; rarely - one word form), which is a syntactic unit - phrase, sentence, as well as any relatively complete statement in general.
Syntax is the broadest concept of syntax, covering syntactic structures that are heterogeneous in their characteristics. Among the complexes, there are designs that are minimal in structure, that is, containing the minimum components necessary to construct a given unit (for example, “coniferous forest,” “The children are sleeping,” “He is an engineer,” “There is no strength,” “It is drizzling”); constructions that are more or less common, that is, resulting from the expansion of minimal structures in accordance with their inherent capabilities - complex phrases (for example, “coniferous forests of Russia”), common sentences (simple sentences that include minor members of the proposal, explaining, clarifying the subject and/or predicate or the sentence as a whole; for example, “My brother has been working as an engineer for three years,” “I have no strength,” “It’s drizzling all day”); combined constructions - the result of combining several simpler constructions, for example, combined phrases (“quickly complete the task received”), sentences with isolated phrases [“...Rises slowly uphill / Horse, carrying brushwood to z" (N. A. Nekrasov)], complex sentences[“I’m sad because I love you” (M. Yu. Lermontov)], direct speech constructions [“Where is my friend? - said Oleg, - Tell me, where is my zealous horse y?" (A.S. Pushkin)]. SK is characterized by paradigmatic modifications (see Paradigmatics) - systems of forms determined by modifications of the dominant component (for example, “coniferous forest” - “coniferous forest” - “in a coniferous forest”; “He is an engineer” - “He will be an engineer” - “If only he were an engineer!”).
There is a possibility of dual use of the term “S. k.": in relation to the abstract language model and in relation to the concrete language unit, built according to this model (see. Grammar units).
The signs by which S. to. are opposed to each other are different. For example, based on characteristics of a more general nature, predicative and non-predicative are contrasted (see. Predicativity) S. k., minimal constructions and constructions of a complex type, free and non-free (lexically limited, phraseological) S. k. S. k. differ in more specific characteristics, for example, active and passive constructions (“An authoritative scientist has published a spelling dictionary ” and “The spelling dictionary was published by an authoritative scientist”), infinitive S. k. (“Swimming is prohibited”), S. k. with an address (“-Son, where are you?”), negative S. k. (“I’m nothing to you should not"); the sentence contains a participial construction (“Sailboat, moored in our port y, brought tourists ashore"), participial phrase (" After redoing everything ah, we finally sat down to drink tea"), etc.
The term "S. k.”, as a rule, does not apply to constructions and their parts, which are units smaller than a phrase and a sentence, for example, to some intonationally isolated parts of a sentence (syntagms) that are not phrases, to individual word forms that do not form a sentence. But it is possible to apply this term to prepositional-case combinations (“by the shore”, “behind the forest”), to compounds of homogeneous members of a sentence (“in dictionaries and encyclopedias”).
The set of S. to. is historically variable. For example, during the historical development of the Russian language, Old Russian words disappeared (see. Old Russian language) constructions with the so-called dative independent (“As he entered the gates of the city, and the metropolitan shattered him” ‘When he entered the gates of the city, the metropolitan met him’), with the so-called. second indirect cases [with the second accusative (“I will make a prince for them”, “I will make the young man a prince among them”), the second dative (“he will be a Christian”, “he will be a Christian”)].
There are a large number of syntactic constructions in the Russian language, but their scope is the same - the transmission of written or oral speech. They sound in ordinary colloquial, business, and scientific language; they are used in poetry and prose. These can be both simple and complex syntactic constructions, the main purpose of which is to correctly convey the idea and meaning of what was said.
Concept of complex structures
Many writers prefer to present the narrative of their works using simple and short sentences. These include Chekhov (“brevity is the sister of talent”), Babel, O. Henry and others. But there are authors who use sentences with complex syntactic construction in order not only to more fully convey the description, but also the emotions that it evokes. They became most widespread among authors such as Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov and others.
A complex syntactic structure is a sentence in which different types of syntactic connections are present. They can combine:
- Coordinating and non-union connections: “Large snowflakes first slowly fell onto the sidewalk, and then fell faster - the blizzard began.”
- Non-alliancers with subordinates: “In the evening the weather worsened sharply, no one wanted to go for a walk when I finished my business.”
- Mixed type: “All the guests walked into the hall in silence, took their places, and only after that they began to whisper to each other until the one who invited them here appeared at the door.”
- Coordinating and subordinating connections: “The big beautiful one fell at my feet, and I decided to pick it up to put it in a vase at home.”
In order to correctly compose complex syntactic structures, you should know exactly how their parts are interconnected. The placement of punctuation marks also depends on this.
Coordinating connection type
In the Russian language, a complex syntactic structure can consist of parts united by one of 3 types of connections - coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive, or all at the same time. Syntactic structures with a coordinating conjunction type combine two or more equal sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction.
It would be possible to put a dot between them or swap them, since each of them is independent, but together in meaning they form a single whole, for example:
- Read this book and you will discover a completely new vision of reality. (You can put a period between two sentences, but the content will remain the same).
- A thunderstorm was approaching, and dark clouds appeared in the sky, and the air was filled with moisture, and the first gust of wind shook the crowns of the trees. (The parts can be swapped, but the meaning of the sentence will be the same).
It can be one of the connecting components in complex sentences. There are known examples of its combination with a non-union connection.
Uniting with intonation
A complex syntactic construction often combines a coordinating connection with a non-conjunctive connection. This is the name for parts of which are connected to each other solely by intonation, for example:
“The girl quickened her pace (1): the train, puffing, approached the station (2), and the whistle of the locomotive confirmed this (3).”
There is a non-union connection between the 1st and 2nd parts of the construction, and the second and third sentences are united by a coordinating connection, they are completely equal, and you can put a full stop between them.
In this example there is a combination of coordinating and non-conjunctive connections, united by a single lexical meaning.
Constructions with coordinating and subordinating connections
Sentences in which one part is the main part and the other dependent are called complex sentences. At the same time, you can always pose a question from the first to the second, regardless of where it is located, for example:
- I don’t like (when what?) when people interrupt me. (The main part comes at the beginning of the sentence).
- When people interrupt me, I don’t like it (when?). (The sentence begins with a subordinate component).
- Natasha decided (for how long?) that she would leave for a long time (for what reason?), because what happened had a great impact on her. (The first part of the sentence is main in relation to the second, while the second is main in relation to the third).
Combined into one whole, coordinating and subordinating connections form complex syntactic constructions. Let's look at examples of proposals below.
“I realized (1) that new challenges awaited me (2), and this realization gave me strength (3).”
The first part is the main one in relation to the second, since they are connected by a subordinate relationship. The third is attached to them by a coordinating connection using the conjunction and.
“The boy was ready to cry (1), and tears were already filling his eyes (2), when the door opened (3) so that he could follow his mother (4).”
The first and second sentences are connected by a coordinating connection using the conjunction “and”. The second, third and fourth parts of the structure are connected by subordination.
In complex syntactic constructions, the sentences of which they are composed can be complicated. Let's look at an example.
“The wind rose, growing stronger with each gust (1), and people hid their faces in their collars (2) when a new squall overtook them (3).”
The first part is complicated by the participial phrase.
Types of non-union and subordinating constructions
In the Russian language you can often find non-conjunctive sentences combined with a subordinating type of connection. Such designs may have 3 or more parts, some of which are main for some and dependent for others. Parts without conjunctions are attached to them using intonation. This is a so-called complex syntactic construction (examples below) with a subordinating-union connection:
“In moments of particular fatigue, I had a strange feeling (1) - I was doing something (2) that I had absolutely no soul for (3).”
In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a common meaning and intonation, while the 2nd (main) and 3rd (dependent) are a complex sentence.
“When it snowed outside (1), my mother wrapped me in numerous scarves (2), because of this I could not move normally (3), which made it extremely difficult to play snowballs with other children (4).”
In this sentence, the 2nd part is the main one in relation to the 1st, but at the same time it is connected with the 3rd intonation. In turn, the third sentence is the main one in relation to the fourth and is a complex construction.
In one complex syntactic structure, some parts can be connected without a conjunction, but at the same time be part of a complex sentence.
Design with all types of connections
A complex syntactic construction in which everything is used at the same time is rare. Similar sentences are used in literary texts when the author wants to convey events and actions as accurately as possible in one phrase, for example:
“The whole sea was covered with waves (1), which became larger as they approached the shore (2), they crashed with noise against a solid barrier (3), and with a dissatisfied hiss, the water retreated (4) to return and hit with renewed force ( 5)".
In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a subordinate connection. The second and third are non-union, between the 3rd and 4th there is a coordinating connection, and the fourth and fifth are again subordinate. Such complex syntactic constructions can be divided into several sentences, but when they form a single whole, they carry additional emotional overtones.
Separating sentences with different types of communication
In complex syntactic constructions they are placed on the same basis as in complex, complex and non-union sentences, for example:
- When the sky in the east began to turn gray, a rooster was heard crowing. (subordinate connection).
- A light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses. (complex sentence).
- When the sun's disk rose above the horizon, it was as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals greeted the new day. (A comma stands between the main and dependent parts of a complex sentence, and a dash separates it from the non-union sentence).
If you combine these sentences into one, you get a complex syntactic construction (grade 9, syntax):
"When the sky in the east began to turn gray, a rooster was heard crowing (1), a light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grass (2), when the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals welcomed the new day (3)".
Parsing complex syntactic structures
To carry out with different types of communication, you must:
- determine its type - narrative, imperative or interrogative;
- find out how many simple sentences it consists of and find their boundaries;
- determine the types of connections between parts of a syntactic structure;
- characterize each block by structure (complex or simple sentence);
- draw up a diagram of it.
This way you can disassemble a structure with any number of connections and blocks.
Application of sentences with different types of connections
Similar constructions are used in colloquial speech, as well as in journalism and fiction. They convey the author’s feelings and emotions to a greater extent than those written separately. A great master who used complex syntactic structures was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
Complex syntactic structures
354.
General information
Complex syntactic structuresare polynomial complex sentences with different types of syntactic connections, for example, coordinating and subordinating, coordinating and non-conjunctive, etc. Such sentences are sometimes called mixed-type sentences.
Sentences with different types of syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable parts or several, among which there may in turn be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main parts have the same type of connection (coordinating or non-conjunctive). For example, in the sentence Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster(Fad.) four parts: 1) Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2)but he knew that they were chasing him; 3)and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4)and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by coordinating relationships, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).
355.
Varieties of complex syntactic structures
Depending on the various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible: 1) with composition and subordination; 2) with composition and non-union connection; 3) with subordination and non-union connection; 4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection. Examples: 1) Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was glad when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready(Sim.); 2) My direction is to another unit, but I’m behind the train: let me, I think, look at my platoon and my lieutenant(Cossack.); 3) While walking in the forest, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am overcome with philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all humanity(Priv.); 4) But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they float along with the water, just as the ice floes floated recently(Priv.).
Complex syntactic whole (supraphrasal unity)
356.
General information
Complex syntactic whole, or superphrasal unity, is a combination of several sentences in the text, characterized by the relative completeness of the topic (microtheme), semantic and syntactic cohesion of the components. Complex syntactic wholes are a means of expressing semantic and logical unities.
Individual sentences as part of complex syntactic wholes are united by interphrase connections, which are carried out using lexical continuity, as well as special syntactic means.
Structural means of organizing independent sentences as part of complex syntactic wholes are conjunctions in the connecting sense, anaphorically used pronouns, adverbs, adverbial combinations, modal words, word order, correlation of aspectual and tense forms of verbs, possible incompleteness of individual sentences. For example, in a complex syntactic whole: The following was heard near the third building: “Jacques... Jacques... Jacques....” So near all the buildings and then behind the barracks and behind the gates. And it seemed as if in the silence of the night the monster itself with crimson eyes was making these sounds(Ch.) - means of organizing sentences are synonymous repetition (these sounds), connecting conjunctions, adverbs, and the past tense form of verbs. Sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole: You throw up a single-barreled shotgun, heavy as a crowbar, and shoot straight away. A crimson flame with a deafening crack will flash towards the sky, blind for a moment and extinguish the stars, and a cheerful echo will ring out like a ring and roll across the horizon, fading far, far away in the clear air(Bun.) - are connected by the designation of the action (first sentence) and its result (second sentence), the commonality of aspectual forms of predicate verbs and the unity of intonation.
Very typical for complex syntactic wholes are connecting constructions that are sequentially connected to the main (first) sentence. For example: Twelve padded jackets rest peacefully in iron lockers until the morning. And twelve sou'westers in the upper sections. And twelve pairs of boots, tired, tired(from a magazine).
357.
Structural features of complex syntactic integers
Complex syntactic integers can be homogeneous and heterogeneous composition. A parallel connection is found between homogeneous sentences within complex syntactic wholes, and a chain connection between heterogeneous ones.
In a parallel connection, the content of sentences is listed, compared or contrasted; structural parallelism is usually observed in them. The purpose of such complex syntactic wholes is to describe a series of changing events, actions, states, pictures. For example: The storm raged over St. Petersburg like youth returned. Rare rain lashed the windows. The Neva swelled before our eyes and shimmered over the granite. People ran along the houses, holding their hats. The wind flapped their black greatcoats. An unclear light, ominous and cold, either diminished or flared up as the wind blew up a canopy of clouds over the city.(Paust.).
At chain connection (the most common) parts of the previous sentence are repeated in the subsequent one or their indicators are used - pronouns, pronominal adverbs, etc. Sentences seem to cling to one another, the subsequent one picks up the previous one, and thus the unfolding of thought, its movement, takes place. For example: Glass ships foamed the water. The wind blew in their gear. This sound imperceptibly turned into the ringing of forest bells(Paust.).
Parallel and chain connections can be combined within one complex syntactic whole. For example: The falling snow stopped and hung in the air to listen to the ringing that flowed in streams from the house. A Cinderella looked, smiling, at the floor.Around her bare feetthere were glass slippers. They shuddered, colliding with each other, in response to the chords flying from Grieg’s room(Paust.). There is a parallel connection between the first two sentences, and then sentences are joined using the chain connection method.
The first sentence - the beginning - can play a major role in the structure of a complex syntactic whole. It “gives” a theme, which is revealed by subsequent components of the whole. Structurally, the first sentence is constructed freely and completely independently. But all the subsequent ones turn out to be structurally connected (word order, aspectual and tense forms of verbs, intonation and partly lexical composition are subordinated to the starting sentence).
Examples:
1. All forests are good with their mushroom air and rustling leaves.But especiallyThe mountain forests near the sea are good.In themthe sound of the surf is heard(Paust.). The beginning is the first sentence, the main topic of the message. The purpose of the second sentence is to convey adversative-excretive relations (the connection is made through the combination but especially). The third sentence substantiates the second (the indicator of connection is the pronominal repetition in them, replacing the substantive phrase mountain forests near the sea). In addition to lexical-syntactic indicators of connection ( especially good; in them) there are also actual syntactic ones - the order of words in the second and third sentences is conjunctive: the predicate precedes the subject, which is predetermined by the structure of the first sentence.
2. The weather was tormenting.Since morningthe sun was shining, hovering over the smoking fields, over the muddy roads, over the grains, saturated with water, lying on the ground.Since morningAverky, who sometimes left his cart and wandered to the hut, promised the old woman that the weather would get better.But by lunchtimethe clouds set again, seeming even blacker from the brilliance of the sun, the clouds changed their unusual colors and shapes, a cold wind rose, and a slanting rainbow rain ran across the fields(Boon.). To begin with, the weather was tormenting. The entire content of subsequent sentences is subordinated to this initial topic: its detailed justification is given. Structural coherence is revealed in the following: main verbs have one time plan ( tormented, shone, soared, promised, came, changed, rose, ran); parallelism in the construction of explanatory sentences (second and fourth sentences); repetition of the tense adverbial at the beginning of each sentence ( since morning; since morning; but by lunchtime); adversative relations at the junction of the third and fourth sentences (conjunctive), the position of the predicate verb before the subject (second and fourth sentences).
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with different types of syntactic connections. Such constructions are very widespread in speech, and are used equally often in works of different functional styles.
These are combined types of sentences; they are diverse in possible combinations of parts in them, but with all their diversity they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of connection types between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
1) with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready (Sim.);
2) with an essay and a non-union connection: I’m assigned to another unit, but I’m behind the train: let me, I think, look at my platoon and my lieutenant (Cossack.);
3) with subordination and non-union connection: In the forest on a walk, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am overcome by philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all humanity (Prishv.);
4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they float along with the water, just as the ice floes floated recently (Prishv.).
Sentences with different types of syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable components or several, among which there may, in turn, be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main components have the same type of connection - coordinating or non-conjunctive. For example, in the sentence Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster (Fad .) four components: 1) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2) but he knew that they were chasing him; 3) and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4) and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by coordinating relationships, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).
More often, in such combined sentences there is a division into two components, and one of them or both can be complex sentences. The connection between components can be of only two types - coordinative or non-union. A subordinate relationship is always internal.
1) The greatest pictorial power lies in sunlight, and all the grayness of Russian nature is good only because it is the same sunlight, but muffled, passing through layers of moist air and a thin veil of clouds (Paust.);
2) There was one strange circumstance in the Stavraki case: no one could understand why he lived under his real name until his arrest, why he did not change it immediately after the revolution (Paust.);
3) One circumstance always surprises me: we walk through life and do not know at all and cannot even imagine how many greatest tragedies, beautiful human deeds, how much grief, heroism, meanness and despair have happened and are happening on any piece of earth where we live (Paust.).
Such syntactic constructions are subject to two levels of division: the first division is logical-syntactic, the second is structural-syntactic. At the first level of division, larger logical parts of the structure, or components, are distinguished, at the second - parts equal to individual predicative units, i.e. the simplest “building elements” of a complex sentence. If we convey these two levels of division of complex syntactic structures graphically, then the diagrams of the given sentences can be presented as follows:
Thus, at a higher level of division - logical-syntactic - complex syntactic constructions can only have coordinating and non-union connections, as the most free connections, as for the subordinating connection (closer connection), it is possible only as an internal connection between parts of the components , i.e. is found only at the second level of division of a complex syntactic structure.
This is especially clearly revealed when combining two complex sentences into a complex syntactic structure. For example: Tatyana Afanasyevna gave her brother a sign that the patient wanted to sleep, and everyone quietly left the room, except for the maid, who sat down again at the spinning wheel (P.); That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maykov and Apukhtin were better known than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin (Paust.).
Complex syntactic constructions can have extremely common components: Cincinnatus did not ask anything, but when Rodion left and time stretched beyond its usual jog, he realized that he had been deceived again, that he had strained his soul so much in vain and that everything remained the same vague, viscous and senseless as it was (Nab.).
1) Complex sentences, which include complex sentences (complex sentences with composition and subordination, complex sentences of mixed composition). The room we entered was divided by a barrier, and I did not see who my mother was talking to or humbly bowing to.(Kaverin). Constantly, involuntarily, my gaze collided with this terribly straight line of the embankment and mentally wanted to push it away, to destroy it, like a black spot that sits on the nose under the eye; but the embankment with the walking Englishmen remained in place, and I involuntarily tried to find a point of view from which I could not see it(L. Tolstoy).
2) Complex sentences with non-union and allied combinations of parts, including complex sentences. I appreciate it and do not deny its importance; This world rests on people like him, and if the world were left to us alone, we, with all our kindness and good intentions, would make of it the same thing as the flies from this picture(Chekhov). In everything that fills the room, you can feel something that has long since become obsolete, some kind of dry decay, all things exude that strange smell that is given by flowers that have dried out over time until, when you touch them, they crumble into gray dust(Bitter). If your heart ever shrinks with fear for the little ones, cast aside all fears, extinguish your worries, be firmly confident: they are with me and that means everything is okay(Pavlenko).
3) Polynomial complex sentence. You could hear the creaking of runners in the street, the passing of coal trucks to the factory, and the hoarse shouting of half-frozen people at their horses.(Mamin-Sibiryak). If Nekhlyudov had then clearly realized his love for Katyusha, and especially if they had then begun to convince him that he could not and should not unite his fate with such a girl, then it could very easily have happened that he, with his straightforward in everything, would decide that there is no reason not to marry a girl, no matter who she is, if only he loves her(L. Tolstoy). cm. also subordination of sentences (in the article subordination).
"complex syntactic structures" in books
Syntactic thoughts
From the book Kolyma notebooks author Shalamov VarlamSyntactic thoughts A lot of attention is needed to briefly comprehend the meaning of punctuation marks in the great Russian language. Any small bird could earnestly, on the fly, plant familiar quotation marks around jagged quotes. And we were put in solitary confinement, and in places, almost
4.3. Syntactic tracing papers
From the book Language of the Russian emigrant press (1919-1939) author Zelenin Alexander4.3. Syntactic tracings W. Weinreich proposed to distinguish single-word borrowings from the phenomena of interference, which involve complex words or phrases (phrases). Firstly, he mentions the so-called “loan translations”: all elements
Syntax errors
From the book Business Correspondence: a textbook author Kirsanova Maria VladimirovnaSyntactic errors 1. Errors associated with inconsistencies in context and word order. Let's consider three examples: 1) By December 20, the Progress plant fulfilled the plan; 2) The Progress plant fulfilled the plan by December 20; 3) By December 20, the Progress plant fulfilled the plan. In the first sentence
XLVIII. Parallel syntactic structures
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXLVIII. Parallel syntactic constructions § 211. Participial phrases 1. In the modern literary language, the -schy forms of verbs of the perfect form (with the meaning of the future tense) are not used, for example: “he who decides to compose”, “who tries to assure”, “who is able to
XLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS The syntactic structure of the Russian language creates a number of special constructions, which are characterized by the commonality of the content contained in them with different grammatical formats. For example: a student passed the tests - student,
6.5. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions
author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna6.5. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions. A noun is a part of speech that combines words with the grammatical meaning of objectivity, which is expressed using independent categories of gender, number, case,
6.42. Meaning, morphological features and syntactic functions of the verb
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna6.42. Meaning, morphological features and syntactic functions of a verb A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object as a process. When they say that a verb denotes an action, they mean not only mechanical movement (walks, runs), but also
6.81. Prepositions and their syntactic functions
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna6.81. Prepositions and their syntactic functions Prepositions refer to auxiliary parts of speech that connect members of a sentence. Unlike conjunctions, prepositions connect heterogeneous words in a sentence, i.e. express subordinating connections. They can't tie
6.83. Conjunctions and their syntactic functions. Classes of conjunctions by semantics, structure, syntactic functions. Conjunctive (relative) words
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna6.83. Conjunctions and their syntactic functions. Classes of conjunctions by semantics, structure, syntactic functions. Allied (relative) words The class of conjunctions and allied words includes words that express syntactic connections of sentences or syntactic connections of words (word forms). Unions
2.1. Syntax rules
From the book Programming in Prolog author Kloksin U.2.1. Syntactic Rules The syntactic rules of a language describe the acceptable ways to connect words. According to the norms of the English language, the sentence “I see a zebra” (“I see a zebra”) is syntactically correct, in contrast to the sentence “zebra see I a” (“zebra sees
1.1.3. Syntactic emphases
From the book Programming for Linux. Professional approach by Mitchell Mark1.1.3. Syntax Highlights In addition to formatting code, Emacs makes files written in C/C++ easier to read by color-coding various syntax elements. For example, keywords can be highlighted in one color, names of built-in data types in another, and
Syntax patterns
From the book Firebird DATABASE DEVELOPER'S GUIDE by Borri HelenSyntax patterns Some code snippets represent syntax patterns, that is, code patterns that demonstrate the required and optional elements of the syntax of SQL statements or command line commands. For syntax patterns
Syntax problems
From the book How Functions That Are Not Methods Improve Encapsulation by Meyers ScottSyntactic Problems It is possible that you, like many people with whom I have discussed this problem, have an idea as to the syntactic meaning of my statement that neither methods nor friends are preferable to methods. It is possible that you even “bought” my
Syntactic means of utterance
From the book Lectures on General Psychology author Luria Alexander RomanovichSyntactic means of utterance Not every combination of two or more words creates a meaningful system or sentence. Linguistics knows a number of objective means that a language has that turns a combination of words into a meaningful utterance. In developed