The concept of specific gravity is very often found in various fields of science and life. What does it mean and how to calculate specific gravity?
Concept in physics
Specific gravity in physics is defined as the weight of a substance per unit volume. In the SI measurement system, this value is measured in N/m3. To understand how much 1 N/m3 is, it can be compared with the value of 0.102 kgf/m3.
where P is body weight in Newtons; V is the volume of the body in cubic meters.
If we consider simple water as an example, we will notice that its density and specific gravity are almost the same and change very little with changes in pressure or temperature. Her y. V. equal to 1020 kgf/m3. The more salts are dissolved in this water, the greater the value of y. V. This figure for sea water is much greater than for fresh water, and is equal to 1150 - 1300 kgf/m3.
The scientist Archimedes once noticed a long time ago that a buoyant force acts on a body immersed in water. This force is equal to the amount of liquid that the body displaced. When a body weighs less than the volume of displaced fluid, it floats on the surface and goes to the bottom if the situation is the opposite.
Specific Gravity Calculation
“How to calculate the specific gravity of metals?” - this question often occupies those who develop heavy industry. This procedure is needed in order to find among the various variations of metals those that will have better characteristics.
The features of various alloys are as follows: depending on what metal is used, be it iron, aluminum or brass, of the same volume, the alloy will have a different mass. The density of a substance, calculated using a certain formula, is directly related to the question that workers ask when processing metals: “How to calculate specific gravity?”
As mentioned above, y. V. is the ratio of a body's weight to its volume. Do not forget that this value is also defined as the force of gravity of the volume of the substance being determined as a basis. For metals they have. V. and density are in the same ratio as the weight to the mass of the subject. Then you can use another formula that will answer the question of how to calculate the specific gravity: water/density = weight/mass=g, where g is a constant value. The unit of measurement is y. V. metals is also N/m3.
Thus, we have come to the conclusion that the specific gravity of a metal is called the weight per unit volume of a dense or non-porous material. To determine y. c., you need to divide the mass of dry material by its volume in an absolutely dense state - in fact, this is the formula used to determine the weight of the metal. To achieve this result, the metal is brought into such a state that there are no pores left in its particles, and it has a homogeneous structure.
Share in the economy
The share in the economy is one of the most frequently discussed indicators. It is calculated to analyze the economic, financial part of the organization’s business activities, etc. This is one of the main methods of statistical analysis, or rather, the relative magnitude of this structure.
Often the concept of share in economics is a designation of any share of the total volume. The unit of measurement in this case is the percentage.
U.V. = (Part of the whole/Whole)X100%.
As you can see, this is a well-known formula for finding the percentage relationship between the whole and its part. This entails compliance with 2 very important rules:
- The overall structure of the phenomenon under consideration should be no more and no less than 100%.
- It does not matter at all what specific structure is being considered, be it the structure of assets or the share of personnel, the structure of the population or the share of costs, the calculation in any case will be carried out according to the above formula.
Specific gravity in medicine
Specific gravity in medicine is a fairly common concept. It is used for analysis. It has long been known that u.v. water is proportional to the concentration of dissolved substances in it; the more of them, the greater the specific gravity. U.v. distilled water at 4 degrees Celsius is 1.000. It follows that u.v. urine can give an idea of the amount of substances dissolved in it. From here you can make one or another diagnosis.
The specific gravity of human urine ranges from 1.001 to 1.060. Young children have less concentrated urine with readings ranging from 1.002 to 1.030. In the first days after birth, the specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.002 to 1.020. According to these data, doctors can judge the functioning of the kidneys and make one or another diagnosis.
From school physics, everything is known that even bodies of the same volume, but made of different materials, have fundamentally different masses. From this statement it follows that if bodies are made of the same material and have the same mass, then their volumes are identical. That is, mass is directly proportional to volume for one substance. The quantity that determines the ratio of mass to volume is usually called density.
Density is often denoted by the letter d of the Latin alphabet. As is already known, volume and mass are denoted by the letters m and V, respectively.
The concept of density is widely used in physics. For example, using a known density, you can easily find the mass of a substance. To do this, you just need to use the formula m=Vd.
One unit of density is the density of a substance whose mass is equal to one per unit volume. According to the SI system, density is measured in kg/m3, in the GHS system density is measured in g/cm3, and in the MKSS system it is customary to measure density in tem/m3.
How to calculate specific gravity? Incredibly often, together with the concept of density, such a concept as specific gravity is used. Specific gravity is usually called the ratio of the weight of a completely homogeneous body of a certain substance to its volume. Specific gravity is denoted by the Latin letter ?. That is, specific gravity can be considered the force of gravity that is inherent in one unit volume of a substance.
How to calculate specific gravity: formula
Specific gravity is calculated using the formula y=P/V. The ratio of specific gravity and density is proportional to the ratio of weight and body mass. That is: y/d=P/m=g.
These quantities are often used to calculate various physical data. To facilitate such calculations, special tables have been created with information on the density of both solid and liquid substances in different measuring systems. It is worth considering that such tables often round off measurement data for substances that do not have an exact, strict density (such substances include wood, concrete, etc.). Remember also that very often when moving from one system of units to another, 1/10 is taken as a conversion factor (instead of the accepted 1/9.8).
Specific gravity calculation is actively used in various fields. This indicator is used in economics, statistics, analysis of financial activities, sociology and other fields. We will tell you how to determine the specific gravity of a substance in this article. Sometimes this calculation is used in writing analytical sections of dissertations and term papers.
Specific gravity is a method of statistical analysis, one of the types of relative quantities. Less commonly, the indicator is called the share of the phenomenon, that is, the percentage of the element in the total volume of the population. Its calculations are usually carried out directly as a percentage using one or another formula, depending on what the specific gravity is being determined.
How to calculate the specific gravity of any substances or elements
Each thing or means has a certain set of characteristics. The main property of any substance is specific gravity, that is, the ratio of the mass of a particular object and the volume it occupies. We obtain this indicator based on the mechanical definition of substance (matter). Through it we move to the area of qualitative definitions. The material is no longer perceived as an amorphous substance that tends to its center of gravity.
For example, all bodies of the solar system differ in their specific gravity, as they differ in their weight and volume. If we look at our planet and its shells (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere), it turns out that they differ in their characteristics, including specific gravity. Likewise, chemical elements have their own weight, but in their case it is atomic.
Share in the economy - formula
Many people mistakenly take the specific gravity of density, but these are two fundamentally different concepts. The first is not one of the physical and chemical characteristics and differs from the density indicator, for example, like weight from mass. The formula for calculating specific gravity looks like this: = mg / V. If density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume, then the desired indicator can be calculated using the formula = g.
Specific gravity is calculated in two ways:
- using volume and mass;
- experimentally, comparing pressure values. Here it is necessary to use the hydrostatic equation: P = Po + h. However, this method of calculating specific gravity is acceptable if all measured quantities are known. Based on the data obtained using the experimental method, we conclude that each substance that is in the vessels will have a different height and flow rate.
To calculate the specific gravity indicator, use another formula that we learned in school physics lessons. The Archimedes force, as we remember, is buoyant energy. For example, there is a load with a certain mass (we denote the load by the letter “m”), and it floats on the water. At the moment, the load is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes. According to the formula, the Archimedes force looks like this: Fapx = gV. Since g is equal to the specific gravity of the liquid, we get another equation: Fapx = yV. It follows: y = Fapx / V.
Simply put, specific gravity is equal to weight divided by volume. Moreover, the formula can be presented in various interpretations. However, the content and calculation method will be the same. So, the specific gravity is equal to: divide a part of the whole by the whole and multiply by 100%. There are two important rules to remember when making calculations:
- The sum of all particles must always be equal to 100%. Otherwise, additional rounding should be done, and calculations should be carried out using hundredths.
- There is no fundamental difference in what exactly you are counting: population, income of the organization, manufactured products, balance sheet, debt, active capital, revenue - the calculation methodology will be the same: distributing the part by the total and multiplying by 100% = specific weight.
Examples of economic calculations of specific gravity
Let's give a clear example. The director of a wood processing plant wants to calculate the share of sales of a specific type of product - boards. He must know the sales value of a given product and the total volume. For example, a product is a board, beam, slab. Revenue from each type of product is 155 thousand, 30 thousand and 5 thousand rubles. The specific vaginal value is 81.6%, 15.8%, 26%. Consequently, the total revenue is 190 thousand, and the total share is 100%. To calculate the specific gravity of the board, divide 155 thousand by 190 thousand and multiply by 100. We get 816%.
Workers (personnel)
Calculating the proportion of workers is one of the most popular types of calculations when studying a group of workers. The study of qualitative and quantitative indicators of personnel is often used for statistical reporting of companies. Let's try to understand what options exist for calculating the proportion of personnel. The calculation of this indicator has the form of a relative value of the structure. Therefore, it is necessary to use the same formula: divide part of the whole (group of employees) by the whole (total number of employees) and multiply by 100%.
VAT deductions
To determine the share of tax deductions attributable to a certain amount of sales turnover, it is necessary to divide this number by the total amount of turnover and multiply the result by the amount of tax deductions attributable to the total amount of sales turnover. Specific gravity is calculated with an accuracy of at least four decimal places. And the amount of turnover is the number of the tax base and VAT calculated from this tax base, and the amount of decrease (increase) in the tax base.
On balance
The determination of balance sheet liquidity is based on a comparison of assets with liabilities for liabilities. Moreover, the first ones are distributed into groups according to their liquidity and placed in descending order of liquidity. And the latter are grouped in accordance with their maturity dates and arranged in ascending order of maturity. According to the degree of liquidity (the speed of transformation into cash equivalent), the organization’s assets are divided into:
- The most liquid assets (A1) are the entire set of cash items of the organization and short-term investments (securities). This group is calculated as follows: A1 = Money on the company’s balance sheet + Short-term investments.
- Operating assets (A2) - debt to debit, payments of which are expected within a year after the reporting date. Formula: A2 = Short-term accounts receivable.
- Slowly moving assets (A3) are components of the second asset of the balance sheet, including inventories, accounts receivable (with payments that will not be received earlier than in a year), VAT and other defensive assets. To get indicator A3 you need to sum up all the listed assets.
- Hard-to-sell assets (A4) are outside the current assets of the company’s balance sheet.
assets
To determine the specific indicator of any assets of an enterprise, you need to obtain the sum of all its assets. To do this, use the formula: A = B + C + D + E + F + G. Moreover, A is all the assets of the organization, its real estate, C is the total number of deposits, D is all machines and equipment; E - number of securities; F - cash available in the assets of the company; G-patents, company trademarks. Having the amount, you can find the share of a certain type of asset of the organization.
fixed assets
The share of various groups of fixed assets in the total value represents the structure of fixed assets. The share of fixed assets at the beginning of the year is calculated by dividing the value of fixed assets (on the balance sheet of the enterprise at the beginning of the year) by the amount of the balance sheet at the same point in time. First, you need to determine what the company's fixed assets are. This:
- real estate (workshops, industrial architectural and construction facilities, warehouses, laboratories, engineering and construction facilities, including tunnels, roads, overpasses, etc.);
- transmission devices (equipment for transporting gaseous, liquid substances and electricity, for example, gas networks, heating networks)
- machines and equipment (generators, steam engines, transformers, turbines, measuring instruments, various machines, laboratory equipment, computers and much more);
- vehicles (cars, motorcycles, passenger cars for transporting goods, trolleys)
- tools (except special tools and equipment)
- production means, inventory (racks, machines, work tables)
- household equipment (furniture, appliances);
- other fixed assets (museum and library materials).
expenses
When calculating the specific weight of expenses, parts of individual material or other (for example, raw materials) expenses are used. The calculation formula looks like this: expenses are divided by cost and multiplied by 100%. For example, the cost of production consists of the price of raw materials (150,000 rubles), employee salaries (100,000 rubles), energy costs (20,000 rubles) and rent (50,000 rubles). So, the cost is 320,000 rubles. And the share of expenses for salaries is 31% (100 / 320x100%), for raw materials - 47% (150 / 32x100%), for rent - 16% (50 / 320x100%), the balance - 6% falls on electrical costs.
How to automate calculations in Excel?
Specific gravity is determined by the ratio of the weight of matter (P) to the volume it occupies (V). For example, there are 85 students studying at the university, of which 11 passed the exam with “5”. How to calculate their share in an Excel table? You should set the percentage format in the cell with the result, then there will be no need to multiply by 100 - this, like conversion to percentages, happens automatically. We set in one cell (let's say R4C2) the values 85 in another (R4C3) - 11. In the resulting cell you should write the formula = R4C3 / R4C2.
how to calculate the share of accounts receivable formula Video.
The structure of an enterprise's income shows the share of each type of income as a percentage in their total amount.
From t.r. = Dj / Addit *100% (1.5)
where, C t.r. – share of each income group in total income, %
Dj – quantitative value of the income group, rub
Dovsh – the amount of total income, rub.
Using formula (1.5), we find the share of income from core activities, the share of income from non-core activities, and the share of income from non-operating operations:
From t.r. = D o.d. / D total *100%
From t.r. = D n.d. / D total *100%
From t.r. = D v.o. / D total *100%
The calculation results are given in Table 2.
Table 2 - Calculation of the enterprise income structure
Present the structure in diagram form.
1.3 Calculation of the implementation of the enterprise’s income plan.
Fulfillment of the enterprise's total income plan is calculated using the formula:
Yissue Pl. = D fact / D pl. *100% (1.6)
where, Yissue Pl. – percentage of income plan fulfillment
D fact – Income actually completed for the current period, rub
D pl. – planned income for the current period, rub
You should analyze the percentage of fulfillment of the income plan.
Section 2. Efficiency of labor resources.
The efficiency of labor resources produced per unit of time or the ratio of the amount produced to the cost of living labor.
Labor productivity for the enterprise as a whole can be calculated using the formula:
PT = D o.d. /R (2.3)
where, Fri – labor productivity, thousand rubles/person
D o.d. – income from core activities, thousand rubles/person
P – average number of employees, people
The percentage of completion of the labor productivity plan is determined by the formula:
Labor resources are the totality of workers of different groups employed at the enterprise and included in its payroll.
The performance of an enterprise and its competitiveness largely depend on the efficiency of use and quality of labor resources.
2.1 Calculation of the average number of employees.
The average annual number of employees is calculated using the formula:
P = (PI + PII + PIII + PIV)/4 (2.1)
where, P – average annual number of employees, people
PI, PII,PIII,PIV – number of employees at the beginning of each quarter
Fulfillment of the employee number plan:
Yр = Рfact. / Rpl. *100% (2.2)
where, Yр – percentage of fulfillment of the employee number plan
Rfact. - Average number of employees for the current year
Rpl. – Average number of employees according to the plan for the current year
2.2. Labor productivity calculation
Labor productivity characterizes the efficiency of using labor resources in an enterprise.
The level of labor productivity is expressed by the number of products
Y exhaust pl. = PT actual / PT pl.*100% (2.4)
where, Y vyp.pl. – percentage of fulfillment of the labor productivity plan
PT fact – actual implementation of the labor productivity plan, thousand rubles/person.
PT pl – labor productivity plan, thousand rubles/person
The implementation of the labor productivity plan should be analyzed.
An increase in income from the core activities of an enterprise can be achieved due to the influence of 2 factors: growth in labor productivity, growth in the number of employees.
The share of income growth, in percentage, obtained due to the growth of labor productivity compared to the plan is determined by the formula:
Q = (1- %P/%Do.d.)*100 (2.5)
where, Q is the percentage increase in income obtained due to growth in labor productivity
%P – Percentage of increase in the number of employees compared to the plan
%Do.d. – percentage increase in income from core activities compared to the plan
%P=(Рfact./Рpla.-1)*100% (2.6)
where, Rfact. – actual number of employees.
Rpl. – planned number of employees.
%Do.d. =(D.d. fact./D.d.pl.-1)*100% (2.7)
where, Do.d fact – actual income from product sales.
D o.d. pl. – planned income from product sales
If an enterprise has an increase in the number of employees, then the entire increase in income is obtained due to an increase in the number of workers and labor productivity.
Specific gravity and its calculation is one of the most frequently used indicators. Its calculation is used in statistics, organizational economics, financial business analysis, economic analysis, sociology and many other disciplines. In addition, the specific gravity indicator is used when writing analytical chapters of coursework and dissertations.
Initially, specific gravity is one of the methods of statistical analysis, or rather, even one of the varieties of relative values.
The relative size of the structure is the specific gravity. Sometimes the specific gravity is called the share of the phenomenon, i.e. This is the proportion of an element in the total volume of the population. The calculation of the share of an element or specific gravity (as you like) is most often carried out as a percentage.
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Formula for calculating specific gravity
The formula itself can be presented in different interpretations, but its meaning is the same and the principle of calculation is the same.
Two important rules:
The structure of the phenomenon should always be equal to 100%, no more, no less; if adding the fractions of 100 does not work out, then do additional rounding, and the calculations themselves are best done with hundredths.
The structure of what you are calculating is not so important - the structure of assets, the share of income or expenses, the share of personnel by age, gender, length of service, education, the share of products, the population structure, the share of costs in the cost - the meaning of the calculation will be the same, we divide We multiply the part by the total by 100 and get the specific gravity. Don’t be afraid of different words in the text of the problem, the calculation principle is always the same.
Example of specific gravity calculation
We check the sum of the shares ∑d = 15.56+32.22+45.56+6.67 = 100.01%, with this calculation there is a deviation from 100%, which means it is necessary to remove 0.01%. If we remove it from the 50 and older group, the adjusted share of this group will be 6.66%.
We enter the obtained data into the final calculation table
All direct problems for determining specific gravity have this calculation principle.
Complex structure - There are situations when the source data presents a complex structure and several groupings are made within the phenomenon. The object is divided into groups, and each group, in turn, is not yet a subgroup.
In such a situation, there are two ways to calculate:
– either we calculate all groups and subgroups according to a simple scheme, divide each number by the final data;
Either we count groups from the general data, and subgroups from the value of the given group.
We use a simple structure calculation. We divide each group and subgroup by the total population. Using this method of calculation, we find out the share of each group and subgroup in the total population. When checking, you will only need to add up the groups - in this example, the urban and rural population in the total number, otherwise if you add up all the data, the sum of the shares will be 200%, and a double count will appear.
We enter the calculation data into the table
Let's calculate the share of each group in the total population and the share of each subgroup in the group. The share of urban and rural population in the total population will remain the same as in the calculation above 65.33% and 34.67%.
But the calculation of the shares of men and women will change. Now we will need to calculate the proportion of men and women in relation to the size of the urban population or rural population.
That's all. Nothing complicated or difficult.
Good luck to everyone in their calculations!
If something in the article is not clear, ask questions in the comments.
And if suddenly someone finds it difficult to solve problems, contact the group and we will help!
To avoid confusion, I will create a formula from your assignment, i.e.
We need to find the specific gravity
There are two meanings:
1 - some indicator
2 - general part
We need to find it as a percentage.
So the formula will be like this:
Specific gravity = some indicator / total part * 100%
There is some common part. She takes it 100%. It consists of separate components. Their specific gravity can be calculated using the following template (formula):
Thus, the numerator will contain a part of the whole, and the denominator will contain the whole itself, and the fraction itself will be multiplied by one hundred percent.
When finding specific gravity, you must remember two important rules, otherwise the solution will be incorrect:
Examples of calculations in a simple and complex structure can be viewed at the link.
Let's consider the calculation of the share in percentage terms using the example of calculating the share of the average number of employees; for ease of writing, we will define this term by the abbreviation SCHR.
The procedure for calculating the SCR is provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clause 1, article 11.
To calculate the NPV for each individual division, head office and organization in full, you need to calculate the NPV for each month, then the NPV for the reporting period.
The amount of NPV for each calendar day of the month, divided by the number of days of the month, will equal the NPV for the month.
The amount of NPV for each month of the reporting period, divided by the number of months of the reporting period, equals the NPV for the reporting period.
In accordance with clause 8-1.4 of the Rosstat instructions, the SSR is indicated only in full units. For young, newly formed separate units, the value of the NFR for the reporting period may be less than a whole number. Therefore, in order not to conflict with the tax authorities, for tax purposes it is proposed to apply mathematical rules to calculate data, less than 0.5 should not be taken into account, and more than 0.5 should be rounded to one.
The value of the NFR of a separate division/parent organization, divided by the value of the NFR for the organization as a whole for the reporting period, will be equal to the indicator of the specific weight of the NFR of each individual division and parent organization.
First, let's understand what the specific gravity of a component of a substance is. This is its ratio to the total mass of the substance, multiplied by 100%. It's simple. You know how much the whole substance (mixture, etc.) weighs, you know the weight of a specific ingredient, divide the weight of the ingredient by the total weight, multiply by 100% and get the answer. Specific gravity can also be estimated through specific gravity.
To assess the importance of a particular indicator, you need calculate specific gravity as a percentage. For example, in a budget you need to calculate the relative weight of each item in order to deal with the most important budget items first.
To calculate the specific weight of indicators, you need to divide the sum of each indicator by the total sum of all indicators and multiply by 100, that is: (indicator/sum)x100. We get the weight of each indicator as a percentage.
For example: (255/844)x100=30.21%, that is, the weight of this indicator is 30.21%.
The sum of all specific gravity should ultimately equal 100, so you can check correct calculation of specific gravity as a percentage.
Specific gravity is calculated as a percentage. You find the share of the particular from the general, which, in turn, is taken as 100%.
Let's explain with an example. We have a package/bag of fruit that weighs 10 kg. The bag contains bananas, oranges and tangerines. The weight of bananas is 3 kg, the weight of oranges is 5 kg, and the weight of tangerines is 2 kg.
To determine specific gravity, for example, for oranges you need to take the weight of the oranges divided by the total weight of the fruit and multiply by 100%.
So, 5 kg/10 kg and multiply by 100%. We get 50% - this is the specific gravity of oranges.
The specific gravity is calculated as a percentage!! Let’s say it’s a part of the whole. So we divide the part by the whole number and multiply by 100%.
Then 10002000*100%=50. And so each specific gravity needs to be calculated.
To calculate the specific weight of an indicator as a percentage of the total part, you need to directly divide the value of this indicator by the value of the total part and multiply the resulting number by one hundred percent. This will give you the specific gravity as a percentage.
Specific gravity as a physical indicator is calculated by the formula:
Where P is the weight,
and V is volume.
Percentage specific gravity is calculated by simply taking the Whole Specific Gravity to the Part of the Specific Gravity. To get a percentage, you need to multiply the final result by 100:
Determination of specific gravity
The physical quantity, which is the ratio of the weight of a material to the volume it occupies, is called the HC of the material.
Materials science of the 21st century has gone far ahead and technologies that were considered science fiction a hundred years ago have already been mastered. This science can offer modern industry alloys that differ from each other in qualitative parameters, but also in physical and technical properties.
To determine how a certain alloy can be used for production, it is advisable to determine the HC. All objects made with the same volume, but different types of metals were used for their production, will have different masses, it is in a clear connection with volume. That is, the ratio of volume to mass is a certain constant number characteristic of this alloy.
To calculate the density of a material, a special formula is used, which has a direct connection with the HC of the material.
By the way, the HC of cast iron, the main material for creating steel alloys, can be determined by the weight of 1 cm 3, reflected in grams. The more HC the metal, the heavier the finished product will be.
Specific gravity formula
The formula for calculating HC looks like the ratio of weight to volume. To calculate hydrocarbons, it is permissible to use the calculation algorithm, which is set out in a school physics course.
To do this, it is necessary to use Archimedes' law, or more precisely, the definition of the force that is buoyant. That is, a load with a certain mass and at the same time it floats on the water. In other words, it is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes.
The formula for calculating the Archimedean force is as follows
where g is the hydrocarbon liquid. After the substitution, the formula takes the following form: F=y×V, from here we obtain the formula for the shock load y=F/V.
Difference between weight and mass
What is the difference between weight and mass. In fact, in everyday life, it does not play any role. In fact, in the kitchen, we don't make a difference between the weight of a chicken and its mass, but there are serious differences between these terms.
This difference is clearly visible when solving problems related to the movement of bodies in interstellar space and neither those having relations with our planet, and under these conditions these terms differ significantly from each other.
We can say the following, the term weight has meaning only in the zone of gravity, i.e. if a certain object is located next to a planet, star, etc. Weight can be called the force with which a body presses on the obstacle between it and the source of attraction. This force is measured in newtons. As an example, we can imagine the following picture: next to a paid education there is a stove with a certain object located on its surface. The force with which an object presses on the surface of the slab will be the weight.
Body mass is directly related to inertia. If we consider this concept in detail, we can say that mass determines the size of the gravitational field created by the body. In fact, this is one of the key characteristics of the universe. The key difference between weight and mass is this - mass does not depend on the distance between the object and the source of gravitational force.
To measure mass, many quantities are used - kilogram, pound, etc. There is an international SI system, which uses the usual kilograms, grams, etc. But besides it, many countries, for example, the British Isles, have their own system of weights and measures, where weight is measured in pounds.
UV - what is it?
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of matter to its volume. In the SI international system of measurements it is measured as newton per cubic meter. To solve certain problems in physics, hydrocarbons are determined as follows - how much heavier the substance being examined is than water at a temperature of 4 degrees, provided that the substance and water have equal volumes.
For the most part, this definition is used in geological and biological studies. Sometimes, the HC calculated using this method is called relative density.
What are the differences
As already noted, these two terms are often confused, but since weight directly depends on the distance between the object and the gravitational source, and mass does not depend on this, therefore the terms shock wave and density differ from each other.
But it is necessary to take into account that under certain conditions mass and weight may coincide. It is almost impossible to measure HC at home. But even at the school laboratory level, such an operation is quite easy to perform. The main thing is that the laboratory is equipped with scales with deep bowls.
The item must be weighed under normal conditions. The resulting value can be designated as X1, after which the bowl with the load is placed in water. In this case, in accordance with Archimedes' law, the load will lose part of its weight. In this case, the balance beam will warp. To achieve balance, a weight must be added to the other bowl. Its value can be designated as X2. As a result of these manipulations, a shock wave will be obtained, which will be expressed as the ratio of X1 and X2. In addition to substances in the solid state, specific values can also be measured for liquids and gases. In this case, measurements can be performed under different conditions, for example, at elevated ambient temperatures or low temperatures. To obtain the required data, instruments such as a pycnometer or hydrometer are used.
Units of specific gravity
Several systems of weights and measures are used in the world, in particular, in the SI system, hydrocarbons are measured in the ratio of N (Newton) to a cubic meter. In other systems, for example, the GHS for specific gravity uses the following unit of measurement: d(din) per cubic centimeter.
Metals with the highest and lowest specific gravity
In addition to the concept of specific gravity used in mathematics and physics, there are also quite interesting facts, for example, about the specific gravities of metals from the periodic table. If we talk about non-ferrous metals, then the heaviest ones include gold and platinum.
These materials exceed in specific gravity such metals as silver, lead and many others. “Light” materials include magnesium with a weight lower than that of vanadium. We must not forget about radioactive materials, for example, the weight of uranium is 19.05 grams per cubic cm. That is, 1 cubic meter weighs 19 tons.
Specific gravity of other materials
It is difficult to imagine our world without many materials used in production and everyday life. For example, without iron and its compounds (steel alloys). The HC of these materials fluctuates in the range of one to two units and these are not the best results. Aluminum, for example, has low density and low specific gravity. These indicators allowed it to be used in the aviation and space industries.
Copper and its alloys have a specific gravity comparable to lead. But its compounds - brass and bronze are lighter than other materials, due to the fact that they use substances with a lower specific gravity.
How to calculate the specific gravity of metals
How to determine hydrocarbons - this question often arises among specialists employed in heavy industry. This procedure is necessary in order to determine exactly those materials that will differ from each other in improved characteristics.
One of the key features of metal alloys is which metal is the base metal of the alloy. That is, iron, magnesium or brass, having the same volume, will have different masses.
The density of the material, which is calculated based on a given formula, is directly related to the issue under consideration. As already noted, HC is the ratio of the weight of a body to its volume; we must remember that this value can be defined as the force of gravity and the volume of a certain substance.
For metals, HC and density are determined in the same proportion. It is permissible to use another formula that allows you to calculate the HC. It looks like this: HC (density) is equal to the ratio of weight and mass, taking into account g, a constant value. We can say that the HC of a metal can be called the weight per unit volume. In order to determine the HC, it is necessary to divide the mass of dry material by its volume. In fact, this formula can be used to obtain the weight of a metal.
By the way, the concept of specific gravity is widely used in the creation of metal calculators used to calculate the parameters of rolled metal of various types and purposes.
The HC of metals is measured in qualified laboratories. In practical terms, this term is rarely used. Much more often, the concepts of light and heavy metals are used; metals with a low specific gravity are considered light, and metals with a high specific gravity are classified as heavy.
Difference between weight and mass
First, it’s worth discussing the difference, which is completely unimportant in everyday life. But if you are solving physical problems about the movement of bodies in space not connected with the surface of planet Earth, then the differences that we will give are very significant. So, let's describe the difference between weight and mass.
Weight determination
Weight only makes sense in a gravitational field, that is, near large objects. In other words, if a person is in the gravitational zone of a star, planet, large satellite or a decent-sized asteroid, then weight is the force that the body exerts on the obstacle between him and the source of gravity in a stationary frame of reference. This quantity is measured in newtons. Imagine that a star is hanging in space, at some distance from it there is a stone slab, and on the slab lies an iron ball. This is the force with which he presses on the obstacle, this will be the weight.
As you know, gravity depends on the distance and mass of the attracting object. That is, if the ball lies far from a heavy star or close to a small and relatively light planet, then it will act on the plate in the same way. But at different distances from the source of gravity, the resistance force of the same object will be different. What does it mean? If a person moves within one city, then nothing. But if we are talking about a climber or a submariner, then let him know: deep under the ocean, closer to the core, objects have more weight than at sea level, and high in the mountains - less. However, within our planet (by the way, not the largest even in the solar system), the difference is not so significant. It becomes noticeable when going into outer space, beyond the atmosphere.
Determination of mass
Mass is closely related to inertia. If you go deeper, it determines what gravitational field the body creates. This physical quantity is one of the most fundamental characteristics. It depends only on matter at non-relativistic (that is, close to light) speeds. Unlike weight, mass does not depend on the distance to another object; it determines the force of interaction with it.
Also, the value of the mass of an object is invariant to the system in which it is determined. It is measured in quantities such as kilogram, ton, pound (not to be confused with foot) and even stone (which means “stone” in English). It all depends on what country a person lives in.
Determination of specific gravity
Now that the reader has understood this important difference between two similar concepts and does not confuse them with each other, we will move on to what specific gravity is. This term refers to the ratio of the weight of a substance to its volume. In the universal SI system it is denoted as newton per cubic meter. Note that the definition refers to a substance that is mentioned either in a purely theoretical (usually chemical) aspect, or in relation to homogeneous bodies.
In some problems solved in specific areas of physical knowledge, specific gravity is calculated as the following ratio: how much heavier the substance under study is than water of four degrees Celsius with equal volumes. As a rule, this approximate and relative value is used in sciences related, rather, to biology or geology. This conclusion is based on the fact that the indicated temperature is the average in the ocean across the planet. In another way, the specific gravity determined by the second method can be called relative density.
Difference Between Specific Gravity and Density
The ratio that determines this quantity can easily be confused with density, since it is mass divided by volume. However, weight, as we have already found out, depends on the distance to the source of gravity and its mass, and these concepts are different. It should be noted that under certain conditions, namely at low (non-relativistic) speed, constant g and small accelerations, density and specific gravity can numerically coincide. This means that when calculating two quantities, you can get the same value for them. If the above conditions are met, such a coincidence may lead to the idea that the two concepts are one and the same. This misconception is dangerous due to the fundamental difference between the properties underlying them.
Specific Gravity Measurement
It is difficult to obtain the specific gravity of metals and other solids at home. However, in a simple laboratory equipped with scales with deep bowls, say, in a school, this will not be difficult. A metal object is weighed under normal conditions - that is, simply in air. We will register this value as x1. Then the bowl in which the object lies is immersed in water. At the same time, according to the well-known law of Archimedes, he loses weight. The device loses its original position, the rocker arm warps. A weight is added for balancing. Let's denote its value by x2.
The specific gravity of the body will be the ratio x1 to x2. In addition to metals, specific gravity is measured for substances in various states of aggregation, at unequal pressure, temperature, and other characteristics. To determine the required value, methods of weighing, pycnometer, and hydrometer are used. In each specific case, experimental setups should be selected that take into account all factors.
Substances with the highest and lowest specific gravity
In addition to pure mathematical and physical theory, unique records are of interest. Here we will try to list those elements of the chemical system that have the highest and lowest recorded specific gravity. Among the non-ferrous metals, the heaviest are the noble platinum and gold, followed by tantalum, named after the ancient Greek hero. The first two substances have a specific gravity that is almost twice that of the following silver, molybdenum and lead. Well, the lightest among the noble metals is magnesium, which is almost six times less than the slightly heavier vanadium.
Specific gravity values of some other substances
The modern world would be impossible without iron and its various alloys, and their specific gravity undoubtedly depends on the composition. Its value varies within one or two units, but on average these are not the highest values among all substances. But what can we say about aluminum? Like its density, its specific gravity is very low - only twice that of magnesium. This is a significant advantage for the construction of high-rise buildings, for example, or aircraft, especially in combination with its properties such as strength and malleability.
But copper has a very high specific gravity, almost on a par with silver and lead. At the same time, its alloys, bronze and brass, are slightly lighter due to other metals that have a lower value of the value being discussed. A very beautiful and incredibly expensive diamond, rather, has a low specific gravity value - only three times that of magnesium. Silicon and germanium, without which modern miniature gadgets would be impossible, despite the fact that they have similar structures, are nevertheless different. The specific gravity of the first is almost half that of the second, although both are relatively light substances on this scale.
Specific gravity and its calculation is one of the most frequently used indicators. Its calculation is used in statistics, organizational economics, financial business analysis, economic analysis, sociology and many other disciplines. In addition, the specific gravity indicator is used when writing analytical chapters of coursework and dissertations.
Initially, specific gravity is one of the methods of statistical analysis, or rather, even one of the varieties of relative values.
The relative size of the structure is the specific gravity. Sometimes the specific gravity is called the share of the phenomenon, i.e. This is the proportion of an element in the total volume of the population. The calculation of the share of an element or specific gravity (as you like) is most often carried out as a percentage.
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Formula for calculating specific gravity
The formula itself can be presented in different interpretations, but its meaning is the same and the principle of calculation is the same.
The structure of the phenomenon should always be equal to 100%, no more, no less; if adding the fractions of 100 does not work out, then do additional rounding, and the calculations themselves are best done with hundredths.
The structure of what you are calculating is not so important - the structure of assets, the share of income or expenses, the share of personnel by age, gender, length of service, education, the share of products, the population structure, the share of costs in the cost - the meaning of the calculation will be the same, we divide We multiply the part by the total by 100 and get the specific gravity. Don’t be afraid of different words in the text of the problem, the calculation principle is always the same.
Example of specific gravity calculation
We check the sum of the shares ∑d = 15.56+32.22+45.56+6.67 = 100.01%, with this calculation there is a deviation from 100%, which means it is necessary to remove 0.01%. If we remove it from the 50 and older group, the adjusted share of this group will be 6.66%.
We enter the obtained data into the final calculation table
All direct problems for determining specific gravity have this calculation principle.
Complex structure - There are situations when the source data presents a complex structure and several groupings are made within the phenomenon. The object is divided into groups, and each group, in turn, is not yet a subgroup.
In such a situation, there are two ways to calculate:
– either we calculate all groups and subgroups according to a simple scheme, divide each number by the final data;
Either we count groups from the general data, and subgroups from the value of the given group.
We use a simple structure calculation. We divide each group and subgroup by the total population. Using this method of calculation, we find out the share of each group and subgroup in the total population. When checking, you will only need to add up the groups - in this example, the urban and rural population in the total number, otherwise if you add up all the data, the sum of the shares will be 200%, and a double count will appear.
We enter the calculation data into the table
Let's calculate the share of each group in the total population and the share of each subgroup in the group. The share of urban and rural population in the total population will remain the same as in the calculation above 65.33% and 34.67%.
But the calculation of the shares of men and women will change. Now we will need to calculate the proportion of men and women in relation to the size of the urban population or rural population.
That's all. Nothing complicated or difficult.
Good luck to everyone in their calculations!
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There is probably no schoolchild who has not heard the following problem: “What is lighter - a kilogram of fluff or a kilogram of brick?” The most curious thing is that, despite the verbal absurdity, many people get involved in a useless argument. It is unknown when specific gravity appeared in social practice, but it can be assumed that the assessment of the weight data of surrounding objects based on a comparison of their volumetric characteristics has been known since the time of Archimedes. Specific characteristics are understood as the ratio of some measured quantities, for example, weight and volume. The specific gravity G is calculated through the ratio:
G = P / V, and the SI unit is n/m cubic.
Weight is a measure of Earth's gravity, and specific gravity for this reason is not a physical characteristic of substances, since it depends on the location of the measurements. What does this mean? Let us remember that weight P is a force characteristic of the gravitational field, which is related to the inertial characteristic of matter, mass m, through acceleration g. On the other hand, g is a variable quantity, and depends, among other things, on Since Newton’s first law P = m * g is always valid, we can conclude that the weight is variable simultaneously with the change in the acceleration of gravity.
The classic definition is: “Specific gravity is the ratio to its volume.” However, in this simplicity lies a very significant complexity - the incorrect use of units of measurement has led to confusion of concepts related to mass and weight of the body. As is known, the system unit of mass (SI) is equal to 1 kg, and the force in this system, according to Newton’s law, is measured in newtons, with 1N = 0.102 kg * 9.8 m/sec. sq.
For many technical applications, the unit of force Newton is somewhat inconvenient, so they even went to create a new measurement system - MKGSS. It included mixed units of measurement: meter - kg-force - second. What does this give? Simplifies the use of force units in real life due to the same numerical expression of specific gravity and specific mass, i.e. density in different systems, provided that the acceleration g is constant or negligibly small.
The need to use specific gravity is in demand in technologies for identifying materials, determining impurities in them or the porosity of the structure.
The method for determining the sample structure of precious stones, etc. is well known. The main method of measuring specific gravity is based on various displacement options: the weight of the body is measured and, by immersion in water, its volume, and the rest, as they say, is a matter of technology. It is especially effective to use data obtained in this way when studying metals and their alloys. Usually, the specific gravity of metals with well-studied properties is known a priori. Their identity with new samples is established by many indicators, but the study begins with measuring the specific gravity.
As a rule, water is used as a liquid, and in high-precision measurements it is provided with high stability of external parameters - temperature and pressure. Sometimes, for example, when examining amber for counterfeiting, special liquids with a specific gravity of more than 2 G/cm3 are used.
Specific gravity has become the main technological element when introduced into industrial production. A fine kerosene suspension with ferropowder makes it possible, using a magnetic field, to easily create a liquid with a variable, controlled, or predetermined specific gravity. For such a technological process, it is possible to enrich many other materials with a large amount of impurities, which are separated in layers along the height of the flotation bath in exact accordance with their individual specific gravity. It is quite possible that such environmentally friendly ore enrichment technologies have a great future.
In the activities of any enterprise, specialists have to deal with a certain system of indicators. One of them is specific gravity. In economics, this is an indicator that reflects the weight of a particular financial phenomenon.
General definition
They serve as micromodels of various phenomena in the financial activities of both the state in general and the business entity in particular. They are subject to various fluctuations and changes in connection with the reflection of the dynamics and contradictions of all ongoing processes; they can both approach and move away from their main purpose - assessing and measuring the essence of a specific economic phenomenon. That is why the analyst must always remember the goals and objectives of the research conducted using indicators for assessing various aspects of enterprise activity.
Among the many economic indicators compiled into a certain system, it is necessary to highlight the following:
- natural and cost, which depend on the selected meters;
- qualitative and quantitative;
- volumetric and specific.
It is the latter type of indicators that will be given special attention in this article.
Share in the economy
It is a relative and derived indicator from its volumetric counterparts. As a share, it is customary to consider output per employee, the amount of inventory in days, the level of costs per one ruble of sales, etc. Relative indicators such as structure, dynamics, plan implementation and intensity of development are also widely used.
The share in the economy is the relative share of individual elements in the sum of all its components.
The magnitude of coordination, considered as a comparison of individual structural parts of a single whole, is considered important. An example is the comparison of debt and equity capital in the passive part of the balance sheet of a business entity.
Thus, the share in the economy is an indicator that has some meaning with its significance for analysis and control. However, like any relative indicator, it is characterized by certain limitations. Therefore, the share in the economy, the calculation formula for which is contained in any thematic textbook, should be considered in conjunction with other economic parameters. It is this approach that will allow us to objectively and comprehensively conduct research into the economic activities of business entities in a certain area.
Calculation method
The answer to the question of how to find the share in the economy depends on what specific area needs to be considered. In any case, this is the ratio of a particular indicator to a general one. For example, the share of value added tax revenues in total tax revenues is calculated as the ratio of VAT payments by business entities to the total amount of revenues from all taxes. The share of tax revenues in the revenue part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation is calculated in a similar way, only tax revenues are taken directly as a private indicator, and the total amount of budget revenues for a specific period (for example, a year) is taken as a general indicator.
Unit
How is the share in the economy measured? Of course, as a percentage. The unit of measurement follows from the very formulation of this concept. This is why it is calculated in shares or percentages.
The value of the “share” indicator in the overall assessment of the state’s economy
As mentioned above, the share in the economy characterizes its structure in various areas of activity. For example, the sectoral structure shows the degree of openness of the economy of any state. The higher the share of such basic industries as metallurgy and energy, the lower the state’s involvement in the division of labor at the international level, which characterizes the less openness of its economy as a whole.
Also, the degree of openness of the economy of any state is characterized by the share of exports in GDP (and this is also a relative indicator represented by the share). It is generally accepted that for countries with open economies the share of exports exceeds 30% of GDP, and for closed economies - up to 10%.
However, the considered share of exports in GDP is not the only indicator of the openness or closedness of the economy. Other indicators are also known. An example is the export or which are calculated by finding the ratio of the value of exports (imports) to GDP.
To summarize the above, it should be noted that the share of various indicators in the economic system is a kind of indicator of its successful functioning; based on the structure of its individual areas of activity, conclusions can be drawn about the openness or closedness of the economy. At the same time, an analysis of the structure of any economic sphere will make it possible to timely determine the factors that influence certain indicators.