Traps for Unified State Examination Biology. Alternating unstressed vowels in the root

Useless information, a lot of water, thanks for your time

03/22/2016 22:47:59, Ashati

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Discussion

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Discussion

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"conjunction", "conjunctive word" and "pronoun".

• Union And pronoun- morphological concepts, and allied word- a syntactic term.

For example:

The teacher understood WHAT can interest the children .

• In this SPP, the word WHAT can be characterized: 1) as a part of speech - a relative pronoun (morphological characteristic); 2) as a means of communication in NGN - a conjunction word (syntactic characteristic); 3) as a member of a sentence - an addition in a subordinate clause (syntactic characteristic).

Union word WHICH can be both the subject and the object of the subordinate clause of a complex sentence. Substitute instead of this allied word what is “hiding” behind it:

• Hot sun, which My head was mercilessly burning and a cloud covered me.

(What did your head burn mercilessly? Sun. Therefore this subject).

• Lady, which Evgeniy offered his hand and ceremoniously stepped off the steamer's ladder.

(To whom Evgeniy gave his hand? Lady (noun in d.p.) . Therefore this addition).

Graduates often do not find conjunction ZHE, it is confused with the particle ZHE.

• SAME , union adversative. Denotes the opposition of two sentences, close in meaning to the conjunction A. The daughter arrived at night, the son arrived in the morning.

• SAME, reinforcing particle. After a question word, it enhances its expressiveness.

When will you call?

• Strengthens the meaning of the first or semantically most important word of the replica ( decomposition).

Well, you are strong, boy.

• It is attached to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs and means the complete identity of what is indicated by these pronouns and adverbs with what has already been mentioned in speech.

Same. Same way. Same. Right there. At the same time.

For double (comparative) conjunctions, a comma is used ONLY before the second part of the union!

How... , so and Not only... , but also not so much... , How many not this way... , How but... , But Not really)... , but(s) if not... , That

Fly, thunder, whistle, burn, ring – verbs of the 2nd conjugation.

• Conjugation is determined in indefinite form only for verbs with unstressed personal endings: II conjugation includes all verbs ending in - it, except shave , to rest, to sway, as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs ending in - eat (look, see, endure, turn, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs starting with - eat (hear, breathe, drive, hold). The remaining verbs belong to the I conjugation.

• If the personal endings of the verb drums, then the conjugation is determined by graduation; in this case, it does not matter which vowel is in the infinitive form of the verb. Yes, verbs sleep, fly, thunder, burn, ring belong to the II conjugation (sleep, fly, rattle, burn, ring), and, for example, the verb drink - to I conjugation (drink-eat) .
• Important to remember: All prefixed verbs with unstressed endings derived from such verbs also belong to the same conjugation. Therefore the verb burn out second conjugation: will burn out, burn out, and the verb drink - first conjugation: drink, drink.

• bleat
• cherish
• winnow
• toil
• barter
• hope
• level out
• fly
• start YAT!!! (1 spr)
• cough But KLE IT !
• melt
• repent
• find fault
• bow
• hope
• bark
• sow

ONLY IN CONTEXT You can distinguish words of the state category, adverbs and short neuter adjectives with the ending -O:

The room is stuffy (say).

The nightingale sang loudly (obv.).

• State category words-UNCHANGEABLE words, and short adjectives change according to gender.

I'm sad (SKS). – The girl is sad (adj.). – The story is sad about (adj.).

They are not introductory and are not separated by commas. words and phrases:

therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly, maybe, literally, as if, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, because, ultimately, it’s unlikely, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, according to a proposal, according to a decree, according to a decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost and etc.

Pretext BY used in the meaning “after something” with prepositional case:

upon arrival And ,

upon completion And ,

upon arrival e ,

upon arrival e.

Please note some cases where particles are written separately NOT !

Particle Not written separately:

• a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb, the explanatory word is a pronoun starting with neither, For example: neither who doesn't need something , neither when not encountered error ;
• b) if NOT is part of intensifying negations not far , not at all , not at all , not at all , not at all preceding a noun, adjective or adverb: he is not a friend at all, far from the best solution , not a fair decision at all, etc.
• With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me , not this one , no other , not like that , not otherwise , not this way .
• With intensifying adverbs: Not good , not quite , not really .
• The expression is written separately not once .
• With unchangeable words acting as a predicate in a sentence: No need , do not mind , not sorry .
• For all words written with a hyphen: it's not said in Russian ; they don't sing like before .

I miss you or I miss you ?

With nouns and 3rd person pronouns it is correct: miss someone, For example: miss my son, miss him.

But with personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers Right: miss someone, For example:

missed us, miss you .

Collective numbers are used only:

a) with nouns denoting masculine and general gender persons: three brothers, two orphans;

b) with nouns that have only a plural form: three days, two scissors;

c) with nouns guys, people, children, face(in meaning Human): five suspicious persons, three boys;

d) with personal pronouns we you they : there are three of them, there are five of you;

e) with the names of paired items: two socks, mittens, skis;

e) with the names of baby animals: two rabbits, four are hedgehogs.

Collective numbers cannot be combined with nouns denoting females and adult animals!

• Numeral both (both, both, both ) is used only with masculine nouns ( both sons, in both houses), and the numeral both ( both, both, both ) - only with feminine nouns ( both friends, on both tracks).

Remember:

a) forms of the imperative mood of verbs:

drive - go (- those ); lie down - lie down (- those );

b) verb put used only without a prefix;

c) verbs with the root -lozh- - only with the prefix ( put , post and so on.);

d) the 1st person singular forms of the present (future simple) tense of verbs are not used win, convince, find yourself, wonder and etc.

When necessary, the following expressions are used: I can find myself, I can convince and so on.

Synonymous replacement of the subordinate part of a complex sentence with a participial phrase is impossible if the main part of the complex sentence contains an indicative word ( that one etc.):

The father's gaze had no Togo an expression of kindness that has always pleased and attracted me.

In this case, they are very often mistaken!

Synonymous replacement of the subordinate part of a complex sentence with a participial phrase is impossible if the subordinate clause already has a subject and the word WHICH is not in the nominative case:

Artist, whom You you know, he was from our area.

In this case, they are very often mistaken!

Synonymous replacement of the subordinate part of a complex sentence with a participial phrase is possible if the word which, being a minor member of the sentence, stands in V.p. without pretext :

A friend brought me an album, which I bought it in Paris.

(A friend brought me an album, bought in Paris ).

Method of distinguishing the comparative degree of an adjective and an adverb

According to the main word in the phrase: Determine which word the form of the comparative degree depends on.

• If from a noun - This adjective: Night ( what is ) darker than before.
• If from a verb - This adverb : He went ( How ) faster.

Union And and particle And

• Union And it connects homogeneous members of a sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex one: Rain on the street And wind. It was cold yesterday, And so we decided to postpone our trip to the mountains.
• Particle And it doesn’t connect anything, it enhances the meaning of the words in which it is used: Constantly walking around sad - in this And was his idea of ​​romantic behavior.

Yes and is a particle if comes before the predicate:

A father - That What and ? So And Not forgiven ! (Adv.); He Understood , What ... came end , at all end , A doubt So And Not allowed , So And remains doubt(L. Tolstoy); By essentially affairs He So And Not tasted genuine family life(Fad.), but:

So (adverb) and it rained yesterday.

• adverb: He said (how?) Just. Problem solved (how?) exactly .

• It is impossible to ask a question to a particle: Yes, you Just Well done! You exactly a small child is naughty.

Adjective, SKS and particle

• If by the way I can ask a question, then this is adjective or SKS: His opinion (what?) Just. On the heart(how?) easy and Just .

• It is impossible to ask a question to a particle.

He Just stopped writing home.

Some adjectives (ready, intends, obliged, inclined, disposed, glad, eager, must, love, necessary etc.) used in modern Russian only in short form!

More often in fact, many students do not define these words in the text as short adjectives !

In sentences they are part of the predicate. For example:

Ready to wait , but I don’t believe your words. I'd be glad to sing I cant.

IS THIS a pronoun or a particle?

PRONOUN if indicates

• sth. close in space or time, located in close proximity, right before the eyes: Show me THIS lake.
• something, previously, recently, just mentioned in a speech:

IN THIS time and the event that we will talk about happened.

• a phenomenon, an object about which we are talking, which is before our eyes, about which we speak. THIS was my old friend. Witness, explain to the court, as everybody THIS It happened. THIS just a miracle!

PARTICLE if

• emphasizes, strengthens the previous interrogative pronoun or adverb, forming with it a kind of complex interrogative pronoun or adverb:

How come? Who IS it that came? Why are you so cheerful? Where did he go?

• indicates the connection between the subject and the predicate:

Sakhalin IS a unique island.

• Can be replaced with a synonym only :

THIS parents can afford to be really strict with their children.

Method of distinguishing between conjunctions and allied words

 The conjunction word can be replaced by a noun or another pronoun: This was the house which built by my father.(Wed: This was home. House built by my father. His built by my father.)

 An allied word can be replaced with another allied word: This was the house What built by my father.

 Conjunctive words have lexical meaning. (See previous examples).

 Conjunctive words are members of a sentence. (In previous examples, this is an addition).

 Logical stress falls on the conjunctive word: I know, What you want to tell me.

 A conjunctive word cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence: I was informed, When will you come.

Conjunctions have no lexical meaning, are not parts of the sentence, in most cases, the conjunction can be omitted, the meaning of the sentence will not change: We saw, What You came. - We saw you came.

Always separate the following prepositions are written:

in the form of, in fact, in conclusion, to the extent, in the area, in contrast to, in relation to, in continuation of, in connection with, by virtue of, in the sense of, during, for the purposes of, except for, due to, to the extent, according to about, for a reason.

ATTENTION!

Definitely personal one-part sentences are not sentences in which the main member is expressed by a past tense verb , since the forms of the past tense by themselves do not reveal a specific person (there is no grammatical person in them at all, there are only grammatical forms of gender and number). For example, in sentences: By the hat that turned white in the night guessed right Polovtseva. Threw it on frock coat, stripped off felt boots from the oven, came out (Shol.); In the morning through force got up And went in hospital ( Ch.) - only the context helps to establish the character, while the form of the verb itself equally corresponds to the first, second and third person.

Such sentences are classified as two-part incomplete!

How to distinguish a compound verbal predicate from a subordinating phrase similar to it?

If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence, then The infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

The commander ordered the car to be unloaded. Ordered – simple verbal predicate, unload – addition (ordered – commander , someone will unload). This is a phrase.

IN In a compound verbal predicate, the action of the infinitive must relate to the subject. I want to fly. I want to fly – compound verb predicate ( Want - I, fly I will).

If the dependent word in a gerund is a conjunctive word which, then it is not separated by a comma from the adverbial participle: a comma is placed before the adverbial participle, and after the word which - No.

Here is a book, after reading which you will discover a lot for yourself.

Zosya saw in them the only protection for herself, having lost which she was doomed in this field. (V. Bykov)

Never there is no comma after the conjunctive word which; immediately remove those answer options that contain a comma after this word.

If homogeneous members of a sentence, homogeneous participial and adverbial phrases, homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a non-repeating conjunction AND, then a comma is not placed between them!

For example:

Cleanliness and comfort reigned in the house.

Sparkling in the sun and shimmering merrily, streams rushed towards the river.

River, overflowed its banks and flooded the village, calmed down.

Heat , with whom the daughter spoke about her mother and who lit up her face , involuntarily attracted attention.

If in a complex sentence with the conjunction AND there is a common secondary member of the sentence (that is, a question can be asked about it from both grammatical stems), then a comma is not placed between the stems:

In the living room Candles were burning and cheerful children's voices were heard.

Here The stinging rains are pouring and evil winds are raging.

Comma at the junction of conjunctions!

And when... then

And if... then

What if... then

What when... then

That although... but

But if... then

But since... then

Junction of conjunctions → then/but/so → no comma!

The huntsman knew that although the beast left But he will take revenge on the hunter who wounded him.

Mikhail is a promising athlete, and if He will train hard, That will certainly be included in the regional team.

Explanatory clauses

are attached to the explained word in three ways:

• with the help of unions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.;

2) using any allied words;

3) using a particle conjunction whether.

pay attention to

3rd way!

Tourists didn’t know (about what?), they could whether They reach the base before dark.

Pronominal adverbs are found infrequently in Unified State Examination tasks, and usually they are interrogative-relative adverbs: where, how, when, where, why, why, why or negative nowhere, no way, never, nowhere .

• I knew, When he will come (When - a conjunctive word in the role of an adverb of time. Find in this sentence a phrase with the connection adjacency. You already remember that only an adverb, a gerund and an infinitive adjoin. There is only one adverb in the sentence - When, a question to it can be asked from the verb will come. Therefore, this phrase when will he arrive . )

From the sentences, write down a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

From the conversation, Andrei understood where the meeting would take place.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: (where?) - conjunction word where (adverb). We find the main word for it, from which the question is asked: will happen. Thus, we write out the phrase

where it will happen.

• In combinations of words with an inanimate noun like two houses numeral in nominative and accusative cases manages noun, and in other cases agrees with him.
• In combinations of words with an animate noun (two friends) in all cases, except the nominative type of communication – coordination; in the nominative – management.

The components of a phrase can be located distantly, i.e. far from each other!

Find s/s with communication control.

Anton called his old good friend.

In this case, combining words into s/s will help the question: called (to whom?) to a friend.

They are NOT phrases!

(see next slide)

Grammar sentence basis

It is raining.

Homogeneous members of the sentence

They run and laugh; children and adults, etc.

Combination of a function word (preposition, conjunction, particle) with a significant word

Near the garden ( near - preposition); also laughed ( Also - union); like in a fairy tale ( as if - particle);

Phraseologisms

Standing on guard, beating, playing spillikins

Compound verb predicates

I started singing, I want to believe, I kept talking

Compound nominal predicates

Presumed dead, is sick

Comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs

Less beautiful, kindest, best of all

Introductory phrases

In other words, to put it briefly, simply to say, to put it mildly, maybe, etc.

Note!

In the “Methodological recommendations prepared on the basis of an analysis of typical mistakes of participants in the Unified State Exam 201 7 in the Russian language”, it is noted: below other basic level tasks (in the range from 54 to 65 points) is the percentage of completion of tasks that test the mastery of the following content elements : “Spelling -Н- and -НН- in various parts of speech ( task 14 ); “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with different types of connection” ( task 19 ), “Functional and semantic types of speech” ( task 21 ).

Task 14

Spelling -Н- and -НН- in different parts of speech

Short Communion

Short adjective

Answer questions what? what? what?

Formed from full passive participles ( decided - decided, decided, decided)

Formed from full adjectives

(valuable – valuable, valuable, valuable)

One N is always written

As many Ns are written as in the adjective from which it is derived.

Semantic and grammatical features, separating adjectives and participles

Short Communion

Short adjective

1. It has a dependent word in the instrumental case, which denotes the producer of this action (i.e. action is performed by someone or something): The icons are written ( by whom?) Andrey Rublev. Residents of the house are outraged (how?) court decision.

2. Denotes an action that can be replaced with a verb: Legends told old-timers. – Legends told old-timers.

1. Usually refers to a noun and means "native", permanent item attribute: The friend is smart and educated (The friend is characterized by mind And education) .

2. This constant attribute (quality) is combined with the adverb “very”: Girlfriend is smart and Very educated.

3. You can replace the short form with a synonym in the same short form : Their views are very limited (i.e. narrow , not far away )

4. Short forms (except for the masculine form) adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense, written with NN , for example: brought up, brought up, brought up (from the adjective brought up “discovering the results of good upbringing”); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled (from the adjective spoiled “accustomed to fulfilling one’s whims”); sublime, sublime, sublime (from the adjective sublime “full of high content”). Such adjectives have comparative forms : more educated, more spoiled, more elevated.

The most common cases of writing N and NN in short form

Full form

Short participles

 can be replaced with a verb;

 there is a dependent word or the action is performed someone or something).

Short adjectives

Frightened

 character traits, human qualities);

 the sentence contains another short adjective that characterizes the subject.

Girlfriend is scared ( what?) the appearance of his brother.

Thoughtful

The lady was confused and scared.

The decision to visit the karst caves was carefully considered ( someone).

Spoiled

Restrained

The behavior of the parachutist is thoughtless and dangerous.

This girl is clearly spoiled ( by whom?) parents.

Her children are spoiled and capricious.

All enemy attacks were contained ( someone) on the approaches to the fortress.

Assembled

Believers are reserved and taciturn.

Materials about the exploits of the scouts were collected and transferred ( someone) to the museum.

Exquisite

The sappers were collected, attentive and careful.

Funds have been found ( someone) from an additional expense item.

The painting on the walls was incredibly beautiful and exquisite.

Confused

Launched

The tracks in the snow are tangled ( someone).

Finally the balloons were launched ( someone) into the sky.

Absent-minded

Relationships with relatives were confusing, unclear, and perplexing.

Expressionist paintings are scattered ( someone) around the world.

Educated

All the flower beds in the courtyard were neglected and overgrown with wild weeds.

Our school is educated ( someone) hobby groups.

Asya is absent-minded and inattentive.

Well-read

Exalted

The graduate student was well educated and cultured.

All the memories on the disk have been read ( by whom?) by the poet himself.

Flatterers are often exalted ( by whom?) superiors.

Confident

Those who came for the interview were well-read and smart.

Journalists are confident ( what?) in the reliability of the information.

Danko’s thoughts are sublime and beautiful.

Her gait is confident, graceful, beautiful.

Limited

Concentrated

Fields are limited ( how?) forest plantations.

Troops are concentrated ( someone) at the western border.

Depressed

During her speech, it became clear to everyone that she was limited and stupid.

All manifestations of discontent were suppressed ( someone).

Organized

Everyone was focused and attentive while watching the new film.

The events are well organized ( someone).

After talking with the participants in the events, everyone was depressed and silent.

Exhausted

Justified

The group that arrived was energetic and organized.

The children are exhausted ( what?) crossing the mountains.

The accused were acquitted ( someone) due to insufficient evidence.

Assembled

Their faces were exhausted and pale.

Money has been collected to help the victims ( someone) on time .

The state of emergency was necessary and justified.

The sailors are collected and decisive.

Decide for yourself

1. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N.

Our chugu (1) gun was loaded with (2) buckshot and directed (3) towards the stopped (4) enemy.

2. Indicate all the numbers replaced by two letters N.

They say that the local lady is ignorant (1), ignorant (2), capricious and hostile (3) against her educated neighbors.

3. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N.

The walls of the wooden (1) house were cleaned (2) and painted (3) with bright colors.

4. Indicate all the numbers replaced by two letters N.

The road is (1) long, trampled (2) with strata (3) and traveled (4) along and across.

5. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N.

During the mathematics exam, schoolchildren solved (1) all the problems, checked (2) them and sorted (3) them into options.

6. Indicate all the numbers replaced by two letters N.

According to others, Yegor’s behavior is risky (1), thoughtless (2), immorality (3).

7. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N.

The blinds in the untidy (1st) guest (2nd) were down (3), the chairs were arranged (4) haphazardly, the dishes were dumped (5) in a drawer.

8. Indicate all the numbers in whose place two letters N are written.

Half-awake(1) conversations with my nanny are always insightful(2)s, sparkling(3)and magical.

9. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N.

Boxes displayed(1) at a traditional(2) crafts exhibition, carved(3)in wood and painted(4)by a local artist.

10. Indicate all the numbers replaced by two letters N.

All movements of the (1) gymnast are natural (2) and expressive, sophisticated (3) and confident (4).

Task 19

IN task 19 There is such a punctogram as a junction of conjunctions, i.e. two subordinates standing next to each other ( what if; what when, because if etc.) or coordinating and subordinating conjunctions ( and when; but if; and to and so on)

 Note!

A comma is placed at the junction of two conjunctions if the second conjunction has no continuation in the form of words That , But , So .

Comma not placed at the junction of two unions, if the second union there is a continuation in the form of words That , But , So .

Compare two sentences:

• During high water, fish entered the lake from the Belaya River, and when the water began to subside, That The Meshcheryaks blocked a narrow and shallow channel with fences.

2. I thought What , When Grandfather will die, and grandmother will probably die, because she is old and gray-haired.

In the first sentence of the union When there is a continuation in the form of a word That (When ... That), therefore at the junction of unions ( and when) there is no comma.

And in the second sentence no word continuation That , therefore, a comma is placed at the junction of conjunctions ( What , When).

Besides,

 sentences like this are easy to rearrange: I thought, What and grandma will probably die, When Grandfather will die because she is old and gray .

 you can “remove” the internal subordinate clause without breaking the structure of the sentence: I thought that my grandmother would probably die too, because she was old and gray-haired.

Punctuation before the conjunction I in a complex sentence

IN task 19 There is another difficulty: punctuation before the conjunction I.

Let’s compare two sentences and determine in which of them a comma is placed before the conjunction AND (punctuation marks are not placed):

1. The starlings carefully watched the sparrows (1) and (2) if they did not intend to leave the nesting boxes they had lived in during the winter (3) they watched over the impudent guests (4) so ​​that they could then give them a beating.

2. In the evening we met in the park (1) and (2) when we saw each other after forty years of separation (3) everyone involuntarily thought (4) that the years had changed many of us beyond recognition.

In the first sentence the conjunction And connects homogeneous predicates (observed And were on guard) , therefore, there is no comma in place of the number 1. In place of the number 2 (junction of unions And , If) a comma is placed: in conjunction If there is no continuation in the form of a correlative word That- the second part of a compound union If … That. Commas are also placed in place of the numbers 3 and 4, as on the border of the main and subordinate parts. Therefore, the correct answer is: 2, 3, 4 .

In the second sentence, the conjunction And connects two simple sentences in a complex sentence(first grammatical stem: We met, second - every thought), therefore a comma is placed in place of the number 1. In place of the number 2 you also need to put a comma: this is the junction of conjunctions And , When and after the subordinate clause there is no word That. There should also be commas in place of the numbers 3 and 4, as on the border of the main and subordinate parts. So the correct answer is: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Test yourself

1.

Mother answered (1) that (2) as long as the spark of life smolders in me (3) she will not stop doing everything (4) she can (5) for my salvation.

2. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

My mother put me in the bath (1) poured broth into my mouth (2) spent whole hours rubbing my chest and back with her bare hands (3) and (4) if that didn’t help (5) then she filled my lungs with her breath.

3. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

The first feelings of fear instilled in me the stories of the nanny (1) and (2) although my mother strictly forbade her to even talk to me (3) but she sometimes managed to tell me some news about the beech (4) about brownies and the dead.

4. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

I was so afraid of my late grandfather's room (1) that (2) when I passed by it (3) I always closed my eyes.

5. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

I also wanted to see my grandparents (1) because (2) although I saw them (3) I couldn’t remember: on my first visit to Bagrovo I was eight months old.

6. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

Mother smiled at my words and looked at me in such a way (1) that (2) although I could not understand the expression of this look (3) I was amazed by it.

7. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

The crossing of the carriage, wagon and nine horses lasted quite a long time (1) and I managed to collect a whole bunch of wonderful stones (2) but (3) when my father did not allow me to take them with me (4) I was very upset.

8. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

I asked permission to light a small fire (1) and (2) when I received permission (3) I began to bother about it.

9. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

We got up from the overnight stay so early (1) that (2) when my father got into our carriage (3) it was not quite light yet.

10. Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in the place of which(s) in the sentence there should be a comma(s)

Mother (1) seeing me in such excitement (2) said (3) that (4) until I calm down (5) she would not let me go fishing.

Functional and semantic types of speech Task 21

• In the external appearance of speech, in its structure, a lot depends on the task that the speaker sets for himself. It is one thing to describe an object or phenomenon, another to talk about it, and a third to explain its causes. In each of these cases, the structure of speech will change significantly. In the process of development of thinking and speech, the most expressive, economical and accurate methods, diagrams, and verbal structures for the corresponding language tasks were developed.
• Therefore, such components of speech are distinguished as description , narration , reasoning , which in linguistics are usually called functional-semantic types of speech, which emphasizes their dependence on the purpose of speech and its meaning.

Speech type

Description

Indicate the characteristics of the described object, person, place, condition

( list of permanent or temporary items)

Narration

Basic questions characteristic of this type of speech

Report a sequence of actions or events.

( The story of what happened first, then, then And finally )

Reasoning

What is the subject?

What does he look like?

What signs are characteristic of it?

Justify this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event

( The cause and effect of a phenomenon or event is proven, revealed.)

What is the sequence of actions (events)?

What happened first and what happens next?

Why?

What is the reason for this phenomenon?

What follows from this?

What are the consequences of this phenomenon?

What does it mean?

The difference between narration and description

Description

Narration

No dynamics ; actions or

signs in the description

permanent,

simultaneous, not

changing over time.

Narration dynamically ,

actions

consistent.

You can change the order

listing actions or

signs, changing

Subsequence

“New” in the description is

properties subject.

fragments in some places

text.

actions V

“New” in the narrative -

This actions subject.

narration change

impossible.

Note!

Using text comparisons with film stills or photographs helps determine the type of text ( description - one frame, narration - several frames, and reasoning cannot be photographed).

However, a dynamic description of nature, the environment, and the human condition cannot be correlated with one frame. If a student uses this technique when determining the type of text in which a dynamic description is presented, then, defining the text as a narrative, makes a common mistake.

Let's turn to the text.

Suboch was a fast-moving man. He flew into the classroom like a meteor. The tails of his coat flew apart. The pince-nez sparkled. The magazine, whistling through the air, flew along a trajectory and fell on the table. Dust swirled in swirls behind the Latinist. The class jumped up, rattling the lids of their desks, and sat down with the same roar. The glass doors rang. Sparrows outside the windows fell from the poplars and flew away with a crash into the depths of the garden.

This was the usual arrival of Suboch.

(K. Paustovsky)

The Latin teacher's description is given through transfer actions , characterizing his behavior , And indication on reaction those around. However, the verbs used here by the author are not able to show the development of action, they point to simultaneity of what is happening .

The famous linguist V.V. Vinogradov said this about dynamic description: “The imperfect past tense does not move the action. It is descriptive, not narrative. It does not determine the sequence of actions in the past, but puts them all on the same plane.”

Why is this so?

Because (since)…

Argument 1 Argument2

What follows from the above?

Conclusion

Training exercises

Soon they transferred me to the Caucasus:

this is my happiest time

life. I hoped that boredom wouldn't exist

wind under Chechen bullets - in the direction

sno: after a month I got so used to them

buzzing and the proximity of death, which,

right, paid more attention

on mosquitoes - and I became more bored

the same, because I lost almost

you are the last hope. When I see

business Belu in his house, when in the first

for the first time, holding her on my knees,

kissed her black curls, I, a fool,

thought she was an angel sent

to me by compassionate fate...

I was wrong again: savage love

little better than noble love

ladies... M. Lermontov

This valley is a wonderful place! From all

the sides of the mountains are inaccessible, red-

dark rocks hung with green

ivy and crowned with clumps of plane trees,

yellow cliffs streaked with promotional

inami, and there is high, high gold

fringe of snow, and below Aragva, about

having dealt with another nameless river,

noisily escaping from the black,

a gorge full of darkness, stretches

ribbed thread and sparkles like a snake

with its scales.

M. Lermontov

I closed the door of my room behind me -

you lit a candle and rushed to the post-

tel; only a dream this time forced

I should wait for more than usual. It's already back

the current began to fade when I fell asleep,

but apparently it was written in heaven,

that I won't get enough sleep that night. At four

o'clock in the morning two fists knocked on my

window. I jumped up: what is it?.. “Get up,

get dressed!” several shouted to me

M. Lermontov

In my opinion,

Undoubtedly

It is safe to say that...

I think,

I think,

I think,

In my opinion,

this statement is a description,

this statement is a narrative,

depicts a number of distinctive features of objects, phenomena or events that are presented simultaneously. There is a parallel connection between sentences.

because

(because)

this statement is a reasoning,

a series of actions occurring at different times, sequentially, is conveyed. There is a consistent connection between sentences.

a fact is explained; something is proven;

inferences, conclusions, and generalizations are made. IN

statements are clearly traceable

investigative relations.

(1) Why is my soul so dirty, why am I so broken and exhausted? (2) We gathered to celebrate the New Year - have fun, go crazy, get excited! (3) This is how normal people celebrate the most wonderful holiday of the year. (4) We started a highly intellectual whine all night about our Russian stupidity, about our outrages. (5) And at least there would be some benefit from it, at least they would sharpen their civic senses, replenish their reserves of courage and bravery for the coming year.

(6) After all, how was it yesterday? (7) Various cases were told, one more disgusting than the other - about bureaucratic arbitrariness, about bribery and corruption - and not the slightest protest, not a single cry of indignation. (8) We got used to it, reconciled. (9) This was precisely where all the horror lay, for who had gathered, who was sitting at the table? (10) Writers, artists, scientists - in a word, those who are usually called mentors, spiritual shepherds.

(11) For a long time, all broken and exhausted, I lay in bed, over and over again turning over in my head all the details of last night, looking around the room with a sad look. (12) A massive TV in the entire corner, a polished sideboard filled with all sorts of crystal junk, dolls in national costumes that I brought from trips abroad...

(13) Where is the New Year tree? (14) My wife and niece usually put a Christmas tree in my room on New Year’s Eve - fresh, frosty, almost without any decorations, in its natural attire, and by morning there was a resinous forest spirit around it.

(15) That’s why I’m not in a festive mood! (16) (I began to explain to myself in a new way the reasons for my bad mood: there is no Christmas tree in the house). (17) Yesterday my wife and niece wandered around the city for two hours - they couldn’t get it. (18) What would New Year be without a Christmas tree?

(19) The bell rang in the hallway - it must be the post office.

(20) She. (21) I recognized Olya the postwoman by her lisping, choking voice. (22) Olya congratulated her wife on the New Year, her wife also congratulated her, and then, as I understood from the further conversation, she wanted to thank her a little for her services: we have a large post office, and Olya sometimes visits us five times a day.

(23) “No, no,” I heard the hasty and lisping voice again, “this is our job, we get paid for it.” (24) You offend me...

(25) Do you offend? (26) Is she being offended? (27) Lord, he gets some pennies for such hard labor (try carrying a pound bag from house to house, from staircase to staircase every day), and even - “offend”...

(28) I went to help my wife. (29) I see: standing in the hallway, a middle-aged girl who has become familiar to me for a long time, wearing a warm scarf. (30) A cheap, worn-out coat with a worn-out rabbit collar, old boots...

(31) And now my wife and I are persuading Olya to accept a gift from both of us. (32) And again: no, no.

(33) I added more money - maybe now it will be more accommodating?

(34) - You offend me! (35) I won’t take your money! - Olya said for the third time. (36) She said it more harshly, in a firm voice, in which, however, hard-pressed tears could be discerned.

(37) I looked into her big, calm gray eyes and suddenly realized that I was really offending her. (38) I am encroaching on her most precious wealth - the honesty and incorruptibility of a working woman.

(39) I felt ashamed to the point of tears. (40) And at the same time, what light poured into my soul!

(According to F. Abramov)

Test yourself

1. faithful ? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 11,12 contain a description.

2) Sentences 37-40 contain the main idea of ​​the text.

3) Sentences 29, 30 present reasoning.

4) Sentence 27 substantiates the idea contained in sentences 25 and 26.

5) Propositions 30, 31 contain the final conclusion.

2. Which of the following statements are faithful ? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 15-18 present the reasoning.

2) The main idea of ​​the text is contained in sentence 22.

3) Sentences 6-10 present the narrative.

4) Sentences 25-27 provide a description.

5) Sentences 11 and 12 contain elements of description.

3. Which of the following statements are erroneous ? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 15-18 present the narrative.

2) Sentences 29,30 contain a description.

3) Sentences 37,38 reveal the meaning inherent in sentences 26, 27.

4) Proposition 33 proves the idea formulated in sentence 26.

5) Sentences 1-3 present the reasoning.

4. Which of the following statements are erroneous ? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentence 12 provides a description.

2) Sentences 9-11 contain a conclusion from what is said in sentences 6-8.

3) Propositions 11,12 contain elements of reasoning.

4) Sentences 19-22 present the narrative.

5) Sentences 16-18 substantiate the idea formulated in sentence 12.

Test yourself:

There is an opinion that you can successfully cope with the test part of the Unified State Exam if you remember the basic rules and regularly perform standard tasks. Indeed, many skills are easily brought to automaticity. However, it’s still not worth completing test tasks “automatically”: you can fall into a “trap” and lose precious points. Conclusion: you need to work with every single test task consciously. “Automation” will not help here, and “training” is useless.

Let’s look at the most common “traps” and try not to fall into them. After all, forewarned is forearmed.

Tested unstressed vowels in the root.

In order not to make a mistake in their spelling, it is necessary to select a test word (a word with the same root and the form of the word) so that the emphasis begins to fall: tr...va - herbs - tr A va. This rule is familiar even to first-graders. But still…

***

"Trap" 1.

Verbs with the suffixes -YVA-, -IVA- cannot be test words!

Try to find a test word for the word oh...give me. Alas, for some of us, an insidious intuition will tell us the forms of the verb op A hello, oh A rises and so on. However, related words will be tested P ABOUT rear, P ABOUT damn- which means at the root of the word op O create is written O.

Why can’t the word be late be a test word, while other similar verbs are successfully used for these purposes? Let's remember: priv...dit - priv ABOUT dit, p...sat - p AND shet.

Attention, the correct answer is: word be late The suffix -YVA- prevents it from being a check. The fact is that when forming verb forms with the suffixes -YVA- AND -IVA-, an alternation of O and A occurs in the root. Therefore, it is not worth checking the vowels in the roots with such verbs.

So, let's remember: verb with the suffix -YVA- or -WILLOW- cannot be a test word!

Op O write: test word - P O rear(but not op A building yva t),

coloring O It: test word cr O th(but not coloring A willow t),

present O yat: test word present O th(but not present A willow t).

***

"Trap" 2.

When choosing a test word, consider the meaning!

Words may sound exactly the same, but be spelled differently. It all depends on the meaning.

Compare: sp...shit (text from the board) And sleep (to class). In both words, at the place of the gap, the same vowel sound is heard - the middle one between [i] and [e]. However, we select different test words and insert different letters in place of the gaps: joint venture And sew in the first case and joint venture e sew- in the second.

In Unified State Exam tests, such words are written with a mark in brackets. For example, is developing (in the wind) or is developing (child) . Do not neglect such notes. They mean that a word can be written differently depending on its meaning. Of course, you have already selected the test words and know that in the first case you need to insert the letter e (test word - V e yat), and in the second – And (test word - development And tie).

***

Unverifiable unstressed vowels in the root.

It would seem, what “traps” could there be in words with unverifiable vowels? Teach them, try to remember as much as possible and as best as possible - and you will be happy. But it was not there! There are plenty of “traps” here too.

***

"Trap" 3.

Don't check the spelling of vowels with words that don't exist!

One of the most common mistakes is that unverifiable vowels are often confused with verifiable vowels and even attempts are made to find test words for them.

It is impossible to check the stress of highlighted vowels in words: ign O extract, extract e small, morning A mbovat, nav A waiting. These are words with unverifiable vowels!

Vowel O in a word ign O rant can't be verified by words ignore if only for the reason that the word ignore is jargon and does not yet exist in the literary language.

Letter e in a word extra e small can't be verified by words extra And m. These words came into our language in different ways. It just so happens that the noun extreme borrowed from English quite recently, much later than the word extra e small(from French extreme).

Word morning A beat has nothing to do with tr O mbom. This means that it is not worth checking it with this word. Word compact came to our language at the beginning of the 19th century from Polish, where tr a mbować Means "to trample underfoot", and in Russian it is unverifiable.

Word nav A waiting has nothing to do with V O waiting, that’s why the vowels in the roots of these words are written differently - A And O respectively. Moreover, the vowel is at the root of the word nav A waiting unverifiable, but in the word V O waiting– verifiable (test word – drives). Word obsession came to the Russian language from Old Church Slavonic - from nav A child, that is "to deceive".

***

Alternating unstressed vowels in the root.

Each alternating root has a strictly assigned meaning - try not to forget about this when repeating the rules.

"Trap" 4.

Roots can be homonymous!

What means homonymous roots? Just like homonym words, these roots sound and are even written the same, but have completely different meanings.

Root gar//gor Connected with combustion, combustion, ignition: G O howl, sg O army, prig O bark, bark A R and so on. Root mountains exists in words with a different meaning, but is no longer alternating in them. In a word G O rishy unstressed O fundamentally verifiable (test word – G O ry); in a word G O roar– about is also fundamentally verified – in a word G O re.

Meaning of alternating root grow // grow // grow – “that which is associated with growth, vegetation”: R A groaning, adult A puppy, water O if. In a word R O sa vowel at root verifiable ( R O sy).

Alternating root ter // shooting range Connected with friction, abrasion: you are t e r, zat And army. Vowel e at the root of the word sweat e swear verifiable (sweat e rya).

Alternating root cas//kos has the meaning “touch, touch”: to touch, touch. Vowel O in a word To O sa (in any meaning) verifiable (To O sy). Checked by stress and O at the root of the word To O soy (to O co).

Very often, schoolchildren confuse the alternating root with homonymous roots world//mer, which matters "dying, fading". Do not forget that the vowels in the roots of words are verifiable, not alternating:

approx. And roar (enemies)- check with a word world,

approx. e roar (suit)- check with a word fitting,

cm And scramble- check with a word cm And rnary.

Of course, these are not all the “traps” that the writers of the Unified State Exam tests set for you. “The Unified State Exam is like a minefield,” admitted one of the graduates... Perhaps he is right. But neither “mines” nor “traps” are scary for those who conscientiously prepare for the exam.

Check how well you are ready to complete task 8 on the Unified State Exam in Russian: