Phraseologisms in Russian and German languages. ins Gesicht blicken - look into the mouth without taking your eyes off

Typically German phraseological units: how to speak so that it seems that German is your native language! A selection of interesting phrases and their meanings! Learn them all after reading the article!

Phraseologisms are the linguistic wealth that has been formed in the language over many centuries. In order to fully communicate with native speakers, it is not enough to know grammar and have a large vocabulary. It is the knowledge of phraseology, sayings and set expressions that indicates deep penetration into a foreign language.

In any European language you can find many similar phraseological units, which is not surprising, since most of the popular expressions were borrowed from the same sources: ancient mythology and the Bible. However, each language gradually formed its own phraseological units, related to the historical and cultural realities of the country and often having no analogues in other languages. In this article we will talk about some catchphrases that can be considered typically German.

Deutscher Michel / German Michel /

The German Michel is an allegorical figure, personifying the entire German people (like the American Uncle Sam or the French Marianne). This concept arose in the Middle Ages, when a great division began to appear between the upper classes of society, using Latin as the language of education, and the common people.

The German Michel represented the image of a real German, although simple and uneducated, but faithful to his native language and traditions. Thus, in German culture it was a kind of patriotic symbol. But from the 19th century, the expression gradually began to acquire a humorous and ironic connotation and began to be used when talking about “leavened” patriotism. The figure began to personify a simple-minded and narrow-minded person.

The German Michel was depicted in caricatures as a man wearing a nightcap or a hat with a tassel, which was a mandatory attribute.

Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders / I stand on this and cannot do otherwise /

The famous saying is attributed to Martin Luther, who allegedly uttered these words in 1521 in his speech before the Reichstag in the city of Worms, where he addressed representatives of various classes. The founder of the Reformation was forced to renounce his views, to which he replied: “I stand on this and cannot do otherwise, God help me, amen.” However, the authenticity of this statement has not been proven.

Etwas auf die lange Bank schieben / Sticking something into a long bench /

The phraseological unit is similar to the Russian proverb “put on the back burner.” It originated in the city of Regensburg, in whose town hall meetings of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire were held.

This state formation, which existed for more than eight centuries, covered various countries, including the territory of modern Germany. Therefore, the parliament that met in Regensburg was especially significant; many major matters were considered in it. The number of envoys from different parts of the Holy Roman Empire was so large that they had to wait a long time for a decision to be made. The documents brought were put into special large chests that could be used as benches.

Often the wait for the process dragged on for a long time, so that some matters were simply forgotten, and they remained lying in chests like dead weight, and this is how this phraseological unit appeared in the language.

Etwas am grünen Tisch entscheiden / Decide something at the green table /

Another expression associated with the Reichstag in Regensburg, which means some kind of bureaucratic decision made without knowledge of the matter and unfavorable for the people. This phraseological unit is explained by the fact that in the city hall the table at which parliamentary meetings were held was covered with green velvet.

Auf der Bärenhaut liegen / Lying on a bear skin /

The phraseological unit is similar to the Russian “beat the thumbs”. In his famous work on the life of the ancient Germans, the Roman historian Tacitus described some customs, including the fact that these tribes used bear skins for recreation. However, the expression "auf der Bärenhaut liegen" became famous thanks to the humorous song "Tacitus and the Ancient Germans", composed by students in the 19th century, which included the following words:

An einem Sommerabend / One summer evening /
Im Schatten des heiligen Hains, / In the shadow of the sacred oak grove /
Da lagen auf Bärenhauten / On bearskins /
Zu beiden Ufern des Rheins / On both sides of the Rhine /
Verschiedene alte Germanen, /Various ancient Germans were lying there, /
Sie liegen auf Bärenhauten / They lay on bearskins /
Und trinken immer noch eins. /And they drank again and again. /

Hans im Glück / Lucky Hans /

Lucky Hans is a carefree and carefree person.

This name was borrowed from the Brothers Grimm fairy tale of the same name, in which the simpleton Hans receives a bar of gold as payment for seven years of work. First, the guy exchanges it for a horse, which he soon exchanges for a cow, and then an exchange follows for a pig and a goose. In the end, Hans is left with simple stones that accidentally fall into the well, and he feels relieved of his heavy burden and completely happy.

Ab nach Kassel! /Away to Kassel! /

This expression is used when they want someone to leave or disappear, which is why it sounds quite unfriendly (can be compared to the Russian “fuck off!”). However, if a phraseological unit is used in communication with friends, then it does not carry a negative connotation and sounds humorous. The catchphrase arose in 1870, when, after the defeat of France in the war with Germany, Napoleon III was arrested and sent to one of the castles of the city of Kassel in the land of Hesse, and the people present at the station when the emperor was sent shouted “Away to Kassel!”

Berliner Luft / Berlin Air

The expression arose thanks to Paul Linke’s operetta “Frau Luna”, one of the most popular numbers of which is called “Berlin Air”. This song, written in the style of a march, became the unofficial anthem of the German capital and is considered one of the most famous German hits of the 20th century.

Currently, the expression “Berlin air” is used when they want to emphasize the cultural and social atmosphere of the capital, as well as the special feeling of life of Berliners.

Typically German phraseological units.

Deutscher Michel / German Michel /

The German Michel was depicted in caricatures as a man wearing a nightcap or a hat with a tassel, which was a mandatory attribute.

Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders / On this I stand and cannot do otherwise /

Etwas auf die lange Bank schieben / Sticking something into a long bench /

Etwas am grünen Tisch entscheiden / Deciding something at the green table /

Auf der Bärenhaut liegen / Lying on the skin of a bear /

An einem Sommerabend / One summer evening /
Im Schatten des heiligen Hains, / In the shade of the sacred oak grove /
Da lagen auf Bärenhäuten / On bearskins /
Zu beiden Ufern des Rheins / On both sides of the Rhine /
Verschiedene alte Germanen, /Various ancient Germans lay there, /
Sie liegen auf Bärenhäuten / They lay on bearskins /
Und trinken immer noch eins. /And they drank again and again. /

Hans im Glück / Lucky Hans /

Lucky Hans is a carefree and carefree person.

Ab nach Kassel! /Away to Kassel! /

Berliner Luft / Berlin air

Currently, the expression “Berlin air” is used when they want to emphasize the cultural and social atmosphere of the capital, as well as the special feeling of life of Berliners.

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Phraseologisms of German and Russian languages

Completed by: Strelkova Anastasia

Permyakova Daria

Checked by: Tsedrik Natalya Nikolaevna

Tyumen 2013-2014

Units of the lexical system can be represented not only by words, but also by special types of stable phrases. Everyone knows that speech in any language consists of statements or phrases of minimal segments that have relative independence and are characterized by the unity of harmonic structure, lexical content and a certain intonation. Both Russian and German languages have many short, apt, witty and figurative expressions. Such expressions are called phraseological units, and the branch of linguistics that studies them is phraseology. A phraseological unit is a reproducible linguistic unit, consisting of two or more significant words, holistic in its meaning and stable in its structure.

Phraseology - (from the Greek Phrasis expression and ... logic)

1) a branch of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of the language

2) a set of phraseological units of a given language.

phraseological units are reflections of folk wisdom, many of them have existed in the language for tens and hundreds of years, since people love apt figurative expressions, with the help of which they can convey both cheerful music and evil ridicule.

phraseological units are different in their origin. In particular, many of them passed into the literary language from the speech of representatives of various professions. Some phraseological turns are based on facts of past Russian history, as well as legends and facts of ancient history. Some phraseological units have come to us from religious books. Phraseology also includes folk proverbs, sayings, bright and apt “winged” expressions of writers, scientists, and public figures.

Phraseologisms make our speech more vivid and expressive and therefore are widely used in literary language. In our opinion, when studying a language, the importance of phraseology is extremely important, since it gives the language color and expressiveness, makes the author’s thoughts more intelligible and convincing. However, for foreign language learners, phraseological units pose a particular difficulty. The probability of forming a stable phrase by freely selecting words and combining them according to standard rules of grammar is extremely low. Therefore, for the correct use of each phraseological unit in speech, you need to know the following: phraseological unit German Russian grammar

1. the form in which it is used, as well as its lexical, structural and other variants.

2. its main content and various additional meanings, including stylistic coloring.

3. the possibility of changing it, i.e. a measure of its formal and semantic stability.

4. situation or context in which the use of this phraseological unit is appropriate

Familiarity with some common features inherent in all set phrases or their individual categories will make it easier to understand German speech.

That is why in this work we would like to consider some phraseological units of the German language and compare them with their Russian equivalents. However, it is impossible to imagine all the richness of German and Russian phraseology. In this regard, for comparison and comparison, we chose phraseological units that are used only to characterize people.

A person can be characterized by a variety of characteristics. But in this work we decided to focus on a person’s appearance and character traits.

1. person’s appearance: beides gehe hand in hand!

which means both go hand in hand.

How can all German phraseological units be translated into Russian? for such phrases as eine lange hopfenstange or eine lange bohnenstange the Russian word kalancha in its figurative, figurative and metaphorical meaning is suitable: ist es dein bruder? this is your brother? na, eine lange bohnenstange. what a tower! but in this case, only a word was found, and you need to select phraseological units, that is, combinations of words. in the Russian language there are two phraseological units for playfully describing people of very tall stature: fire tower and Kolomna verst; the word long corresponding to the German lang is not included in any of these phraseological units.

And now we want to turn to phraseological units that characterize small people. A positive assessment of a person is expressed by the phraseological units klein, aber fein! and in Russian - the spool is small, but expensive. However, both Germans and Russians also have funny and not always harmless jokes towards short people. We are talking about little people: two inches from the pot. However, a popular joke found its expression precisely in such an implausible decrease in human growth; the Germans speak of small people not without ridicule: kaum mehr käse hoch. the word mehr kase is used here in the meaning of “a head of cheese”, both in meaning and in emotional coloring, both phraseological units - both German and Russian - correspond to each other. There are, however, such phraseological units, the figurative basis of which is the same in the Russian and German languages.

There are also phraseological units that characterize both a person’s appearance and his internal qualities. In German there is, for example, the phraseological unit wie ein begossener Pudel, literally: a poodle that has been doused. This image, hinting at the randomness, the unexpectedness of what happened, is associated, first of all, with the thought of the person’s external appearance: he has found himself in an absurd position and looks pitiful and funny, like a poodle that has been doused with water. In Russian there is a phraseological phrase “wet chicken”. To some extent, it corresponds to the German wie ein begossener Pudel, because both phraseological units are united by the meaning “funny, ridiculous, pathetic person.” However, the Russian phraseological unit “wet chicken” is perceived to a greater extent as an assessment of a person’s character: weak-willed, spineless, a weakling.

2.mind, abilities, life experience: man lernt, solange man lebt.

Which means, You will learn everything while you live.

Intelligence and abilities are the internal qualities by which a person is assessed. It is no coincidence that we say: People are greeted by their clothes, but they are seen off by their minds. There is such a proverb in German: Man empfängt den Mann nach dem Gewand und entlässt ihn nach dem Verstand. In both Russian and German, one idea is expressed here: behind beautiful clothes and a beautiful appearance, an inner emptiness can sometimes be hidden. It is used mainly in cases where the characteristic is positive, that is, this person is much better than everyone around him.

Ein weiYaer rabe - colloquial. "White crow"; rare, amazing person (eine ausnahme, eine seltenheit). ein weiАer rabe speaks of a person who stands out sharply from others, but only in a positive sense. On the other hand, a number of expressions in the German language emphasize completely different properties of this bird: the phraseological unit ein schwarzes schaf is a means of negatively assessing a person, indicating that he is sharply different from others in some negative qualities.

Man soll den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben	Do not count your chickens before they are hatched
Erst abwarten, dann Tee trinken	Wait and see
Mit Ach und Krach	With half a sin
In den sauren Apfel beiäen	Swallow the bitter pill
Aus dem Augen, aus dem Sinn	Out of sight, out of mind
Wie der Ochs vorm Berge stehen	Stare like a sheep at the new gate
	I don't have a penny to my name
Durch dick und dünn gehen	Walk through fire and water
Noch die Elerschalen hinter den Ohren	The milk hasn't dried on your lips yet
Das schlägt dem Fää den Boden aus	Fill up the cup
Es faustdick hinter den Ohren haben	Be on your own mind
Die Felle fort schwimend sehen	Lose the last hope
Die Flügel hängen lassen	Give up, become despondent
Dort, wo Fuchs und Hase einander gute Nacht sagen	In the middle of nowhere
	Fall for the bait
Von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein	Go crazy, lose your mind
Gift und Galle spucken	Tear and throw
Wie Gott in Frankreich leben	Live like a lord
Sich keine grauen Haare wachsen lassen	Take it easy
Von der Hand in den Mund leben	Barely making ends meet
Alle Hände voll zu tun	My mouth is full of trouble
Da liegt der Hase im Pfeffer	That's where the dog is buried
Es wird nichts so hei I gegessen, wie es gekocht wird	The devil is not as scary as he is painted
Seinem Herz Luft machen	A stone has been removed from my heart
Alles geht wie gehext	Everything is going like clockwork
Sich eine Hinterter offen halten	Leave yourself a loophole
Himmel und Hölle in Bewegung setzen	Use all known means
Auf den Hund kommen	To go down, to become impoverished
Heraus aus den besten Jahren sein	To be no longer young
Der Katze die Schelle umhängen	Wash dirty linen in public
Das Kind beim rechten Namen nennen	Calling a spade a spade
Die Klappe halten	Keep your mouth shut
Mir nichts, dir nichts	Out of the blue
Der kennt seine Pappenheimer	Knows very well who he is dealing with
Da haben wir den Salat!	Here you go! Here's your time!
In Saus und Braus leben	Live without denying yourself anything
Das ist starker Tabak	This is too much!

Everyone knows that phraseology is a very interesting topic to study.

You can endlessly look at the riches of this treasury. We know that we managed to delve into only one insignificant part of it, which is a drop in a huge sea, no, even an ocean of phraseology.

Considering phraseological units that are used to characterize people, we came to the conclusion that it is not so difficult to find equivalents in Russian and German.

This is due, in our opinion, to the fact that any nation gives approximately the same assessment to a person, characterizing his certain qualities. The only exceptions are those phraseological units that arose as a result of some local characteristics of the people. But this, in our opinion, interests people studying phraseology even more.

In conclusion, we would like to say that knowing phraseological units, both Russian and German, and indeed any language, and using them, we can only decorate our speech, give it greater expressiveness, thereby interest- ing our listener.

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Topic “The meaning and functioning of phraseological units in the German language”

Contents: Introduction 1. Phraseology about the national identity of the German people. 1.1. Phraseologisms reflecting the characteristics of national culture. 1.2. Phraseologisms about the peculiarities of the national character of the Germans. 2. Comparison of phraseological units used to characterize a person in Russian and German. Conclusion. List of used literature. Appendix 1. Table of phraseological units of the German language. Appendix 3. Practical tasks.

“...of all the creations of the linguistic genius of man, phraseology is the most original, complex and complex phenomenon.” (L.I. Roizenzon) The German language has many short, to the point, witty and figurative expressions. Such expressions are called phraseological units, and the branch of linguistics that studies them is phraseology. A phraseological unit is a reproducible linguistic unit, consisting of two or more significant words, holistic in its meaning and stable in its structure. Phraseologisms are reflections of folk wisdom; many of them have existed in the language for tens and hundreds of years. Phraseologisms are different in their origin. Many of them passed into the literary language from the speech of representatives of various professions. Some phraseological units are based on facts of past history, some came to us from religious books. Phraseology also includes folk proverbs, sayings, bright and apt “winged” expressions of writers, scientists, and public figures. Phraseologisms make our speech more vivid and expressive and therefore are widely used in the language. However, for foreign language learners, phraseological units present incredible difficulty. For the correct use of each phraseological unit in speech, it is necessary to know its basic content and various additional meanings, including stylistic coloring, as well as the situation or context in which the use of this phraseological unit is appropriate. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that phraseological units are considered as an intercultural phenomenon, as a source of regional information that can help ensure mutual understanding between partners. Purpose of the work: to show the richness and diversity of German phraseology, to explore the translation used for a specific type of phraseological units. Objectives of the work: 1. Study the history of some phraseological units. 2. Identify phraseological units that reflect the characteristics of the German national culture and the national character of the Germans. 3. Compare phraseological units used to characterize a person in the Russian and German languages. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it analyzes the specific phraseological fund of the German language in comparison with Russian. The practical significance of the work lies in enriching our vocabulary with apt and figurative expressions. The following methods were used in the work: research method, i.e. a continuous selection from German language dictionaries, allowing one to distinguish a certain group of phraseological units from the general category of phraseology; method of comparative analysis with phraseological units of the Russian language; statistical method for identifying the most frequently encountered phraseological units. For the study, we put forward the following hypothesis: German phraseological units are difficult, but possible, to translate with the corresponding equivalent in Russian. 1. Phraseology is a linguistic discipline that studies stable combinations of words with a completely or partially reinterpreted meaning. Unlike vocabulary, it is less susceptible to linguistic changes and retains obsolete words, archaic forms and syntactic structures. This ability for “historical accumulation” is especially pronounced in the content spectrum.For example, there is a thematic group of phraseological units “knightly tournaments and weapons of feudalism”: den Spiess umdrehen – “to go on a counterattack using enemy means”, jemanden in Harnisch bringen – “to make angry”, jemanden im Stich lassen – “to throw to the mercy of fate " In the 19th century, in connection with the development of science and technology, a thematic group of phraseological units arose: Bahnhof verstehen – “to understand nothing”, auf dem richtigen/falschen Dampfer sein – “to be right/to be mistaken”, im alten Gleis sein – “to remain in the old way” , eine Antenne für etwas haben – “to be sensitive to something”, nicht alle Daten im Speicher haben – “to be not quite normal.” The thematic group “names of animals” abundantly provided and now provides components for phraseological constructions: Hahn im Korb sein – “to be the most important person in society”; die Katze aus dem Sack lassen – “to make the secret obvious”; mit den Wölfen heulen – “to join the opinion of the majority for reasons of benefit.” For analysis, we took a group of phraseological units “characteristics of a person” and “national identity of the German people.” Let's start with the latter, for example: ein unsicherer Kantonist - “unreliable person”, fluchen wie ein Landsknecht - “swear like a cab driver”, bis in die Puppen - “excessively”. 1. 1. Phraseologisms of the modern German language, reflecting national specifics, can tell about customs and rituals, folk beliefs, historical events, and everyday life. In the modern German language there are many phraseological units containing the names of various monetary units that were in circulation in Germany at different periods of its history: Pfennig, Groschen, Heller, Deut, Dreier, Sechser, Kreuzer, Taler, Mark. For example: jeden Pfennig zehnmal umdrehen- “shake over every penny”; seine drei Heller überall dazugeben – “interfere in conversations”; er hat nicht für einen Sechser Verstand – “he’s not worth a penny.” Measures of weight and length also left their mark in a number of phraseological units, for example: mit der Elle messen - “to measure with one arshin”; jeder Zoll ein Gelehrter – “a scientist to the core”; j-n aus dem Lot bringen – “to throw someone out of balance.” Personal names are also included in phraseological units. In the figurative structure of a phraseological unit, a personal name performs the function of designating a certain person in general, who has certain properties of character, appearance, behavior. For example: von Hinz zu Kurt laufen - “to go from one to another”, den billigen Jakob abgeben - “to get away with empty excuses”, den müden Heinrich spielen - “to work carelessly”. introduces us to a number of personalities who were well known in their time in Germany. For example: frei nach Knigge - “according to the rules of good manners” (the writer and ideologist Adolf Knigge (1752-1796) became famous for his book on the laws of practical life wisdom); – “absolutely correct, absolutely accurate” (Adam Riese (1492-1559), author of the first popular textbooks on arithmetic in German); rangehen wie Blücher – “act decisively” (Blücher, Prussian field marshal during the wars against Napoleon); wie Zieten aus dem Busch - “to attack suddenly, to appear unexpectedly” (Prussian general Hans Joachim Zieten (1699-1786) became famous for his surprise attacks, after the battle of Torgau (a sudden raid of Zieten’s cavalry from the forest decided the outcome of the battle) acquired the nickname “Zieten-aus -dem-Busch” (“Zieten-from-the-bush”); ein Gedanke von Schiller – “great idea.” The phraseology reflects the national characteristics of the development of Christianity in Germany, which consist in the dominance of the Catholic Church: den Papst nach Rom führen - “to engage in useless work”, päpstlicher sein als der Papst - “to be overly demanding”, Rom hat gesprochen - “everything is decided.” The phraseological units also contain the names of traditional German Catholic holidays: wenn Pfingsten und Ostern auf einen Tag fallen - “never”, ein Gefühl wie Weinachten naben - “to experience a feeling of intense joy”, ein Osterbad nehmen - “to preen”. The Germans' faith in saints is also expressed at the level of phraseological units. For example: Martini wirft mit Nüssen - “inclement weather” (Martin of Tours, one of the most revered saints); nach dem St. Floriansprinzip handeln - “to divert guilt from oneself by bringing it upon another” (St. Florian is the patron of firefighters); vom grossen Christophor reden - “to boast” (St. Christopher is the patron saint of sailors). Some phraseological units of literary origin also reflect national specifics. In phraseological units ein bewaffneter Friede - “armed world” (aus dem Gedicht von Friedrich Logau), HansDampf in allen Gassen - “our shooter has ripened everywhere”(aus der gleichnamige Erzählung von Heinrich Zschokke), wie einst im Mai – “as in the prime of life”(aus dem Gedicht “Allerseelen” von Hermann Gilm), auf verlorenem Posten stehen – “to defend a lost cause” (aus dem Gedicht von Hermann Hesse) , die ewig Gestrigen - “retrogrades”(aus dem Drama “Wallenstein” von F. Schiller) it is important to consider the national cultural element in combination with a particular literary work or its author. Phraseologisms also reflect such phenomena of the past and present of the country that have no direct analogues in other national cultures. For example: der Alte Herr - “former member of the student corporation, graduate (veteran) of the university”; der blaue Brief – “a letter of unpleasant content: 1. official notice of dismissal, 2. letter to parents from school about bad behavior or poor academic performance of the student.” Some phraseological units reflect a nationally specific situation underlying the figurative and figurative meaning of the phraseological unit. For example: bei j-m in der Kreide stehen - “to owe someone”, from the custom of innkeepers to write down debts with chalk on a special board. And to understand the phraseology fristlos entlassen - “dismiss immediately, dismiss without warning” you need to know the legislation. According to German law, notice periods for dismissal range from two to six months. Ignorance of this point can lead to a misunderstanding of phraseological units. We are not talking about a simple dismissal; (fristlos entlassen) is a means of putting pressure on workers, a means of getting rid of undesirable elements. Ich war von ihm in der Sekunde telefonisch entlassen. Wer jetzt nicht sofort zur Arbeit kommt, wird fristlos entlassen.The Latin language played a very important role in Germany in the Middle Ages and later. Education in schools, as well as worship in the church, was conducted in Latin. The role of Latin is reflected in the expression mit seinem Latein am Ende sein - “to be at a dead end, not to know what to do next.” In this phraseological unit, Latin should be understood as knowledge, science in general. "Sie standen voreinander, und der selbstbewußte Robert war plötzlich am Ende seines Lateins» . (G. Görlich. “Eine Sommergeschichte”). "Genosse Leisewitz, gestand sie, ich fürchte, ich bin mit meinem Latein zu Ende"(W.Steinberg. "Pferdewechsel") Phraseologism die Schwarze Kunst - "1) printing; 2) black magic” is related to the invention of printing. I. Gutenberg (1400 - 1468) – creator of the European method of printing with movable type.The phraseology nach der Tabulatur - “strictly according to the rules” is related to the Mastersinger competition in medieval Germany. Tabulatur - a table of singing rules according to which these competitions were carried out. The phraseology j-m den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben - “blame everything (blame, work) on someone else” is related to a children's card game. Whoever still has “Black Peter” in his hands has lost and is smeared black. The following phraseological units are explained by traditional German games. Germany is considered the birthplace of skittles, where this game was known already from the 17th – 18th centuries. The goal of the game is to knock down a larger number of wooden pins using fewer balls launched by hand. “Eine ruhige Kugel schieben” - (lit. push the ball slowly) means to do light work, to work coolly.Die einen sind Schwerarbeiter, andere wieder schieben eine ruhige Kugel. „Kalle will eben "ne ruhige Kugel schieben", - meckerte einer.In a broader sense, “live in peace” is used in the following context: „Jedenfalls haben wir für die nächste Zeit ausreichend zu essen", sagte Wolzow und steckte sich eine Zigarre an, „da schieben wir hier eine ruhige Kugel."(D. Noll.) Alle Neune! All is ready! (exclamation when playing bowls, when all the pieces are knocked down) is used to mean completing everything to the end.” Phraseologism den Daumen drückenit is explained as follows: in the Middle Ages, the Germanic peoples believed that a clenched fist with a pressed thumb protected against curses and helped drive away nightmares. In modern language, this expression is most often used as a wish for good luck. For example:Ich wünsche dir viel Glück bei deiner Prüfung und drücke für dich den Daumen.In Russian there is a corresponding equivalent to “keep your fists”.Thus, knowledge of national specifics facilitates the understanding of phraseological units, but rather the exception rather than the rule are cases of translation of phraseological units of the German language with national-cultural semantics through a similar phraseological equivalent in the Russian language. 1.2. What do phraseological units say about the national character of the Germans? The Germans are hardworking and ready to complete any task, often to victory. Deutsch sein heisst, eine Sache um ihrer selbst Willen treiben. - “Being German means doing something for its own sake.” This catchphrase goes back to the work of R. Wagner “Deutsche Kunst und deutsche Politik”. The following phraseological units show the attitude of the Germans to business. Fleiß macht aus Eisen Wachs. - Diligence turns iron into wax. Arbeit ist des Bürges Zierde. (F. Schiller) – Labor makes a person. It is believed that this attitude to business arose from a love of order. Ordnung muss sein - There must be order. A great catchphrase that gives a clear picture of the Germans. The Germans' love for order is evidenced by the phraseological units Ordnung ist das halbe Leben. -Order is the basis of life. Alles muß sein Ordnung haben. – Everything must have its own order. Ordnung lehrt euch Zeit gewinnen. (J.W. Goethe) – Order teaches you to find time. A distinctive feature of the Germans is their thriftiness. It is believed that “sparen” is the favorite verb of the Germans. Sparen ist verdienen – “saving means earning”, this is another wise thought from the Germans. Simple and categorical. There is nothing to argue against it, this is German logic. But this does not mean being a miser, it means “being frugal” to a reasonable extent. Wer den Pfennig nicht ehrt, ist des Talers nicht wert. - He who does not respect the pfennig is not worthy of the thaler. Germans are punctual. Jedes Ding hat seine Zeit. – Every business has its time. Besser eine Stunde zu früh, als eine Minute zu spät. - Better an hour earlier than a minute later. Pünktlichkeit ist die Höflichkeit der Könige. The Germans are correct, polite and quite careful. Vorsicht ist die Mutter der Weisheit. Caution is the mother of wisdom. Das bessere Teil der Tapferkeit ist Vorsicht. (F.Schiller) Caution is the best trait of courage. Germans are straightforward when conducting business negotiations. Deutsch mit j-m sprechen – “talk to sm. briefly and clearly"; auf gut deutsch – “directly”. They say about Munich people that they are slow. For them, the rule of two “Ps” applies - “sit down and think!” There is even such an expression in German: die Münchener essen die Knödel nacheinander, sonst verschluckt man sich - “Munich residents are in no hurry to make a decision, they do everything thoughtfully” (lit. “Munich residents eat dumplings one at a time so as not to choke). They say about Schwerin: das ist eine Stadt, wo sich die Füchse gute Nacht sagen - “this is the city of the devil.” Another expression about the residents of Schwerin: sie leben hinter dem Mond - “they live in isolation from reality.” Swabians speak a dialect that is quite difficult to understand. They say about Swabians that they only become smart at the age of 40. Hence in German the expression das Schwabenalter - the age of 40 (when a person becomes reasonable), im Schwabenalter sein. 2. Let’s compare phraseological units that are used to characterize a person with similar ones in the Russian language. Such phraseological units, as a rule, are built on a joke, irony, or hyperbole. The figurative basis of such phraseological units usually reveals the peculiarities of the life and way of life of the people. In Germany it is customary to talk about tall and skinny people eine lange (dürre) Bohnenstange. Beans - die Bohnen - have been grown in German villages for a long time. These are climbing plants. In order for the shoots to rise upward, they put up supports - die Stangen. The words lang-long and dürr-skinny enhance the imagery of the entire expression. To translate these phraseological units, the Russian word zherd in its figurative and figurative meaning is suitable: Ist es dein Bruder? This is your brother? Na, eine lange Bohnenstange. What a pole! In the Russian language there are phraseological units for the humorous characterization of very tall people: fire tower and Kolomna verst, the explanation for which is provided by some details of Russian history. But they are not synonymous. About little people we say: the pot is two inches from the pot, and the Germans are not without ridicule: kaum drei Käse hoch. The word der Käse is used here to mean a wheel of cheese (der Kaselaib).In meaning and emotional connotation, both phraseological units correspond to each other. There are other phraseological units, the figurative basis of which is the same in both languages.Weil er nur Haut und Knochen war, sah sein Fuchsgesicht noch spitzitger aus. (A. Seghers) The officer was long, thin, skin and bones. (M. Gorky)/ Das Mädchen sah wie Blut und Milch aus.(Th. Fontane) Blood and milk, your son is the firstborn. Blood and milk and the bride!(N. Nekrasov) In the first pair of sentences, the extreme thinness of a person is emphasized by the phrase Haut und Knochen - “skin and bones.” In the second pair of phraseological units, a blush as bright as blood plays on a face as white as milk. The figurative basis of these phraseological units is national. The phraseological unit wie ein begossener Pudel (literally: a poodle that was doused) characterizes both a person’s appearance and his internal qualities. It means he is in a ridiculous position and looks pitiful and funny. In the Russian language there is a phraseological unit: wet chicken. To some extent, it corresponds to the German wie ein begossener Pudel, but the Russian phraseological unit wet chicken is perceived as an assessment of a person’s character: weak-willed, weakling.Egor may be a debater, but he is a wet chicken. Afraid of cart squeaks. (M. Alekseev) To characterize a dull and stupid person, phraseological units are used: ein Brett vor dem Kopf haben, eine weiche Birne haben, nicht alle Tassen im Schrank haben. The history of the origin of the phraseological unit ein Brett vor dem Kopf haben is known: a stubborn bull was hung on its horns in front of his eyes and blinded. After this, the bull, having lost orientation, obediently and stupidly moved in the direction where it was being driven. In the phraseological unit eine weiche Birne haben, the head of a fool is likened to a soft pear. The phraseological unit nicht alle Tassen im Schrank haben has close correspondences in Russian phraseology: he does not have everything at home, he is missing one screw. Assessing a person’s life experience is one of the most interesting topics in phraseology.Sein Vater ist in diplomatischen Dingen ein alter Hase. Er war über dreissig Jahre im auswärtigen Dienst. His father is a terrible sparrow in diplomatic affairs. He was in diplomatic work abroad for more than thirty years.The figurative basis of the phraseological unit ein alter Hase in German and the shot sparrow in Russian is generally the same: a person with rich life experience is likened to an animal, a bird, which was hunted a lot. In German there is a phraseological phrase mit allen Hunden gehetzt sein – “to go through fire and water” (lit. poisoned by all dogs). Solche Bursch en sind mit allen Hunden gehetzt. (F. Wolf.) These guys have been through thick and thin.This phraseological unit corresponds to the Russian phraseological unit grated kalach. So the phrase:This is a grated kalach who knows people and knows how to use themfrom Turgenev’s story “The Singers” is translated as follows:Er ist mit allen Hunden gehetzt, er kennt die Menschen und versteht, sie auszunutzen.No less interesting is the German phraseological unit es faustdick hinter den Ohren haben, used to evaluate a person’s cunning and dexterity.“Entweder... er will mich überraschen, oder er betrügt mich. Mein alter Unrat hat es überhaupt faustdick hinter den Ohren.” (H. Mann) “Either... he wants to take me by surprise, or he is deceiving me. In general, my old man Unrath is a big scoundrel.”This phraseological unit is translated by the word rascal. This is explained as follows: in the old days it was believed that different types of mind were located in different parts of a person’s head. Cunning and trickery are hidden somewhere behind a person’s ears. And if someone has accumulated cunning behind his ears the size of a fist (faustdick), then he is a big rogue. PU es faustdick hinter den Ohren haben corresponds to the Russian phraseological unit on your mind. Let's compare the translation of a phrase from Turgenev's story "Singers".Das ist ein erfahrerer Mensch, er hat es faustdick hinter den Ohren. This is an experienced person, with his own mind...To characterize people who are very inexperienced, naive, the following phraseological phrase is used in German: ein unbeschriebenes Blatt (literally, an unwritten sheet).Phraseologism ein grosses Tier means an influential person who occupies a high social position. The opposite meanings of the phraseological units kein grosses Tier sein or keine Nummer haben are translated into the phraseological units small fry. The phraseological unit ein weißer Rabe is translated into Russian as the equivalent of “white crow”. With complete external coincidence, a serious difference in semantics is observed. The German phraseological unit has the meaning of “something exceptional” and is used in relation to people who are sharply different from others in a positive way.Eigentlich ist es ein Schloß, denn Anfang des19. Jahrhunderts baute man längst keine Burgen mehr. Der Graf, der es erbauen ließ, war ein weißer Rabe unter den Adligen Mecklenburgs. Er bemühte sich um fortschrittliche Produktionsmethoden in der Landwirtschaft.There is no shade of exclusivity in Russian phraseological units. A “white crow” is a person who stands out sharply from the negative side.He did not understand the specifics of the activity, among professionals he looked like a black sheep. In Russian, a person who is difficult to get along with and difficult to understand is said to be a tough nut to crack. The German phraseological unit eine harte Nuss means a difficult task, a difficult situation. Die Űbersetzung aus dem Russischen ins Deutsche ist für uns harte Nuss. In those cases when we are talking about a quarrelsome person, it is more correct to use the phraseological unit er ist eine feine Nummer:Dieser Emil war aber eine feine Nummer!The Germans speak beautifully and poetically about a person who brings joy to others, Sonne im Herzen haben.Dieser Junge hatte Sonne im Herzen: er sorgte für uns, stand uns immer selbstlos bei, pflegte mit Liebe unsere kranke Schwester.It is impossible to find a phraseological unit that is similar in imagery in the Russian language. We are speaking:he radiates happiness. But this is some kind of temporary state of a person, and the expression Sonne im Herzen haben denotes the constant ability to please others with just one’s presence. In order to make the characterization more vivid and memorable, we often clearly exaggerate the real capabilities of people, das Gras wachsen hören (lit. to hear how the grass grows) - “to be overly self-confident” or Berge versetzen - “to move mountains.”Schwer war der Anfang, doch die Begeisterung der Jungen und Mädchen versetzte Berge. To characterize a person by their manner of behavior, complete equivalents are quite often found in the Russian and German languages. They say about a meek, harmless person: he won’t hurt a fly / kann keiner Fliege etwas zuleide tun, he won’t muddy the waters / kann kein Wässerchen trüben. They say very figuratively about a powerful person who loves to give orders and subjugate others: er (sie) führt das Regiment.Zu Hause führte Frau Pauline das Regiment. (W. Bredel. “Die Väter”) In German there are two nouns that have different meanings, but differ only in the plural. number: das Regiment- die Regimente domination; das Regiment- die Regimenter Regiment. In this regard, the expression das Regiment führen means “to hold the reins of government”, and ein Regiment führen - “to command a regiment”. The expressiveness of the phraseological unit das Regiment führen is precisely based on the fact that the word Regiment can be understood in two ways. So, during a comparative study of Russian and German phraseology, we encountered an unexpected closeness and no less unexpected difference in images with a significant similarity in the meaning of the phraseological units themselves.Thus, our hypothesis: German phraseological units are difficult, but possible to translate with the corresponding equivalent in Russian, was partially confirmed. Phraseologisms can clearly demonstrate the similarities and differences in the perception of the world by speakers of their native and target languages.

Conclusion. Familiarity with phraseology is important, since revealing the motivation of phraseological units increases the level of proficiency in them, ensures better memorability, and increases interest in the language. By using phraseological units, we can decorate our speech and give it greater expressiveness. Mastering the phraseology of a foreign language means achieving a high degree of proficiency in it. I consider further study of phraseology promising, as it helps to master the essential elements of culture and traditions, helps to form an objective attitude towards the historical past and phenomena of modern life in the country of the language being studied. All this is becoming more relevant now, due to the growing interest in languages.References. 1. M. D. Stepanova, I. I. Chernysheva. “Lexicology of the modern German language” M. Higher School. 1962 2. A. D. Reichshtein “Comparative analysis of German and Russian phraseology” M. Higher School. 1980 3. E. V. Rosen “German vocabulary: history and modernity” M. Higher School. 1991 4. Yu. P. Solodub “Journey into the world of phraseology” M. Enlightenment. 1981 5. A. M. Iskoz, A. F. Lenkova “Anthology on the lexicology of the German language” M. Enlightenment. 1985 6. L. I. Binovich, N. N. Grishin “German-Russian phraseological dictionary” M. Russian language. 1975 7. A. A. Leping “German-Russian Dictionary” M. Soviet Encyclopedia. 8. Internet resources: -Wikipedia -goethe-institut.com. -www.deutsche-lernseite.com.

Appendix 1. Table of phraseological units of the German language.

Thematic group “Names of animals”
auf den Hund kommen	reach the handle, fall low
jemandem einen Bären aufbinden	tell someone a lie
j-m einen Floh ins Ohr setzen	to excite, excite, disturb someone
Seinem Affen Zucker geben	give yourself free rein, frolic
j-m eine Laus in den Pelz setzen	cause trouble, cause trouble
weisse Mäuse sehen	be drunk
den Ochsen hinter den Pflug spannen	start things from the wrong end
die Pferde scheu machen	panic
Schwein haben	lucky, lucky, happiness smiles
etwas pfeifen die Spatzen von den Dächern	Everyone is talking about it, everyone knows it
in etwas ist der Wurm drin	there is something wrong here, there is some defect
Da liegt der Hase im Pfeffer	that's where the dog is buried
Der Katze die Schelle umhängen	wash dirty linen in public
Phraseologisms with a national-cultural component
jeden Pfennig zehnmal umdrehen	shake over every penny
bei Groschen sein	be sane
keinen Groschen wert sein	not worth a penny
Keinen Deut dafür wert	have nothing to do with it
seine drei Heller überall dazugeben	interfere in conversations
seinen Dreier dazugeben	to contribute
das ist keinen Kreuzer wert	it's not worth a penny
er hat nicht für einen Sechser Verstand	he's got no brains
einen schönen Taler verdienen	earn big money
durch Mark und Bein gehen	pierce through
wie ein Pfingstochse	dressed up, dressed up
wie eine Pfingstrose	like the color of poppies
Lieschen Müller	collectively about the average person
seinen Friedrich Wilhelm darunter setzen	put your signature
den feinen Wilhelm markieren	pretend to be an aristocrat
den dicken Wilhelm spielen	put on airs
der deutsche Michel	a figure who embodied the typical features of German backwardness
Von Pontius zu Pilatus gehen	knock on the thresholds of institutions
Eine dumme Trine (Katharine)	fool, stupid,
Otto Normalverbraucher	ordinary reader/viewer
Thematic group “Human Characteristics”
ein frecher Spatz (literally: lively sparrow)	small but daring, brave and resourceful girl
ein scheues Reh (lit.: timid roe deer)	fragile and shy girl
ein heller Kopf	this is a bright head
ein wandelndes Lexikon	walking encyclopedia
ein aufgehender Stern	rising star
ein Stern erster Grosse	star of the first magnitude
Er kann nicht bis fünf (drei) zählen.	He can't put two words together.
Noch die Eierschalen hinter den Ohren	The milk hasn't dried on your lips yet
der Grünschnabel	yellow-throated chick
er hat das Herz auf dem rechten Fleck (his heart is in the right place)	he is a real person, that is, kind, and brave, and honest.
seinen Mann stehen	show yourself well done
der Gärtners Hund	dog in the manger
hat das Pulver nicht erfunden	there are not enough stars in the sky
den Schwanz zwischen die Beine nehmen	tuck your tail between your legs
Die Flügel hängen lassen	give up, fall into despair
er ist nicht auf den Mund gefallen.	will not reach into your pocket for a word
Vetter um Tausend Ecken herum	very distant relative
ein fideles (lustiges) Haus; eine gemütliche Haut	merry fellow, shirt-guy; your (on the board) boyfriend
überflüssige fünfte Rad spielen (fifth wheel in the cart)	superfluous, unnecessary in any matter, person.
heraus aus den besten Jahren sein	to be no longer young
ein heller Kopf haben	have a head on your shoulders
eine grosse (gute, hohe) Nummer bei j-m haben
Er ist ein Engel mit einem Bengel	rip off - head
blank sein	I don't have a penny to my name
sein Maul wie ein Müllhaufen	about a person who loves to gossip
Er hat die Weisheit mit dem Löffel gegessen	he considers himself unusually smart
The most common phraseological units
Sich eine Hintertur offen halten	leave yourself a loophole
Himmel und Holle in Bewegung setzen	use all known means
Wie Gott in Frankreich leben	live like a lord
Gift und Galle spucken	tear and throw
Von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein	go crazy, lose your mind
Ins Garn gehen	fall for the bait
seine Felle fort schwimmen sehen	lose your last hope
die Füsse unter einen fremden Tisch stecken	live at someone else's expense
Durch dick und dünn gehen	go through fire and water
Alles geht wie gehext	everything is going like clockwork
In den sauren Apfel beissen	swallow a bitter pill
Mit Ach und Krach	with all my heart
Erst abwarten, dann Tee trinken	wait and see
Das Kind beim rechten Namen nennen	call a spade a spade
Die Klappe halten	keep your mouth shut
Mir nichts, dir nichts	out of the blue
auf dem Ohr liegen	sit back
Der kennt seine Pappenheimer	knows very well who he is dealing with
Da haben wir den Salat!	Here you go! Here's your time!
In Saus und Braus leben	Live without denying yourself anything
Das ist starker Tabak	This is too much!
die Flinte ins Kornwerfen	give in to difficulties
sich keine grauen Haare wachsen lassen	take it easy
Von der Hand in den Mund leben	barely make ends meet
alle Hände voll zu tun	mouth full of troubles
seinem Herzen Luft machen	remove the stone from the heart
j-m den Kopf wasсhen	soap someone's head
keinen Finger rühren	don't hit your finger
ein Herz nehmen (or fassen)	Courage
ein Herz wie Butter haben	be a soft-hearted person
sein Süppchen am Feuer anderer kochen	make money at someone else's expense
sich von j-m die Kastanien aus dem Feuer holen lassen	rake in the heat with someone else's hands
j-m fifty-fifty machen	divide profit (loss) in half
ein Donnerwetter loslassen	make harsh criticism

Appendix 2. Practical tasks. Task No. 1. Find Russian equivalents to the following German phraseological units.

1.ein unbeschriebenes Blatt	a) hit the nail on the head
2. Daumen drücken	b) make the secret obvious
3.hinter schwedischen Gardinen sitzen	c) be a kind-hearted person
4.leben wie Gott in Frankreich	d) This is too much!
5.ein lustiges Haus	e) blame someone else
6. eine ruhige Kugel schieben	f) preen
7. wie am Schnürchen	g) make you lose patience
8. auf deutsch	h) be 40 years of age
9.j-m in Stich lassen	i) to be behind bars
10. mit seinem Latein am Ende sein	j) live like Christ in your bosom
11. j-m bei der Kreide stehen	k) funny guy, shirt guy
12. kaum drei Käse hoch	l) work cool
13. wie eine Pfingstrose	m) go down, fall low
14. de Nagel auf den Kopf treffen	n) holy simplicity, naivety
15. wie ein gebossener Pudel	o) speaking briefly and clearly
16. den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben	p) give yourself free rein, frolic
17. Das ist starker Tabak.	q) wash dirty linen in public
18. die Katze aus dem Sack lassen	r) like the color of poppies
19. ein Herz wie Butter haben	s) leave to the mercy of fate
20. ein Osterbad nehmen	t) owe
21. bei Groschen sein	u) two inches from the pot
22. der Katze die Schelle umhängen	v) wet chicken
23. seinem Affen Zucker geben	w) root for someone
24. auf den Hund kommen	x) get stuck
25. aus dem Lot bringen	y) like clockwork
26. im Schwabenalter sein	z) be sane

Task No. 2. Find Russian equivalents for the following German concepts.

1. Meister Petz	a) “Ivan the Fool”
2. Kobold	d) Parsley
3. Sankt Nikolaus	c) Indian summer
4. der Deutsche Michel	d) water
5. Nix	e) Maslenitsa
6. Hexe	f) Santa Claus
7. Schneemann	g) Mikhail Toptygin
8. Nachsommer	h) Baba Yaga
9. Fasching	i) snow woman
10. Kasperle	j) brownie

Task No. 3. Find Russian equivalents for the following German exclamations.

1. Rede nicht solchen Quark!	a) It's your problem!
2. Da haben wir den Salat!	b) I was stunned. My jaw dropped.
3. Alles in Butter!	c) Not at all! Not in the least!
4.Wenn schon, den schon!	d) Damn it!
5. Das ist dein Bier!	e) Here you go! Wow!
6. Ich glaube, mich laust der Affe!	f) Don't talk nonsense!
7. Nicht die Spur!	g) Either in the forehead or in the forehead!
8. Verflucht und zugenäht!	h) It's okay!

Task No. 4 . Using the German-Russian phraseological dictionary, try to understand the meanings of German phraseological units, which are based on a nationally specific situation.Einen Korb bekommen, den Stab über j-n brechen, auf nass einsteigen wollen, ein falscher Fuffziger, auf dem Busch klopfen, sein Bündel schnüren, auf den Leim gehen, auf den Sand setzen, im Trüben fischen, die Axt an etw. legen, es geht auf Biegen oder Brechen, Karoeinfach, ohne jedes/grosses Aufheben.

Task No. 5. Using the German-Russian phraseological dictionary, try to understand the following specific German realities.Der Heurigenfest, der Wittenpfennig, das Gabelfrühstück, die Schlafgelegenheit, der Anliegerverkehr, die Kaffeetafel, der Badvorleger, der Schimmelreiter, der Siebenschläfer, die Weihnachtsbescherung, der Magenbitter, der Rosenmontag, die Kaisersemmel, der Pumpernickel , die Vogelhochzeit, die Liebfrauenmilch, der Brotaufstrich , der Brotbelag, die Kristallnacht, der Hammelsprung, der Richtkranz, das Sandmännchen, das Vogelschiessen, das Schunkellied, der Schuhplattler, das Schweidungskind, die Wehrmacht, die Quartiermutter.

1.______________________2._____ ______________ 3.____________________

4.___ _________________ 5.________ _________ 6.___ __________________

7._________________ 9._____________________

__________________________________________________________________

auf dem Halse sitzen, b) sich in die Länge ziehen, c) an der Nase herumführen, d) in den Wolken schweben, e) kann keiner Fliege etwas zuleide tun, f) nach j-s Pfeife tanzen, g) ihm macht nichts etwas aus , h) sie sind von gleichem Kaliber, i) die beiden hängen aneinander wie die Kletten.

Task No. 7. What do the following pictures mean?

1 a) HansDampf in Allen Gassen

2 b) ein unbeschriebenes Blatt

3 c) sie führt das Regiment

4 d) den müden Heinrich spielen

5 e) die Katze aus dem Sack lassen

6 f) leeres Stroh dreschen

Introduction

Chapter 1. Classification of phraseological units of the German language

1 Approaches to the classification of phraseological units

2 Semantic classification

2.1 Phraseological unities

2.2 Phraseological combinations

2.3 Phraseological expressions

Chapter 2. Study of methods of translation of various types of phraseological units

1 Phraseological unities

2 Phraseological combinations

3 Phraseological expressions

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Words are what already exists in language and in the human mind when mastering language as a means of communication, and phrases and sentences are formed in the speech act. Their creation is subject to the strict laws of grammar and depends on the conditions of speech and the goals of the speaker. Freedom of combination is never absolute, it is always relative. But in the language there are quite a lot of phrases that do not appear in speech, but are used in it as ready-made verbal formations. These are phraseological units.

Phraseologisms are very diverse in their grammatical models and features. Most phraseological units have emotionally expressive connotations. There are various classifications of phraseological units. And each type of phraseological units can be translated using different methods. The main difficulty in translating phraseological units is that it is not always possible to find analogues in the target language - correspondence to a given phraseological unit.

This topic is relevant, since German phraseology is little studied, but has great potential for further research. Along with a wealth of factual material, it contains a number of theoretical aspects that are relevant in our time.

The purpose of the course work is to study phraseological units of the modern German language, their classification and study methods of their translation.

The subject of the study is German phraseological units and translation methods used for a specific type of phraseological units.

The object of the study is the German work of art by E. M. Remarque “Three Comrades”.

The main objectives of the work are to explore various methods of translating phraseological units and conduct a comparative analysis of these translations.

The following methods were used in the work:

comparative method for studying translations by different authors;
statistical method for identifying the most common transformations.

The works of such famous scientists as V.V. were used as a theoretical basis. Vinogradov, M.D. Gorodnikova, L.F. Zinder, T.V. Stroeva, I.I. Chernysheva.

The assigned tasks determined the structure of the work. It consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion with main conclusions.

The introduction indicates the relevance of the problem under study and describes the purpose and objectives of the course work. The object and methods of research are established, the theoretical and practical significance is determined.

The first chapter provides approaches to the classification of phraseological units, their classification itself with examples.

The second chapter is devoted to the study of translation methods applicable for specific types of phraseological units; at the end of this chapter, statistical data processing is presented, which reflects the results of the study in percentage terms, in tables and diagrams.

In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the work we have done.

Chapter 1. Classification of phraseological units of the German language

.1 Approaches to the classification of phraseological units

Linguists have studied various aspects of phraseology, but until today there is no consensus on the issue of the scope of phraseology, there is no unified classification of phraseological units of the German language in terms of their semantic unity.

In Russian linguistics, phraseological units have been studied very deeply and thoroughly based on the material of various languages of the world. However, if in Russian linguistics syntactic studies by such scientists as A.A. Shakhmatov, F.F. Fortunatov, V.K. Porzhezinsky laid the foundation for the theory of phraseology, but this did not happen in German linguistics. To this day, stable phraseological and non-phraseological type phrases in the works of many German linguists are considered in the general mass of phrases when analyzing syntax and word formation.

But what was remarkable for the study of the phraseology of the German language from the very beginning was that Soviet Germanists tried to apply the classification of V.V. Vinogradov to the material of phraseology of the German language. A characteristic point in using the classification of V.V. Vinogradov for German phraseology was the desire of a number of Soviet scientists (M.D. Gorodnikova, L.F. Zinder, T.V. Stroeva) to improve this classification. So, M.D. Gorodnikova, based on the semantic structure of phraseological units such as phraseological adhesions and phraseological unities, unites them into one group under the general name of idioms and contrasts them with phraseological combinations called lexical unities. [Gorodnikova M.D., 1978, p. 37]

A similar attempt was made by L.F. Zinder and T.V. Drillman. [Zidner L.R., Stroeva T.V., 1977, p. 18] The authors of this version combined two groups of V.V.’s classification. Vinogradov (phraseological comparisons and phraseological unities) into one under the term phraseological unities. The second group of classification transformations remains phraseological combinations that are opposed in their characteristics to phraseological unities.

One of the most significant classifications is functional, which is described in the work of I.I. Chernysheva “Phraseology of the modern German language”. [Chernysheva I.I., 1970, p. 44]

Functional classification appeared in Soviet German studies during the period when phraseological studies by V.V. Vinogradov showed the importance of considering stable phrases and combinations of words that have integrity of understanding, which was taken away from syntax and word formation, since a number of phrases were classified by German scientists as complex words. These units with pure nomination, designated as lexical unities, nominative phraseological units were first studied as a special part of the doctrine of stable phrases of the modern German language.

This circumstance made it possible to trace in detail the function and structural-semantic features of stable combinations of words of this group, as well as their distinctive features, in relation to combinations of words that perform an expressive-nominative function in the language.

However, specification of the composition of units of two large groups of stable combinations of words of group I (lexical unities or nominative phraseological units) and group II (nominative-expressive phraseological units) shows that functional differences are mostly associated with features of the structural-semantic order.

Researchers have systematized the phraseology of the modern German language according to a number of principles. However, it currently needs significant clarification.

This is due to the fact of the development of the theory of phraseology and the knowledge of ever new patterns inherent in the language system under consideration, as well as the clarification of methods for studying phraseology.

1.2 Semantic classification

The problem of classification of phraseological units of the modern German language has been given much attention in the works of Soviet Germanists. The most widely known version of the semantic classification by V.S. Vinogradova. It is on the basis of this classification that the research in this work will be conducted.

“Phraseological units are separately formed, stable combinations of words of various structural types with a single compatibility of components, the meaning of which arises as a result of the semantic transformation of the component composition.” [Vinogradov V.S., 2001, pp. 180 - 198]

According to their grammatical structure, phraseological units can be phrases, predicative combinations, or sentences. According to the nature of the meaning arising as a result of the interaction of structure, compatibility and semantic transformation of the component composition, they differ:

a) phraseological unities,

b) phraseological combinations,

c) phraseological expressions. [Vinogradov V.S., 2001, pp. 180 - 198]

1.2.1 Phraseological unities

Phraseological unity - « it is a semantically indivisible and integral phraseological phrase, the meaning of which is motivated by the meanings of its constituent words.” [Shansky N.M., 1985, p. 68]

Phraseological unities arise on the basis of semantic rethinking or shifting of variable phrases. A new, phraseological meaning is created not as a result of changing the meaning of individual components of a phrase, but by changing the meaning of the entire complex. In phraseological unity, the individual meaning of the component words is absorbed and lost. They form an indivisible whole. It is this category of phraseology that is characterized by semantic unity or semantic integrity. With all this, the meaning of the whole is associated with the understanding of the “reverse core of the phrase”, the perceptibility of the transfer of meaning, which constitutes the “internal form”. [Rosenthal D.E., 2002, p. 21]

For example:

j-m den Kopf wasсhen - to soap someone's neck;

keinen Finger kr ü mmen - do not hit a finger on a finger (literally, do not bend a single finger).

The figurative motivation of phraseological unity can fade and weaken over time to the point of complete demotivation:

auf dem Ohr liegen - to sit back (literally lie on your ear), (D.) ein Herz nehmen (or fassen) - to gather courage.

However, the demotivation of phraseological unity does not affect either its expressiveness or its functional and stylistic affiliation.

1.2.2 Phraseological combinations

A phraseological combination is “a phraseological phrase in which there are words with both free and phraseologically related meanings.” [Shansky N.M., 1985, p. 71]

Thus, by phraseological combinations we call phraseological units that arise as a result of a single concatenation of one semantically transformed component. Semantically similar phraseological units are characterized by analyticity and preservation of the semantic separation of components:

eine gem ü tliche Haut - good guy, ein goldenes Herz haben - he has a heart of gold.

The number of phraseological combinations is very small, because a single compatibility of one of the components is not typical in German phraseology.

For example, the phraseological unit eine (keine) gl ü ckliche Hand haben belongs to the group of phraseological combinations, because arose as a result of a single concatenation of one component (Hand), which is semantically transformed, in contrast to the previously discussed groups, the units of which have a single compatibility of the entire component composition and a semantic transformation of the entire phraseological unit. [Amosova N.N., 1981, p. 25]

1.2.3 Phraseological expressions

A phraseological expression is “a phraseological phrase that is stable in its composition and use, which is not only semantically distinct, but also consists entirely of words with a free meaning.” [Shansky N.M., 1985, p. 75]

That is, phraseological expressions are units that, in their grammatical structure, are predicative combinations of words and sentences. That is, we are talking about proverbs, sayings, aphorisms and other stable judgments that reflect the labor, moral and everyday experience of the people, practical philosophy and human wisdom. For example, these include:

Common proverbs:

Das Gesicht verrat den Wicht - The thief's hat is on fire.

L ü gen haben kurze Beine - Lies have short legs.

Sayings like:

Die Zä hne in die Wand hauen - put your teeth on a shelf, und Bein frieren - become numb from the cold.

Stable and reproducible interjections and modal expressions:

Hand aufs Herz! - hand on heart

Kein Bein! - nothing like this

also various winged words, words of ancient literature, the Bible, journalism: um Auge - an eye for an eye (Bible) um Zahn - a tooth for a tooth (Bible)

Kein Bein! - nothing like this

The above categories of phraseological expressions show 2 main properties of phraseology: they have a single compatibility of components and a specific type of semantic transformation.

Chapter 2. Study of methods of translation of various types of phraseological units

Every translator should strive to translate phraseological units into phraseological units. This is the basic requirement. By performing it, as a rule, the greatest equivalence is achieved in recreating the phraseology of the original in translation. However, sometimes such a technique is impossible: the target language may not have a conceptually equivalent phraseological unit, or it may exist, but it does not suit its stylistic characteristics. [Vinogradov V.S., 2001, p. 185]

This chapter analyzes the methods of translation of various types of phraseological units taken from the work of E.M. Remark "Three Comrades". Examples of translation from different translators are given: Y. Arkhipov and I. Schreiber.

This chapter will analyze some phraseological units; other examples are given in the appendix. In total, the work examines 100 examples of translation of phraseological units.

The analysis of each phraseological unit consists in determining the method for translating the phraseological unit and the degree of adequacy of the translation for each translator: Yu. Arkhipov and I. Schreiber.

2.1 Phraseological unities

j-m. eins auswischen - to put someone in a puddle, to leave someone in the cold; make a mess

“Das ist ja albern", erklärte ich, vergnügt, dem Dicken eins auswischen zu können.

Well, this is pure stupidity, - I did not miss the opportunity to prick the fat man. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 70]

This is just stupid,” I said, rejoicing at the opportunity to prick the fat man. [AND. Schreiber, p.70]

In this case, when translating phraseological units, the modulation method was used, because the verb auswischen is translated as erase (dust, written on a board); wipe, wipe. The phraseological unit to prick someone is more adequate than the proposed translations of this phraseological unit, which is what each author took advantage of.

jem. nicht aus den Augen lassen - keep your eyes open

verrü ckt werden - to go crazy, go crazy

Der war völlig verrückt geworden und ließ sie nicht a us den Augen.

He seemed to be crazy and couldn’t take his eyes off the girl. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 98]

He seemed to have gone crazy and did not take his eyes off Pat. [AND. Schreiber, page 102]

This sentence contains two phraseological units. When translating the first, Arkhipov, while maintaining a conversational style, uses both the lexical method (modulation) and the stylistic method (emphatization), using the colloquial expression crazy to increase expression. When translating the second phraseological unit, Arkhipov, like Schreiber, uses the modulation method. Schreiber also uses modulation when translating the first phraseological unit. Both translations are adequate, but the second is more accurate than the first, because the lexical structure is preserved here.

Bescheid wissen - to be in the know

Um sieben holen wir sie ab. Sie Weiß Bescheid .

We'll pick her up at seven. She's aware. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 136]

We'll pick her up at seven. She has been warned. [AND. Schreiber, page 144]

jem. ist etw. ganz egal - neither hot (neither warm) nor cold, all the same

"Es where is the world auch ganz egal", sagte ich.

“I wouldn’t care,” I said. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 351]

“I wouldn’t care at all,” I said. [AND. Schreiber, p. 390]

In this case, not a single translator preserved the phraseological unit. Both used a descriptive translation, which indicates that both translations are inaccurate, but in general both translations are adequate.

Die Sache ist erledigt - the song is sung, the question is settled

Damit wäre die Sache für mich erledigt gewesen.

This would settle the question. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 133]

This would settle the question. [AND. Schreiber, page 143]

When translating this phraseological unit, a grammatical method was used - literal translation. Each word of a German phraseological unit has an equivalent in Russian, while the structure of the phraseological unit itself is preserved. Both translations are adequate.

fertig werden mit etw. - to match someone's strengths, to be within one's reach

Mit Frauen werde ich schon fertig - es ist die Liebe, mit der ich nicht fertig werde.

I can get rid of women quickly, but I can’t get rid of love. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 153]

I can cope with women, but I can’t cope with love. [AND. Schreiber, p. 164]

These translations are not accurate in terms of vocabulary, but stylistically the translation corresponds to the original. In both cases, descriptive translation is used, which made it possible to convey the text more colorfully. On the other hand, the stylistic coloring of the phraseological unit has a soft connotation, therefore a rougher verb to be separated will refer to a less adequate translation.

ganz und gar - neither give nor take, perfect

Die Musik verzauberte den Raum.Sie war wie Südwind, wie eine warme Nacht, wie ein gebauschtes Segel unter Sternen, ganz und gar unwirklich, diese Musik zu "Hoffmanns Erzählungen".

Music enchanted the hall. She was like a sultry wind, like a warm night, like a full sail under the stars, she was completely fantastic - this music for “The Tales of Hoffmann”. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 148]

The music for "The Tales of Hoffmann" cast a spell on the audience. She was like the south wind, like a warm night, like a billowing sail under the stars, completely different from life. [AND. Schreiber, p. 159]

These translations are different. In the first translation, the author uses the modulation method, however, without using a phraseological equivalent. In the second translation, most likely, the method of explication was used, and more colorful literary speech is conveyed, therefore the second translation is more adequate. The author also uses the compensation method when translating the sentence, moving the expression music to “The Tales of Hoffmann” to an earlier position.

verstört aussehen -no face, worried

Aber es war Frau Zalewski. Sie sah verstört aus .

It turned out to be Frau Zalewski. She looked frightened. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 262]

But it was Frau Zalewski. She looked very upset. [AND. Schreiber, p. 290]

None of the translators translated the phraseological unit into phraseological units. Each author used descriptive translation to maintain style. But the first translation is more adequate, because adjective verst ö rt more expressive coloring, which is required by style.

sich in der Gewalt haben - pull yourself together, show self-control

Gottfried hatte sich rasch wieder in der Gewalt.

However, Gottfried quickly regained control of himself. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 72]

Gottfried quickly regained control of himself. [AND. Schreiber, p. 73]

aus jem. Hackfleisch machen - to grind into powder, to destroy

Sei du ruhig, Theo«, erwiderte ich, »aus dir werden wir beim Rennen am Sechsten schon Hackfleisch machen.

“Keep quiet, Theo,” I replied, “on the sixth at the races we will make a cutlet out of you.” [YU. Arkhipov, p. 62]

“Shut up, Theo,” I objected. - On the sixth, at the races, we will cut you to pieces. [AND. Schreiber, p. 62]

In the first case, the translator used the lexical translation method - tracing. He replaced the word Hackfleisch (literally, minced meat) with its lexical equivalent in Russian - cutlet. The second translator used lexico-grammatical translation - explication. The first translation is more adequate.

Hals ü ber Kopf - headlong

jem. einfallen - come to mind, come to mind

Im Frühjah r 1924 bin ich einmal Hals über Kopf aus Rio de Janeiro abgereist, nur weil mir einfiel , yes hier der Flieder blühen müsse.

In the spring of 1924, I rushed here headlong from Rio de Janeiro only because it occurred to me that lilacs must be blooming here. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 139]

In the spring of one thousand nine hundred and twenty-four, I took off like crazy and came home from Rio de Janeiro - I remembered that lilacs were soon to bloom in Germany. [AND. Schreiber, p. 149]

This sentence contains two phraseological units. In the first translation, the author used the modulation method in both cases, finding the corresponding phraseological units in the Russian language. In the second translation, in both cases the translator used descriptive translation, explaining these phraseological units in his own words. Therefore, the first translation is better and more adequate, because the author has preserved the structure and style of the sentence.

Hand aufs Herz - hand on heart

Neulich der Preis war ein Wunschtraum von Ihnen. Also Hand aufs Herz, was kostet der Wagen?

The price you recently told me is your pipe dream. So, hand on heart, how much does the car cost? [YU. Arkhipov, p. 80]

The price you recently quoted me is your pipe dream. So, hand on heart, how much does the car cost? [AND. Schreiber, p. 82]

sich etw. zu Herzen nehmen - to take to heart

Frau Zalewski begann plötzlich zu weinen. " Nehmen Sie es sich nicht zu sehr zu Herzen ", sagte ich. “Es ist ja doch nichts dran zu ändern.”

Frau Zalewski suddenly burst into tears. “Don't take it all so personally,” I said. “You can’t fix anything anyway.” [YU. Arkhipov, p. 266]

Frau Zalewski suddenly burst into tears.

“Don’t take it so personally,” I said. - You can’t change anything anyway. [AND. Schreiber, p. 294]

Each translation uses a literal translation. The authors preserved the structure of the phrase. The translations are adequate.

Geld wie Heu haben - the chickens don't peck

Auf einmal rauchte er. Sogar Corona-Coronas - er mußte Geld wie Heu haben.

Suddenly it turned out that he smokes. And even “Crown” - apparently he doesn’t have a lot of money. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 58]

It turned out that he still smokes. And, besides, Coronas cigars mean he’s raking in cartloads of money. [AND. Schreiber, p. 57]

In the first translation, the author translated phraseological units into phraseological units, using the modulation method. In the second translation, the phraseological unit was not preserved; the translator used a descriptive translation method. The first translation is better and more adequate.

bis auf die Knochen - to the core

Ich stand beschämt da, und, verdammt, ich war gerührt bis auf die Knochen.

I stood among them, embarrassed and, damn me, touched to the depths of my soul. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 301]

I stood among them, embarrassed and deeply touched. [AND. Schreiber, p. 332]

In both cases, the translators used lexical translation - the modulation method. The translations are identical and adequate.

bis in die Knochen - to the marrow of the bones, until the end of time

"So was lebt natürlich", sagte ich. "Lebt und ist gesund bis in die Knochen. Zum Kotzen!”

This phraseological unit has two equivalents in Russian, and each translator, using the modulation method, gave his own version. Both translations are adequate and preserve the colloquial style of speech.

nicht aus dem Kopf gehen - don't get out of your head

Ich döste vor mich hin und versuchte zu schlafen. Doch das Bild von Frau Hasse ging mir nicht aus dem Kopf.

I dozed off and even tried to sleep. However, Frau Hasse’s “kidnapping” haunted me. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 222]

I felt drowsy and tried to sleep. But the image of Frau Hasse never ceased to disturb me. [AND. Schreiber, p. 242]

In this case, the translators used the descriptive translation method. The translations are different, but adequate, although, based on the sentence as a whole, the second translation is the most accurate.

die Ohren spitzen - keep your ears open, prick up your ears

Das Telefon schrillte. Alles spitzte die Ohren.

The telephone rang shrilly. Everyone's ears perked up. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 235]

The phone rang sharply. Everyone's ears perked up. [AND. Schreiber, p. 258]

When translating phraseological units, both translators used the modulation method. The sentence is short. Both translations are the same and adequate.

seinen Ohren nicht trauen - not to believe your ears

Ich traute meinen Ohren nicht. Da war er ja endlich, der richtige Ton!

I couldn't believe my ears. The true tone has finally emerged! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 57]

I couldn't believe my ears. Here it is, finally, the real tone! [AND. Schreiber, p. 56]

In both cases, the translators used the literal method. Phraseologism is preserved. The translations are adequate.

Pleite machen - to run aground, to go broke

Inzwischen aber hatte der Mann, dem der Wagen gehörte, Pleite gemacht, und der Wagen war in die Konkursmasse gekommen.

It turned out that the person to whom it belonged went bankrupt during this time and the car was to be sold along with other things. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 281]

It turned out that the person who owned the car had just gone bankrupt and the car was auctioned off along with the rest of the property. [AND. Schreiber, p. 310]

Each author translated this phraseological unit using the descriptive method, without finding the corresponding phraseological unit in the Russian language, so it was not preserved in the translations. Nevertheless, translations fully express the idea in the original, therefore the translations are adequate.

den dümmsten Quatsch reden -talk nonsense

Mach, was du willst - steh kopf, rede den dümmsten Quatsch , prahle wie ein Pfau, singe vor ihrem Fenster, nur eins tu nicht; sei nicht sachlich!

Do what you want - stand on your head, talk nonsense, brag like a baboon, sing under her windows, avoid only one thing - don’t be businesslike! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 51]

Do whatever you want - stand on your head, talk the stupidest nonsense, brag like a peacock, sing under her window, but avoid only one thing - don’t be businesslike! [AND. Schreiber, p. 48]

Arkhipov used the modulation method in his translation, while preserving the phraseology. Schreiber used a descriptive method. But in general, the translations of both authors are adequate.

den Schnabel halten - keep your mouth shut

Shut up! - I interrupted him. Because, reminding him of the glass, he touched the open wound. . [AND. Schreiber, page 42]

In both cases, the descriptive translation method was used, the phraseology was not preserved. However, the translations are adequate, because correspond to the norm of conversational style.

aus einer anderen Welt - to be from another world

Sie bewegten sich leicht und ungezwungen, sie kamen aus einem Leben, in dem alles glattging, in dem man nichts sah, was man nicht sehen wollte, sie kamen aus einer anderen Welt.

They moved easily and naturally, they came from another life, in which everything went smoothly, in which people did not notice what they did not want to notice, in a word, they were people from another world. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 152]

They moved easily and naturally, they came from another life, where everything was smooth, where you could not see what you didn’t want to see, they came from another world. [AND. Schreiber, p. 163]

When translating this phraseological unit, each of the authors used a literal translation method. At the same time, the phraseological unit itself is preserved. The translations are identical and adequate.

2.2 Phraseological combinations

sich bemerkbar machen - to make oneself felt

Ich saß nur so dabei und konnte mich wenig bemerkbar machen ; höchstens einmal eine Schüssel reichen oder Zigaretten anbieten.

I was like an empty place and reminded of my existence only by passing a plate or offering a cigarette. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 21]

I sat in silence and only occasionally reminded of my existence, passing a plate or offering a cigarette. [AND. Schreiber, page 14]

In this sentence, when translating phraseological units, each author used the lexical translation method, namely modulation, selecting the appropriate phraseological unit in the Russian language. Both translators produced the same translation, which is adequate.

Leben verspielen - to lose life, to lay down one's head

Der geheimen Brüderschaft, die lieber verkommt, als daß sie Karriere macht, die das Leben lieber verspielt , zerbröckelt, verliert, als daß sie das unerreichbare Bild betriebsam verfälscht oder vergißt.

dastehen wie ein Ö lgö tze - stand like a statue

Er schwieg ebenfalls und stand wie ein Ölgötze da .

He, too, was silent and stood like an idol. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 55]

He, too, was silent and stood like an idol. [AND. Schreiber, p. 53]

In the first translation, the phraseological unit is preserved, but to add expression, the author uses the noun idol twice. When translating, he uses the modulation method. The second translator is a description method, his translation is less adequate.

um Gottes willen - for God's sake

Holen Sie Eis, um Gottes willen , schicken Sie zur nächsten Kneipe, und telefonieren Sie

sofort dem Arzt!

For God's sake, get some ice, go to the nearest tavern and call the doctor immediately! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 186]

For God's sake, get some ice, send it to the nearest tavern and call the doctor immediately. [AND. Schreiber, p. 202]

As you can see from the example, the translations are exactly the same. Both translators used the modulation method, choosing the appropriate stable phrase in the Russian language. The translation data is adequate.

jem. macht Karriere - to make a career

Der geheimen Brüderschaft, die lieber verkommt, als daß sie Karriere macht, die das Leben lieber verspielt, z erbröckelt, verliert, als daß sie das unerreichbare Bild betriebsam verfälscht oder vergißt.

You are a member of a secret brotherhood that would rather die than make a career, which would rather lose, screw up, waste its life than distort or forget an unattainable image. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 288]

You belong to a secret brotherhood, whose members would rather die than make a career, would rather lose, scatter, lose their lives, but do not dare, indulging in vanity, distort or forget the unattainable image. [AND. Schreiber, p. 317]

kindisch werden - to fall into childhood

Das ist der berühmte Galgenhumor der Zurü ckbleibenden, Liebling, - sagte Pat.

Hier oben wird man kindisch, - meinte Antonio entschuldigend.

This is the sweet, notorious gallows humor - the lot of those who remain,” said Pat.

Yes, people here often fall into childhood,” Antonio noted apologetically. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 337]

This is the notorious gallows humor that those who remain indulge in,” added Pat.

Yes, they are falling into childhood here,” Antonio noted in an apologetic tone. [AND. Schreiber, p. 372]

Each translator used the modulation method and retained the phraseology. However, the first author also used the addition method by inserting the noun people. Both translations are adequate, although the second is more accurate.

Radau machen - make noise, make a scandal

Der Schmied wollte Radau machen ; er hatte gesehen, daß hier Bierflaschen erstritten werden konnten.

The blacksmith wanted to start a fight; he knew that bottles of beer were being given away as prizes. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 76]

The blacksmith, noticing the bottles of beer, began to make a fuss. [AND. Schreiber, p. 77]

ein Bündel Nerven sein -be like a bundle of nerves

Köster blickte ruhig auf die Straße, ich schaute gelangweilt in die Luft; und Lenz, obschon er ein Bündel Nerve war , zog eine Zeitung hervor und tat, als ob es nichts Wichtigeres für ihn gäbe, als gerade jetzt zu lesen.

Kester looked at the road as if nothing had happened, I looked around boredly, and Lenz, although a bundle of nerves, took out a newspaper and pretended that reading it was the most important thing in the world for him right now. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 17]

Kester calmly looked at the road, I stared into space, bored, and Lenz, although by this time he had already turned into a solid bundle of tense nerves, took out a newspaper and delved into it, as if nothing was more important to him now. [AND. Schreiber, page 10]

In this example, both translators used literal translation, although the second one simultaneously used the addition method. In general, both translations are adequate, but the first is more accurate.

in Gottes Namen - with God

"In Gottes Namen", brummte er.

“Well, God help you...” he said. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 192]

God help you! - he muttered. [AND. Schreiber, p. 208]

When translating this phraseological combination, the authors used the modulation method. The translations are identical and adequate.

Both translations in this case were carried out using the modulation method. The translation of the phraseological unit has been preserved and is the same for both authors. Both translations are adequate.

2.3 Phraseological expressions

aufs Geratewohl - to do something at random

Es blieb mir nichts übrig, ich mußte aufs Geratewohl vom Leder ziehen.

I had no choice but to set sail at random. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 55]

I had nothing else to do, so I went at random. [AND. Schreiber, p. 53]

When translating a phraseological unit, the first translator uses the lexical method - the modulation method, while preserving the phraseological unit. The second translator uses the description method, where he simply conveys the meaning of a given phraseological unit. The first translation is more adequate.

nichts Halbes und nichts Ganzes - neither this nor that

"Bin ich auch nicht", murmelte sie.

“Was bist du denn?”

“Nichts Halbes und nichts Ganzes.” Ein Fragment..." .

“And I’m not in love,” she muttered.

And who are you?

Yes, neither this nor that. A certain fragment... [Yu. Arkhipov, p. 142]

“I’m not a lover,” she muttered.

So who are you?

Not half and not whole. So... fragment.... [I. Schreiber, p. 152]

Each author translated this phraseological unit in his own way, using different methods. The first one applied the modulation method, selecting the Russian phraseology neither this nor that. The second used the grammatical method of translation - literal, creating a similar structure in the Russian language. The second translation is more accurate than the first, however, the first is the most commonly used, and therefore more adequate.

Hals- und Beinbruch! - break a leg

ruhig wie eine Schildkrö te werden - to be calm like a boa constrictor

Beim Startschuß wurde er sofort ruhig wie eine Schildkröte . “Also los, Hals- und Beinbruch!”

After the starting shot he became calm as a turtle. “Well, no worries!” [YU. Arkhipov, p. 100]

We knew that after the starting shot he would become calm as a turtle.

Let's go! Break a leg! [AND. Schreiber, page 103]

This passage also contains two phraseological units. Both writers translated the first phraseological unit using a literal method, which is accurate, but not entirely adequate from the point of view of the phraseology of the Russian language. Both translated the second phraseological unit using the modulation method and these translations are adequate. Only in the first case, the author shortened the phraseology to preserve colloquial speech.

in tausend Scherben - to pieces

So w as Ungeschicktes. Fällt mir einfach aus der Hand und ist auch gleich in town Scherben.

For this phraseological unit, the translators used a descriptive method; in this way they managed to preserve a conversational style, where a shade of indignation is expressed. Translations are adequate.

wie der Brä utigam der Braut harren - wait impatiently, like a groom waiting for a bride

Komm, lieblicher Brieftaschenbesitzer! Wir harren deiner wie der Brautigam der Braut!

Come, dear paper bearer! We seek you as the groom of the bride! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 54]

Come, O dear owner of the wallet! We are waiting for you like a bridegroom. [AND. Schreiber, p. 52]

Both translators translated this phraseological expression using the literal method. In the first case, the author used the old Russian phrase “we are looking for you” to express a more expressive coloring. Both translations are adequate, although the second is more accurate.

ihm Hö ren und Sehen verging - his vision grew dim

Ihre Augen funkelten, und sie fiel jetzt über den Bäcker her, daß ihm Hören und Sehen vergin g.

Sparks flew from her eyes, and she attacked the baker with such fury that he was speechless. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 172]

Her eyes sparkled, and now she attacked the baker so fiercely that his vision darkened. [AND. Schreiber, p. 186]

When translating this phraseological phrase, each author used a different translation method. The first one used the descriptive method, the second one used the modulation method, which made it possible to preserve the phraseology, so the second translation is more adequate.

wie eine flü gellahme Krä he auf ein Rudel hungriger Katzen - like a stricken crow for a flock of hungry cats

Er brauchte nur auf der Straße zu erscheinen - sofort versuchte jemand, ihn abzuhängen. Auf andere Wagen wirkte er wie eine flügellahme Krähe auf ein Rudel hungriger Katzen .

As soon as he appeared on the road, they tried to overtake him. To other cars, he was like a stricken crow to a flock of hungry cats. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 18]

As soon as he appeared on the road, someone was already trying to overtake him. He acted on some motorists like a shot down crow on a flock of hungry cats. [AND. Schreiber, page 10]

In both cases, the phraseological unit was translated in the same way, and a literal translation method was used. The structure of this phraseological expression has been preserved. Both translations are adequate.

Es ist zum Kotzen! - this makes me sick

"So was lebt natürlich", sagte ich. “Lebt und ist gesund bis in die Knochen. Es ist zum Kotzen!”

These people, of course, don’t care about anything,” I said. - These are alive and well and will live until the end of time. How disgusting all this is. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 335]

And these, of course, live,” I said. - They are alive and healthy to the core. Eh, how disgusting everything is. [AND. Schreiber, p. 370]

wie vor den Kopf geschlagen sein - like a blow to the head

Ich war wie vor den Kopf geschlagen. Mit allem hatte ich gerechnet, nur damit nicht.

It was like I had been hit on the head. I have foreseen everything, everything, but not this. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 90]

It was as if I had been hit on the head with a gun. I took everything into account, but not this. [AND. Schreiber, p. 93]

jem. ist nicht auf den Mund gefallen - will not reach into your pocket for a word

"Sie sollten sich eine schalldichte Telefonzelle anschaffen", sagte ich zu Frau Zalewski. Aber die war nicht auf den Mund gefallen.

“You need to install a soundproof phone booth here,” I told the hostess. But she was not the type to mince words. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 61]

You should install a soundproof telephone booth here,” I said to Frau Zalewski. But she didn’t mince words. [AND. Schreiber, p. 60]

In both cases, this phraseological unit is translated using the modulation method, while the phraseological unit itself is preserved. In the first case, however, the author simultaneously uses the append method. Both translations are adequate.

weit und breit nichts zu hören -neither a word nor a breath

Von Tristan war weit und breit nichts zu hören .

I haven't heard anything from Tristan. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 235]

He didn't name Tristan. [AND. Schreiber, p. 258]

This phraseological expression has been translated using different methods. Arkhipov used modulation, maintaining phraseology and sentence structure. Schreiber used lexical translation when translating phraseological units - zero translation or omission method. This translator made a complete lexico-grammatical transformation in the sentence. The first translation is more adequate.

es faustdick hinter den Ohren haben - on your mind

Doch, die triumphiert, diese falsche Säuglingsschwester, dieses stille Wasser, die es faustdick hinter den Ohren hat ! Und nebenan dazu noch diese Kokotte, diese Erna Bönig!

How triumphant, this supposed nanny, this quiet woman who is on her own mind! And there’s this girl Erna Benig nearby! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 207]

No, this so-called nanny who cares for babies, this humble dove who has passed through all the fires and waters, is triumphant! And then there’s this cocotte nearby, this Erna Benig! [AND. Schreiber, p. 225]

The first author translated this phraseological phrase using the modulation method, using the corresponding phraseological unit in the Russian language. The second translator also used the modulation method, however, choosing a not entirely equivalent phraseological unit, because This phraseological unit has a slightly negative character, but in Schreiber’s translation it has a positive connotation. Therefore, its translation is not entirely adequate.

mit einem Ruck - in one moment, in one fell swoop

Ich fuhr mit einem Ruck hoch und horchte.

I shuddered and listened. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 106]

I shuddered and began to listen. [AND. Schreiber, p. 111]

This phrase is a phraseological unit in German, but the translators did not display it in their versions. They used the zero transfer method. In general, the translations are adequate.

wie aus der Pistole geschossen - quickly say the answer, fire it out of a pistol

j-m. lief es kalt ü ber den Rü cken - chills on the skin, goosebumps

Gottfried stutzte. Mir lief es plötzlich kalt über den Rücken .

Gottfried choked. A shiver ran down my spine. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 139]

Gottfried was taken aback. I got goosebumps all over my body. [AND. Schreiber, p. 149]

In both cases, the phraseological unit is preserved and the modulation method is used, but in the second case the translator makes a functional replacement with a unit in the same position: instead of spin, he uses the noun body. However, both translations are adequate.

in eine offene Wunde treffen - to touch a nerve

"Halt den Schnabel!" unterbrach ich ihn, denn mit dem Schnapsglas traf er in eine offene Wunde.

“Shut up!” I interrupted the flow of speech, for his last words affected me like salt on an open wound. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 45]

Shut up! - I interrupted him. Because, reminding him of the glass, he touched the open wound. [AND. Schreiber, page 42]

In both cases, the translators used the modulation method, but each author gives his own version of the Russian phraseological equivalent. Both translations are adequate.

j-m. hat die Sprache verloren - to become numb, take water into your mouth

Doch er schien die Sprache verloren zu haben.

But here he seemed to have forgotten how to speak. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 19]

But it seemed that he had forgotten how to speak. [AND. Schreiber, page 12]

zu weit treiben - to go overboard, to have a sense of proportion

"Herr Lohkamp", erklärte Frau Zalewski majestätisch, " treiben Sie es nicht zu weit!”

Mr. Lokamp,” said Frau Zalewski in a majestic tone, “don’t go too far!” [YU. Arkhipov, p. 86]

Mister Lokamp! - Frau Zalewski said majestically. - Don't come in

too far! [AND. Schreiber, p. 89]

wie ein Klotz fü hlen - to feel like a blockhead, awkward

Ich fühlte mich schwer wie ein Klotz. Bisher war ich mit Pat immer allein gewesen.

I felt like a real blockhead. Until now, I had only ever been alone with Pat. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 151]

I felt clumsy as a blockhead. Until now, I had always been alone with Pat. [AND. Schreiber, p. 163]

ohne mit der Wimper zu zucken - don't blink an eye

"Siebentausend Mark", erwiderte ich, ohne mit der Wimper zu zucken, wie aus der Pistole geschossen.

“Seven thousand marks,” I answered without blinking an eye, as if fired from a pistol. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 56]

“Seven thousand marks,” I answered without blinking, as if fired from a pistol. [AND. Schreiber, p. 55]

When translating this expression, the first author applies the modulation method using the Russian phraseological equivalent. The second translator uses the omission method, translating only the verb zucken - to make convulsive movements, to blink. In the second case, the phraseological unit is not preserved, but in general both translations are adequate.

wie ein Kassenschrank - like a safe, you can’t break through

Ich erzählte die Sache von der Frau des Bäckermeisters und schmückte sie noch etwas aus, indem ich ein Kind mit verunglücken ließ. Aber Blumenthal hatte ein Innenleben wie ein Kassenschrank.

And I told about the baker’s unfortunate wife and even embellished this story, sending a child to the next world. However, Blumenthal's soul was as invulnerable as a safe. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 56]

I told how the baker’s wife died, and even embellished this story a little, killing the child along with the mother. But Blumenthal's soul was like a fireproof cabinet. [AND. Schreiber, p. 54]

In the first case, the translator used the modulation method. The second translation uses the tracing method: Kassenschrank - a cabinet where money is stored, i.e. safe. The first translation is more adequate.

dreckiger Hund - mangy dog

"Rest"raus, dreckiger Hund ! brüllte ich.

Chase the coin, you mangy dog! - I barked. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 218]

Give me the rest, you dirty dog! - I barked. [AND. Schreiber, p. 238]

In this example, each translator used his own method. The first used the modulation method, using the equivalent phrase in Russian. The second one used a literal translation. Both translations are adequate.

hält's Maul! -hold your tongue!; shut up!

Ein Vogel schrie durch den Dunst. " Hält's Maul ! knurrte ich.

A bird cried out in the white haze. “Shut up!” I grumbled angrily. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 193]

Through the warm veil came the cry of a bird. -- Shut up! - I grumbled. [AND. Schreiber, p. 210]

This stable expression in both cases is translated verbatim. Each author retained the negative connotation of this expression, therefore both translations are accurate and adequate.

wie eine ganze Parfü merie rochen - smell like something from a perfume factory

Sie roch wie eine ganze Parfümerie , als sie hinausrauschte.

I felt like I was in a perfume shop when she noisily passed by. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 207]

When she walked past me, rustling her dress, she smelled like an entire perfume store. [AND. Schreiber, p. 226]

2.4 Statistics

Now let's present statistical data regarding the work performed. Diagram No. 1 shows that out of 100 phraseological examples selected from the text, 43% are phraseological unities, 10% are phraseological combinations, 47% are phraseological expressions. From this we can conclude that in the German language there is a small number of phraseological combinations, and phraseological unities and expressions - almost the same number.

Diagram No. 1.

Diagrams No. 2 and No. 3 reflect general data regarding the translation methods that each translator uses when translating phraseological units. Thus, we see that in Yu. Arkhipov’s work the modulation method is predominant; he also often uses the literal method and the explication method, i.e. description method. Sometimes there is a method of addition, and very rarely a method of emphatization, tracing and omission. I. Schreiber uses mainly three methods when broadcasting: modulation, explication and literal, where the modulation method is predominant. Also in his work you can find the method of omission. Isolated cases include the use of methods such as addition, tracing and the functional replacement method.

Diagram No. 2. Diagram No. 3.

The following tables provide detailed data on the use of translation methods when translating a specific type of phraseological units by each author.

Table 1. Translation methods by Yu. Arkhipov.

Translation methodType of phraseological unitPhraseological unitiesPhraseological combinationsPhraseological expressionsModulation20829Emphatization1--Explication12-5Literal9212Talking1--Addition211Zero--1

Table 2. Translation methods by I. Schreiber.

Translation methodPhraseological unit typePhraseological unitiesPhraseological combinationsPhraseological expressionsModulation14617Explication21210Verbatim7214Zero1-3Addition--1Functional substitution--1Talking--1

Conclusion

“Phraseological unit is a general name for semantically related combinations of words and sentences that are reproduced in speech in a fixed ratio of semantic structure and a certain lexical and grammatical composition.” [Babkin A.M., 1980, p. 3]

As a result of the study of phraseological units in the German language and methods of their translation in the works of two authors, we came to the following conclusions:

Firstly, very few phraseological combinations were found in E.M. Remarque’s work “Three Comrades”. This suggests that a single compatibility of one of the components is not typical in German phraseology. The translation of phraseological combinations by both translators was carried out mainly through the logical selection of an equivalent phraseological unit in the Russian language. The authors mainly use the modulation method when translating phraseological units and expressions.

The examples confirm that the stylistic effectiveness of the considered method of transformation is determined by the fact that, knowing the full form of a stable verbal unit in the target language, one can even understand from one of its components which phraseological unit was meant in the original.

Secondly, very often the exact reproduction of phraseological units in translation is difficult due to the lack of analogues - correspondences - in the target language. Therefore, quite often translators, subject to their own stylistic considerations, had to resort to descriptive and literal translations, which preserve the meaning of the original, but impoverish its expressiveness.

In conclusion, I would also like to note that both translations are adequate. However, Yu. Arkhipov, as evidenced by the analysis of specific translations, uses the modulation method much more often than I. Schreiber. This suggests that the translator was able to reproduce the phraseological unit in the target language, and his translation is more adequate. Such a translation of phraseological units can be considered equivalent, since it allows you to recreate not only the meaning of a unit of the source language, but also its stylistic coloring and the function specified by the author.

Thus, a comprehensive study of the phraseological system of the modern German language and the translation of phraseological units into Russian allows us to gain an understanding of the main structural-semantic and stylistic types of phraseological units, find out their origin, and, most importantly for the translator, improve the quality of the translation.

phraseological unit translation semantic turn

Bibliography

1.Amosova N.N. Current state and prospects of phraseology //IAL, 1981. - No. 3. - p.21-24.

.Akhmanova O.S. Essay on general and Russian lexicology. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1957.

.Babkin A.M. Russian phraseology as an object of research. Candidate's dissertation - Cherepovets, 1980. - p. 3-26.

.Binovich L.E. On the polysemy of idioms // Institute of Languages, 1979. - pp. 13-17.

.Vinogradov V.V. Lexicology and lexicography: Selected works. - M.: Nauka, 1977.

.Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. - M.: Nauka, 1972.

.Vinogradov V.S., Introduction to translation studies (general and lexical issues). - M.: Publishing house of the Institute of General Secondary Education RAO, 2001.

.Gorodnikova M.D. On the issue of stable phrases in modern German. Candidate's dissertation - M., 1978.

.Efimov A.I. About the language of works of art. - 2nd ed. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1964.

.Zhirmunsky V.M. History of the German language. - M.: Higher School, 1985.

.Zhukov V.P. Semantics of phraseological units. - M.: Education, 1978.

.Zidner L.R., Stroeva T.V. Modern German. - M.: Higher School, 1977.

.Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. M.: Education, 1989. p. 18-19

.Moskalskaya O.I. History of the German language. - L.: 1980.

.Rosei E.V. About some cliches of German oral speech // Institute of Foreign Languages, 1973. - p. 13-15.

.Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. M.: Iris-Press, 2002.

.Smirnitsky A.I. On the question of the word. - M.: Higher School, 1978.

.Chernysheva I.I. Some features of the phraseology of the German language. - M.: Higher School, 1969.

.Chernysheva I.I. Principles of systematization of phraseological material of the German language // Language and style, 1993. - pp. 26 - 31.

.Chernysheva I.I. Phraseology of modern German language. - M.: Higher School, 1970.

.Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. - M.: Higher School, 1985.

List of references

1.Erich Maria Remarque. Drei Kameraden. Roman. Bonn, VG-Bild-Kunst_ 1997.

2.Remarque E.-M. Three comrades. Novel. Per. with him. I. Schreiber. - M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2004.

.Remarque E.-M. Three comrades. Novel. Per. with him. Yu. Arkhipova. - M.: Artist. lit., 1989.

List of dictionaries

1.Afonkin Yu.N. Russian-German dictionary of winged words. - Moscow - Leipzig: Russian language - VEB Verlag Enzyklop ä die, 1985.

.Shklyarov V. T., Eckert R., Engelke H. “A short Russian-German phraseological dictionary” about 800 phraseological units, M., publishing house “Russian Language”, 1977.

.Binovich L. E. “German-Russian phraseological dictionary” 12,000 phraseological units, M., state publishing house of foreign and national dictionaries, 1956.

.Shansky N.M. et al. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - Moscow: Bustard, 1997.

Applications

Appendix I. Phraseological expressions

aufgedonnert sein - to the nines, dressed up, dressed up

Ich sah, daß sie ihre Lippen sehr rot bemalt hatte und überhaupt mächtig aufgedonnert war.

I noticed that she painted her lips brightly and was generally overdressed to the utmost. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 207] - modulation method

I noticed that she had put on very bright lipstick and was generally all dressed up. [AND. Schreiber, p. 226] - modulation method

in sich haben - to be what is needed, to approach

Die Schweinerippchen hatten es in sich . Ich aß zwei große Portionen, und auch Patrice Hollmann aß bedeutend mehr, als ich ihr zugetraut hatte.

The ribs were just right. I ate two large portions, and Patricia Holman succeeded much more than I could have imagined. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 66] - modulation method

The chops were just right. I ate two large portions, and Patricia also ate with an appetite that I did not suspect she had. [AND. Schreiber, p. 67] - modulation method

erschö pft sein - exhausted, very tired

Ich war sehr erschöpft , aber ganz ruhig und nicht mehr traurig.

I could barely stand on my feet from fatigue, but I calmed down and dispelled my mental melancholy. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 291] - modulation method

I was completely exhausted, but calm. My sadness has dissipated. [AND. Schreiber, p. 321] - modulation method

zu jem. paß tetw. nicht - not suitable, not suitable

Das Mädchen paßte ja überhaupt nicht zu mir !

Yes, this girl is simply not a match for me! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 91] - modulation method

This girl was not for me at all! [AND. Schreiber, p. 95] - description method

zu knapp sein - barely enough, very little

Wir halfen uns zwar mit dem Taxi durch, aber der Verdienst war für drei zu knapp, und ich war deshalb ganz froh, als der Wirt vom International mir vorschlug, vom Dezember ab wieder jeden Abend bei ihm Klavier zu spielen.

Although we got by somehow thanks to the proceeds from a taxi, this money was not enough for the three of us, so I was very happy when the owner of the International invited me to play the piano with him in the evenings again in December. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 291] - modulation method

True, we somehow survived with income from taxis, but the meager earnings were not enough for three of us, and therefore I was very happy when the owner of the International invited me to play the piano with him every evening again, starting in December. [AND. Schreiber, p. 321] - description method

ein Haufen - a dime a dozen, a lot

Auß er dem Taxi wurde noch ein Haufen anderer Dinge verauktioniert.

Besides taxis, there are a dime a dozen other things here. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 112] - modulation method

Besides taxis, a whole bunch of other things were sold here. [AND. Schreiber, p. 120] - description method

ins Gesicht blicken - look into the mouth without taking your eyes off

Er blickte mir mit seinen klaren Augen arglos forschend ins Gesicht.

He continued to look at me expectantly with his transparent eyes, which knew no malicious intent. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 250] - description method

He looked at me kindly and attentively with clear eyes. [AND. Schreiber, p. 276] - description method

jem. fä llt aus der Hand - to fall from your hands, your hands are full of holes

So was Ungeschicktes. Fällt world einfach aus der Hand und ist auch gleich in tausend Scherben.

I'm always like an elephant. You see - it slipped out of your hands and into pieces. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 366] - verbatim method

What a chump I am. It fell to pieces. [AND. Schreiber, p. 407] - description method

einen Hammerschlag erhalten - like a blow to the head

"Ein Blutsturz", sagte sie. World war, als hätte ich einen Hammerschlag erhalten.

“Bleeding,” she said. It was as if I had been hit on the head with a blow. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 186] - modulation method

Bleeding,” she said. It was like they hit me on the head with a gun. [AND. Schreiber, p. 202] - modulation method

seine Augen bohrten sich in etw. - stare at something

Hinter den Nebeln raste die Hilfe über die Blassen Straßen, die Scheinwerfer spritzten Licht, die Reifen pfiffen und zwei Hände hielten eisern das Steuer, zwei Augen bohrten sich in das Dunkel, kalt, beherrscht: die Augen meines Freundes.

Behind the fogs, along the pale shimmering roads, help was rushing, the headlights threw out sheaves of light, the tires whistled, and two hands held the steering wheel with an iron grip, two eyes drilled into the darkness, they were cold, confident eyes, the eyes of my friend. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 191] - verbatim method

Behind the fog, help flew along the pale gray roads, headlights splashed bright light, tires whistled, and two hands squeezed the steering wheel, two eyes bored into the darkness with a cold, confident look: the eyes of my friend. [AND. Schreiber, p. 207] - verbatim method

mein Ehrenwort - (I give you) my word of honor!

Jupp legte die Hand auf die Brust. "Mein Ehrenwort!"

Jupp pressed his hand to his heart. "Honestly!" [YU. Arkhipov, p. 202] - verbatim method

Jupp pressed his hand to his heart: “I give you my word of honor!” [AND. Schreiber, p. 220] - verbatim method

Prost! - Be healthy!

Prost , Alfons, alter, guter Zuchthäusler!

Be healthy, Alphonse, you convict face! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 209] - modulation method

Be well, Alphonse, old convict! [AND. Schreiber, p. 228] - modulation method

wie versteinert stehen - stand rooted to the spot

Er stand eine Sekunde wie versteinert.

For a second he was dumbfounded. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 218] - modulation method

For a second he was petrified. [AND. Schreiber, p. 238] - modulation method

die Grazie eines Nilpferdes haben - to have grace like a hippopotamus; be clumsy

Sie hatte die Grazie eines Nilpferdes , wie sie da zwischen den Autokühlern hin und her torkelte und mit dumpfer Stimme das Lied vom treuen Husaren sang.

She moved between the radiators with the grace of a hippopotamus and in a dull voice sang a song about a faithful hussar. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 11] - verbatim method

With the grace of a hippopotamus, she scurried back and forth between car radiators and in a dull voice sang a song about a faithful hussar. [AND. Schreiber, page 1] - verbatim method

Voll wie eine Strandhaubitze - completely drunk

Na, das ist nun eine Übertreibung. Sie sind nur voll. Voll wie eine Strandhaubitze.

Well, that's too much. You're just drunk. Drunk as hell. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 11] - modulation method

Well, that's an exaggeration. You're just drunk. Drunk and smoking. [AND. Schreiber, page 2] - modulation method

jem. hat der Satan geritten - the demon beguiled

Herr Lohkamp - Mensch is nur Mensch -erst hab" ich nur dran gerochen - und dann einen Schluck genommen - weil mir im Magen doch immer so flau is - ja, und dann - dann muß mir der Satan geritten haben.

He's a weak man, Mr. Lokamp, at first I just smelled it, then I took a sip a little - for digestion, and then the devil got me into trouble. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 11] - modulation method

Mr. Lokamp, a man is only a man. At first I just sniffed it, then took a sip, otherwise my stomach was not right - yes, and then, apparently, the demon confused me. [AND. Schreiber, page 2] - modulation method

wie ein heiliges Donnerwetter dreinfahren - throw thunder and lightning, cause a scandal

Dann werd" ich mir mal verdrücken. Wenn Herr Köster kommt - heiliges Donnerwetter!

Well, then I better hide. Otherwise Mr. Kester will come and this will begin! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 12] - description method

Well, then I'll wash off. Otherwise Mr. Kester will come, and then this will begin. [AND. Schreiber, page 2] - method of descriptionKnochen zusammennehmen - stand in line, gather your courage

"Robby", brüllte er, "alter Speckjäger, steh auf und Nimm die Knochen zusammen! Deine Vorgesetzten wollen mit dir reden!”

Hey, Robbie,” he yelled, “stop accumulating fat!” Get in line, your boss wants to talk to you! [YU. Arkhipov, p. 14] - modulation method

Robbie! - he yelled. - Old glutton! Get up and stand as you should! Your bosses want to talk to you! [AND. Schreiber, page 4] - description method

wie angenagelt stehen - stand rooted to the spot

In diesem Augenblick summte noch ein Wagen heran. Wie angenagelt blieben wir stehen. Es war der Buick.

At that moment, another car pulled up noisily. We stopped dead in our tracks. It was a Buick. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 19] - modulation method

At that moment another car pulled up noisily. We froze, as if nailed down. It was the same Buick. [AND. Schreiber, page 11] - verbatim method

weiß der Kuckuck! - the jester [the devil] knows them [him]!

Er lächelte über sein ganzes sommersprossiges Gesicht. Wir lächelten auf einmal alle, weiß der Kuckuck , warum.

His freckled face broke into a smile. And we all suddenly started smiling for God knows what. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 19] - modulation method

He smiled widely, his entire freckled face flushed. And we all suddenly started smiling too, for some unknown reason. [AND. Schreiber, page 12] - description method

Geld ausgeben - to waste money

Keine Ahnung, wie das wird. Ich habe nur noch ein paar hundert Mark. Und gelernt habe ich nichts, als Geld auszugeben.

I have no idea what to do. Only a few hundred left. And all I know is how to waste money. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 348] - modulation method

I have absolutely no idea what will happen. I only have a few hundred stamps left. And I didn’t learn anything, just how to spend money. [AND. Schreiber, p. 386] - verbatim method

verrückt werden -go crazy, go crazy

Er selbst rodelte mit Lackschuhen und offenem Mantel, unter dem die weiße Frackbrust herausblitzte, fröhlich jodelnd die Anhöhe hinunter. "Er ist verr ü ckt", sagte ich.

He himself, emitting cheerful Tyrolean roulades, rolled down the slope in patent leather boots and an open coat, from under which a white shirtfront sparkled. “He's crazy!” I said. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 354] - modulation method

He himself, singing merrily, rolled down the slope in patent leather low shoes and an open coat, from under which a white shirtfront sparkled. “He's crazy,” I said. [AND. Schreiber, p. 393] - modulation method

Appendix II. Phraseological unities

auf der Stelle - in no time, very quickly

Das verfluchte Geld! Ich würde mich sonst auf der Stelle in ein Flugzeug setzen und heute abend noch ankommen.

Damn this money! If it weren’t for them, I would have boarded the plane now and would have been with you by nightfall. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 297] - description method

Damn money! I would immediately board a plane and be with you in the evening. [AND. Schreiber, p. 327] - description method

um keinen Preis - inability to do something

Der Mann am Steuer hatte inzwischen all seinen Hochmut verloren; ärgerlich, die Lippen zusammengepreßt, saß er vorgebeugt da - das Rennfieber hatte ihn gepackt, und plötzlich hing die Ehre seines Lebens davon ab, um keinen Preis gegen den Kläffer neben sich klein beizugeben. (page 5)

Meanwhile, the man behind the wheel had lost his former arrogance. He was overcome by irritation, his lips were compressed, his body leaned forward - racing fever was doing its job, it seemed that his honor was at stake and in order to save it, he had to get the better of this pug at all costs. (p. 17, Ar.) - description method

Meanwhile, the Buick driver had lost all his arrogance. He sat, irritably pursing his lips, bent over the steering wheel, racing fever seizing him. Suddenly it turned out that his honor depended on whether he could leave this puppy behind. (page 9) - description method

wie ein Gespenst sein - like a ghost

Fräulein Müller trat ein. Sie sah mich an Wie ein Gespenst.

Fraulein Müller entered. She looked at me like I was a ghost. [YU. Arkhipov, p. 188]

Phraseologisms in Russian and German languages. ins Gesicht blicken - look into the mouth without taking your eyes off

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