27.11.2014
An article is a word that defines a noun.
There are two types of articles in English: the definite (the) and the indefinite (a/an).
Based on the names, the indefinite article is used when we are talking about a phenomenon that we encounter for the first time, an object in general, and the definite article is used when we are talking about something specific, or something that has already been encountered in a conversation.
The concept of the article is present in many languages of the world, but in the same number of languages it is absent.
Therefore, do not panic if articles are not used in your native language.
The data will help you make fewer mistakes when speaking English.
It is very important to be able to use the correct articles in your speaking or writing.
1. With the names of countries and continents
In this case we do not use articles at all, BUT if the name of the country consists of parts, such as, USA, UK, UAE, then our article appears the, and it will be: the USA, the UK, the UAE, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands.
This also applies to continents and islands: usually we do not use the article, but if the name is a composite name, the definite article takes place.
For example: Africa, Europe, Bermuda, Tasmania BUT the Virgin Islands, the Bahamas.
- She lived in America.
- They live in England.
- My friend is from the Czech Republic.
2. With the words breakfast, dinner, lunch
When talking about eating in general, there is no article. But if you're talking about a specific breakfast, dinner or lunch, use the.
Eg:
- I don't eat breakfast.
- We didn't like the dinner.
3. With names of work, profession
In this case the indefinite article is used a/an.
For example:
- I want to be a politician.
- My younger brother wants to be a vet.
4. With the names of the cardinal points
Usually the names of the cardinal directions are written with a capital letter, so they are easy to recognize: the North, the South, the East, the West .
True, if a noun indicates a direction, then it should be used without an article and written with a small letter.
For example:
- They went east.
- The North is cooler than the South.
5. With the names of oceans, seas, rivers and canals
Remember that the definite article is always used with the names of these bodies of water.
For example: The Amazon, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Suez Canal .
- I would like to swim in the Red Sea, and you?
- The Amazon is the longest river in the world.
6. With names of unique phenomena
This means that a phenomenon or object exists in one copy, one of a kind, in particular, the sun, the moon, the inter net , the sky , the earth.
Eg:
- The sun is a star.
- We looked up at all the stars in the sky.
- He is always on the internet.
7. With uncountable nouns
This category of nouns implies those units and concepts that we cannot count. Plus, as an identifying mark in most cases, they have no ending –s– plural indicator.
But do not forget that there are ten exceptions to one rule, that is, if you are talking in general about some uncountable concept, there will be no article, but again, if the case is particular, use the.
For example:
- I like bread/milk/honey.
- I like the bread/the milk/the honey. (Specifically this and nothing else.)
8. With last names
If we are talking about members of the same family, you can put the article the before the surname. This way you define a group of people, a family, in one word.
Eg:
- The Smith are coming for dinner today.
- Have you seen the Johnson recently?
These are not all the uses of articles in English. However, first remember these rules, gradually deepening your knowledge
Greetings, my dear readers.
I know I usually start somewhere else, but today I have a task for you right away. I want you to look at these sentences and tell me what the difference is.
Tommy sat down on a chair while waiting for his turn.- Tom sat down on a chair while he waited his turn.
Tommy sat on the chair nearest to the door while waiting for his turn.- Tom sat down on the chair closest to the door while he waited his turn.
You have probably already noticed that the difference is in the very articles and the meanings that they carry. And yes, my dears, today an exciting journey awaits us, where there will be an important topic for you and me - articles in English. I will tell you the basic rules, give you many examples, both for children and adults. I also immediately give you links to and on the topic of articles.
What is it and what is it used for?
Let's define it right away: article- this is what should always come before a noun. He, to put it very roughly, defines the noun so that we can better understand what is being said.
What are they and what are they used with?
There are three of them in total: a, an and the.
And their use depends on what noun follows. There are two types of nouns in English:
- Countable- those that we can count. For example:
Pen
Earring - earring
- Uncountable- those that we cannot count. For example:
Sugar - sugar
Water - water
To understand when articles are used, we also need to remember that nouns are singular (diamond - diamond) or plural (diamonds - diamonds).
And now, to make it absolutely clear to you, here you go table with examples where you can clearly see where and with what they are used.
Brother "a"
This article also bears the not at all proud name “ uncertain » ( ). This is because it is usually placed in front of objects, of which there are many all over the world. And it is used only with nouns that can be counted, and even then if they are singular. That is, if there is a lot of something, and you need to mention one thing, you need to use this particular article. Let's look at examples:
This morning I bought a magazine.- This morning I bought a magazine. (Not a specific magazine, but one that was in the store).
I had a sandwich for lunch.- I had a sandwich for lunch. (Just one sandwich).
My sister has got a job. - My sister got a job. (One of the existing works all over the world).
By the way, the article “a” has a small, modest brother who appears quite rarely - before words starting with vowels. This is "an". His goal is the same, so don’t be afraid - you won’t get confused.
I've got an apple and an orange with me. - I have an apple and an orange with me.
Brother "the"
The article the, also called definite , is used when we know the subject that will be discussed. Next to it, countable and uncountable nouns, both singular and plural, coexist calmly ( You can find out more about him).
In addition, it is very often used with place names and set expressions that you just need to learn. But it is important to remember that everywhere, including in the names of places, there are exceptions, which we will study separately ( Come in to find out about it).
Rosy doesn't feel well. She went to the doctor. - Rosie doesn't feel well. She went to the doctor. (To the doctor she usually goes to).
Did Molly get the job she applied for?- Did Molly get the job she applied for? (Exactly the job she applied for).
When is he not there at all?
OK then,- you say. - When these articles are used, we understand. But we don’t always use only them!
And here you will be right, because the English language has prepared a little test for us and created cases where the article is not needed at all. And this phenomenon even got its name - zero article. Its use is mainly associated with exceptions to the previous rules. Or if we use in speech proper names(Tom, Mary, Ritha) or any concepts in general.
Apples grow on the trees.- Apples grow on trees. (In general, all apples as a species).
Tom bought a bike.- Tom bought himself a motorcycle. (The article is not placed before proper names.)
There are also situations when you don’t need to put anything in front of a noun. It happens after pronouns(my, our, his, this, that, etc.).
By the way, my dears, after completing the lesson with the rules, never forget to practice. I have something for you that will help you secure the new material for a long time. You can also, which will help you remember the rules for using articles for a long time. Of course, articles are not the simplest rules for children, be it 2nd grade or 8th grade. And adults usually suffer with them too. But with my help, I hope you can figure them out faster.
Don't forget that you can receive news from my blog much faster by simply subscribing to the newsletter. Be the first to know about all important events.
In this article we will touch on the topic "Articles"- one of the most “unloved” topics of our students.
Many admit that, although they have gone through this topic many times, they continue to put articles at random and cannot systematize their knowledge in any way. The article THE is particularly difficult. Perhaps you have this problem too.
In preparing this article, we asked our students and subscribers to formulate questions related to the use of the article THE, which they find it difficult to answer on their own. I would like to note that the questions were very similar, so we have summarized them. And here are the questions that interest students:
- Which article should I choose: A or THE?
- How to determine whether the article THE is needed with plural and uncountable nouns?
If you are also not completely confident in the depth of your knowledge about the use of the definite article THE and your previous experience of studying “from a textbook” turned out to be useless, then this material will help you systematize your existing knowledge and, perhaps, learn something new.
Which article should I choose, A or THE?
Let's remember a little from the theory. A(an)- this, he points to an indefinite object, and emphasizes that there is only one object. THE- definite article (definite article), it is used when something is mentioned that is already known to the speakers.
Let's look at an example:
My father bought me a dog.
- Great! What color is the dog?
- The dog is black. And my mother bought me a book.
The first sentence uses article A, since the dog is mentioned for the first time and the interlocutor still knows nothing about it. Further used article THE, since it became clear to both speakers what kind of dog they were talking about. In the last sentence the word book also used with the indefinite article, since it is mentioned for the first time, the interlocutor has not yet determined what kind of book it is.
A few more examples:
Yesterday I got a letter. The letter was from my friend. - Yesterday I received a letter. The letter was from my friend.
I am reading a newspaper. I bought the newspaper from the newsagent. - I am reading a newspaper. I bought a newspaper from a periodical seller.
Remember the rule: If you have a singular countable noun in front of you, then use A if this item is mentioned for the first time or it is vague, unimportant. THE is used if the subject has already been mentioned before and is known to the interlocutors.
Sometimes, despite the fact that something is mentioned for the first time, we can understand from the context what is being said: when additional information about the subject is given, an explanation, or when it is clear from the situation itself. Let's look at examples with explanations:
I was at a party yesterday. - I was at a party yesterday.
(Referring to some kind of party that we don’t know anything about yet)
I was at theparty organized by my friend. - I was at a party organized by my friend.
(We understand what kind of party we are talking about)
He saw a woman in the corridor. - He saw (some) woman in the corridor.
(No additional information is given about the woman)
He saw the woman who lived next door to him. - He saw a woman who lived next door.
(We understand what kind of woman this is)
He entered a door. - He came through the door.
(He entered one of the doors, we do not know which one).
He entered the door nearest to the stairs. - He entered the door closest to the stairs.
(Specify which door exactly)
In what cases is the article THE always used?
Remember a number of cases in which the article THE is always used:
- when something is mentioned that exists in one copy, something unique of its kind: the sun, the moon, the world, the earth, the capital, the ground, the environment, the universe
- with names of groups of people expressed by adjectives: the elderly, the young, the old, the rich, the poor, the unemployed, the disabled and others
- with names that end in -ese And -sh (-ch): the British, the Scottish, the Spanish, the Chinese, the Japanese. With other nationalities, the article THE may not be used: (the) Russians, (the) Americans
- in combinations related to space: the end, the beginning, the middle, the center
- in combinations related to time: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening; the next, the last, the present, the future, the past
- with names of titles and positions: the King, the president, the Prime Minister, the Queen
- with and superlative adverbs: the best, the worst, the fastest, the most interesting, the most beautiful
- s, including dates: the first (of May), the third (of November), the twentieth, the thirty-first
- in combinations like: THE something OF: the legs of the table, the topic of our lesson
- with names of musical instruments: the guitar, the piano, the cello
- with the word same: the same
- in many set phrases and idiomatic expressions.
When is THE used with place nouns?
Nouns denoting various places (not to be confused with place names!) can be used with or without the article THE. The use of the article directly depends on the context in which the noun is mentioned.
Let's look at an example. If someone is sick, he is in the hospital:
He is at hospital.
When we say this, we do not mean a specific hospital, but we are talking about the hospital in general, as an institution where patients are treated.
If a friend of our patient decided to visit him and came to the hospital, then about him we need to say:
He is at the hospital.
He is not sick and should not be in the hospital (in the general sense of the word), he came to a certain hospital (the one where his friend is lying), which is why the article THE appears.
One more example:
My little sister goes to school. Today it is a school concert so all our family will go to the school.
Children generally go to school to learn, so when talking about students, the article is not used. Other family members are not students. They will go to a certain school where their child studies to watch a concert, respectively, before the word school Let's put an article.
The same miracles happen with the words prison, church, university.
Remember the rule: if you mean some place All in all(its intended purpose is emphasized), article THE not used. When it means specific establishment or building, article THE used.
As for other nouns denoting places, THE is most often used with them: the beach, the station, the coast, the seaside, the city, the countryside.
With cinema and theater, the article THE is used even when the speaker does not mean a specific place:
We go to the cinema every weekend.
They have never been to the theater.
Why is the article used with these words? The explanation is that when we use them, it is clear from the context what we mean, and the interlocutor understands what we are talking about. Let's look at examples of situations where it is clear from the situation itself which place we are talking about:
1. When, being in a room or apartment, we talk about its parts:
Switch on the light! - Turn on the lights! (In this room, in the room where you are)
I closed the door and opened the window. - I closed the door and opened the window. (In the room where I was at that moment, in my room)
The floor was clean. - The floor was clean. (The floor in the room I was in.)
2. When we talk about city buildings, if it is clear which city we are talking about:
Where is the railway station? - Where is the railway station? (The station of this city. If there are several stations in the city, you will have to clarify which one you need. If you are located near the station, then the interlocutor will understand that you are asking about the nearest station)
The city hall is very old. - The city hall building is very old. (There is only one city hall in the city, so your interlocutor will understand what we are talking about)
The market was crowded in the morning. - The market was crowded in the morning. (The market of this city; the nearest market; the market where the speaker goes)
3. When mentioning organizations that provide services, if it is clear from the context what exactly the speaker means:
I need to go to the bank tomorrow. - I need to go to the bank tomorrow. (The bank where I have an account; the nearest bank; the bank whose services I use)
Tom went to the post office to send a letter. - Tom went to the post office to send a letter. (This refers to the nearest post office; the only one in a given city)
You should go to the doctor. - You should go to the doctor. (To your doctor)
She is seeing the dentist on Friday. She is going to see the dentist on Friday. (To your dentist).
Be careful, in some situations, of course, article A can be used. Most often, when a speaker means: “any”, “one of many”, “no matter which”, “any”:
How to determine whether the article THE is needed with uncountable nouns and plural nouns?
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Articles in English a/an And the indicate the degree of certainty of a subject in a given context or in general. In Russian, they, as function words, are absent and are not translated from English, but sometimes they can “occur” in phrases like: “I know a girl. This girl studies at our school." Or: “One boy loved to read. This boy once found a very interesting book..."
Therefore, on an intuitive level, sometimes we also use the words “one / one / one / alone” when we first mention an object, and “this / this / this / these” when we use it again in speech. This can be found especially often in fairy tales: “Once upon a time there was an old man...”
Use of articles in English
Correct use of articles in English often causes difficulty. There are, of course, rules for using certain articles - a/ an, the, zero article, but since native speakers trust, first of all, their intuition and logic, then by putting ourselves in their place and trying to think like them, we could make the task much easier.
What is this certainty/uncertainty?
I have bought a dog. - I bought a dog. In this context, you are talking about a dog for the first time; this means “some dog, one of many.” It is not yet clear to the listener which specific dog we are talking about, so in this example we use the indefinite article -a.
The dog is very cute. - The dog is very cute. Now you are already talking about “a specific dog - the one that you bought. The listener already understands that we are talking about your dog, so there is already a definite article -the. In other words, as in the “bearded” joke about English for “new Russians”: the article -a means “type”, and -the - “specifically”, i.e. one of many or a specific example.
Table of articles in English
It will help to systematize all of the above. table of articles in English.
The
| The subject is mentioned again in this context: | I have an interesting idea. I have an interesting idea. Wow, tell me about the idea, please! Wow, tell me about this idea please.) |
| The only object or person in a given setting: | The actress is on the scene. The actress is on stage. (on a specific stage) |
| The noun is preceded by an ordinal number: | He is on the second floor. He's on the second floor. |
| The noun is preceded by a superlative adjective: | She is the most beautiful girl, I`ve ever seen. (She's the most beautiful girl I've ever seen. |
| A noun denotes a substance in a certain quantity or a certain place, in a given setting: | Pass me the salt, please. Pass me the salt, please. Where is the water? Where is the water? |
| Unique noun:> | the sun, the moon the sky, the universe, the earth |
| With the names of countries, including words such as republic, union, kingdom, states, emirates, as well as with the names of countries in the plural: | the German Federal Republic the United Arab Emirates the Philippines |
| Before the names of oceans, seas, rivers, mountain ranges, island groups, deserts: | the Atlantic, the Pacific Ocean, the Nile, the Bahamas, the Alps |
| With cardinal directions | The South, the North |
| A noun denotes a whole class of objects: | The giraffe is the tallest animals. The giraffe is the tallest animal. |
| After the words one/some/many/most/both/all of | Some of the mistakes are very bad. Some of the mistakes are very serious. |
| Before the family surname in the plural: | The Smiths have moved to another town. The Smiths moved to another city. |
A/An
| When the item is mentioned for the first time: | A man is waiting for you. A man is waiting for you. (some kind) |
| If we are talking about an indefinite quantity: | I can bring a coffee to your friend. I can bring coffee for your friend. |
| With names of professions: | He is an engineer He is an engineer. |
| In the nominal part of a compound predicate: | She is a smart girl |
| If an object belongs to a class of homogeneous objects: | There is a bee in the cup. There is a bee in the cup. (not an ant). |
| In stable combinations like: what a.. a little a few a lot of as a rule as a result for a while to be in a to have a to see a there is a |
What a lovely day! I'd like to say a few words. I have a little free time. I have a lot of friends. |
| Before the words such, quite, rather, most (meaning “very”): | He is quite a young man He is quite a young man. |
| If you can replace the article with the word “one”. : | There is a flower in the garden. There is a flower in the garden. There is one flower in the garden. |
Zero article:
| Before nouns with modifiers (pronouns, numerals, proper names in the possessive case.): | My mother works here. My mom works here. Tom's bag. Tom's bag. |
| When generalizing in the plural. before countable nouns: | Apples are my favorite fruits. Apples are my favorite fruit. |
| Before nouns as a modifier: | guitar lessons – guitar lessons |
| Before the names of countries, continents, cities, streets: | Germany, Poland, London, Hyde Park, High Street |
| Before abstract (uncountable) nouns: | This is important information. This is important information. |
| Before people's names and surnames: | His name is Lee. |
| In adverbial combinations: | for breakfast, at lunch, to dinner, at night, by bus, on sale, in fact, from time to time, from school, to work, at work, from work… |
If you still have questions on the topic of articles in English, Double You Studio, an English language school in Kyiv (suburb, Vishnevoe, Sofievskaya Borshchagovka, Boyarka, Petrovskoe), will help you figure it out.