Special vocabulary- these are words and combinations of words denoting concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings (` cash, checks, bills, letters of credit, through which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners can be repaid), dividend ('part of the profit received by the shareholder'), convertible currency ('currency that can be easily exchanged for another currency') - words related to the field of economics; apse ('a semicircular or polygonal protruding part of a building that has a ceiling itself'), attik ('a wall located above the cornice crowning the structure'), nave ('the longitudinal part of a Christian temple, usually divided by a colonnade or arcade into the main and side naves') - words related to architecture; verlubre (`a verse not connected by either rhyme or a specific metric`), lithota (` stylistic figure understatement of the subject`), tank (` ancient form five line poem Japanese poetry, without rhyme and without a clearly felt meter) - words naming concepts from the field of literary criticism, etc.
Special words include terms and professionalisms.
Term (from Latin terminus - “border, limit”) is a word or combination of words that is the officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of a given terminology (i.e. in the system of a given scientific discipline or this scientific school) the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.
Among the terms, a distinction is made between highly specialized and commonly used (they are also called generally understandable), meaning last words, understood (to varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the first are medical: immobilization ('creating immobility, rest'), hemothorax ('accumulation of blood in the pleural area'), pericarditis ('inflammation of the pericardial sac'), etc.; linguistic: simplification (`transformation of a previously articulated basis of words into an indivisible one, into new root`, cf.; “cloud”, “rim”, “forget”, once associated with the words “envelop”, “encircle”, “to be”), prosthesis (`the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word`, cf.: “eight” and “ ocmushka", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "fatherland", "caterpillar" and "whisker"). Examples of the second are medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris, etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix, etc.
The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are fluid. There is a constant movement of some highly specialized words into commonly used ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special field, in one or another terminological system). This movement is facilitated by a number of objective factors. One of these factors is an increase in the general educational and cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Great importance also has the role of one or another science, economic sector, or cultural area in any period of the life of society. With awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements are related to the promotion of this knowledge, familiarity with achievements in this field, etc., which are carried out by the means available to society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, and finally, modern means mass media - print, radio, television. So, for example, huge public interest, which caused the development of astronautics, the constant coverage of its achievements in periodicals determined the emergence of a number of relevant terms beyond the limits of highly specialized circulation. Such terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, sound chamber, soft landing, selenology, etc.
Proclamation and implementation of the course economic reforms government of Russia (and other countries of the former Soviet Union) and daily publications in newspapers of materials related to this course, advertisements of companies, banks, etc. made such terms as shares, dividends, investments, freely convertible currency, marketing available to a wide circle of non-specialists.
Fiction also makes its contribution to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with maritime terms: emergency, brig , drift, cable, cockpit, cabin, schooner, knot, etc. Science fiction writers have brought a considerable number of scientific terms closer to readers, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field, etc.
The degree of understanding of a term and its inclusion in the category of generally understood words is also related to its structure. Thus, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily learned, cf.: airbus, seamless, bituminization, pressure helmet, adhesive concrete, reeds, refraction, neo-capitalism, etc. Many terms that arose as a result of rethinking words are easily understood and mastered. Illustration similar terms names of many parts of mechanisms, devices similar in appearance, by function, etc. With household items: fork, wiper, hammer, slide, apron. Wed. also anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, cup (patella), apple (eyeball), cybernetics term memory. Conversely, borrowed terms, consisting of elements previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of familiarity with the concepts they denote. Compare, for example, such terms as avoirs, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, apse, attic, litotes, nave, prosthesis, tank, etc.
When entering literary use, many terms are subject to metaphorization and thereby serve as a source of figurative language. Compare, for example, those that appeared in different time metaphors (and metaphorical phrases) such as agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo; center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, state of weightlessness, etc.
Special vocabulary also includes professionalisms. Professionalisms are words and phrases that this moment are not officially recognized designations special concepts. They usually appear in cases where there is a need to designate a variety of a concept or object, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and a professionalism lies in the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be demonstrated by the following examples. In the "Reference Book of the Proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zilina (M., 1960) among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks) along with the words and phrases “hanging line”, “eye” error, “reins”, “corridor” were included “besiege marashka” and “hat” (marashka - a typographical defect in the form of a square, strip, etc., appearing as a result of white space material appearing on the sheet; header - a large headline in a newspaper, common to several materials). In the second edition of the academic "Dictionary of the Russian Language" the word marashka is given as a term, with the mark typogr., the cap is given here without any marks, in later editions of Ozhegov's Dictionary (for example, in the 20th edition) with the cap there is a special mark. (i.e. the litter that accompanies the terms in this dictionary). It is quite obvious that generic concept"title" turned out to be insufficient and it was necessary special word- a header, which began to be called the large headlines typical of a newspaper, “covering” several materials on the same topic. (The word marashka also turned out to be necessary to designate just such and such a marriage.) By the way, with the special mark. Ozhegov's dictionary also gives another relatively recently widespread designation for a headline in a newspaper - "a header, a large headline in a newspaper." (However, this interpretation lacks an indication that the full house is a headline of a sensational nature.) In any case, it is clear that professionalism arises when there is a need to name something specific concept, a special phenomenon.
The name “professionalism” as a designation of a special subject, concept in relation to certain types of activities, occupations in general is more suitable than a “term”. Such activities include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not enter into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations must always be defined in in exact terms law).
Professionalism of this kind is represented by vocabulary, overwhelmingly Russian in origin: belotrop ("first powder"), rubbed ("molded"), nàrysk ("fox trail"), pravilo ("tail of a dog, fox"), spikes ("muzzle" greyhound dog), flower (hare's tail) - hunting words, widely reflected in our classical literature- at N.V. Gogol, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Bunin and others. Among Soviet writers, hunting professionalism is found in the works of M. Prishvin and V. Bianchi. We find the professionalism of fishermen in V. Soloukhin’s essay “Grigorov Islands” (cf., for example, the types of artificial bait for fish mentioned here - jigs, bugs, coffins, pellets, droplets, fish eyes, etc.).
Adjacent to terms and professionalisms are professional jargons - informal designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature that exist in colloquial speech representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid solyanka, glass blowers - glass blowers; in the speech of the military (and those who served military service) guardhouse - Guba, guard of the guardhouse - Gubari, civil life- citizen, demobilization - demobilization; among sailors, the boatswain is a dragon, the captain is a captain, the mechanic is a grandfather, telling tales or just making fun, amusing is poisoning, etc. Professional jargon, as a rule, is expressively colored.
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.
Without understanding their meaning, we feel a little out of place when these words apply directly to us. Words that characterize specialized processes and phenomena from any specific branch of knowledge are professional vocabulary.
Definition of professional vocabulary
This type of vocabulary is special words or figures of speech, expressions that are actively used by any person. These words are a little isolated because they are not used large mass of the country's population, only a small part of it that has received a specific education. Professional vocabulary words are used to describe or explain production processes and phenomena, tools of a specific profession, raw materials, final result labor and the rest.
The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation
There are several important issues concerning different aspects professionalisms that are still studied by linguists. One of them: “What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the national language system?”
Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria it does not fit the characteristics common vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication between people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take quite a lot a long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. Today, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not a literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.
The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology
Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are differentiated based on their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently; language refers to this concept modern technology and science. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the times of craft production.
The concepts also differ in terms of their official use. Terminology used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, specialized institutions. In other words, it is official language specific science. The vocabulary of professions is used “semi-officially,” that is, not only in special articles or scientific works. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to understand what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.
- The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
- Special vocabulary is limited conversational style- terms do not depend on regular style communication.
- A certain range of deviations from the norm of professional communication is a clear correspondence to the norms of professional language.
Based on the listed characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts are inclined to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit- system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).
Types of words in professional vocabulary
Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:
- professionalism;
- technicalisms;
- professional slang words.
Lexical units that are not strictly scientific in nature are called professionalisms. They are considered “semi-official” and are needed to designate any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.
Technicalisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.
Professional slang words are characterized by reduced expressiveness. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical and can only be understood by a specialist in a particular field.
In what cases is professional vocabulary used in literary language?
Varieties special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and sometimes professionalisms, technicalities and jargon can replace terms when bad developed language specific science.
But there is a danger of widespread use of professionalism in periodicals- it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish between concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly; the meaning and style are lost for the reader.
An integral part of the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is special vocabulary. Unlike dialect vocabulary, special vocabulary is part of the literary language. Special vocabulary is a set of words used
which are limited to special areas human activity: science, production, technology, agriculture, art, etc. These are words whose use is limited professional field:
– solfeggio, reprise, libretto (from the world of music);
– atrophy, emphysema, cataracts, lymph, red blood cells (medicine);
– diphthong, parcellation, cataphora (linguistics).
Special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.
Terms are words or SS, upot- Professionalisms are semi-formal words used to denote logically precisely formulated concepts. Each term is based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate, concise description of the subject. The presence of a definitive function is the ability to express a precise scientific concept. Great differentiation in the designation of concepts: in the speech of forest processors there are different words for naming boards: plate, slab, bed, lattice. In the speech of hunters, hares are called differently depending on the time of litter: deciduous, mentor (on crust), vernal (in the spring), leaf faller, herbalist, etc.
Terminological vocabulary differs not only in its composition, but also in its scope of use. Some terms have a wide range of distribution, are generally known and generally understood: globe, jazz, excavator, proposal. This is explained by familiarity with the terms in high school, the increased level of culture of the population as a whole; popularization of science on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Nevertheless, the terminological vocabulary contains highly specialized words, the meaning of which is understandable to a limited circle of people, for example, rift is a depression formed when an area subsides earth's crust, chrona is a unit of sound longitude, subito is a sharp transition in music from loud to quiet sonority. Highly specialized vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries usually marked with marks indicating a special field - music, technology, physics.
Ways to form special vocabulary
1. Semantic path (rethinking semantics common words) – person, sentence, conjunction.
2. Word formation path (formation with the help of morphemes) – cardiocop, hydrostat.
3. Syntactic path (formation of a term-phrase) – question mark, blank verse.
4. Lexical path (borrowing) – chrona, diaeresis, assimilation.
The formation of a professional terminological group of words occurs mainly in two ways: as a result of borrowing and on the basis of native vocabulary. On a primordial basis, special words arise as a result of rethinking commonly used words: cup (med.), shoe (tech.); by creating words with the help of word-forming elements: dehydration, folder, flux, left-centrism; as a result of the penetration into literary terminology of dialect and slang names: plowing, upper reaches, tremble, draft.
Special vocabulary- these are words and combinations of words used primarily by people of a certain profession or specialty. Among the special words, terms and professionalisms stand out.
Terms (from Lat. legttis - border, limit) are catches that are officially accepted names scientific concepts, devices, instruments, machines. The set of terms of a particular science or profession is called terminology (for example, physical, linguistic, medical terminology).
The characteristic features of the term are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has an exact logical definition, so doesn't need context like most ordinary words. For example:
Sharp [ie], -a, m. (special). A musical note that requires the sound to be raised by a semitone.
Lysis, -a, m. (special). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual weakening of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.
Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings, used not in one, but in several professional fields. For example:
Aperture, -s, g. (special) 1. Muscular septum separating chest cavity from the abdominal. 2. Plate in optical instruments with a hole allowing rays to pass through.
Deviation [de], -i, f. (specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of large masses of iron nearby. 2. Deviation from the desired direction (for example, the flight of a projectile, a bullet, the progress of a ship, etc.) under the influence of some reason.
Terms can be highly specialized and commonly used.
Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, the words abasia (loss of the ability to walk), abulia (pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia (slow heartbeat) are used only in medicine, ablaut (morphologically determined alternation of vowels), prosthesis (the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus (a dictionary of a language with complete semantic information) is used in linguistics, aval (guarantee on a bill of exchange made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee record), advice note (notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus - ( excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics;.;, Such vocabulary is given in dictionaries with notes indicating that the word belongs to a certain special field: av. (aviation), anat. (anatomy), biol. (biol;); military (military affairs), linguistics, (linguistics), mathematics. (mathematics), psychology (psychology), physics. (physics), etc.
Commonly used terms have a wider scope and are understandable to many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine (med.); square, rectangle, trapezoid (mathematics), balance, deficit, credit (economics).
Professional words are words used in the colloquial speech of people united by some profession or specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: window (in teachers’ speech) - “free lesson in the middle school day"; zero (in the speech of teachers) - “preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of school,” etc. When professionalisms are used in texts, words are often placed in quotation marks.
Special words used in a work of art give the work color, brightness!, and connect the literary text with life. For example:
Four blast furnaces dominated the plant with their monstrous chimneys. Next to them stood eight cowpers designed to circulate heated air - eight huge iron towers, topped with round domes. Other buildings were scattered around the blast furnaces: repair shops, a foundry, a locomotive, a rail-rolling plant, open-hearth and puddling furnaces, and so on (A. Kuprin).
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See what “Special vocabulary” is in other dictionaries:
Special Vocabulary- words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various. spheres of human labor activity. The composition of S.L. includes terms and nomen, professionalisms and prof. Jargons, which, as a rule, are not commonly used... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
Special vocabulary- 1. A set of words and phrases denoting concepts of a special field of knowledge or activity. Sl. is divided into terms and professionalisms (professional jargon), for example, phoneme, morpheme (terms), cut down in the meaning... ... Dictionary of socio linguistic terms
special vocabulary- units Same as terminological vocabulary... Educational dictionary stylistic terms
Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas labor activity person, and are not commonly used. Special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms...
special vocabulary
Special vocabulary- 1. A set of words and phrases denoting concepts of a special field of knowledge or activity: 1) terms; 2) professionalisms (professional jargon). 2. Same as terminology... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book
vocabulary- (ancient Greek λεξικος ñverbal λεξις word, expression, figure of speech) A set of words that make up a l. language. 1) (vocabulary). The entire set of words that make up a literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
See special vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
vocabulary from the point of view of the scope of its use- is divided into several groups: 1) national vocabulary; 2) dialect vocabulary; 3) professional and special vocabulary; 4) slang vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Russian history and culture in literary words. Dictionary. Textbook, I. M. Kurnosova, V. I. Makarov. In the dictionary, material that reflects different elements lexical system Russian language XIX-XX centuries. in its development: ethnographisms, dialectisms, special vocabulary,...
Special or professional terminological vocabulary includes two groups: terms and professionalisms.
Words and phrases used in a certain branch of science, technology, and art constitute terminological and professional vocabulary [Lekant 2007].
The most significant group in special vocabulary are scientific and technical terms, forming a variety of terminological systems. Terms are the names of concepts in a certain field of science, technology, or art. Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used to logically precise definition special concepts, establishing the content of concepts, their distinctive features. The emergence and functioning of such vocabulary is due to the development of science, technology, and art; it has a pronounced social character and is under the control of society.
Terminology is one of the most mobile, rapidly growing parts of the national vocabulary. Modern researchers note that the accelerating pace over recent decades scientific and technological revolution have led and are increasingly leading to an avalanche-like growth of information in all areas of knowledge, production and scientific activity.
A twofold process is taking place: a sharp increase in special terms available only to specialists, the number of which in each highly developed language is growing enormously and numbers in the millions, many times exceeding the generally accepted vocabulary, and at the same time, the intensive penetration of special terminology into the general literary language. Special terminology becomes the main source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the literary language.
The semantic essence of a term and its specificity lie in the nature of its meaning, which is established in the process of conscious, deliberate agreement and, within a given terminological system, is direct, nominative, syntactically or constructively unconditioned. In different systems, the meanings of terms can be expressed differently - using words and phrases, formulas or other sign systems. Terms are, to a certain extent, an artificial lexical-semantic formation; their semantic essence must necessarily reflect the volume of information, the amount scientific knowledge, which
help to reveal the content of the concept.
Unlike non-terms, words of unlimited use, many of which are polysemantic, terms within one science, as a rule, must have unambiguity. They are characterized by clearly limited, predominantly motivated specialization and absolute semantic precision. However, the concept of unambiguity, usually used as an absolute differential feature terms is somewhat relative. This is most likely a requirement for ideal terminological systems. In real-life terminologies there are many terms that are characterized by so-called categorical polysemy. For example, one of the types of terms that have it are nouns with the meaning of an action and its result : winding- 1) distribution of turns of something; 2) cone-shaped or cylindrical shape product acquired as a result of winding (compare also the ambiguity of a number of other terms in textile production: lapping, processing and others).
The polysemy of terms, as well as their synonymy (linguistics - linguistics) as well as homonymy (reaction - chemical and socio-political) and antonymy (polysemy - monosemy) are usually noted among the shortcomings of many modern terminologies. In this case, apparently, the general lexical-semantic patterns of language functioning and development also apply to terminological systems. Consequently, when speaking about unambiguousness, polysemy, homonymy, synonymy of terms, it is necessary to take into account the known, actually existing relativity of this feature.
The word-formation distinctive features of terms include the regularity (uniformity) of their formation within a certain terminological system. Terms are constantly being formed in various ways. Along with the process of creating new names, there is a terminology of words already existing in the language, that is, their rethinking (transfer of names), as a result of which secondary ones arise, in in this case- special terminological nominations. To form terms the following are used:
Metaphorical transfer of the title: a loop(sport.), pelvis(honey.), shepherd's purse(bot.), - similarity of shape; pillow(geol.), sail(arch.), golden ratio (claim) – similarity of function;
The actual lexical method, that is, the formation of words and phrases based on native Russian words (charging, maternal substance - physical);
Lexical-word-formation, that is, the creation of terms using existing Russian or borrowed word-formation elements, morphemes, according to existing models in the language.
The most productive among them are addition and affixation. Yes, they apply different types addition of stems and words. Addition complete basics: cotyledon, oxygen-containing and so on; addition of truncated stems (compound abbreviated words): hyperbaric apparatus, space navigation and others; use of foreign language elements avia-, auto-, aero-, bio-, video-, zoo-, geo-, hydro-, hyper-, inter-, iso-, macro-, micro-, para-, pan-, radio , tele-, ultra-, electro- and others: aeronomy, biophysics, hydrometeorological service, zooplankton And other; abbreviation: AMC(automatic interplanetary station), MN(magnetic saturation), computer(electronic computer); mixed method, that is, a combination of complex partially dismembered names and different word-forming elements: hydrosandblast perforation.
Terms formed by addition can be indivisible lexicalized units ( cosmology, biocybernetics and so on), but can also represent units of incomplete lexicalization, that is, those that are not one indivisible lexeme ( vector function, alpha particle), as evidenced by hyphenated spelling words
Different types of term formation using the method of affixation (prefix, prefix - suffix) are also very productive: vortex, grounding, reduction and etc.
No less productive is the lexical-semantic method of replenishment terminological vocabulary; that is, the creation of a term in the process of scientific (or technical) rethinking of well-known words. This process goes in two ways:
1) by completely rethinking existing word and the subsequent separation of the newly created unit from the source word. This is how, for example, one of the terminological meanings of the word elementary arose in combination elementary particle;
2) by using name transfers taking into account emerging associations. This is how they arose terminological meaning words snow - special kind Images. This method allows in some cases to create terminological names with elements of expression in semantics, for example: wormy image, dead time, alien atom. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]
A significant role in replenishing terminological systems is played by foreign language borrowings. For a long time, many international scientific, technical, economic, cultural, historical, socio-political terms of Latin and Greek origin have been known in the language, for example: agglutination, binary; humanity, dictatorship, literature and other words from Latin language; agronomy, dynamics, grammar, space, democracy and others from Greek language. Many terms come from other languages.
The use of borrowed terminological vocabulary is, first of all, associated with the specifics of the field of activity - in scientific and technical literature, in professional communication. However, the use of terms in everyday, everyday speech is characteristic of modern language [Valgina 2012].
The spread of scientific and technical terminology, its intensive penetration into different areas life leads to the fact that in language, along with the process of terminologization of commonly used words, there is also a reverse process - the mastery of terms in the literary language, their determinologization . Frequent use of philosophical, art, literary, medical, physical, chemical, industrial and technical terms and many other terms
and terminological phrases made them commonly used lexical units, for example: argument, concept, consciousness; drama, concert, novel, contact, tension, resonance; analysis, synthesis, and others, as well fulcrum, freezing point, boiling point, center of gravity And
etc. Many of these words and phrases in general literary use have a different, often figurative and metaphorical meaning: catalyst- (special) substance that accelerates, slows down or changes the flow chemical reaction, And catalyst- (portable) stimulant of something.
Determinologization of professional and technical names contributes to oral speech, systematic broadcasts on relevant topics on radio and television. The inclusion of special words in this case is determined by the topic and genre of publications (or oral transmissions), that is, caused by certain situation. The spread and then complete or partial (which is more often observed) determinologization of professional terminological names is also helped by works of art in which these words are used for specific stylistic or characterological purposes; the desire to update the generally accepted tone of the narrative, focusing on word usage unusual for a work of art.
However, excessive saturation of artistic and journalistic works with scientific and technical terminology reduces the power of their impact and artistic value.
Through the media, as well as due to the active introduction of technology into everyday life modern man, special concepts and terms become active components of the everyday vocabulary. Moreover, similar lexical implementations are observed in colloquial vocabulary. Of course, such vocabulary is often transformed, sounds distorted, altered: “She X-ray works. In the apartment limit lives.
Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions characteristic of the speech of people in one field of activity and which are everyday and expressive-figurative names in a given occupation.
Production words and expressions are created “for oneself”, as duplicates or synonyms of terms in the chosen field of activity. Often, professionalisms replace the missing members of the terminology system. For example, in technology: burner nose, shaft neck, tenon body. These semi-official names impart liveliness and looseness to speech and have expressive and emotional connotations.
Distinctive features professionalisms are the oral nature of use, figurative meaning, intersection of semantics of names different types labor activity, lack of systematic organization in the nominative ranks.
Professionalisms are characterized by significant differentiation in the designation of special concepts, tools and means of production, the names of objects, actions, and so on. For example, in meteorology, in accordance with the different types of snowflakes, there are several names: star, needle, hedgehog, plate, fluff, column. In hunting speech, there are many names for foxes (by color and breed), for example, simple, red, forest, fire, red-brown, cross, black-brown, black, white, karsun, karaganka, fragrant fox, and so on. In the speech of carpenters and joiners, many varieties of tools are distinguished, for the name of which literary language there is the word planer: shavings, humpback, road worker, bear, and so on. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]
Professionalisms are formed metaphorically: cracker, bull (technical), flies (marine), plates (geographical); lexical and word-formation: hangers (sewing.), filly (zool.); collocationally: gearbox, silent zone, white noise (technical), invertebral column, acute abdomen, cornerstone glaucoma, spinal cord(honey.). [Lekant 2007]
Widespread In a literary language, highly specialized words are usually not given, that is, the scope of their use remains limited. Special and professional vocabulary is used in fiction and memoirs, in the speech of characters when describing professional activity etc. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]
Thus, special terminology becomes one of the sources of replenishment of the vocabulary of the literary language.