zlatoust” 2014 UDC 811.161.1 Prepared by a team of teachers from the Faculty of Philology and the Center for International Education of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. Compiled by: N.P. Andryushina, I.N. Afanasyeva, G.A. Bitekhtina, L.P. Klobukova, I.I. Yatsenko Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language. Second certification level. General ownership / edited by N.P. Andryushina (electronic edition). - 5th ed. - St. Petersburg. : Zlatoust, 2015. - 164 p. Lexical minimum of Russian as a foreign language. Level B2. Common language/ed. by N.P. Andryushina (electronic publication). - 5th ed. -St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2015. - 164 p. Ch. editor: Editor: Proofreaders: Original layout: A.V. Golubeva D.V. Shamansky I.V. Evstratova, M.O. Nasonkina L.O. Pashchuk The lexical minimum of certification level II is part of the official set of materials of the Russian testing system. It contains about 5100 units necessary and sufficient for the successful solution of communicative tasks provided for by the requirements for the II certification level of general proficiency in Russian as a foreign language. This minimum is addressed to foreign citizens studying Russian both in Russia and abroad, teachers of Russian as a foreign language, authors of textbooks and teaching aids, compilers of tests and training materials. ISBN 978-5-86547-799-0 © Andryushina N.P., Afanasyeva I.N., Bitekhtina G.A., Klobukova L.P., Yatsenko I.I. (text), 2009 © Zlatoust Center LLC (editorial and publishing design, publication, licensing rights), 2009 This publication is protected by the Law of the Russian Federation on Copyright and Related Rights. No part of this publication may be copied in any way without the written permission of the publisher. Preparation of the original layout: Zlatoust Publishing House. Signed for publication on 02/06/14. Format 60x90/8. Pech. l. 20.5. Product code: OK 005-93-953005. Sanitary and epidemiological conclusion for the products of the publishing house of the State SES of the Russian Federation No. 78.01.07.953.P.011312.06.10 dated 06/30/2010 Publishing house "Zlatoust": 197101, St. Petersburg, Kamennoostrovsky pr., 24, of. 24. Tel.: (+7-812) 346-06-68, 703-11-78; fax: (+7-812) 703-11-79; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ; http://www.zlat.spb.ru. CONTENTS Preface................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ..4 How to use the lexical minimum.................................................... ........................................................ ....... 6 List of abbreviations............................................ ........................................................ ................................................8 Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) .................................................. ........................................ 9 Part II. Applications........................................................ ........................................................ ................................ 137 1. Name of persons by nationality and place of residence........ ........................................................ ....... 138 2. Synonyms..................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ....... 140 3. Antonyms and correlative words.................................... ........................................................ .................. 152 4. Phraseologisms, set phrases.................................. ........................................................ ............... 159 5. Linguistic terms.................................. ........................................................ ........................................ 161 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TRKI -2 PREFACE The proposed lexical minimum of the II certification level of general proficiency in Russian as a foreign language (RFL) is a component of the Russian testing system for RFL. This system provides objective unified control to determine the level of both general proficiency in the Russian language and language proficiency in the professional, educational and scientific spheres of communication. At the same time, the level of Russian language proficiency is determined regardless of the place, time and form of language teaching. Within the framework of the Russian testing system, the following levels of Russian language proficiency are distinguished: - Elementary level (TEU), - Basic level (TBU), - First certification level (TRKI-1), - Second certification level (TRKI-2), - Third certification level (TRKI-3), - Fourth certification level (TRKI-4). The Russian state multi-level testing system is included in the European language testing structure ALTE. Levels of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language correlate with levels of proficiency in European languages as follows: Levels of language proficiency Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4 Level 5 Level 5 Level 6 Level 6 Third certification level (TRKI-3) Fourth certification level (TRKI-4) C1 C2 Russian system Elementary level (TEU) Basic level (TBU) First certification level (TRKI-1) Second certification level (TRKI-2) European system A1 A2 B1 B2 Each level of Russian language proficiency is based at the corresponding lexical minimum1. The created gradual series of lexical minimums has become an important component of the Russian testing system for Russian as a foreign language. The lexical minimum of the Elementary level is minimized as much as possible and amounts to 780 units, at the Basic level the volume of the lexical minimum is about 1300 units, at the First certification level - 2300, at the Second - a little more than 5000, at the Third - about 9000. The allocation of a lexical minimum for the Fourth level is irrelevant, since in this case, the foreigner must speak Russian at a level close to that of an educated native Russian speaker. Thus, the approximate doubling of the thesaurus is one of the indicators of the transition to the next, higher level of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language. All components of the gradual dictionary series contain the most commonly used and stylistically neutral (with a few exceptions) vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. The dictionaries contain all parts of speech except interjections. The lexical minimum of each level has its own characteristics. Compared to the vocabulary of the previous level, the vocabulary of the Second Certification Level has undergone certain changes. 1. The volume of the vocabulary has doubled. 2. The design of the dictionary entry has also changed somewhat, although fundamentally it has the same appearance as in the lexical minimums of the previous levels. Thus, nouns denoting 1 Lexical minimums of the Elementary, Basic and First certification levels were published. "Zlatoust" in 2000, 2nd ed. - in 2002 4 Preface females are given in the same article as nouns denoting males. For example: African, plural. Africans; African. Adverbs ending in -o, -i are given with the adjectives from which they are derived. For example: independent; independently, critical; critically. Other adverbs are placed in a separate dictionary entry. For example: it hurts, together, far away, which is motivated by greater thematic and functional activity compared to the corresponding adjectives, or the presence of the adverb’s own meaning, which is not characteristic of the adjective. 3. In the lexical minimum of certification level II, the number of polysemantic words presented in their most common and relevant lexical-semantic variants has increased significantly. 4. The structure of the Appendix has changed, it includes new sections: a) names of persons by nationality and place of residence; b) phraseological units, stable phrases. There are no thematic groups in the book. The authors intend to prepare this material (due to its large volume) for a separate publication. In the minimum of level II, as in the lexical minimums of previous levels, about 25% of words are passive vocabulary (i.e., vocabulary necessary only for the perception of information during reading and listening). Passive vocabulary includes:  fairly frequent vocabulary, subject to mandatory activation at the Third Certification Level (for example, compensate, predict, inheritance),  derived words, including word-forming elements that contribute to the formation of a potential vocabulary (injustice, sturgeon, mediocre, idle) ;  a small group of words with a fairly high frequency, which are stylistically limited in their use in speech (for example, okay colloquial, business card colloquial), as well as words used in everyday situations (hanger, intercom, etc.) The dictionary presents various formulas speech etiquette, necessary for students of the Russian language when solving current communicative problems. The minimum did not include all words denoting male and female persons by nationality. The main dictionary contains designations for only some nationalities. A more complete list of names of persons by nationality and place of residence is provided in the Appendix. The lexical minimum of the II certification level contains about 5100 units and provides a foreigner with the solution of communicative tasks defined by the standard of the II certification level1. The selection of lexical units was made in accordance with the following criteria: 1) semantic value (i.e., the ability of a word to denote objects and phenomena that are most often encountered in real life); 2) the ability of a word to be included in various word combinations, i.e. the breadth of semantic-syntactic connections; 3) stylistic lack of marking; 4) frequency (this took into account data from frequency dictionaries, the frequency of use of vocabulary in RFL textbooks, as well as “thematic” frequency); 5) high word-formation ability of the word. The lexical minimum consists of an alphabetical dictionary and Appendices containing 5 sections. Appendix 1 provides the names of persons by nationality and place of residence. Appendix 2 contains synonymous pairs, Appendix 3 - antonyms and correlative words. These sections allow you to better understand the meanings of words, their paradigmatic connections, as well as the specifics of their use in speech. Synonymous rows of words and pairs of antonyms are limited to vocabulary included in the lexical minimum (dictionary). In addition, they did not include function words. The list of synonyms contains not only pairs, but also synonymous rows of words. The list is presented in alphabetical order, so the same synonym can be repeated two or more times (for example: sad - sad, sad; sad - sad, sad; sad - sad, sad). Synonymous rows contain words of the same grammatical category, as well as phraseological and stable combinations of words from the corresponding Appendix (for example: like - to be to your liking). 1 State educational standard for Russian as a foreign language. Second level. Common ownership. - M. - St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1999. 5 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 Polysemantic words are included in the group of synonyms, usually in one of their meanings, this meaning is indicated by a number in brackets (for example: poor (1) - beggar, poor (2) - unhappy). Homonym words included in different synonymous rows are indicated by a number without a bracket, as in the main dictionary (for example: world 1 - earth, world 2 - agreement). Words with emotional connotations were not included in synonymous rows. In the list of antonyms, pairs of words are given in alphabetical order, so each antonym is presented twice in the list (for example: cold - hot; hot - cold). The list includes both different-root antonyms (big - small) and same-root antonyms (input - output), except for words to which the prefix non- (habitual - unusual) gives an antonymous meaning. This section also contains correlative words (hell - heaven, children - adults). For the first time, an Appendix containing phraseological units and set phrases has been introduced into the lexical minimum (see Appendix 4). The authors consider this section of vocabulary to be an integral part of the formation of a secondary linguistic personality. Mastering this subsystem of the Russian language at this level will allow foreigners to better understand the live speech of native speakers and master the peculiarities of the functioning of words in speech. Appendix 5 contains a limited range of linguistic terms necessary when mastering the grammar of the Russian language at this stage. When working on the dictionary, the compilers used the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. S.I. Ozhegova, “Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late twentieth century. Language changes”, ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya, as well as “A Brief Explanatory Dictionary for Foreigners”, edited by V.V. Rozanova, “Dictionary of synonyms”, ed. A.P. Evgenieva, “Dictionary of Antonyms”, ed. L.A. Novikova, “Frequency Dictionary”, ed. L.N. Zasorina, dictionary “4000 most common words in the Russian language”, ed. N.M. Shansky and others. During 2003–2007. This lexical minimum was tested at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov when teaching foreign students the Russian language, as well as when preparing them for certification testing. The authors express their deep gratitude to Doctor of Philology, Prof. I.P. Lysakova and Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, prof. G.M. Levina for carefully reading the manuscript and valuable comments that helped improve the final version of the manuscript. HOW TO USE THE LEXICAL MINIMUM The order of words in the dictionary is alphabetical. The grammatical commentary in this book (as in the dictionary series as a whole) is presented in a minimal volume, which is due to the tasks that it is designed to solve, so the range of grammatical notes in it is quite limited. Words intended for active learning are highlighted in bold; words suggested for passive assimilation are given in bold font. All words and their forms indicate stress. There is no explanation of the meaning of words in the dictionary; instead, when necessary, verbal illustrations are given with the word. Illustrations are provided when a word at a given level must be mastered in only one of several possible meanings (for example, observant - observant person), and also if the word has several meanings (for example, soft - 1) soft sofa, 2) soft bread, 3) soft character). Homonyms are given in separate articles and are indicated by Arabic numerals, for example: debt 1 debt 2 Illustrations of different lexical-semantic variants of one word are indicated by Arabic numerals with a bracket, for example: package 1) package of milk 2) package of shares 3) plastic bag For all verbs, an indication is given of type and type of conjugation (I or II). If the verb has specific forms of inflection, in the dictionary, in the form of the infinitive of imperfective verbs, forms of verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular are given (for example: get (to6 Preface flock, get) nsv - get (get, get) sv) and forms of the past perfective time (for example: go to bed nst II - lie down (past tense. lay down, lay down, lay down) sv). For verbs that have a strong control, corresponding questions are given (with or without a preposition). For example: influence nsv I - influence sv I on what?; prove nsv I - prove (I will prove, you will prove) sv what? to whom? Although imperfective and perfective verbs are forms of one word, the authors nevertheless considered it necessary to present them in the form of independent dictionary entries1. This approach makes it as easy as possible for a foreigner to find the right word and contributes to the differentiation of these forms in his mind. Thus, the proposed arrangement of lexical material, according to the compilers, should contribute to the understanding, assimilation and correct use of verbs of various types. Regarding the category of verb aspect, the book provides the following information:  for verbs of the imperfect form (since they are taken as the main aspect form), verbs of the perfect form are indicated (for example: find out nsv I - find out sv II); with perfective verbs, a reference is given to the corresponding imperfective verb (for example: approve sv. see approve);  the absence of an aspectual pair of a verb means that: a) this correlate is absent in the language system, in such cases the marks are put: only nsv, only sv (for example: cry only sv); b) this correlate is not relevant for a given level of Russian language proficiency (for example: worry nsv);  for two-aspect verbs the marks are given: nsv and sv (for example: adapt nsv and sv). Adjectives are given in the form of the masculine nominative case, with feminine and neuter singular endings and the plural nominative ending (for example: caring, -aya, -oe, -ye; soft, -aya, -oe, -ie) . Adverbs (syntactic derivatives) are given with the adjectives from which they are formed. Homonymous forms of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs are given in one dictionary entry with the corresponding source words with the mark: compare.st. For example: loud, -aya, -oe, -ie; loud compare Art. louder In this lexical minimum, abbreviations2 and the following markings are used: The sign / - when representing variable forms of verbal control (for example: go over what? / through what?; start what? / + inf. nsv); noun - after nouns homonymous with adjectives (for example: ice cream noun, scientist noun). In other cases, there is no mark indicating the part of speech; w.r. - after feminine nouns ending in -ь (for example: news zh.r. ). In other cases, there is no mark indicating the feminine gender of the noun; m.r. - after masculine nouns ending in -a (for example: young man m.r.) and unchangeable nouns (for example: coffee m.r.). In other cases, there is no mark indicating the masculine gender of the noun; s.r. - after nouns with non-standard endings (for example: name sr.r.), and unchangeable nouns (for example: taxi sr.r.). In other cases, there is no mark indicating the neuter gender of the noun; r.p., d.p., v.p., t.p., p.p. - indicate the corresponding cases of the Russian language and are placed with the prepositions with which they are used (for example: do + r.p.). In cases where there are peculiarities in the formation of case forms, the form of the genitive case is given as an illustration and the mark r.p. is placed. (for example: forehead, r.p. forehead); unism. - unchangeable form, this mark is placed after indeclinable nouns (for example: hobby unchangeable); units - is placed in cases where the word form r.p. is given, formed according to a non-standard model (for example: call, r.p. singular call), and when the singular form is given after nouns used mainly in the plural (for example : skis plural; singular ski); only units - after nouns singularia tantum (for example: basketball only singular); mind. - after nouns with a diminutive meaning; 1 For a similar representation of species pairs, see, for example, in the dictionary ed. N.M. Shansky “4000 most common words in the Russian language” and in a number of other dictionaries. 2 For a list of abbreviations, see p. 8. 7 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TRKI-2 plural. - after nouns used primarily in the plural (for example: plural skates), and before nouns that form the plural form according to a non-standard model (for example: brand; r.p. plural marks; chair; r.p plural chairs); only plural - placed after pluralia tantum nouns (for example: glasses only plural); without - after impersonal verbs (for example: to come II nsv - to come I st unl.); inf. - to illustrate the control of a verb; nsv - after the infinitive of imperfective verbs (for example: interfere nsv); sv - after the infinitive of perfective verbs (for example: produce sv); nsv and sv - after the infinitive of two-type verbs (for example: explore nsv and sv); last time - past tense of the verb; l. - person of the verb (in the book, as a rule, 1st and 2nd person); cm. - when referring to an imperfect verb, as well as in the Appendix (terms); not used - is put when one or another form of the verb is not used or is used extremely rarely (for example: fulfill St. II (1 and 2 liters not used); cr.f. - mark is put in the following cases:  when the short form has meaning, different from the meanings of the full form of adjectives (for example: small, -a, -o, -y cr.f. (from small); great, -a, -o, -i cr.f. (from big);  when short the form is more frequent than the corresponding full form (for example: closed, -а, -о, -ы кр.ф. (from closed); colloquial - with words that are used in the sphere of informal communication (for example: business card colloquial, minibus LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS f.r.m.r. sr.r. singular plural noun im.p. r.p. d.p. v.p. etc. p. kr.f. unchangeable comparative art. bezl. l. inf. nsv st. past time I II see not used colloquial comparative art. mind. 8 - feminine gender - masculine gender - neuter gender - singular - plural - noun - nominative case - genitive case - dative case - accusative case - instrumental case - prepositional case - short form - immutable form - comparative degree - impersonal - person of the verb - infinitive, indefinite form of the verb - imperfect form of the verb - perfect form of the verb - past tense of the verb - model for changing verbs of the first conjugation - model for changing verbs of the second conjugation - look - not used - colloquial - comparative degree - diminutive Part I LEXICAL MINIMUM (alphabetical dictionary) Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI- 2 A and paragraph abokrt apricot absolute, -aya, -oh, -s; absolutely abstract, -aya, -oh, -s; abstract absukrad absukradny, -th, -th, -s accident august autobiography autobus bus, -th, -s, -s automat automatic automobil autonomous, -th, -s, -s answering machine aktor authority agent agent agency aggressive, - oh, -s; aggressively hell adapt (adapting, adapting) nsv I and sv I to what? the lawyer is adequate, -th, -oh, -s; adequately administrative; azakrtno asian, -aya, -oe, -ie academician academy watercolor f. neat, -th, -oe, -s; neat act 1) terrorist act 2) tragedy in 3 acts 3) legislative act actor; actress active, -aya, -oe, -s; actively relevant, -aya, -oe, -s; actual shareholder's shareholding, -th, -th, -th share 1) company shares 2) protest share 10 and, but paragraph abortion apricot total; absolutely abstract; abstractedly absurdity absurd accident, crash August autobiography bus busautomatic machine automatically car autonomous automatic responding machine author authority agent agency aggressive; aggressively hell to adapt lawyer adequate; adequately administrative administrator administration address - postal address, e-mail hazardous, excited; recklessly, excitedly Asian academician academy aquarelle accurate; accurately act act of terror tragedy in 3 acts legislative act actor active; actively, diligently current, topical; topically accent corporate, joint-stock share, action shares of a company protest action Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) aklgebra alcoholkl only singular. allergies only singular alleys alphabet album climber american; plural Americans; American; r.p. plural americaknok american, -aya, -oe, -e anakliz analyze (analyze, analyze) nsv I - analyze (analyze, analyze) sv I what? pineapple anatomy only units akngel angikna English, -aya, -oe, -ie English; plural English not r.p. plural English; English; r.p. plural English English-Russian, -aya, -oe, -e anecdote questionnaire ensemble anti- (anti-war, unsanitary, etc.) antibiotic anti-Semitism only singular. antique, oh, oh, oh intermission orange applaud (applaud, applaud) nsv I applause only plural. appetite april pharmacy arbukz argumeknt argue (argument, argue) nsv I and sv I what? Rent only units. rent (rent, rent) nsv I and sv I arrest arrest s see arrest arrest nsv I - arrest (arrest, arrest) sv I who? akrmiya aroma fragrant, -aya, -oe, -s artist; artist; r.p. plural art stock archaeologist archeology only singular algebra alcohol allergy alley alphabet album alpinist American American analysis to analyze pineapple anatomy angel angina English English English-Russian funny story, anecdote questionnaire ensemble antiantibiotic anti-Semitism antique intermission orange to applaud applause appetite April chemist's watermelon argument, reason to argue, to give reasons rent, lease to rent, to lease arrest to arrest to arrest army aroma aromatic actor archaeologist archeology 11 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TRKI-2 architect architectura singular parts only. Architectural, -th, -th, -graduate student; graduate student; r.p. plural postgraduate studentkra atheism only singular. athletics only units atmosphere atomic, -th, -oh, -y audition auditokria auction poster african, plural. Africans; African, r.p. plural afrikaknok afrikaknsky, -th, -e, -e airport architect architecture architectural postgraduate student postgraduate study atheism athletics atmosphere atomic listening (comprehension) lecture-hall auction poster African African airport B grandmother; r.p. plural grandma's luggage only units badminton only units base 1) material, technical base 2) military base 3) tourist base 4) base of data bazaar bachelor's bazaar eggplant bal balalaika; r.p. plural balalakek ballerikna ballet balkokn ball pamper (balukyu, pamper) nsv I - pamper (pamper, pamper) sv I who? indulge (indulge, indulge) nsv I banakn banderokl zh.r. bank bank; r.p. plural bakno bankekt bankakr ATM bankruptkt baknya bar drumakn barakn 12 grandmother luggage badminton base resource base military base camp database market, bazaar bachelor aubergine ball, dance balalaika ballerina ballet balcony mark, point to spoil to fool (with) banana post package bank can, pot banquet banker cash machine bankrupt bath-house bar, pub drum (musical instrument) ram (male sheep) Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) ram only singular. barrack; r.p. plural baraknok bass - sing with a bass bassetball only singular. basketball player; basketball player; r.p. plural basketball stock pool strike (strike, go on strike) nsv I batokn tower; r.p. plural towers run nsv I run; runner; r.p. plural running misfortune poornekt nsv I - impoverishment sv I poverty zh.r., only singular. poor, oh, oh, oh; poor 1) He is a poor person: he has no money. 2) Poor Anton, he’s been sick for so long! disaster - natural disaster run (run, run) only nSV I where? where? beige, s, s, s refugee; plural refugees, r.p. plural refugees; refugee; r.p. plural refugee without (bezo) + r.p. tasteless, -aya, -oh, -s; tasteless 1) tasteless food 2) tasteless clothes hopeless, s, s, s - hopeless situation illiterate, s, s, s; illiterately limitless, -aya, -oh, -s; infinitely giftless, -aya, -oh, -s; shamelessly inaction (inaction, inaction) only mutton baranka (ring-shaped roll) bass - to sing bass basketball basketball player swimming pool to be on strike long loaf tower to run runner misfortune to become poorer poverty poor; poor He is a poor man: he has no money. Poor Anton, he has been ill for so long! disaster - natural disaster to run beige refugee without tasteless; it’s tasteless tasteless food tasteless clothes desperate - desperate situation illiterate; with spelling mistakes, illiterately boundless, unlimited; infinitely talentless; without any show of talent to be inactive; carefree defenseless, oh, oh, oh, deserted, oh, oh, oh; desertedly hopeless, oh, oh, oh; hopelessly immoral, oh, oh, oh; immorally ugly, -aya, -oh, -s; disgracefully safety f.r. only units safe, s, s, s; safe unemployment only units unemployed, -th, -th noun. definitely bacon only units whiten nsv I - whiten sv I white; r.p. plural beklok belokk, r.p. units squirrelk - egg whitekk to idle childfree soulless careless; carelessly defenseless peopleless, deserted; it’s uninhabited hopeless, pathetical; hopelessly immoral; it's immoral ugly; it is ugly safety safe; safely unemployment unemployed certainly bacon to whiten, to become white squirrel white - egg white 13 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TRKI-2 white, -aya, -oe, -ye underwear only singular. gasoline only units save thrifty, th, th, th, th carefully pregnant birch, th thrift save (take care, save; past tense saved, saved, saved) nsv I - save (save, save; past tense saved, saved) , saved k) St. I whom? What? conversation gazebo; r.p. plural besekdok besekdovat (conversation, conversation) nsv I - talk (conversation, conversation) sv I about whom? about what? with whom? endless, -th, -oh, -s; infinitely disinterested, oh, oh, oh; selflessly free, oh, oh, oh; free to disturb nsv II who? Who should we worry about? about what? restless, -aya, -oe, -s; restlessly useless, oh, oh, oh; uselessly helpless, oh, oh, oh, oh, mess, r.p. units disorder 1) only units - disorder in the room 2) plural only. - unrest in the country, lawless, oh, oh, oh, senseless, oh, oh, oh; senselessly shameless, oh, oh, oh, unscrupulous only singular. indefinite, -aya, -oh, -s, tactless, -aya, -oh, -s; tactless, colorless, -aya, -oh, -ah, colorless, -ah, -oh, -ah, noiseless, -ah, -oh, -ah; silently betokn only units library librarian Bible biknes only units. business ticket 1) train ticket 2) concert ticket 3) exam ticket billiard biography biologist biological biology birzh 14 white underwear, linen fuel bank (of a river), shore economical carefully birch pregnant beret to keep, to save conversation garden house, pavilion to speak about endless; endlessly unmercenary; unmercenarily free; free to bother to worry about anxious, restless; anxiously useless; uselessly helpless disorder, mess mess in the room disorders in the country rightless senseless; senselessly shameless insomnia termless tactless; tactlessly colourless, priceless, noiseless; noiselessly concrete library librarian Bible business businessman ticket train ticket concert ticket exam paper billiard biography biologist biology stock exchange Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) beat (beat, beat) nsv I - beat (beat, beat) sv I; break (break, break) St. I 1) who? - He was beaten. 2) what? - Anton broke a glass. to thank nsv II - to thank sv II whom? for what? grateful, -th, -oh, -th thanksk + d.p. noble, oh, oh, oh; nobly charitable, s, s, s form pale nsv I - sv I pale, s, s, s shine nsv II brilliant, s, s, s 1) brilliant decorations 2) brilliant performance close, -aya, -oe, -ie; close; compare art. closer 1) The pharmacy is close. 2) These are our close relatives. 3) Olek is my close friend. twins plural; units twins pancakes plural; units damn block 1) political block 2) cigarette block block blonde; blonde; r.p. plural blonde blouse; r.p. plural blouse dish 1) silver dish 2) delicious dish saucer; r.p. plural saucer god get rich nsv I - get rich sv I wealth rich, -aya, -oe, -s; rich action movie - watch action movie fight side glass boxing only single parts. boxer more illness f.r. fan get sick 1 nsv I - get sick 1 st I 1) with what? - flu 2) for whom? for what? only nsv - root for the football team root 2 - get sick 2 (1 and 2 liters not used) - Headache. to beat(up); to break He was beaten up. Anton broke the glass. to thank grateful thank to noble; noble charitable form to turn pale pale to shine, to glance brilliant, shiny shiny jewelery brilliant performance near, close; near, closely; nearer, closer The chemist’s is nearby. These are our close relatives. Oleg is my close friend. twins; twin pancakes; pancake block political coalition block of cigarettes notepad blonde blouse dish silver dish tasty dish saucer god to grow rich richness rich; richly action movie battle, combat side wineglass box boxer more illness fan to be ill - to fall ill to have flue to be a fan to ache - Head is aching. 15 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 boloktisty, -aya, -oe, -y bolokto chat nsv I - chat sv I colloquial. - chatting on the phone is a pain f.r. hospital patient, -akya, -oke, -ike; painful; boklen, -nak, -nok, -nyk swampy swamp, marsh to chat - to chat on the phone pain hospital ill, sore; painful cr. f. 1) sick tooth 2) sick society sick, -akya, -kye noun. majorityk only singular big, -akya, -oke, -ike; compare Art. more bokmba bomb nsv II what? homeless person Borekts, r.p. units wrestler; plural fightersk beardk bearded, oh, oh, oh fight (fight, fight) only nsv I for what? against what? / with whom? with what? borscht strugglek only units 1) wrestling competition 2) fight against inflation sandals plural, r.p. plural sandals; units sandal nerd nerd only units boots plural; r.p. plural boot; units bootknock, r.p. units shoe I'm afraid (I'm afraid, I'm afraid) only for whom? what? / sore tooth ill society sick man, patient majority big; bigger, more bomb to bomb homeless person fighter beard bearded to fight borsch (red beet soup) fight competition in fight fight against inflation peeps, sandals botanist botany boots; boot to be afraid + inf. marriage 1 - get married marriage 2 only units - defective product, bracelet brother; plural brothers, r.p. plural take brothers (take, take) nsv I - take (take, take) sv I who? What? 1) take the child in your arms 2) take your brother to the cinema, things on a trip 3) take tickets to the theater 4) borrow money 5) take a taxi wandered, wandered, wanderedk) only nsv I where? where? diamond razor shave (shave, shave) nsv I - shave (shave, shave) sv I 16 marriage - to marry faulty goods bracelet brother to take to take child in one's arms to take brother to the cinema, to take things in the journey to buy theater tickets to borrow money to take taxi to rave to lag, to trail diamond razor to shave Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) plural eyebrows; units h. eyebrow f.r. wander (wander, wander) only nSV II where? - wander through the woods book (reserve, reserve) nsv I - reserve (reserve, reserve) sv I what? - book a hotel room, bronchial tickets, leave nsv I - leave (throw, leave) sv II who? What? / + inf. 1) throw the ball 2) quit smoking 3) quit your job, family; quit St. see throw brooch; brochka; r.p. plural brochettes trousers plural only brunette; w.r. brunette; r.p. plural brunettes Buddhistism only singular Buddhist alarmist wake up (wake up, wake up) nsv II - wake up (wake up, wake up) St II who? weekdays only plural; r.p. weekdays as if (would) future noun, singular only future, -th, -ee, -e letter bouquet book; r.p.m.h. booklet booklet; r.p. plural buns bakery noun boulevard bouillon paper 1) only units. - paper for writing 2) sign papers with the director paper wallet, s, s, s bourgeois, s, s, s books, s only plural. sandwich bottle; r.p. plural bottles buffet bread; r.p. plural buhaknok would, b - If I knew...; I would like... to visit St. I - to visit St. I 1) 1 and 2 l. not used - Such cases rarely happen. 2) where? - Andrey often visits St. Petersburg. former, -aya, -ee, -s fast bull, -aya, -oe, -s; fast life only units eyebrows; eyebrow to wander, to ramble - to wander in the forest to book, to reserve - to reserve room in the hotel, to book tickets bronchitis to throw, to leave, to give up to throw ball to give up smoking to leave job, to leave family to throw, to leave, to give up brooch trousers brunet Buddhism Buddhist alarm-clock to wake up weekdays as if future future letter, character bunch (of flowers) white bread baked roll bakery shop boulevard broth paper paper for writing to sign papers at the director's office wallet paper, made of paper bourgeois storm beads, bead necklace sandwich bottle buffet loaf if - If only I knew...; I would like to... to occur, to happen, to visit Such occasions happen rarely. Andrey often visits Petersburg. former, ex bull fast; fast everyday life 17 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 household, -akya, -oke, -ike be (bukdu, bukdesh) only nsv I 1) where? who? - We were at a friend’s dacha. 2) Yesterday it was raining. 3) by whom? - Saksha wants to be an engineer. budget bureauk unchangeable - tourist bureauk bureaucrat household to be We were by our friend at his datcha. Yesterday it was raining. Sasha wants to be an engineer. budget office - tourist office bureaucrat В в; in 1) v.p. Where? - enter room 2) v.p. When? - on Wednesday 3) p.p. When? - in January, in childhood 4) p.p. Where? - be in the music 5) p.p. what? - a girl in a car jacket is important, oh, oh, oh; important vakza waltz currency vaknna vaknaya n. mittens plural, r.p. plural vakrezhek; units mitten, r.p. units vakrezhki jam boiled, -aya, -oh, -y variants cook nsv II - cook nsv II what? Vakta only units. cheesecake; r.p. plural cheesecake waffles plural, r.p. waffle; units your waffle, -a, -e, -and run nsv I - run in (run in, run in) St I where? run in St I see run in bring in St I see import up at the top enterk St see enter in (enter, enter) nSV II - enterk (enter, enter; past tense entered, entered) St I whom? What? Where? where? import only units import (import, import) nsv II - import (import, import) sv I who? What? Where? where? look closely sm. peer scrutinize nsv I - peer (peer, peer) sv II at whom? into what? in the distance in the distance together 18 to, in, at, on, into - to enter the room - on Wednesday - in January, in the childhood - in the museum - girl in the jacket coach, carriage important; it’s important vase waltz currency tub bathroom mittens; mitten jam boiled variant, version to cook, to boil cotton wool curd tart wafers; wafer your to rush in to rush in to bring in, to import upwards above to lead in, to put in, to enter to lead in, to put in, to enter import to bring in, to import to peer into to peer into in the distance, a long way from afar, at a distance twice, double Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) together vdovekts, r.p. widower; plural widowers; widow along + r.p. inspirational units only suddenly a vegetarian, r.p. units vegetarian; plural vegetarians bucket; plural buckets, r.p. plural buckets leading, -aya, -ie noun. - the presenter of the program is polite, oh, oh, oh; politely everywhere vezk 1 (vezk, you're taking; past tense. vezk, vezlak, vezlik) only nsv I whom? What? Where? where? lucky 2 (lucky) no. nsv I - luckyk 2 (lucky) sv I who? what? with what? - He is lucky in life. He was lucky with his job. lucky, -th, -ee, -th century of the century; plural eyelids are great, -ak, -ok, -ik cr.f. - This suit is too big for me. great, oh, oh, oh, great, oh, oh, oh; great cycling; r.p. plural bicycle nok bicycle bicycle veknik get married nsv I - get married sv 1st century only singular. camel rope; r.p. plural to trust ropes nsv II - to trust sv II to whom? what? / in whom? into what? noodles liquid, only units vekrnost zh.r., only units. return sv. see return sv. see return vekrny, -aya, -oe, -s; verno 1) vernal solution 2) vernal friend probable probability zh.r., only singular. version vertical, -th, -oe, -s; vertical helicopter flying, noun. top top, -yaya, -ee, -ie tops weight only units. have fun only in the second spring, -y, -ee, -ie both widower along inspiration suddenly vegetarian bucket presenter - program presenter indeed, but polite; politely everywhere to carry, to drive to have luck, to be lucky - He is lucky in life. He has luck with his job. lucky century eyelid too big, oversized - This costume is too big for me. great perfect, splendid; perfectly bicycle race bicycle bicycler besom, broom to get married, to wed belief camel rope, string to believe vermicelli faith to return, to give back to return, to come back correct, true; correctly correct decision true friend likely, probably probable version vertical; vertically helicopter believer top upper peak, top, head (of the tree) weight to have fun spring 19 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TRKI-2 cheerful, -aya, -oe, -e; it's fun to weigh (you're weighing, you're weighing) only nsv I - The child weighs 10 kg. springk; plural spring, r.p.pl.h. spring spring news (led, led; past tense led, velak, great) nsv I 1) whom? Where? where? - news from the son from the park at home 2) what? - drive a car 3) what? - housekeeping 4) what? - diary, conversation, lesson 5) behave - The child behaves well. scales only plural all, all, all, all the wind, r.p. units wind windkn vector; r.p. plural vector ham only units evening party; r.p. plural evening party, -yah, -ee, -y evening eternal, -yah, -oh, -y; forever hanger; r.p. plural hangers hang nsv I - hang (hang, hang) sv I what? Where? thing f.r. mutual, -aya, -oe, -s; mutually inter- - interaction, interconnection weigh sv I see weigh weigh nsv I - weigh (weigh, weigh) sv I whom? What? excited, -aya, -oh, -s; excitedly excite St see excited look 1) cheerful look 2) outlook on life look St I sigh St I see sigh flinch nSV I - wince St I flinch St I see flinch sigh nSV I - sigh St I take off nSV I - take off (fly up, take off) sv II take off sv II see take off explode sv II see explode adult, s, s, s adults, s nouns. explosion explode nsv I - explode (explode, explode) sv I what? bribe; r.p. plural take a bribe St. I see take 20 merry, jolly; merryly to weigh - The child weighs 10 kg. spring in spring to conduct, to take, to lead, to drive to bring son home from the park to drive a car to manage the house to keep a diary, to hold conversation/classes to behave - A child behaves himself. scales all wind veteran branch, twig ham evening party evening in the evening everlasting, eternal; for ever hanger to hang thing mutual; mutually inter- interaction, interrelation to weigh smth. to weigh smth. excited; excitedly to excite, to alarm view, look joyful look view of life to look to sigh to shiver to shiver to sigh to fly up to fly up to blow up adult adult explosion to blow up bribe to take Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary ) type 1) only singular parts - have a tired look 2) view from the windowk on the sea vikden, visiblek, -o, -yk cr.f. video unism. video camera video recorder vikdet (vide, see) nsv II - see (saw, see) nsv II who? What? see (see, see) nSV II - see (see, see) St II with whom? apparently vikza visitikt viziktka; r.p. plural business card talk - business card fork; r.p. plural viklok vinaigrette vinok vinovakt, -a, -o, -y cr.f. grapes only units vikrus 1) vikrus grikppa 2) computer vikrus hang nsv II where? visokk, r.p. units whiskey; plural whiskey, r.p. plural viscokv vitaminikn vitrikna cherry; r.p. plural vikshen invest nsv I - invest sv II what? Where? into what? 1) put a letter in the envelope 2) invest money in production turn on nsv I - turn on st II 1) what? - turn on the TV 2) who? - include him in the delegation taste 1) only singular. - This drink has a pleasant taste. 2) Lekna has good taste. She dresses with taste. delicious, -aya, -oh, -s; delicious owner, r.p. units owner; plural owners, r.p. plural owners to own nsv I what? 1) own land 2) own a foreign language wet, s, s, s; moistly imperious, -aya, -oe, -s; imperiously power f.r. 1) only units state power, legal power 2) local power, local authorities to fly in nsv I - fly in (attract, fly in) sv II where? where? view to look tired seaview from the window is (are) seen video videocamera video cassette recorder to see to see one another apparently visa visit visiting card fork vinegret (salad) wine guilty grapes virus influenza virus computer virus to hang temple vitamin shopwindow sour cherry to put in, to invest to put money in the envelope to invest money in the production to switch on; to include to switch on TV to include him in the delegation taste This drink has a nice taste. Lena has got a good taste. She dresses with taste. tasty, delicious; tasty owner to own, to master to own land to master foreign language wet, humid; it's humid/wet imperious; commandingly power, authority state power, reign (authority) of law domestic authority, domestic authorities to the left to fly in 21 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 fly St. II see fly influence only singular. influence nsv I - influence sv I on whom? for what? invest sv. II see invest fall in love sv. II see fall in love in love, s, s, s; cr.f. in love, in love, with whom? fall in love nsv I - fall in love (fall in love, fall in love) nsv II with whom? together instead of + r.p. interfere sv I see interfere sv I - interfere sv I in what? at first sudden, -aya, -oh, -s; suddenly introducek sv I see introduce external, -yaya, -ee, -ie; external appearance f.r. only units down belowk attention only units. 1) draw attention to the problem 2) pay attention to children 3) pay attention to mistakes attentive, oh, oh, oh; attentively 1) attentive reader 2) attentive husband in a draw (introducing, introducing) nsv II - introducing (past tense. contributed, contributedk, contributedk) St. I who? What? Where? 1) add things to the car 2) add money 3) clause in the contract, amendment to the text grandson; granddaughter; r.p.m.h. grandson internal, -yaya, -ee, -ie; insidek in time in time + r.p. secondly vodak driver drive (drive, drive) only nsv II 1) who? Where? - take the child to the park; 2) what? - drive a car vodka waterfall fight (fight, fight) only nsv I with whom? with what? for what? military, -th, -oh, -y return sv II see return return sv II see return return nsv I - return (return, return) sv II, return (return, return) sv I what? to whom? 22 to fly in influence to influence to put in, to invest to fall in love enamoured, amorous, in love to fall in love together instead to interfere to interfere at first, in the beginning sudden; suddenly to bring in, to pay in, to insert outside; outwardly appearance down below attention to call attention to the problem to pay attention to the children to pay attention to the mistakes attentive; attentively attentive reader attentive husband in a draw (about a game or match) to bring in, to pay in, to insert to bring things in the carriage to pay in money to insert a point in the agreement, to amend text grandson inner; inside in time during secondly water driver to conduct, to take, to lead, to drive to take child to the park to drive a car vodka waterfall to fight military to return, to give back to return, to come back to return, to give back Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) return nsv I - return (return, return) sv II, return (return, return) sv I where? where? to head St. II see headkt't to lead nsv I - to lead (to head, to lead) St. II what? air only units carry (drive, drive) nsv II whom? What? Where? entry is possible nearby. sl. possibility of life possible, -aya, -oe, -s; it is possible to be indignant with St. II see indignant with indignation nsv I - to be indignant (indignant, indignant) with St. II what? arise nsv I - arise (past tense arose, arose, arose) St. I arise St. I see arisen object nsv I - object (object, object) St. II to whom? objections object to St. II see object to the age of revival only singular. wark enterk sv I see enterkt station around 1) + r.p. - There were spruce trees growing around the house. 2) It was quiet around. strong-willed, -akya, -oke, -ike volleyball only singular. volleyball player; volleyball player; r.p. plural volleyballstock wolf wavek 1) sea wavek 2) radio wavek 3) wavek protest waves wavek (wave, wave) nsv I - excite (wave, wave) sv I who? worry (worried, worried) nst voklosy plural; units hair vocals only singular over there - The pharmacy is over there. imagination only singular in generalk armed, -th, -oh, -s firstly in spite ofk + d.p. question thief to return, to come back to head, to be in charge of to head, to be in charge of air to drive, to carry near it is possible possibility possible; to be indignant, to boil over to be indignant, to boil over to arise, to originate to arise, possibly to originate to object, to mind, to protest objection to object, to mind, to protest age rebirth, revival, renaissance war to come in railway station around The firs grew around the house. It was quiet around. strong-willed volleyball volleyball player wolf wave sea wave radio wave wave of protest excitement to excite, to alarm to worry hair will over there - The chemist’s is over there. imagination generally, actually weaponed first of all despite of, in defiance of question thief 23 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 Vorobeky, r.p. sparrow; plural sparrowk steal (steal, steal) nst I vorokna vorokta only plural. collar k grumble nsv II eighteen eight eight hundred seventy eight hundred Sunday Sunday, -aya, -oh, -y upbringing only singular. educated, -aya, -oe, -s educate St. I see educate educate nSV I - educate St. I who? memories restore nsv I - restore (restorek, restore) sv II what? uprisings restore St. II see restore east only singular eastern, -aya, -oh, -s admire St. II see admire admire nSV I - admire (admire, admire) St. II who? how? sunrise of the eighth, -akya, -oke, -yke here for the first time forward aheadk impressionable impressionable, -aya, -oh, -s write in St. I see write in write in nsv I - write in (write in, write in) St. I who? What? Where? in a low voice, quitek subsequently it is right to let in nsv I - let in (let in, let in) saint II who? Where? let in St. II see let in hostile enemy, -aya, -oh, -s; hostilely quarrel (enmity, enmity) only nsv I vratakr lie (lying, lying) nsv I - lie (lying, lying) sv I; lie (lie, lie) St. I colloquial. doctor 24 sparrow to steal crow gates collar to grumble, to grow eighteen eight eighty eight hundred Sunday sunday upbringing accomplished, well-mannered, well-bred to bring up to bring up remembrance to reconstruct, to restore uprising, revolt to reconstruct, to restore east, orient eastern, oriental to admire, to be delighted to admire, to be delighted sunrise eighth here is for the first time forward in front of impression impressive, sensitive to write in, to enter to write in, to enter in a small voice afterwards quite to the right to let in to let in enemy hostile to be at swords' points goalkeeper to lie, to tell lie doctor Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) harmful, -aya, -oe, -s; harmful 1) harmful products 2) bad habits temporary, s, s, s; temporarily time w.r., r.p. units time; plural timesk, r.p. plural tenses 1) only units - How long is it? 2) only units. - I don’t have time. 3) units and plural - times of the year to hand over to St. I - to hand over to St. II what? to whom? hand over to St. II, see hand over hardly always in total 1) We only spent 50 rubles. 2) In total we paid 1500 rubles. universal, -aya, -oe, -s universal, -aya, -ee, -s seriously comprehensive, -a, -ee, -es; comprehensively still boil St. II (1 and 2 l. not used) boil St. II see boil soon as a result + r.p. look out loud nsv I - look (look, look) sv II at what? look at St. II see look at remember St. I - remember St. II who? What? about whom? about what? remember St II see remember get up (get up, get up) nSV I - get up (get up, get up) St I 1) get up from the chair 2) get up early 3) The sun rises. insert sv II see insert insert nsv I - insert (insert, insert) sv II what? Where? stand up St I see get up meet St II see meet meet St II see meet meet St I - meet (meet, will you meet) St II who? What? meet nsv I - meet (meet, meet) sv II with whom? with what? join nsv I - join (enter, join) sv II where? into what? 1) join an organization 2) enter into a dispute harmful, pernicious; hurtfully harmful products pernicious habits temporal; temporarily time What time is it? I have no time seasons to hand (over), to present to hand (over), to present hardly, unlikely always only, inall, total We have spent only 50 rubles. We have paid in all 1500 rubles. general, universal seriously all-round, comprehensive; comprehensively all, whole still, after all to boil up to boil soon in consequence of aloud to take a good look, to peer into to take a good look, to peer into to remember to remember to stand up, to rise (up) to stand up from the chair to rise up early The sun is rising. to insert to insert to stand up to meet to meet meeting to meet to meet to join to join the organization to get into argument 25 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 enter St II see enter introductions everyone, -aya, -oh, -y Tuesday second, -akya, -oke, -yke thirdly, the three of us are a vulgar university, -aya, -oe, -y; vulgar entry enterk (enterk, enter) nsv II - enterk (enterk, enter; past tense. entered, enteredk, enteredk) St I where? 1) enter the room 2) enter the history 3) enter the composition of something 4) enter the fashion, in use in particular yesterday yesterday, -y, -ee, -e enter nsv I - enter (enter, enter) sv I where? 1) move into the yard 2) move into a new apartment move in St I see move in you run out nSV I - run out (will run out, run out) St II where? where? run out sv see run out choose nsv I - choose (will choose, choose) sv I whom? What? choice 1) only units - large selection of products 2) only plural. - presidential elections throw away nsv I - throw away (throw away, throw away) sv II what? Where? choose sv I see choose throw away sv II see throw out take out sv I see take out take out sv I see take out take out take out (take out, bring out) nsv II - bring out (will bring out, bring out; past tense brought out, brought out, brought out) St I whom? What? Where? where? 1) take the kids out for a walk, take the car out of the garage 2) get mad, take out only units. take out (take out, take out) nsv II - take out (past tense take out, take out, take out) sv I who? What? Where? where? to look (to look, to look) only nSV II - to look young to kick out St. II see to kick out 26 to join introduction, entry every Tuesday second thirdly three (together) university, higher educational institution vulcan vulgar; vulgarly entrance to enter, to come in to enter the room to become history to be a part of smth. to come into fashion, to come into use in particular yesterday yesterday's to drive, to move, to enter to drive into the yard to move into the new flat to drive, to move, to enter you to run out to run out to choose choice wide choice of products president elections to throw away to choose to throw away to export, to remove to take out conclusion to take out to take out children for a walk, to drive out of the garage to make smb. flare up export to export, to remove to look - to look young to expel, to fire, to turn out Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) favorable, -aya, -oe, -s; it’s profitable to kick out nsv I - kick out (kick out, kick out) sv II who? Where? where? 1) kick the cat out of the house and onto the street 2) kick him out of work give out nsv I - give out (will give out, give out, give out, give out, give out, give out) sv I what? issue sv I see issue vyezhakt nsv I - leave (you will leave, you will leave) sv I where? where? leave sv I see leave survive nsv I - survive (survive, survive) sv I survive sv I see. survive call sv I see call recover nsv I - get well (you'll get well, you'll get better) St I get well sv I see recover call nsv I - call (call, call) sv I who? What? - call a doctor, call a taxik win St I see win win nSV I - win St I what? 1) win a football match 2) win money in the lottery 3) win an argument 4) win time exit St. I see exit switch switch off nsv I - turn off St. II what? turn off sv II see turn off fly out nsv I - fly out (will fly out, fly out) sv II where? where? fly out sv II see fly out cure sv II see treat pour out nsv I - pour out (pour out, pour out) sv I what? Where? pour out St I see pour out wash St I see wash wash up St I see wash take out St I see take out take out nsv I - take out St I what? endure (endure, endure) nSV II - endure (past tense endured, endured, endured) Saint I who? What? 1) take out things 2) make decisions, sentence hardy, -th, -oh, -s take out St. I see take out write out St. I see write out write out nsv I - write out (will write out, write out) St. I who? What? where? 1) what? where? - copy words out of a book 2) what? - copy out newspapers 3) who? where? - discharge the patient from the hospital profitable; profitably to expel, to fire, to turn out to turn out the cat to the street to fire to give out to give out to leave to leave to survive to survive to call to get better to get better to call - to call a doctor, taxi to win to win to win a football match to win money in the lottery to win dispute to gain time to come out switcher to switch off to switch off to fly out to fly out to cure to pour to pour to wash to wash oneself to carry out, to pass to take out to carry out, to pass to carry out things to pass decision, sentence enduring to take out to write out, to subscribe, to sign out to write out, to subscribe, to sign out to write out words from the book to subscribe to newspapers to sign out patient from the hospital 27 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 drink sv I see drink perform sv II see perform sv I - perform sv II what? issue 1) only units - release of products 2) release of news releases nsv I - release (release, release) sv II who? What? 1) produce birds 2) produce products 3) produce (prepare) graduate specialists; graduate graduate St. II see. releasekt express nsv I - express (will express, express) sv II what? expressive, -aya, -oe, -s; expressively express St I see express grow St II see grow grow St II see grow grow nSV I - grow (grow, grow) St II who? What? evict sv II see evict evict nsv I - evict sv II who? Where? where? express nsv I - express (I will express, you will express) sv I what? listen to St I see listen to listen nSV I - listen to St I who? tall, -aya, -oe, -ie; high; compare Art. higher 1) tall height 2) high pressure heightk only units. high-rise, -th, -oh, -s dry up St. I see dry up, dry up get enough sleep St. II see get enough sleep exhibition; r.p. plural exhibitions shoot St. II see shoot perform nsv I - perform (I will perform, you will perform) to drink to realize to realize issue, output products output news issue to release, to turn out, to manufacture to release birds to manufacture products, to produce to turn out specialists graduate to release, to turn out, to manufacture to express expressive; expressively to express to grow to grow, to breed to grow, to breed to expel, to evict to expel, to evict to tell, to express to listen, to hear out to listen, to hear out high, tall; above; higher large stature high pressure height high-rise, high-altitude to dry out, to get dry to sleep out exhibition to shoot to appear, to come out for/against St. II 1) where? - speak on stage, at a conference 2) against what? for what? - speak out against terrorism, speak out for peace St. II see stand up stand up dry up St. II see dry up highest, -aya, -ee, -ies 1) highest grade 2) highest award 3) higher education get enough sleep nSV I - get enough sleep (I'll get enough sleep, get enough sleep) sv II dry up nsv I - dry out sv I pull out nsv I - pull out sv II who? What? 28 to appear on the stage, in the conference to come against the terrorism for peace to appear, to come out for/against performance to dry, to drain the highest, superior prime quality first prize higher education to sleep out to dry out, to get dry to drag out Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) drag out sv II cm. What? learn sv. II see learn 1 exit go out (go out, go out) nsv II - go out (go out, go out; past tense came out, went out, went out) sv I where? where? 1) leave the house 2) go out for retirement 3) The windows overlook the courtyard. 4) The book was published recently. weekend, -akya, -oke, -ike embroider nsv I find out St II see find out find out nsv I - find out St II what? curling, curling, curling, curling knitted, -th, -oh, -s knit (knit, knit) nsv I - knit (knit, knit) sv I what? vyaknut nsv I - zavyaknut sv I to drag out to wipe off to wipe off to learn exit to come out to come out of the house to retire The windows open to the yard. The book was recently published. weekend to embroider to clear up, to find out to clear up, to find out wavy, curly knitted to knit to fade Wardrobe guarantee harmonious, -th, -th, -th; harmoniously garnikr extinguish (extinguish, extinguish) nsv II - extinguish (extinguish, extinguish) sv II what? go out (1 and 2 liters. not used, last time went out, gaksla, gaksli) nsv I - go out (last time went out, went out, went out) gas newspaper gas pipeline gallery tie garage to guarantee guarantee, warranty cloakroom harmony ; harmoniously garnish to extinguish to go out, to fade, to become dim St. I touring only plural. grocery store carnation (flower) nail, tack where somewhere, anywhere somewhere, anywhere somewhere gel, jelly gene 29 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 general genetic genetic, -aya, -oe, -ies - genetic code genius, -aya, -oe, -es; brilliantly genius genocide only singular geographer geographical, -th, -s, -s geography geologist geological, -s, -s, -s geology coat of arms heroic, -s, -s, -s; heroically heroic 1) heroic war, labor 2) heroic literary work death of w.r., singular parts only. flexible, -aya, -oe, -ie; flexibly die nsv I - perish sv I gigantic, -th, -oe, -e guide hydroelectric station (HPP) anthem gymnasium gymnakst; gymnast; r.p. plural gymnast gynecologist guitar guitarist chapterk 1 - chapterk books chapterk 2 - chapterk governments, familiesk main, -th, -oh, -s stroke (ironing, stroking) nsv II - stroking (stroking, stroking) sv II 1) what? iron clothes 2) who? stroke the child on the head smooth, -aya, -oe, -ie; smooth eyes; plural eyesk glykna go deaf nsv I - go deaf st I depthk deep, -aya, -oe, -ie; deep; compare art. deeper 1) deep river 2) deep knowledge 3) deep secret 4) deep sleep, deep crisis stupidity f.r. stupid, oh, oh, oh; stupidly deaf, -akya, -oke, -ike look (look, look) nsv II - look (look, look) sv II at whom? for what? drive (drive, drive) only nsv II whom? What? 30 general genetist genetic - genetic code of genius, brilliant; geniusly genius genocide geographer geographical geography geologist geological geology coat of arms, emblem heroic; heroically hero, character hero of war, of labor character of literary work death, ruin flexible; flexibly to die giant, huge guide hydroelectric power station hymn gymnasium gymnast gynaecologist guitar guitarist chapter - chapter of a book head - head of government, family main to iron, to stroke to iron clothes to stroke child’s head smooth; smoothly eye clay to grow deaf depth deep; deeply; deeper deep river deep knowledges deep (utmost) secrety deep sleep, deep (severe) crisis stupidity foolish, stupid; foolishly deaf to look, to glance to drive (hard) Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) chasing (chasing, chasing) only nsv II for whom? For what? nestk; plural nest of rotten, -akya, -oke, -ike say nsv II - tell (skazhuk, say) sv I to whom? What? about whom? about what? beef only units year anniversarykna golovak hunger only units hunger nsv I hungry, -aya, -oe, -th ice only singular. voice; plural votes 1) pleasant voice 2) fight for the votes of voters vote (vote, vote) nsv I - vote (vote, vote) sv I for whom? for what? blue, -akya, -oke, -yke pigeon naked, -aya, -oe, -y goklfs plural; units golf golf; r.p. plural goknok (sports) mountain very pink salmon only singular be proud (proud, proud) of who? how? proud, oh, oh, oh; Gordo gokre only units burn nsv II - burn sv II 1) Fire burns. 2) Eyes are burning. The stars are burning. horizontal, -th, -oe, -s; horizontally maid's throat, -th noun. ski, -aya, -oh, -y mountain, -aya, -oh, -y city city, -akya, -oke, -ike bitter mustard, -aya, -oh, -ie; bitter 1) bitter medicine 2) bitter truth hot, -aya, -ee, -ie; hot 1) hot tea 2) ardent love, ardent desires of the Lord's hospital; plural gentlemen, madam, hospitable, oh, oh, oh; hospitably guest noun. to chase nest rotten to speak, to tell, to say beef year anniversary goal head hunger to hunger hungry frozen slush, ice-covered ground voice nice voice to fight for the popular votes to vote blue pigeon naked half hose race mountain much humpback salmon to be proud proud; proudly grief to burn, to shine The fire is burning. The eyes are shining. The stars are shining. horizontal; horizontally throat chambermaid alpine skiing mountain, alpine city, town city, municipal mustard bitter; bitterly bitter medicine bitter truth hot, passionate; warmly, it’s hot hot tea passionate love, passionate desire hospital Mr, gentleman, sir Ms, Mrs, lady hospitable; hospitably living room 31 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 hotel guest state, -th, -s, -y state prepare (gotokvlyu, getokvish) nsv II - prepare (gotokvlyu, get ready) sv II, prepare (gotokvlyu, prepare) St. II what? 1) what? - prepare lunch 2) what? - prepare homework 3) who? What? - prepare specialists, prepare speeches get ready (get ready, get ready) nSV II - get ready (get ready, get ready) SV II, get ready (get ready, get ready) SV II for what? ready, -aya, -oh, -s; cr.f. ready to rob (grakblyu, robish) nsv II - rob (roblu, rob) sv II who? What? engraving grad only units citizen's thermometer; plural citizens; citizen; r.p. plural citizen citizenship only singular gram grammar literate, -aya, -oe, -s; competently granite only singular parts. border border nsv II with what? graphics only units warm nsv I what? bask nsv I - warm up sv I sin Greek only singular. mushroom flu only units coffin thunderstorm huge thunder, oh, oh, oh loud, oh, oh, oh; loud compare st. louder 1) loud voice, loud sounds 2) loud process, scandal rude (rude, rude) nsv II - rude (rude, rude) sv II to whom? rude, -aya, -oe, -s; rude 1) rude person 2) rude fabric 3) rude voice 4) rude mistake 32 hotel guest state state to prepare (smb., smth.) to prepare dinner to prepare homework to prepare specialists, to prepare performance to prepare (oneself), to get ready ready to rob engraving hail degree thermometer citizen citizenship gramme grammar literate; orthographically, competently granite boundary to border graphic art to warm, to heat to get a warm, to bask sin buckwheat mushroom grippe coffin storm thunder huge loud; loudly; louder loud voice, loud sounds big process, scandal to be rude, to say rude things rough, rude, coarse, bad; roughly, rudely rude man coarse fabric rough voice bad mistake Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) breast f.r. cargo truck loader group sad (sad, sad) nSV II sad, -aya, -oe, -s; sad sadness f.r. only units dirty pear, oh, oh, oh; dirty dirt f.r., only singular lip; plural lips governor walk nsv I - walk st I where? with whom? goulash only units humane, -aya, -oe, -s; humanely humanitarian, -aya, -oe, -s thick, -akya, -oke, -ike; thick; compare art. thicker 1) dense forest 2) thick porridge goose breast load, cargo lorry loader group to grieve sad; sadly sad pear dirty; dirtily mud, dirt lip governor to walk goulash humane; humanely humanitarian thick, bushy; thickly; thicker bushy forest thick porridge goose D yes give (give, give) nsv I - give (give, give, give, dadikm, dadikte, dadukt) sv I to whom? What? 1) give a book 2) give advice, consent, feedback 3) give the opportunity to pressure only singular parts. 1) blood pressure 2) exert pressure on whom? long ago and even further distant, -aya, -oh, -ie; far; compare Art. further distant, -yah, -ee, -y far-sighted, -yah, -oh, -yah dakma given only plural. noun - statistical, passport data to give to NSV II - to give to whom? What? Yes, let's talk dakta give sv I see give dakcha two, two twenty-twok times twelve yes to give to give a book to give advice, consent, response to give a chance, to enable pressure blood pressure to press, to enforce long ago even further far, distant ,long; far; longer distant clear-sighted lady data - statistical data, passport data given, actual to give a present for free date to give cottage, datcha two twenty twice twelve 33 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 door zh.r. twokti move nsv I moving two two; r.p. plural twok uncl. courtyard dvorkts, r.p. units palace; plural palaces 1) royal palace 2) sports palace, wedding janitor of noblemen; plural nobleknot; r.p. plural nobleman; noblewoman, r.p. plural nobleman, two-year-old, -th, -e, -e two-year-old, -e, -e, -e - two-year-old child, two-year plan, two-seater, -th, -e, -th two-thousandth, -th, -e, -e two-story, - oh, oh, oh girl; r.p. plural girls girl; r.p. plural girls nine hundred and nineteen nine hundred degrade (degrade, degrade) nsv and st I grandfather; r.p. plural grandfathers on duty, oh, oh, oh - on-duty doctor, on-duty pharmacy deodorant action really act (act, act) nsv I - act (operate, act) sv I 1) The air conditioner does not work. 2) The medicine worked. December December Declaration 1) Customs Declaration 2) Declaration of Human Rights Decoration declaring nsv I - making cv I what? delegate delegation delicate, -th, -oh, -s; delicately divide nsv II - divide sv II, divide sv II what? share nsv II - separate sv II; share sv II 1) for what? - divide into parts, into groups 2) what? with whom? - share news with friends deklo 34 door two hundred to move movement two, twain, two men two (“poor”) yard palace czar's palace sports palace, marriage palace yard-keeper, street cleaner nobleman once removed two-year-old, two -year - two-year-old child, two-year plan two-seater, double, for two two-thousandth two-storeyed girl girl, young woman ninety nineteen nine nine hundred to degrade grandfather on duty - doctor on duty, pharmacy on duty deodorant action really to act, to take effect, to work The conditioner doesn't work. The medicine took effect. December dean (head of a faculty) declaration customs declaration Human Rights Declaration decoration to do, to make delegate, deputy delegation delicate; delicately to divide to divide, to confide, to share, to exchange to divide into parts, groups to exchange news with the friends business, affair Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) business, -akya, -oke, -ike demagogue demographic , -th, -oh, -y democrat democratic, -y, -oh, -y democratic, -y, -oh, -y demonstration 1) festive demonstration 2) demonstration power to demonstrate (demonstrate, demonstrate) nsv I - demonstrate ( I will demonstrate, you will demonstrate) St. I what? day, r.p. units day; plural days money only plural, r.p. money depression village deputy; r.p. plural village tree; plural trees wooden, -th, -oh, -s hold (hold, hold) nsv II 1) who? What? - hold a pen 2) what? - keep money in the bank hold on nsv II for what? - hold on to the railings of the tenth, -th, -th, -th tenth detail 1) machine detail 2) artistic detective details in children plural; units child, r.p. units child's childhood, -th, -oe, -e childhood only singular. defect cheaper nsv I - become cheaper sv I cheap, -aya, -oe, -s; cheap; compare Art. cheaper activity activity zh.r. only units jazz only singular jam jinks only plural diabetes only units diagnosis dialogue dietetic dietetic, designer wild, dictator dictator announcer business, business-like demagogue demographic democrat democratical democratic, open to everyone holiday demonstration demonstration of power to demonstrate day money depression deputy countryside, village tree wooden to hold, to keep to hold a pen to keep money in a bank to hold on - to hold on to the rails dessert tenth ten detail car detail expressive details detective story children; child child’s, childish childhood defect to become cheaper cheap; cheaply; cheaper statesman activity jazz jam jeans diabetes diagnosis dialogue sofa, couch diet dietary designer wild dictation dictator announcer 35 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 dynamic, -aya, -oe, -e; dynamically diplomatic diplomat diplomatic, -th, -oh, -y diplomatic, -ah, -oh, -y; diplomatically director conductor disc - laser disc floppy disk disco discotheque discussion dissertation length long 1) long coat 2) long day for + r.p. daytime, -th, -oe, -y daytime bottom up to + r.p. add sv II see addkt add nsv I - add (add, add) sv II what? achieve nsv I - achieve (achieve, achieve) sv I what? get there nsv I - get there (get there, get there) sv I where? to what? achieve St. I see achieve get St. I see get good-natured, s, s, s; good-naturedly benevolent, oh, oh, oh; benevolently conscientious, -aya, -oh, -s; conscientiously kindness only singular kind, oh, oh, oh 1) kind person 2) kind eyes 3) Good morning! Good afternoon (evening)! 4) good relationships, good friends, trust only singular. trust St. II see trust trust NSV I - trust St. II to whom? satisfied, satisfied, -o, -y cr.f. how? guess St. I see guess guess nSV I - guess St. I what? catch up with St. II see catch up with the agreement; plural agreements catch up nsv I - catch up (catch up, catch up) St II who? What? agree nsv I - agree nsv II about what? with whom? agree St. II see agree 36 dynamic; dynamically diplomat diplomat diplomatic diplomacy, tactful; tactfully director conductor, bandmaster disk - laser disk floppy disk disco disputing discussion dissertation length long long coat long day for, to daily in the afternoon, by day bottom, ground (f.e. of the sea) till, until, as far as to add to add to obtain, to strive for to reach, to get to to obtain, to strive for to reach, to get to good-natured, amiable; good-naturedly benevolent, well-wishing; benevolently honest, conscientious; conscientiously kindness good, kind a good man kind eyes Good morning! Good afternoon (evening)! kind relations, good friends trust to trust to trust pleased to guess to guess to catch up contract to catch up to come to an agreement to come to an agreement Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) finish sv I see finish finish sv I - finish sv I what? get there nsv I - get there (you'll get there, you'll get there) sv II to what? get there sv I see get there rainy, ah, oh, s live out nsv I - live up (will live, you will live) sv I live out sv I see live out the rain get through nsv I - get through sv II get through sv II see get through sv I I see reach proof prove sv I see prove prove nsv I - prove (provek, prove) sv I what? to whom? report doctor document documentary, -th, -oh, -y debt 1 - borrow, repay debt debt 2 only singular. - civic duty is long, -aya, -oe, -ie; long compared to st. longer must, shouldk, -оD, plural. mustk + inf. job title shares on the dollar house; plural homek homekma homekshny, -yaya, -ee, -e homeky intercom; housewife; r.p. plural housewife housemaid add sv I see add add sv I - add (add, add) s I what? additional, -aya, -oe, -s; additionally supplement St. II see supplementation complement nSV I - supplement St. II who? What? road dear 1, -akya, -oke, -ike; expensive - expensive suit; compare Art. dearer dear 2, -akya, -ike - Dear Aanna Petrokvna! dear nsv I - dear sv I Goodbye! board; r.p. plural the dock is early, -th, -th, -th; it's enough to get it ahead of time (I'm getting it, you're getting it) nsv I - get it (you'll get it, you're getting it) sv I what? 1) get a letter from the mailbox 2) get a ticket, a rare book to finish, to complete to finish, to complete to reach a place to reach a place rainy to live until, to live one's last years to live until, to live one's last years rain to get on the phone, to reach to get on the phone, to reach to come to proof to prove to prove lecture doctor document documentary debt - to borrow, to pay back duty - civil duty long, lingering; for a long time; longer must, should position, post valley dollar house at home domestic home, homeward doorphone housewife housemaid to write up to write up additional; additionally to add to add way, road expensive - an expensive costume; more expensive dear - Dear Anna Petrovna! to become dearer, to rise in price Goodbye! desk preschedule; ahead of schedule enough to reach, to obtain to take the letter out of the mailbox to obtain a ticket, a rare book 37 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 get sv I see dostakt reach nsv I - reach, reach (have reached, will reach; past tense reached, reached, reached) sv I what? 1) reach the top 2) reach the goal, success achieved reach St. I see reach reach St. I see reach worthy, worthy, -oh, worthy cr. f. what? dignity landmark landmark leisure time only units income to reach (you reach, you reach) nsv II - to reach (you will reach, you will reach; last time reached, reached, reached) sv I to whom? to what? 1) How to get to the stop. 2) The letter has not reached us. dokchka colloquial; r.p. plural dokchek daughter zh.r., r.p. units daughters; plural daughters precious, -aya, -oh, -s fight drama dramatic, -aya, -oe, -s fight (fight, fight) nsv I - fight (fight, fight) saint I ancient, -s, -ee, -s tremble nsv II friend; plural friendsk other, -akya, -oke, -ike friendship only singular. friendly, oh, oh, s friendly, oh, oh, s friends nsv II friendly, oh, oh, s; friendly oak sheepskin coat; r.p. plural sheepskin dukma - State Duma think nsv I - think st I about whom? about what? blow nsv I - blow sv I spiritual, -aya, -oe, -s souls only singular. soulak stuffy smoke only units Dyknya holek djakdya (breathek, breathe) only NSV II devil uncle m.r. 38 to reach, to obtain to achieve to reach the top to succeed, to get a goal achievement to achieve to achieve is (are) worth dignity, merit, worth sight, point of interest leisure income to come to One have to come to the stop. The mail didn't come to us. daughter daughter precious fight drama dramatic to fight, to scuffle ancient to tremble friend another friendship friendly amicable to be on friendly terms friendly; in friendship, together oak sheepskin coat duma (a representative assembly in Russia) - the State Duma (the lower house of the Russian parliament) to think to blow spiritual, mental, sacred, clerical shower soul it is stuffy smoke melon hole to breath devil uncle Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) E Evangelie European, r.p. units European; plural Europeans, r.p. plural Europeans European, -aya, -oe, -eegok foodk only singular. unit single, -aya, -oh, -s unanimous, -ah, -oh, -s; unanimously like-minded person, the only one, the one, the one, the one, the one, the one, her annual, the annually daily, -aya, -oh, -s; daily monthly, -aya, -oh, -s; monthly weekly, -aya, -oh, -s; drive weekly (drive, drive) nSV II where? where? spruce f.r. if natural, -aya, -oe, -s; naturally 1) natural sciences 2) natural reaction is 1 - I have a brother. eat 2 (eat, eat, eats, edikm, edikte, eat; past tense: ate, ekla, ekli) nsv I - eat (ekm, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat) sv I / eat (eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat) sv I what? go (ekdu, ekdesh) nsv I where? where? more the Gospel European European his food, meal one, “very poor” (mark) singular unanimous; unanimously like-minded person one, singularly united her yearly, annual; yearly daily; daily monthly; monthly weekly; weekly to drive, to go (by vehicle) fir-tree if natural; naturally natural sciences natural reaction to have - I have a brother. to eat to drive, to go (by vehicle) more, yet, still Hedgehog, hedgehog; plural hedgehog tree; r.p. plural trees hedgehog fir-tree F greed f.r. only units greedy, -aya, -oh, -s; greedily feel sorry for nsv I - feel sorry for sv I whom? What? about whom? about what? It’s a pity to complain (I’m complaining, you’re complaining) nsv I - to complain (I’m complaining, you’re complaining) sv I to whom? on whom? for what? pity f.r. only units sorry about the heat, only units slang fried, -aya, -oe, -s greed greedy; greedily to pity, to have compassion it is pity; poorly to complain pity, compassion it is pity heat slang, jargon fried 39 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TRKI-2 zhakriti nsv II - zhakriti sv II what? hot, -aya, -oe, -ie; hot hot noun only units wait (wait, wait) nsv I - wait (wait, wait) sv I 1) who? - wait for a friend 2) what? - wait for the bus, please wish for help - wish for St. I - wish for St. I to whom? what? / + inf. railway, -th, -s, -s railway, -s, -s, -s railways only singular. yellow nsv I - yellow sv I stomach, r.p. units stomach pearl wife k wife kt; plural -s cr.f. who should nsv and sv II marry? groom female, -th, -oh, -y woman sacrifice sacrifice (sacrifice, sacrifice) nsv I - sacrifice (sacrifice, sacrifice) sv I what? to whom? for what? / how? cruel gesture, -aya, -oe, -ie; cruel 1) cruel person 2) cruel struggle yellow, -ah, -oh, -y hard, -ah, -oh, -y 1) hard meat 2) hard divakn lively, -akya, -oke, -ike; cr.f. alive, -ak, alive, -y 1) lively fish 2) lively mind painting f.r., singular parts only. belly animal, noun. liquid, -th, -oe, -e liquid l.r. cheerful, oh, oh, oh life zh.r. vein, -akya, -oke, -ike fat fatty, -aya, -oh, -s 1) fatty meat 2) fatty spotk resident; resident live (live, live) nsv I where? who? 40 to fry hot; it is hot roast meat to wait to wait for the friend to wait for the bus, to wait for help and, but, as for wish, desire it is desirable to wish, to desire railway iron, made of iron iron to grow yellow stomach pearl wife married to marry fiance, bridegroom female, woman's woman victim to sacrifice, to donate gesture cruel, severe; cruelly cruel man severe fight yellow hard rubbery meat rough sofa living, alive, nimble alive fish nimble mind painting belly animal liquid, watery liquid, fluid cheerful life living fat, oil fat, oily, greasy fat meat oily stain inhabitant to live Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical dictionary) beetle journal journalist; journalist; r.p. plural journalism stock journalism only units juryk s.r. unism. bug, beetle magazine journalist journalism jury 3 for 1) v.p. for what? - thank you for your help 2) v.p. in how long? - make it in an hour 3) v.p. Where? - sit down at the table 4) etc. Where? - house behind the store 5) etc. For what? - go for bread strike; r.p. plural Stabstskovki stab NSV I - click (whip, you will score) sv I - beat a nail, go stuck sv I cm. Cut down the sig of the 1st cm. Figtor to get sick (get sick, get sick) NSV II - be sure (get a mess, get rid of it) ? about what? caring, -aya, -oe, -s; carefully book sv I see book forget nsv I - forget (forget, forget) sv I whom? What? / about whom? about what? forget St I see forget to brew nSV I - brew St II - brew tea brew St II see brew wrap St I see wrap will St I see make wills envy (envy, envy) nSV I - envy (envy, envy) eat) St. I to whom? what? depend (depend on, depend on) only nsv II from whom? from what? envy f.r. only units zavokd start up (start up, start up) nsv II - start up (start up, start up) sv I 1) who? Where? - lead into the forest 2) what? - wind the watch 3) who? - get a dog conquer St see conquer conquer nSV I - conquer (conquer, conquer) St I what? wrap nsv I - wrap sv I where? tomorrow breakfast breakfast nsv I - have breakfast sv I tomorrow, -yah, -ee, -y tie up sv I see tie up behind, over, outside, at, in, within, for to thank for help to do within an hour to sit down at the table the house is behind the shop to go to buy bread strike to drive in, to hammer in, to nail up - to batter in a nail, to shoot a goal to drive in, to hammer in, to nail up to fall ill fence to take care to look after, to care careful; cherishingly to book to forget to forget to brew - to brew tea to brew to turn to bring, to lead, to wind up, to acquire last will to envy to depend envy factory to bring, to lead, to wind up, to acquire to lead in the forest to wind up clock to acquire a dog to conquer, to win to conquer, to win to turn tomorrow breakfast to have breakfast tomorrow to tie up, to wrap up 41 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 tie up nsv I - tie (tie up, tie up) sv I what? 1) tie a tie 2) tie a sore finger 3) tie an acquaintance tie St. I see tie a riddle; r.p. plural enigmatic riddle, oh, oh, oh; mysteriously plot title, r.p. title; plural headings tan nsv I - tan sv II tanned, s, s, s tan sv II see sunbathe foreign, s, s, s pollution - environmental pollutionk pollution sv II see pollution pollutant nsv I - pollution St II what? ask (ask, ask) nsv I - ask (set, ask) sv I what? 1) ask the question 2) ask the task of asking the s I see. Squeeze the task 1) asking on ficzika 2) asking the sovereign to blow out the I Zhokkhch I see. Lygke to light up the nsv I - Zhazhekch (Zazhguk, light, litter) sv I what? lighter; r.p. plural zagaklok interest (you will interest, you will interest) sv I whom? how? become interested in (interested in, interested in) who? how? come in sv I see come in order sv I see order order nsv I - order (will order, order) sv I what? finish nsv I - finish st II what? end nsv I - end nsv II sunset conclude (1 and 2 l. not used) only nsv I what? - We don’t know what the problem is. conclusions - conclusions of the specialist; final, -th, -th, -th law; naturally take notes St. I see take notes finish St. II see finish end St. II see end scream (scream, scream) St. II 42 to tie up, to wrap up to tie necktie to wrap a sore finger to strike up an acquaintance to fade riddle, puzzle, mystery mysterious; mysteriously conspiracy, plot headline to tan, to become sunburnt sunburnt to tan, to become sunburnt foreign pollution - environmental pollution to pollute, to dirty, to soil to pollute, to dirty, to soil to set, to put to put question to give a task task to set, to put problem, task, exercise exercise in physics governmental tasks to think, to muse to light, to set on fire to light, to set on fire lighter to interest, to awake interest to take interest in to call, to come for, to drop in, to turn to order to order to finish to end sunset to consist, to conclude - We don't know where the problem consists in. conclusion - specialist’s conclusion final, including law regular, naturally determined; it is in order to make notes, to outline to finish to end to cry Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) close nsv I - close (close, close) sv I what? 1) close the door 2) close the conference close nsv I - close (close, close) to shut, to close, to lock to close the door to close the conference to shut, to close sv I closed, -a, -o, - y cr.f. close St I see close close St I see close light a cigarette St II snack; r.p. plural snack room filled with hostage replace St. II see replace replace nsv I - replace St. II who? What? deputy note St. II see notice notes wonderful, -th, -s, -s; wonderfully noticeable nsv I - notice (notice, notice) saint II who? What? freeze St. see freeze castle, r.p. castlek shut up (shut up, shut up) St. II frost only plural. marry - marry whom? married borrow nsv I - borrow (borrow, borrow) sv I what? 1) occupy a lot of space 2) occupy money do nsv I 1) what? - practice sports, speak Russian; 2) where? - study in the library, busy at home, -aD, -o, -s cr.f. lesson 1) Russian language lesson 2) Collecting is an interesting activity. occupy St. I see occupy West only singular. western, -th, -oh, -s smell write down St. I see write down note; r.p. plural zapiksok zapiksyvat nsv I - zapiskat (zapishuk, zapikshesh) sv I what? / whom? Where? 1) what? - record the lecture 2) what? - record music, film 3) who? - sign up a friend for an excursion cry (I’ll cry, you’ll cry) only St. I plan St. I see plan to pay St. II see pay closed to shut, to close, to lock to shut, to close to light up (a cigarette), to start smoking snack hall bay, gulf hostage to change to change deputy, assistant to notice reprimand remarkable; remarkable to notice to freeze, to become cold lock to stop talking frost, freezings to marry smb. (about women) married to occupy, to borrow to occupy a lot of place to borrow money to be engaged, to learn, to study, to take up to take up sports, to study Russian to study in a library, at home busy business , occupation, lesson lesson of Russian Gathering is an interesting occupation. to occupy, to borrow west western smell to write down, to record, to sign up note to write down, to record, to sign up to write down a lecture to record music, a film to sign up friend for the excursion to begin to cry to plan to pay 43 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 reserve rememberkt nsv I - remember sv II who? What? remember sv II see rememberkt ban ban sv II see ban sv I - prohibit (forbid, forbid) sv II to whom? + inf. / What? earn nsv I - earn sv I earn sv I see earn infect (infect, infect) nsv I - infect (infect, infect) s II who? how? become infected with nsv I - become infected (infected, become infected) with nsv II with what? infect St. II. See infect infection with II cm. In infect you to register with the I see the salary of the Zarubkikhny, th, th, -He, laugh (laugh, laugh) only St. II sleep off the II St I see fasten fasten St I see fasten fasten nSV I - fasten St I what? button up nsv I - button up sv I fall asleep nsv I - fall asleep sv I then slow down sv II see brake come in (I'm going in, you're coming in) nsv II - go in (I'll come in, you'll come in; past tense came in, came in, went in) sv I where? 1) where? - go to the store on the way home 2) where? - go around the corner 3) behind whom? For what? - go for a friend, for a book 4) the sun has come to want (to want, to want) St. I + inf. why? What? from whom? from what? defender declare St. II see declare statements declare nsv I - declare (declare, declare) St. II claim, r.p. units hare; plural hares, r.p. plural The rabbits' name is 1 only nsv I - His name is Andrey. 44 (natural) reserve to memorize to memorize prohibition to forbid to forbid to earn to earn to infect to catch, to get (an illness) to infect to catch, to get (an illness) in advance to register salary foreign sitting, meeting to begin to laugh to be carried away (by the sight of) to fall asleep to button up, to hook up, to clasp to fasten to button up, to hook up, to clasp to fasten to fall asleep after to brake to call, to come for, to drop in, to turn to drop in the shop on the way home to turn round the corner to come for friend, for a book the sun is down to want, to wish what for for some purpose test to be absorbed in a book to be absorbed in a book to defend to defend defender, protector to declare, to announce, to claim statement to declare, to announce, to claim hare to call - His name is Andrey. Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) call 2 (call, call) nsv I - call (call, call) sv I who? stark; plural stars beast call nsv II - call st II who? callkk, r.p. units callk; plural calls sound sound nsv II - sound st II buildings here say hello nsv I - say hello st I with whom? healthy, s, s, s; cr.f. health, -a, -o, -y health only singular. hello (those) yawn nsv I - yawn sv I yawn sv I see yawn green f.r. only units - Buy some greens - parsley and dill. green, -th, -th, -th earthquake lands; r.p. pl. h. earth 1) only singular - planet Earth 2) plant a flower in the earth's earth, -aya, -oh, -y mirror winter winter, -yah, -ee, -y winter get angry nsv II - get angry sv II angry, -akya, -oke, -yke; evil snake sign introduce (introduce, introduce) nsv II - introduce (introduce, introduce) sv II who? with whom? with what? get acquainted (get to know, get acquainted) nSV II - get acquainted (get to know, get acquainted) SV II with whom? with what? acquaintance, -th, -oe, -s; cr. f. familiar, -a, -o, -s familiar, -s nouns. famous, -th, -oh, -s know know nsv I who? What? meaning means only nsv II icon, r.p. icon; im.p. plural badges gold only units including golden, -akya, -oke, -ike umbrella; Zokntik ZooPark Sights only units to call star animal, beast to ring, to call bell sound to sound building here to greet healthy health hello to yawn to yawn greens - Buy greens - parsley and dill. green earthquake earth, ground planet Earth to plant a flower in the ground earthly, terrain mirror winter winter in winter to be angry, to get angry angry; angrily snake sign to acquaint, to introduce to make acquaintance familiar familiar, friend famous knowledge to know meaning consequently, so, then to mean, to signify badge, sign gold golden umbrella zoo sight, vision 45 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI -2 spectator visual, -aya, -oh, -s in vain tooth tooth, -akya, -oke, -ike son-in-law viewer, spectator visual, optical in vain tooth dental, tooth son-in-law And and needle, needle; r.p. plural igoklok gamek igrkt nsv I - play sv I 1) what? - in technology 2) on what? - guitar toy; r.p. plural toys ideal idealist ideal, -aya, -oh, -s; perfect idea to go (go, go; past tense went, went, went) nsv I where? where? 1) go home, to work, from work 2) the bus is on the way 3) it’s time 4) it’s raining 5) the movie is on, the show is on 6) the lesson is on 7) repairs, construction is on 8) who? - Blue suits her. from, iso + r.p. 1) leave the store 2) find out from the newspaper 3) ask out of curiosity to spoil St. I see pamper voter electoral, -aya, -oh, -s beat up St I see beat famous, -ah, -oh, -s; known; cr.f. known, known, -oh, -by what? sorry St II see sorry sorry St II see sorry sorry nsv I - sorry sv II who? for what? apologize nsv I - apologize nsv II for what? izdakt (publish, publish) nsv I - izdakt (publish, izdaksh) sv I what? publishing house publish St. I see publish due to + r.p. 1) come around the corner 2) be late due to traffic 46 and needle play, game to play to play tennis to play guitar toy, plaything ideal idealist ideal, perfect; perfectly idea to go to go home, to work, from work a bus is going time moves on it is raining the film (broadcast) is on the lesson is going repair, construction is going Blue color suits her. from, out of, of to go out of the shop to know from the newspaper to ask out of curiosity hut to spoil elector electoral to beat (up) famous; it is known to excuse, to pardon to apologize, to beg pardon to excuse, to pardon to apologize, to beg pardon to publish, to issue publishing house to publish, to issue because of, from behind to go from behind the corner to be late because of the vehicle Part I. Lexical minimum (alphabetical vocabulary) change for changes change 1 St II see change 1 change 2 St II see change 2 change St II see change change 1 St II what? - change your life, change your situation 2 nsv I - change 2 nsv II who? what? 1) change your homeland 2) change your wife change nsv I - change St II measure St II see measure measure St II I - measure St II who? What? depict nsv I - depict (depict, depict) saint II whom? What? images depict St. II see depict inventor inventions from under + r.p. 1) get it from under the table 2) a milk carton study nsv I - study nsv II what? studying only units study St. II see study raisins only singular. elegant, -aya, -oe, -s; gracefully icon on caviar only singular or specifically have nsv I what? ikimage immigrant to immigrate (immigrate, immigrate) nsv treason, treachery change to change, to modify to betray to change, to alter to change, to modify - to change one's life, to change situation to betray to betray one's country to be unfaithful to the wife to change, to alter to measure to measure to represent, to show picture, image to represent, to show inventor invention from under to take from under the table milk pack (empty) to study, to learn study, learning to study, to learn raisins graceful, elegant; gracefully icon caviar or precisely to have image immigrant to immigrate and St. I immunity only singular. import only units name w.r., r.p. units name; plural namesk, r.p. plural names otherwise disabled invest (invest, invest) nsv and sv I what? into what? investment investor index - postal index individualist individual, -th, -th, -th; individual Hinduism only singular industrial, -aya, -oe, -s engineer initials only plural. immune import name otherwise invalid, handicapped person to invest investment investor index, code - postcode individualist individual; individually Hinduism industrial engineer initials 47 Lexical minimum for Russian as a foreign language  TORKI-2 initiative initiative, -aya, -oe, -y sometimesk foreigner; plural foreigners; foreigner; r.p. plural foreign, s, s, s inspector inspection - tax, highway inspection

Levels of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language and requirements for them - Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Levels of RCT

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