Nominative sentences and their types. Question about genitive and vocative sentences

Nominative are called one-part sentences that assert the presence, existence of objects, phenomena, states:

Midnight. Mist and wind. (Gribach.); Native house. Two acacias, a heap, a porch. (Growing up)

Nominative sentences can only be affirmative. The main member of a nominative sentence can be expressed

• noun in the nominative case:

Closed eyelids. Heights. Clouds. Water. Brody. Rivers. Years and centuries. (Past.)

• quantitative-nominal combination:

Four o'clock in the crisp early morning. (Cupr.); A lot of sun. (Sand.); The year is 1920. June. (from gas)

• personal pronoun:

"Here he is!" - Nyusya suddenly screamed in a thin, desperate voice. (Bazhan.)

Nominative sentences can be declarative, interrogative, exclamatory:

No thunderstorm? (Acute); Days and weeks, weekdays and holidays... (Bazhan.)

Exclamatory sentences express an emotional assessment of a particular phenomenon of reality; they may contain intensifying particles:

What a land! (L.); What a thunderstorm! (Bub.)

Nominative sentences can be non-common common. In uncommon sentences, the main member is most often expressed by a noun; in common sentences with the main member there are agreed and inconsistent definitions:

Last year's dried grass. Red clay outcrop. (Sol.); A minute of commotion. (Sand.)

Nominative sentences are divided into 1) existential; 2) index fingers; 3) evaluative-existential. The first assert the existence of an object as a phenomenon designated by the main member:

Aeroclub. Military school. Service in Siberia, Karelia, and the Far East. (Sand.); Moscow. Freezing. Russia. (Inter.)

Through demonstrative nominative sentences, the speaker draws attention to existing objects or phenomena; in such sentences the demonstrative particle is used here (here it is), less often - over there:

Here is the blue glass of the Volga, split in two by the transverse sunny road. (Paust.); There he is, in a checkered jacket. (Shuksh.)

Evaluative-existential ones are pronounced with exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, and:

What a night! The frost is bitter... (P.) Well, what a neck! What eyes! (Krylov)

Nominative sentences are a laconic form of depicting pictures of nature, surroundings, and the internal state of a person. Very often the description of a landscape or place begins with nominative sentences. Where the events take place:

More and more bare branches. Sun. Sineva. Golden flight - leaf fall. Silence. (Nick.)

Nominative descriptive sentences are constantly found in stage directions:

Ivanov's office. Desk...Noon. (AND.)

Nominative sentences are a convenient form of conveying personal experiences and memories. Using chains of nominative sentences, the author highlights details that seem especially important to him and help to recreate the picture as a whole; everything superfluous and unnecessary is omitted:

Pillars, villages, crossroads, grain fields, alder bushes, current birch tree plantings, cool new bridges. (TV)

Using nominative sentences, you can briefly describe a person’s appearance: A girlish, glorious face... Such faces - we immediately believe them. Muffler. Inexpensive coat. Briefcase under my arm. (Inb.); give an emotional, moral and ethical assessment of a particular fact or event: Not a fun place to be in winter! (Sim.)

Some syntactic constructions may coincide in form with nominative sentences, but in fact they are not them. These are constructions that are either incomplete two-part sentences or do not contain the meaning of being, existence. The most commonly used are the following:

1. Words and combinations of words that coincide in form with the nominative sentence, but do not contain a statement, do not contain the meaning of being, existence and are not able to function independently. Nominative sentences do not include names, inscriptions on signs, headings, names of books, institutions, etc. ( Palace of Sports; Department store; "House with mezzanine").
2. Nominative representations cannot be considered a nominative sentence either. This is a noun in the nominative case or a noun phrase that is not syntactically related to the sentence. This construction only evokes the idea of ​​a certain object or phenomenon, names it, but does not assert its presence, existence, i.e. does not have the basic meaning of a nominative sentence. Usually a certain judgment is then made about the evoked idea. ( Joy...How to contain it in your chest! (Pinch.) Earth. No one will touch her... Just cling to her tighter. (Sim.))
3. Nominative representation, naming an object, person or phenomenon in order to evoke an idea about them. In the nominative representation there is no statement, but only the name of the topic of the subsequent message. ( Moscow...It cannot be Russian, just as a person cannot help but breathe. (Inb.); Alder...Some call it a “weed” tree. Probably because the shy woman is friends with nettles, burdocks, and grows in the wilds. (Boch.))
4. Constructions that contain characteristics of what was in the previous sentence or is clear from the context or situation. These are incomplete two-part sentences with a predicate in the nominative case of the noun; they are always closely related in meaning to the previous context. ( Lately I have been reading and reading Herzen. What an amazing writer! (L.T.))
5. Names of persons by first name, last name, position, specialty, position, etc. ( “Your new teacher,” said the director.)

In the modern Russian literary language, nominative sentences are used in a wide variety of genres of fiction. The peculiarity of nominative sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.

Most often, nominative sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech. ( Rocks, blackened by tanning... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkov); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont)). They are especially characteristic of dramatic works, where they usually act as stage directions ( Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and middle. - Day. (A. Chekhov)). They are quite widespread in lyrics. Nominative sentences allow you to present individual details of the described situation in the form of bright strokes; they focus attention on these details.

Monotonous picture
The three miles that we walked yesterday,
Roaring cars in the mud
Sobbing tractors.
Funnel black sores.
Mud and water, death and water.
Broken wires
And the horses are racing in dead positions.
(K. Simonov)

Nominative constructions are used as remarks to indicate the place and time of action, to describe the scenery. In the 18th century, the use of nominative sentences was limited. In Kheraskov, for example, the remark is a two-part sentence: The action takes place in Bohemia, in the capital city. Already at the beginning of the 19th century, nominative sentences were widely used as remarks: Kremlin Chamber. Moscow. Shuisky's house. Night. Garden. Fountain. (P.) Since the end of the 19th century, nominative sentences have become widespread not only in poetry, but also in prose, which is facilitated by the descriptive nature of this type of construction. In modern prose they are so common that they sometimes serve as the only means of broad descriptions of a generalizing nature, since they make it possible to do this in an extremely brief and dynamic form: Berlin suburbs. Neat houses and lawns. Asphalt paths and paths sprinkled with yellow sand. Garages for one - two cars and dog walkers for one - two persons. Fountains with and without fish, with and without floating plants. Pubs and shops with evenly arranged mugs, bottles and goods in named packages. Tennis courts and bus stops that look like advertisements. Gas stations in the American style, gardens in the French style, flower beds in the Dutch style... And everything shines, turns green, turns yellow, blushes - it frightens with its pedantic neatness (S. Baruzdin). Nominative sentences are regularly used in literary and journalistic texts. These sentences are essentially created for description: they contain descriptive abilities. Naming objects, coloring them with definitions, writers draw pictures, describe the state of the hero, and evaluate the world around them. However, such descriptions do not reflect the dynamics of events, since sentences indicate the static existence of an object. Even if the nominatives are verbal nouns, they paint a vivid picture: Drumming, screams, grinding, thunder of guns, stomping... In this sentence, like in a photograph, one moment, one frame is captured, since a linear description in one’s own sentence is impossible: they capture only the present time.

The visual-depictive function of nominative sentences was demonstrated in the 19th century. Let us recall the famous lines of A. Fet, which amazed his contemporaries: Whispers, timid breathing, trills of a nightingale, silver and the swaying of a sleepy stream...- the entire poem consists of only nominatives, which shows their widespread use. One can name poets of modern times who had a special love for nominative sentences. Thus, many of A. Akhmatova’s poems open with nominatives:

Twenty first. Night. Monday.
The outlines of the capital in the darkness.
Composed by some slacker,
What love happens on earth.
Pasternak’s entire stanzas consist of similar constructions:
Autumn, fairy tale palace,
All open for review.
Clearings of forest roads,
Looking into the lakes.

Syntactic constructions with nominal sentences create a picturesque, figurative, visible picture of a fairy-tale forest. Nominal sentences are like an artist's brushstrokes. When analyzing the functioning of nominative sentences in the poetic space of M. Tsvetaeva, it was discovered how clearly the poet’s worldview is demonstrated by his method of selecting syntactic constructions:

Lyra! Lyra! Khvalyn is blue!
Blazing wings - in the tabernacle!
Over the hoes - and - the backs
The blazing of two storms! (Soul, 1923)

For many poets, the stylistic use of nominative clauses has become important. It is interesting to compare different editions of works, indicating that in the process of work the poet sometimes refuses two-part sentences, giving preference to nominative sentences. We read from Tvardovsky:

Draft:

To whom is life, to whom is death, to whom is glory.
At dawn the crossing began.
That shore was steep, like an oven,
And, sullen, jagged
The forest turned black high above the water,
The forest is alien, untouched,
And below us lay the right bank, -
Snow covered, trampled into mud,
Level with the ice edge
Crossing
It started at six o'clock.

Final edition:

Crossing, crossing...
Left bank, right bank,
The snow is rough, the edge of ice...
To whom is memory, to whom is glory,
For those who want dark water -
No sign, no trace...

As we see, nominative sentences create dynamism, snatching from the unfolding picture details of the situation that can reflect the tragedy of events.

So, nominative sentences capture expressiveness, fragmentation, at the same time provide a large capacity of content, create a figurative, visible picture of nature, the state of the hero, capture one moment, one frame. Fixes only the present tense, gives the reader the opportunity to think, further imagine, and imagine the overall picture. It is used more often at the beginning of a sentence or chapter, when writing in personal diaries, letters, notebooks, and when creating scripts.

Nominative sentences are one of the most common types of sentences. This is facilitated by their brevity, the logical diversity of their content, practically unlimited possibilities of distribution, as well as the absence of stylistic restrictions: different semantic types of such sentences under different conditions are used in all areas of the literary language.

nominatives occupy a special place: they belong to the nominal type and have a clearly expressed, definite form - this is the nominative case of a noun (less often, a personal pronoun or numeral).

Nominative sentences as a fact of speech reality have long been beyond any doubt, but the essence of nominative sentences, their grammatical features and, finally, the delimitation of nominative sentences from similar in form, but functionally different syntactic phenomena are still considered problematic. Even the question of the existence of special constructive schemes for nominative sentences cannot be considered completely resolved. [Cm. reasoning on this score by I.P. Raspopova (Structure of a simple sentence in modern Russian. - P. 70-71): “So, for example, the nominative sentence Zim in constructive terms can be subsumed under the usual scheme of sentences of the verbal structure and, therefore, can be interpreted as one of the varieties (or one of the options) of such sentences with a zero predicate (cf.: Winter. - It was winter; It was winter; Winter came, etc.). However, it turns out that this kind of operation is not always feasible. So, in case Zemsky hospital. In the absence of the doctor, who has left to get married, the patients are seen by the paramedic Kuryatin...(Chekhov. Surgery) nominative sentence Zemstvo hospital clearly no longer fits into the scheme of verbal constructions.”].

The nominative case is a formal sign of a nominative sentence, but it is by no means a decisive factor for the formation of a nominative sentence, since not every name is capable of forming a nominative sentence. For example, nouns like students, minority, deviation, type, gap etc., cannot acquire the offer function.

In the formation of nominative sentences, the main role is played by the semantic nature of the name. These should be words naming phenomena and objects that are amenable to visual and sensory perception. These include the names of phenomena, actions and states conceivable in time: rain, cold, snow, heat, silence, chase(cf.: It was raining; It will be cold etc.), among such names stand out words that directly indicate time: summer, winter, morning, night; Moreover, in cases where these names name time non-specifically (for example: month, year), when forming a nominative sentence they are specified: Twentieth year; New Year; March. The second group of words capable of forming nominative sentences consists of names of objects located in space or directly containing spatial meaning: table, books, mill; square, station, circus, club etc. The affirmation of the existence of the named objects of real reality, therefore, is determined by the specific objective meaning of such nouns. For example: We lived there alone. Three cows, two horses, equipment. Thresher, seeder. Two barns, a small pond. Garden, vegetable garden, as it should be. Large cellar. Apiary - twenty hives(Sol.).

Thus, when identifying nominative sentences, the insufficiency of taking into account only grammatical indicators when characterizing a syntactic phenomenon is especially acute. Nominative sentences are lexically limited to words capable of conveying the meaning of beingness.

In addition to the form of the nominative case, determined by the grammatical nature of the main member, the nominative sentence has other obligatory grammatical features: 1) these sentences can only be affirmative (negation contradicts the very essence of the nominative sentence - the meaning of beingness); 2) nominative sentences do not have modal modifications (for example, the meaning of the future and past tenses transfers them to the category of two-part ones: It was winter; It will be winter); Moreover, many sentences, especially with nouns of concrete objective meaning, as well as sentences complicated by the actual demonstrative meaning (Here is a mill), are not at all capable of undergoing temporary or any changes; 3) the meaning of predicativity is expressed by ascertaining intonation.

Despite the strict definiteness of the formal grammatical feature (nominative case of the name), nominative sentences are functionally extremely differentiated and diverse. It is this duality that is the reason for different understandings and interpretations of the essence of the nominative sentence and the function of its main member.

Some linguists consider the main member of a nominative sentence to be a predicate (A.A. Potebnya, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky), others - a subject (D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, V.A. Bogoroditsky), others distinguish between subjects and predicate nominative sentences (A.A. Shakhmatov, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk); there is an attempt to generally avoid defining the function of the main member by analogy with a two-part sentence (Academic Grammar of the Russian Language). There is even more disagreement in defining the boundaries of the class of nominative sentences. The question of which nominative constructions are considered sentences and which are not, as well as the question of the one-component and two-component nature of formally similar constructions are resolved differently, and the objective reason for these disagreements is the semantic and functional capacity of nominatives in modern Russian. It is especially difficult to distinguish nominative sentences from constructions that are similar in form: and other types of sentences. Should the names themselves (inscriptions on signs, headings, etc.) be considered nominative sentences? nominative representations (for example: Joy... How can you fit it in your chest?); a nominative that summarizes the previous statement, gives it an assessment or justification, etc. (For example: There wasn't enough time at all. Rehearsals, tours); names of persons upon presentation ( The guest extended his hand: - Ivanov)? In some cases, all these syntactic phenomena are qualified as sentences, in others, only part of them belongs to sentences, in others, all of them are taken beyond the boundaries of simple sentence schemes. No less important is the question of distinguishing between one-component and two-component. This applies primarily to constructions consisting of a nominative name and an adverbial or object extender of the type: There is smoke in the air; The joy is over; Lecture at the club(cf.: At the club - lecture); A gift to a sister (cf.: A gift to a sister), as well as syntactically ambiguous combinations such as Glorious Autumn, where the two-part - one-part nature is emphasized by intonation accentuation.

The distinction between nominative sentences and constructions similar in form seems possible by taking into account such a property of a sentence as independent functioning. This approach makes it possible to identify as nominative sentences only those constructions that have the property of independent functioning, i.e. those whose functional quality is not determined by the preceding or subsequent design. These sentences are independently functioning syntactic units that have the meaning of being. They are not attached to the so-called base structure. In this case, the range of nominative sentences becomes quite defined and, at the same time, relatively narrow. This will include syntactic units like Winter; Silence; Heat; Trenches; Mud, Here comes the stream; What a weather!; Four o'clock etc. (of course, these main members can have consistent and inconsistent propagators: Last winter; Four o'clock in the afternoon).

So, nominative sentences- these are one-part sentences of a substantive type, the main member of which has the form of the nominative case and combines the function of naming an object and the idea of ​​​​its existence, being. The meaning of beingness is dominant here, and this meaning has its own qualitative connotation in nominative sentences - this is a static existence subject, unlike "dynamic" being in constructions like There's a store around the corner; Misfortune again; Hiking again, where the process of emergence of an object or phenomenon is emphasized. Such constructions can be classified as two-part constructions with adverbial words (with a zero representation of the predicate).

Among the nominative sentences, the following main semantic-functional types are distinguished: 1) existential (actually existential and objective-existential); 2) index fingers; 3) evaluative-existential; 4) desirable-existential.

Actually existential sentences express the presence of a named phenomenon, conceivable in temporal extension: Winter... The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the logs(P.); Drizzle. Twilight. Road to the steppe(Shol.).

Subject-existential sentences name objects located in space and convey the idea of ​​their existence: Bush. Moss. Squat spruces(Fox.).

Demonstrative sentences, in addition to the meaning of being, existence, contain an indication of existing objects and phenomena. The structural features of such sentences are the demonstrative particles here (here and), out, and here. Their semantic specificity lies in indicating the appearance, detection of an object. Examples: Here is the willow. There was a gate here(P.); Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows to the garden(Ec.); There's the sun, the blue sky... The air is so clean(Cupr.); And here is the station. Bottles with boiling water, rubber, long minutes(Sim.); Here is the forest. Shadow and silence(T.).

In sentences with the particle here, the demonstrative meaning can be weakened and the meaning of evaluation (ironic, disapproving, etc.) is brought to the fore; for example, sentences with the particle here can indicate the internal inconsistency of the thing called: The poor guy thinks this and chokes on his tears. Here they are, hare dreams(S.-Sch.).

In sentences with complicated particles here to you and here to you and , which also introduce an evaluative connotation, the dominant meaning becomes the negation of those properties of the object that seem naturally expected, for example: So much for his humanity(Letters); Yes, here's a fair trial for you(L.T.).

Evaluative-existential sentences combine sentences of the substantive type, in which the meaning of beingness is accompanied by an evaluation. The structural feature of these sentences are emotionally expressive particles: well, then, also for me, and also, yes and, and what the, what, oh yes, right etc. Examples: What a disease! (L. T.); Well, it's night! Fear!(L. T.); And the bird! A baby, not a bird(G. Tr.); And also a nobleman (G.); And boredom, my brother(Cupr.); “It’s not a mess, Your Honor...” says the policeman.(Ch.); And the character! (Fad.); Just bad luck! I can’t find a suitable apartment!(Ch.).

Evaluative sentences are divided into two groups: 1) sentences with evaluative nouns ( What nonsense!; What nonsense!); 2) sentences with non-evaluative nouns ( Hey guy!; That's how guests are!; Company for me too!).

Evaluative sentences have a wide variety of shades of meaning, both modal and emotional: confidence, uncertainty, bewilderment, admiration, indignation, etc. The general evaluative meaning of such sentences is created by lexical, morphological and syntactic means. This can be the lexical meaning of the reference word, both direct (Here is the impudence!) and figurative (Here is the club!). The particle here in itself has no evaluative meaning (the particle here is demonstrative). Evaluativeness can also be created by morphological-syntactic means (emotional particles in unity with non-evaluative nouns). Substantive evaluative sentences are qualified in different ways. Some authors classify them as incomplete two-part ones, believing that they have a predicate function (a nominal predicate with a zero connective), others - as one-part nominative ones, and still others consider them to be a special structural group. It is advisable to recognize these sentences as a special group of one-component nominatives, since recognizing the role of a predicate for them (the main member is the predicate in an incomplete two-part sentence) seems difficult due to the impossibility of restoring the subject when actions, entire statements or situations are evaluated (the subject is restored from the context only in in cases where specific persons and objects are involved).

Desirable-being sentences have a special function - they convey the desirability of what is called. Their structural feature is particles only, if, only in combination with the particle would (an indicator of the unreal mood). For example: If only you were healthy!; If only not death!; If only there was happiness!

Nominative sentences can be uncommon or common.

Undistributed nominative sentences consist only of the main member, in the role of which a noun is most often used: Trenches... Dirt...(Shol.); Noon. It's a stuffy summer outside(Sim.); Grace. Teplyn. Finally we have waited for it in the north - real summer(Rec.); Night. Cold(Snow.).

Uncommon sentences also include sentences complicated by particles: Vaughn and the station (A.N.T.); - What news! - the skinny lady is horrified(Ch.).

A personal pronoun can be used as the main member: - Here I am. - Here she is(Sim.); numeral: - Twenty three ! - continues Grisha(Ch.); Twelve... He probably went through the checkpoints by now. An hour... Now he has reached the foot of the height. Two... He must now be crawling to the very ridge. Three... Hurry up so that the dawn doesn't catch him(Sim.). As the main member, the quantitative-nominal combination: - Twelve o'clock! - Chichikov finally said, looking at his watch.(G.); It's past five, but I can't sleep(Pinch.); Ten o'clock. Twenty minutes past ten. Ten minutes to eleven. A quarter past eleven. Twenty five... Three hours have already flown by, but I didn’t notice them(S. Bar.).

Common nominative sentences consist of a main member and a definition related to it, agreed or inconsistent (one or more).

A common nominative sentence with an agreed definition expressed by an adjective, participle and pronoun: Quiet, starry night, the moon is shining tremblingly(Fet); Frosty day, end of December(Shol.); Twenty pictures of you. I'm sorting you out over the years(Sim.); Clear winter afternoon... The frost is strong(Ch.).

An agreed upon definition can be expressed by a participial phrase, both isolated and non-isolated: Gray twilight and a pale moon over the hazy swamps, the cry of twitchers, vast expanses of forests that stood in vain that night and hundreds of other nights(Paust.).

Nominative sentence with inconsistent definition: There is an instant crack of the door locks, the noise of the curtains being pulled apart, and a courier crawls through the door, one and a half deep, covered in snow.(Sim.); And then the frozen creaking of the runners - and the fields began to creep along the sides...(Sim.); Eleven o'clock at night. The last train from the city pulls into the station(Past.).

Agreed and non-agreed definitions can be combined: And here is the port, filled with a crowd of ships, and the local market, glorified to the skies, with its bales of Egyptian cotton, with the jingling of money, with screams and sobs, with its traders’ tongues as mad as a bell, hanging over the city(Sim.).

Definitions with the main member of a nominative sentence may contain additional objective and even adverbial meaning. Thus, object and spatial relationships are seen in the following examples: Here's a gift to you that I've been promising for a long time(Ring); Excitement among the public, scandal! But how to confess?(Sim.); Visiting circus. Addiction to horses, to the salty, sweaty smells of the arena(Sim.). Objective and adverbial shades of meaning are usually possible when the main member of the nominative sentence is expressed by a noun, its semantics or formation associated with the verb ( Trip to Leningrad; Returning from the village), although there may be, much less frequently, names with a clearly objective meaning: Thirteen years. Cinema in Ryazan, a performer with a cruel soul, and on the patched screen the suffering of a stranger’s woman(Sim.); Place right by the window. At the last moment - a completely empty platform made of solid stone(Past.).

In the modern Russian literary language, nominative sentences are used in a wide variety of genres of fiction. They are especially typical for dramatic works, where they usually act as stage directions. They are also quite widespread in lyrics. Nominative sentences allow you to present individual details of the described situation in the form of bright strokes; they focus attention on these details. For example:

Monotonous picture

The three miles that we walked yesterday,

Roaring cars in the mud

Sobbing tractors.

Funnel black sores.

Mud and water, death and water.

Broken wires

And the horses are racing in dead positions

Nominative constructions are used as remarks to indicate the place and time of action, to describe the scenery. In the 18th century the use of nominative sentences was limited. At M.M. Kheraskov, for example, the remark is a two-part sentence: The action is in Bohemia in the capital city. Already at the beginning of the 19th century. nominative sentences are widely used as remarks: Kremlin chambers. Moscow. Shuisky's house. Night. Garden. Fountain(P.).

Since the end of the 19th century. nominative sentences are widespread not only in poetry, but also in prose, which is facilitated by the descriptive nature of this type of construction.

The descriptiveness of the context and its establishing character are especially emphasized by stringing nominative sentences one on top of the other, making it possible to combine disparate details into a single whole:

Year twenty.

Wild horses gallop.

Echelons. Typhoid haze,

An interventionist bullet flying into the forehead -

And don’t stand under fire at the sixth stake

In modern prose they are so common that they sometimes serve as the only means of broad descriptions of a generalizing nature, since they make it possible to do this in an extremely brief and dashed, sketchy form. For example: Berlin suburbs. Neat houses and lawns. Asphalt paths and paths sprinkled with yellow sand. Garages for one or two cars and dog shelters for one or two persons. Fountains with and without fish, with and without floating plants. Pubs and shops with evenly arranged mugs, bottles and goods in named packages. Tennis courts and bus stops that look like advertisements. Gas stations in the American style, gardens in the French style, flower beds in the Dutch style... And everything shines, turns green, turns yellow, blushes - it frightens with its pedantic neatness(S. Bar.).

In essays, reports and other newspaper genres, nominative sentences have become actively used syntactic structures, capable of extremely briefly, concisely and at the same time fully painting the desired picture. Here is an example of an entire paragraph, the only form of expression in which is nominative sentences: Operating room. The usual shine of glass and metal, washing and massaging hands, shoe covers on the feet, gauze bandages, the latest preparations and jokes - in general, all that everyday life that seems full of special significance to the uninitiated(gas.).

Constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences

Some syntactic constructions may formally coincide with nominative sentences. These are constructions that either do not contain the meaning of being, existence and are not capable of independent functioning, or are incomplete two-part sentences with an existing member in the form of the nominative case (most often acting as a predicate with an absent subject, clear from the context or situation).

Nominative case as a simple name

Nominative sentences do not include various names, inscriptions on signs, etc. They have the form of the nominative case, but contain the function of naming without the meaning of being: Palace of Sports; Department store; "House with mezzanine"; "Eugene Onegin"; "Fathers and Sons".

Such constructions are often classified as sentences, but they are distinguished into a special group, united by the dominant meaning of the name. In this case, it seems most successful to classify these constructions as “properly named”.

The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence

The nominative case can be used as a predicate in a two-part sentence with an absent subject, to which there is a direct constitutive indication. Such constructions are a message about something named in the context or clear from the situation, i.e. This is a predicate in the form of the nominative case in an incomplete two-part sentence with a missing subject: Chichikov glanced sideways at him again as they walked into the dining room: Bear! The perfect bear!(G.); One day, on a rainy day, an acquaintance with whom I was walking down the street said, squinting his eyes to the side: - Korolenko(M.G.); -Who are you, young man? “Young man,” I answered.(M.G.); - Who are you? - he asked again. - Yes pretzel worker(M.G.). In such constructions, the nominative case denotes the attribute attributed to the one about whom or what is being reported in the context.

The names of persons by last name, first name, position, etc. are also close to the predicate in their function. upon presentation: The guest stood up, generously flashed his golden jaw, extended his hand: - Mamedov(Rec.); A girl in a blue sundress came in, blushed and greeted Vanya. hand. “My daughter,” said the old woman proudly(Paust.).

Nominative cases used in isolation

Isolated nominatives(nominatives) coincide in form with nominative sentences, but differ from them in functional (semantic-structural) and stylistic properties.

A.M. Peshkovsky classifies them as “words and phrases that do not form either sentences or their parts.”

N.Yu. also considers them “isolated formations” characteristic of colloquial speech. Shvedova.

Isolated nominatives are words in the nominative case, as well as noun phrases with the main word in the nominative case form. Since isolated nominatives do not have the characteristics of a sentence (they lack the meaning of being and intonation completeness; taken separately, they do not perform a communicative function), they exist only as part of syntactic wholes, i.e. always stand next to another sentence, connecting with it logically and intonationally. However, not existing independently, they retain, regardless of the structure of this sentence, their own form unchanged. Such segmented(divided into component elements; in this case, binary) constructions relate either to the sentence following them, or to the sentence in front, i.e. both meaningfully and formally act as components of the text. Thus, they differ prepositive nominatives And postpositive nominatives. Formally they are similar, functionally they are different.

The most clear and definite in their function nominatives in preposition are nominative representation, or nominative topics. In principle, prepositive nominatives are unambiguous; their purpose is to name the topic of the subsequent message, i.e. evoke an idea of ​​the subject that is the topic of the message. Naming a topic focuses attention on it and logically highlights it, which is especially important for colloquial speech. The appearance of the nominative representation is associated with the positional detection of emphases. The title of the message subject is in the current position. For example: Feelings . This is an area of ​​close attention among scientists(gas.). Such syntactic phenomena cannot be classified as nominative sentences: despite the external isolation of use, they are deprived of grammatical and functional independence, since they do not have the meaning of being. They lack intonation completeness (even if there is a dot).

The nominative representation differs from the nominative sentence in that this syntactic construction is not lexically limited, i.e. Any noun can be used in this function.

An isolated nominative, in particular nominative representations, is a colloquial style construction. It is in direct speech, without special preparation, that all sorts of emphatic (emphatic) intonations and positions play an important role. One of the common means of highlighting an important word (or part of a statement) is to place it in an actual position, and in this case we are talking about a unique form of presenting a thought when it is presented in two stages: “... first an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners all that is known is that something will now be said about this object and that for now this object must be observed; the next moment the very thought is expressed.” When naming, an absolutely independent form is used - the nominative case. Here are examples: Cranes... Swamped with work, far from the gloomy fields, I live with a strange concern - to see cranes in the sky!(Sol.); Minors...An age that requires particularly close attention(gas.).

The obligatory pause after such a nominative is a natural moment for the speaker to formulate the next utterance; for the listener, it is a moment of organizing attention and preparing for subsequent perception. This “gradation” in the presentation of thoughts clearly conveys the nature of casual speech, when there is no time for preliminary thinking and it takes place in the very process of “speaking.” As a reflection of the conversational style, such constructions are used in fiction and newspaper and magazine articles.

A particularly common type of nominative presentation is the nominative, supported by a pronoun, personal or demonstrative, in a subsequent clause that comes after a long pause. The pronoun acts as the subject. For example: Lada on the Volga... They are beautiful in all seasons(gas,); Man walking into tomorrow... It is unthinkable without a broad outlook on life(gas.); Amazons... Since childhood we have become accustomed to the fact that this is only a legend(gas.).

However, nominatives, not separated by a pause from the next pronoun, bear a special stamp of colloquialism. Calling such a nominative “lecturer”, A.M. Peshkovsky speaks about it cautiously: “It seems that this also includes the very common (especially in colloquial speech) nominative, picked up in the next sentence by the word he (or the word this with repetition of the nominative).” Here are examples: Kindness is above all blessings(M.G.); Your voice is like the ringing songs of an old pine tree(Bl.); Marchenko - he was a man, a golden man(Cossack.).

Such constructions also have another interpretation, in which the nominative is assigned the function of the subject with the following pleonastic pronoun.

Often in such compounds the nominative is included in speech by initial conjunctions a, but, although it retains its clearly isolated position: And two-year-old Franco- he spent two whole days under the ruins(Drun.); But the banner - here it is, fluttering on the ridge, above the very top(B. Pol.).

Communication with the previous message can be carried out both by particles and introductory words: Well, for example, cost accounting in state farms- Do you think this is just economics?(gas.).

The isolated nominative is supported by a pronoun in constructions with an interrogative sentence. The meaning of the question in such cases is entirely related to the concept designated by the nominative. For example: Talent! But what is he essentially?(Snow.); Mind on other planets- what is he like?(gas.).

The subject supporting the nominative can be not only a pronoun, but also a noun with a demonstrative pronoun. For example: Shipwreck... This metaphor close to the structure of the novel(gas.); ... Telepathy. How different this word evokes in different people(gas.). An indication of an object called a nominative representation in a sentence can be carried out not only by the grammatical subject, but also by other members of the sentence. Such constructions, and they are especially characteristic of colloquial speech, are sometimes called “displaced”, since their beginning and end are given in different syntactic planes. For example, the connection is indicated by additions (pronouns in indirect cases that carry out a semantic connection with the nominative representation): Snowflakes... Catch them, they are so slow in flight(Pinch.); Osharov... I knew him a little(Fox.).

In addition to the nominative, which precedes the sentence, a nominative is possible without a subsequent sentence, then it is prepared by the preceding context, the content of which makes it possible to omit the entire ascertaining part of the syntactic structure as unnecessary. Such cases usually occur in artistic speech; they create the feeling of the presence of hidden, subtextual content, which is guessed by individual external strokes. Here's an example: I sat on a stump for a long time and listened to this wonderful music, thinking about how good the earth is and how good it is to live on it. Well, where in the sky-high desert heights or in the sea far from the land will you see or hear this?..

And the warm evenings on freshly mowed meadows, with the roll call of quails frightened by mowers, with a rainbow over the river, with the quiet splashes of fish coming out to feed in the river bays?

And the restless March, from morning to night, the bustling of rooks on new nests in the groves?

And the first powder, the first December snow, which fell so quietly and evenly at night and so clean in the morning that it’s a pity to put your boots on it?..(V. Ov.).

Constructions with an isolated nominative in the nominative function, further picked up by the pronominal adverb so, are quite common in modern Russian. In contrast to the nominative representation, it can be called nominative naming. Such constructions are always of the same type in a structural sense: this is the removal to the accented position of a part of the predicative member, used in an independent form with the function of naming, followed by an adverb indicating the given object and various forms of the verbs nazvet, nazyvat. For example: “Islands among the winds” - so The famous Swedish explorer and traveler Bengt Sjögren named his book about the Lesser Antilles(journal); “Linguistic ambulance” - so called this new help service that appeared in Leningrad(gas.).

So, the prepositive nominative is, in principle, functionally unambiguous - it is a nominative representation and a nominative naming, close to it in meaning. In both cases, the nominative, preceding the sentence, focuses attention on the object it denotes, the phenomenon, which thus acts as the starting point of reasoning, its starting point, semantic and structural core. Structurally, such syntactic constructions are always binary (two-term): nominative and the sentence associated with it.

Postpositive nominatives are functionally more diverse. However, the form of the nominative case and the functioning only with the adjacent sentence in the form of a complex syntactic association make them similar to the prepositive nominative.

Some postpositive nominatives functionally repeat prepositive ones, naming the subject of the message. But since they are located after the message, they naturally serve the purpose of revealing the content of the preceding subject, given in a general, non-specific form: What a huge and difficult distance this is - twelve months... (gas.). However, more often, nominatives placed after the expressed judgment (or question) are capable of focusing in themselves a whole complex of thoughts and images, usually associated with the transfer of memories of something significant and important. This is an impetus for the development of thought, for the line drawing of successive images and paintings. Here's an example: And suddenly he realized: this is with whom he lived all these years of wanderings and deceptions, this is whose photographs he carried at the bottom of his empty travel suitcases. Yes, girl. And the blue smoke, and the first meetings, vague anxiety, and a scarf thrown over the shoulders, a government house and a long road(Sim.).

Postpositive nominative Yes, the girl retains the function of representation, cf.: Yes, girl... That's who he lived with all these years... Placing it after the statement makes it possible to add a number of nominatives that convey a complex picture of memories, presented in the form of an endless chain.

The nominative that completes the sentence is rich in emotional and semantic possibilities. Sometimes the function of the original theme disappears from the nominative, and it only records the change of subsequent impressions, resulting in new ideas that replace the original ones. Quite often, this syntactic device is used to express an emotional mood: Why the letter? Well, it’s hard so be it. Dead night. Tobacco ash, sadness...(P. Shub.).

Other postpositive nominatives are semantically more closely related to the previous message, and grammatically - to the nominative unpredictable-subject or incomplete sentence. However, its functioning only as part of a syntactic whole (together with the preceding sentence) allows its interpretation as a construction of a non-sentence nature.

The meanings of the nominative can be very diverse. This is primarily a nominative indicating a reason. For example: Goodbye, though. It's time to get out of the house. good weather(Ch.); Dinners are good, but getting to this “Bazaar” is not easy - stubborn dirt(Ch.); In the morning they didn’t want to take the ferry: it was windy(Ch.). The nominative in such cases seems to correspond to the subordinate part of the sentence, but has “that peculiar feature that it does not express a statement, but only names the topic.” Such constructions are usually not used in book speech.

A nominative in a postposition may contain the value of an assessment: There is a letter. On the piece of paper there are hasty lines: “If you can, forgive me. It happened. Gone." Indifferent lines. The words are icy(Fox.); generalizations of the previous message: We immediately liked him, direct, friendly, looking smart even in hospital clothes - commander(gas.). Nominatives with the meaning of evaluation and generalization are brought together by their predicative (predicate) function in relation to the previous statement.

The nominative can name the characteristics of the object indicated in the previous message, its distinctive details: Irkutsk is an excellent city. Quite intelligent. Theatre, museum, city garden with music, good hotels(Ch.); And then a little woman came to him with a boyish face, thoughtfully roguish and laughing. Blue T-shirt. Cut hair(Pan.); can name the objects with which the content of the expressed message is connected: A faded yellow spotlight illuminated two all-terrain vehicles on the black snow. They began to load. Petrol. Products. Walkie-talkie. Sleeping bags(gas.); can report the content of the perception that accompanies the action indicated in the previous sentence: I remembered about the pit in the stable. “Come on, I say, let’s see what’s there now.” Let's go there - new floor, recently laid(V. Ov.).

These functions of the postpositive nominative, naturally, do not exhaust all possible cases. However, all these nominatives are united by a common syntactic property: they acquire their functional quality as a result of the influence of the previous context and do not exist as an independent syntactic unit; this is precisely why they differ from nominative sentences, which in themselves, regardless of the preceding and subsequent sentences, express the meaning of being, assert its existence or indicate its presence.

Thus, all particular meanings of a postpositive nominative are entirely determined by the functioning of a given syntactic unit in specific speech contexts. As for the general syntactic property and form of expression, in this sense they are all the same. From a stylistic point of view, this is a very economical means of expression that fully meets the requirements of laconic and at the same time meaningful speech. Only colloquial speech could serve as the basis for the formation of such content-capacious constructions, since it is in oral speech that it is possible to use intonation as a means of expressing the necessary content. A peculiar intonation that combines a postpositive nominative with a preceding sentence (and sometimes a series of sentences) is a compensator for the missing but logically possible verbal components of a descriptive construction (in the form of an independent sentence), capable of expressing in detail the content that is conveyed by the nominative alone. Wed, for example: Near the hotel there was a new, two-story house, the doors below were wide open. We stopped by: the store(Gonch.). - We looked in: what we saw was a store. It is not difficult to see that the first method of conveying thoughts is more convenient and expressive, and intonation with this method of expression carries a very large load. With the second method, intonation plays a lesser role, since the necessary meaning is expressed lexically.

The use of nominatives is becoming a very productive stylistic device in fiction, as well as in newspaper and magazine publications, where the task of emotionally influencing the reader is no less important than conveying information. For the same reason, such constructions are absent in the scientific style, although they are no longer uncommon in popular science literature, for example: The struggle for the honor of Russian names, for the enrichment of their composition (including folk variants), for their competent unified writing, for the inclusion in the name books of forgotten names and names of the peoples of our country, as well as some new ones - isn’t this one of the tasks of the popular magazine “Russian Speech”?(magazine).

The breadth of distribution of nominatives can be evidenced by examples of their use in a popular science article, for example: Supersonic passenger airliners. An electronic brain that controls the most complex technological processes. TV antennas over shepherd's nomads lost in the mountains... The latest achievements of science and technology are firmly integrated into our lives(gas.).

However, such a design, convenient for its clarity and brevity, with frequent use, easily becomes a literary cliche.

A nominative one-part sentence is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject. "King!" - the majorge solemnly said.

The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: “Here I am!” - said the girl, entering the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present. The absence of a verb is correlated with the zero connective in the predicate. In the absence of a verb, nominative one-part sentences do not have grammatical indicators of the meaning of reality, but their correlation with the present tense presupposes the reality of what is being described.

In connection with what was said earlier, we note that the absence of a verb in a sentence does not automatically make it nominative. For example, consider this sentence: That evening there was a storm under the water and rain on the land. The first part is a two-part sentence where the action takes place in the past tense. This means that the second part must also be in the past tense, and the absence of a verb in it is an incomplete part. The omission of a predicate in this part is also indicated by the presence of a secondary member - a circumstance that, in the composition of a sentence, depends specifically on the predicate. By analyzing each sentence presented to us in this way, we will draw correct conclusions about its structure.

Some sentences with the main member as the subject can be considered in two ways - both as one-part and two-part incomplete: “The wedding is coming, and there’s a storm under the water!” - the little mermaid said sadly. We would consider both parts as incomplete (the verbs “will take place” and “rage” are missing), the omission of which, as in the example discussed above, is indicated by circumstances.

To specify the meaning of a nominative one-part sentence, it may include particles, and the exclamatory nature of the nominative sentence is also possible. Usually they talk about values:

• - direct perception - Fire!
• - directions - Here is the forest. There's a river over there.
• - achievements - Here comes the silence.
• - emotional assessment - What a home! This is a forest! What feathers!

Nominative sentences containing only particles turn out to be uncommon. But there are also common nominative sentences, most often including the definitions - Silent night. It is on such nights that people love to walk along the seashore.

Nominative sentences can rarely be parts of a complex sentence, but such examples are still possible: Here comes the summer that the girl has been waiting for.

Nominative sentences can be used both in literary texts and in colloquial speech, most often in descriptions, and in a literary work also in the author’s remarks. Another possibility of using nominative sentences is names, signs.

The main mistake associated with defining a nominative sentence is the possibility of confusing it with an incomplete one. Moreover, we are talking not only about two-part incomplete sentences with a missing predicate (such examples are given above), but also about incomplete sentences where the entire predicative basis is missing and only the complement remains, which many attribute to the subject.

Sentences with the following structure will also not be nominal: Nonsense! (="this is nonsense"), Beautiful! (= “this/she is a beauty”). The word in the nominative case presented in such sentences is included in the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

Some people forget about such a complication of a sentence as an address; as a result, it is also sometimes formatted as a denominative sentence. Compare: "Jane, come here!" - called the sisters. Here "Jane" is an address. The nominative sentence would be: “Jane!” - he introduced his wife.

Which, denoting the presence, existence of an object or phenomenon in the present or outside of time, is expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun, a substantivized part of speech, having the form of the nominative case, as well as a quantitative-nominal combination, the dominant word in which is in the nominative case. Here is the forest. Shadow and silence(Turgenev). Here she is. Fatherland!(Shchipachev). Three rows of trenches(Simonov).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “nominative sentence” is in other dictionaries:

nominative sentence- , I. Same as nominative sentence...

See existential nominative sentence (nominative sentence in the article) ...

See nominative indicative sentence (nominative sentence in the article) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

nominative (nominative, nominative) sentence- , I. In syntactic stylistics: a one-part sentence in which the predicate is expressed by the nominative case of a noun or quantitatively by a nominal phrase. Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy (A. Blok); Three PM. N.p.... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

1) In school practice, the same as a nominative sentence. 2) Nominative title (see nominative sentence in the article nominative sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

- (from Latin existentia existence) nominative sentence. The same as an existential nominative sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms

1) A one-part sentence, the main member of which can be correlated with the subject of a two-part sentence (nominative sentence). Whispers, timid breathing, trills of a nightingale, silver and the swaying of a sleepy stream... (Fet). 2) Elliptical... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Title sentence- (nominative sentence) a type of one-part sentence, the main member of which is expressed by the nominative case form (nominative) of the noun; Wed: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy (A. Blok). N.P. are used to express... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Sentences that do not contain a separate grammatical expression for the subject and the predicate, represented by only one composition, i.e. one main member, uncommon or common, coinciding in form with either the predicate or... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Among one-part sentences, nominatives occupy a special place: they belong to the nominal type and have a clearly expressed, definite form - this is the nominative case of a noun, personal pronoun or numeral.

The nominative case is a formal sign of a nominative sentence, but it is not a decisive factor for the formation of a nominative sentence, since not every name is capable of forming a nominative sentence. For example, nouns like students, minority, deviation, type, gap etc., cannot acquire the offer function. Nominative sentences are lexically limited to words capable of conveying the meaning of beingness. Therefore, the semantic nature of the name plays the main role in the formation of nominative sentences:

- these are words that name phenomena and objects that are amenable to visual-sensory perception: names of phenomena, actions and states, conceivable in temporal extension: rain, cold, snow, heat, silence, chase(cf.: It was raining; It will be cold etc.), among such names stand out words that directly indicate time: summer, winter, morning, night; Moreover, in cases where these names name time non-specifically (for example: month, year), when forming a nominative sentence they are specified: Twentieth year; New Year; March.

– names of objects located in space or directly containing spatial meaning: table, books, mill; square, station, circus, club and etc. We lived there alone. Three cows, two horses, equipment. Thresher, seeder. Two barns, a small pond. Garden, vegetable garden, as it should be. Large cellar. Apiary - twenty hives(Sol.).

In addition to the nominative case form of the main member, the nominative sentence has other obligatory grammatical features:

1) these sentences can only be affirmative;

2) nominative sentences do not have modal modifications (for example, the meaning of the future and past tenses transfers them to the category of two-part ones: Winter And It was winter; It will be winter);

3) the meaning of predicativity is expressed by ascertaining intonation.

Some linguists consider the main member of a nominative sentence to be a predicate (A.A. Potebnya, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky), others - a subject (D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, V.A. Bogoroditsky), others distinguish between subjects and predicate nominative sentences (A.A. Shakhmatov, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk); and etc.

There is still no consensus among linguists about which nominative constructions are considered sentences and which are not, how to distinguish nominative sentences from constructions similar in form, whether names themselves (inscriptions on signs, headings, etc.) are considered nominative sentences .); nominative representations: Joy... How can you fit it in your chest?; a nominative that summarizes the previous statement, gives it an assessment or justification, etc. (For example: There wasn't enough time at all. Rehearsals, tours); names of persons upon presentation ( The guest extended his hand:– Ivanov)?

– Only those constructions that have the property of independent functioning, that is, having the meaning of beingness, are considered as nominative sentences. Winter; Silence; Heat; Trenches; Mud, Here comes the stream; What a weather!; Four o'clock etc. Moreover, this is the static existence of an object, in contrast to the “dynamic” existence in constructions like There's a store around the corner; Misfortune again; Hiking again, where the process of emergence of an object or phenomenon is emphasized. Such constructions can be classified as two-part constructions with adverbial words (with a zero predicate connective).

Among nominative sentences, the following main semantic-functional types are distinguished:

1) existential;

2) index fingers;

3) evaluative-existential;

–Existentialoffers express the presence of a named phenomenon, conceivable in time, objects located in space, and convey the idea of ​​their existence:: Winter... The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the logs(P.); Drizzle. Twilight. Road to the steppe (Shol.). Bush. Moss. Squat spruces(Fox.).

–Index fingersoffers, in addition to the meaning of being, existence, they contain an indication of existing objects and phenomena. The structural feature of such sentences are demonstrative particles Here (that's), there, and here. Their semantic specificity lies in indicating the appearance, detection of an object. Here is the willow. There was a gate here(P.); Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows into the garden. Here is the forest. Shadow and silence.

In sentences with complicated particles It is for you And there you are and, also introducing an evaluative connotation, the dominant meaning becomes the negation of those properties of the object that seem naturally expected, for example: So much for his humanity(Letters); Yes, here's a fair trial for you (L.T.).

–Evaluative-existential sentences combine sentences of the substantive type, in which the meaning of beingness is accompanied by an evaluation. The structural feature of these sentences are emotionally expressive particles: well, then, also for me, and also, yes and, and what the, what, oh yes, right and etc.: What a disease!(L. T.); And the bird! A baby, not a bird(G. Tr.); And also a nobleman(G.); Evaluative sentences are divided into two groups: 1) sentences with evaluative nouns ( What nonsense!; What nonsense!); 2) sentences with non-evaluative nouns ( Hey guy!; That's how guests are!; Company for me too!). Evaluative sentences have both modal and emotional shades of meaning - confidence, uncertainty, bewilderment, admiration, indignation, etc. The general evaluative meaning of such sentences is created by lexical, morphological and syntactic means.

– Nominative sentences can be uncommon or common.

Undistributed nominative sentences consist only of the main member, in the role of which a noun is most often used: Trenches... Dirt...(Shol.); Uncommon sentences also include sentences complicated by particles: There's the station(A.N.T.); - What news! - the skinny lady is horrified(Ch.).

The following can be used as the main member:

– personal pronoun : – Here I am.–Here she is(Sim.);

– numeral : – Twenty three! –continues Grisha(Ch.);Twelve... Now he probably went through the checkpoints.

–quantitative-nominal combination : – Beginning of fivebut I can't sleep(Pinch.);Ten o'clock. Twenty minutes past ten. Common nominative sentences consist of a main member and a related attribute, agreed or inconsistent (one or more).

Common a nominative sentence with an agreed definition expressed by an adjective, participle and pronoun: Quiet, starry night, the moon is shining tremblingly(Fet); Freezing day, end of December(Shol.);

An agreed upon definition can be expressed by a participial phrase, both isolated and non-isolated: Gray twilight and a pale moon over the hazy swamps, the cry of twitchers, vast expanses of forests that stood in vain that night and hundreds of other nights(Paust.).