1.Thanks his special talent M. Voloshin created new art forms, the likes of which have not yet been seen in the literature.
Against the rules punctuation, journalists often use a dash instead of a colon.
Thanks to sincerity, kindness, mutual understanding parents, peace and harmony always reigned in the family.
Contrary to opinion skeptics, there are facts confirming the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.
Against my wishes sick, he was admitted to the hospital.
2.Immediately on arrival In the provincial town, Chichikov tried to establish business connections with local officials.
Finishing After the experiment, scientists will publish a written report.
Upon arrival from St. Petersburg, Gogol settled in the Aksakovs' house.
Upon arrival In Dorpat, the new governor gave a ball.
The sender asks to respond immediately upon receipt letters.
At the last lecture the teacher said that the level speech culture in our country is low.
A radio listener asks has the right allow alterations of classic performances?
4.In a poem A.A.Feta “Diana” there is a description of the statue of the goddess - the patroness of hunting.
In the comedy "Minor" There is whole line characters whose surnames have become household names.
IN picture artist Bogatova "Neighbors" I am amazed by the luxurious interior of the room.
Among the scientific works of F. I. Buslaev, first of all it follows mention his book " Historical grammar Russian language".
In the poem "Vasily Terkin" the feat of the Russian soldier is glorified.
In a poem A. Blok "Scythians" Traditions of Russian literature of the 19th century are traced.
Lexical repetitions – means of expression in a poem Lermontov "Borodino".
In Ostroukhov’s painting “Golden Autumn,” the multicolored autumn is like a bright, cheerful carpet with an elegant ornament.
ABOUT great power love of Orpheus and Eurydice is told in the book “Myths of Ancient Hellas”.
IN stories Pushkin "Dubrovsky" are depicted pictures of Russia's serf past.
5.Russian poets of the 19th-20th centuries knew and used folk symbolism .
Yesterday I got to Yalta And met there many acquaintances.
Memoirs introduce us with the era And give complete performance about this or that writer.
Internet saves huge bases data on various scientific issues and allows them use .
Children rarely listen and follow advice seniors
Walking home through the linden alley, Grigory slowly inhaled and enjoyed magical aromas.
Let's take two blank sheets of paper and let's bend halve them.
Chemical reaction shows and helps to understand the composition substances.
Music brings into form the most difficult feelings and passes them on.
6.Those who visited on observation deck Ostankino TV tower, for real present the scale of Moscow.
Anyone who writes about Russian nature, noted its poetry and picturesqueness.
Everyone who was interested history of Russian literature, familiar with the work of Russian fiction writers of the 19th century.
Nobody from those, who played on the school basketball team, didn't professional athlete.
Whoever studies biography of Pushkin, emphasized that his poetic talent blossomed unusually in the autumn season.
Many from those, who knew Chekhov, remembered about his fierce hatred of self-aggrandizement and arrogance.
Of all, who played in the play, me remembered only Mikhail Tsarev .
Everyone who loves Russian culture, knows the names of great poets and writers - Pushkin, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy.
Everyone who left in two weeks to the capital, gathered at the Kartashevs'.
Those who love poetry and prose of Bunin, agree with the opinion of literary scholars that in the writer’s works there is a feeling of life as a long and wonderful journey.
Those who have passed course of treatment in a sanatorium, feel Fine.
7. The young man was watching behind the runaway train into the distance of the steppes.
One of the founders natural school became V.G. Belinsky, who contributed significant contribution in the creation of the theory of realism.
On the wall, illuminated by sluggish electricity, hung big painting .
Protest Katherine, defending their human rights, had a public resonance.
In one of the ancient houses preserved In the center of Moscow, there were great Russian poets and writers, composers and artists.
Participants first Victory Parade, those who arrived to Moscow, presented with memorable gifts.
8.Nor one of the passers-by in a hurry to the fair, did not pay attention to the carts with various utensils standing aside.
One of the most famous playwrights who showed in his plays the world of merchant Moscow was Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky.
One of founders natural school, contributed V.G. Belinsky made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of realism.
One of Russian customs valued by many old Muscovites, there was oral storytelling.
One of independent species art, existing from the end of the 15th century, is graphics.
One of the most famous travelers , who wrote about the discovery of the New World before Columbus, was the Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl.
One of loved by many places , damaging beauty, poetry, spirituality of landscapes became Pushkinogorye in the Pskov region.
9.Lesson-lecture first carried out in our class.
10.Visitors to the exhibition stayed for a long time with those paintings that depicted genre scenes.
It's like the wind helps athlete, to jump away.
11.Need to pay attention Not only on the knowledge of trainees, but also on their practical skills.
Music can Not only express tenderness and joy, and and anxiety, sadness.
Stories can be created Not only in writing, but also in oral form.
New generation computers not as bulky as before .
Sociological survey showed that more than 40% of city residents no summer cottages.
Children for the first time missed the city , friends who stayed there, but soon appreciated the delights of village life.
The camp lacks sports equipment, and regarding food , it completely satisfies everyone.
TYPES OF ERRORS WHEN USING HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
7.6.1 Homogeneous predicates have the same dependent object.
Rule: With normal, correct structure of sentences from each of the two homogeneous predicates(first and second) put ONE GENERAL question to the general addition, For example:
Guys are interested in (what?) and do (what?) sports; Heroes of the story remember (about what?) and share impressions (about what?) about the years of youth.
An error occurs if each of the predicates is given MISCELLANEOUS question to the GENERAL addition.
Example 1: I love (who? what?) and admire (who? what) my father.
The predicates “I love” and “I admire” have one dependent word “father”, which is in instrumental case. It turned out that the addition “father” correctly obeyed only the second predicate, since the verb “love” requires an accusative from the addition (I love who? What? father), therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. To correctly express a thought, you need to change the sentence so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: I love and admire my father.
Example 2: The hero of the story believed (in what? what?) and strived (for what?) for his dream. Each of the verbs requires its own form of addition, it is impossible to find a common word, so we change the sentence again so that each predicate has a separate addition, appropriate in case, for example, like this: The hero of the story believed in his dream and strived for it.
Note for teachers: this type errors refers to control errors. IN written works such a mistake is usually made by students due to inattention: the first predicate is simply overlooked, and the error (when pointed out) is easily corrected. Much more serious problem arises where the student does not realize that a particular case question cannot be posed from a given verb in principle.
7.6.2 Homogeneous members are connected by double unions not only..., but also...; if not... then... and others
.Rule 1. In such proposals, you need to pay attention to the fact that what parts double union must connect homogeneous members of the same series, For example: We were inspired not so much colorful places of this quiet town, How many the sincerity of its inhabitants. Let's make a proposal diagram: not so much ABOUT , How many ABOUT . First part of the double conjunction: not so much, is located before the first och, subject to “places” (we do not take the word “colorful” into account), the second part How many stands before the second subject “soulfulness”.
Now let’s “break” the sentence. Us not so much inspired by the colorful places of this quiet city, How many the sincerity of its inhabitants. The first part of the conjunction now refers to the predicate, and the second to the subject. This is where this type of error lies.
Let's look at some more examples:
Example 1: It can be argued that the mood was the main thing Not only for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. That's right: each part is in front of the och, in in this example before additions. Compare with an incorrectly constructed sentence: It can be argued that the mood was Not only most important for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. The parts of a conjunction are connected not by homogeneous members, but by a predicate and an object.
Rule 2. It is also necessary to remember that the parts of the double conjunction are permanent and cannot be replaced with other words. So, the proposal would be wrong Merchants Stroganovs Not only cooked salt and , since the union not only...but also No. The conjunction “not only” has a second part “but also”, not “also”. The correct version of this sentence would be: Merchants Stroganovs Not only cooked salt but also mined iron and copper in their lands
This is how you can do it: (options for the second part are given in brackets).
1) not only... but also (and and; but even; and also; and besides); not only not... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that... but (a; just; even, not even); not even... not that; not even... not even that; not even... much less;
3) not only that... also; not only that... also; little of; moreover, Furthermore; worse than that; or even...
7.6.3 In sentences with homogeneous members there is a generalizing word.
It must be taken into account that everything homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word.
The following sentence is grammatically correct: I forgot about everyone: about worries and sorrows, about sleepless nights, about sadness and longing. . The word [about] “everything” is generalizing and is in the prepositional case. All och stand in the same case.
Failure to comply with this rule is a gross violation of the syntactic norm: gifts:crossbows, sables and decorations.
IN this proposal the generalizing word “gifts” is in the genitive case, and all homogeneous members (“crossbows, sables and decorations”) are in the form nominative case. Therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. Correct option: Soon the nobleman began inspecting the brought gifts: crossbows, sables and jewelry.
7.6.5 Using various syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous members
.There is a strict grammatical rule that prescribes which elements can and cannot be combined into homogeneous members.
Let us list the cases in which this rule is violated.
If in a sentence they are combined into homogeneous
- noun form and indeterminate form verb: I love chess and swimming, I like embroidery and needlework, I’m afraid of the dark and being alone and similar;
- different forms of the nominal part of the predicate: my sister was sad and worried, she was younger and kinder and similar;
- participial phrase and subordinate clause : The main characters of the story are people who are not afraid of difficulties and who are always true to their word; I don’t like people who change their attitude and don’t hide it. and similar;
Involved and participial turnover: Loving their work and striving to do it well, the builders achieved excellent results and similar;
that is - grammar mistake. Note that such violations occur very often in written work, therefore, like the entire task 7, this part is of great practical importance.
The following types of errors were encountered in assignments before 2015.
7.6.4 With homogeneous members, different prepositions can be used.
In one row of OPs, when listing, it is possible to use prepositions, for example: V theater, and on exhibition VDNKh, and onRed Square. As you can see, this sentence uses prepositions V And on, and that's true. It would be a mistake to use the same preposition for all words in this series: During my three stays in Moscow I visited and V theater, and the VDNKh exhibition, and Red Square. You cannot be “in VDNKh” and “in Red Square.” So the rule goes like this: can not use common preposition to all members of the series, if the meaning of this preposition does not fit at least one of the points.
Example with error: Crowds of people were everywhere: on the streets, squares, squares. Before the word “squares” it is necessary to add the preposition “in,” since this word is not used with the preposition “on.” Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, and parks.
7.6.6 Combination of species and generic concepts in one row
For example, in the sentence: The bag contained oranges, juice, bananas, fruits admitted logical error. "Oranges" and "bananas" are species concepts in relation to the word “fruit” (that is, general), therefore, cannot stand with it in the same row homogeneous members. Correct option: The bag contained juice and fruit: bananas, oranges.
Another example with an error: Adults, children, and schoolchildren came to meet the famous artist. The words “children” and “schoolchildren” cannot be made homogeneous.
7.6.7 Use of logically incompatible concepts in the same series of homogeneous terms
For example, in the sentence Mourners walked with bags and sad faces a mistake is felt: “faces” and “bags” cannot be homogeneous.
Such a deliberate violation may act as stylistic device: Only Masha, heating and winter did not sleep(K. G. Paustovsky). When the frost and mother allowed him to stick his nose out of the house, Nikita went to wander around the yard alone(A.N. Tolstoy). Only if for work of art level of Tolstoy or Chekhov, this is acceptable (they are not on an exam, they can joke, play with words!), then such humor will not be assessed either in written works or in task 7.
B) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 4 is that if the subject is expressed by the pronouns who, what, no one, nothing, someone, someone, then the predicate is put in the singular form
Let's give the correct spelling: Everyone who has studied the process of language development knows about various historical changes at the level of phonetics and grammar.
Rule 7.3.1
7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
INTRODUCTION
Subject - main member offers, which agrees with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.
The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: The clouds are rushing, the clouds are swirling; The invisible moon illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.
In such cases, we can talk about agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary; incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members is possible: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you- correspondence of number forms, but different gender forms; Your destiny is endless troubles- mismatch of number forms.
The grammatical connection of the main members of a sentence is considered coordination. This grammatical connection wider and freer compared to coordination. They can join different words, their morphological properties do not have to correspond to each other.
When coordinating the main members of a sentence, the problem of choosing the number forms of the predicate arises when the gender/number of the subject is difficult to determine. This “Help” section is devoted to consideration of these issues.
7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects
If a sentence (and not necessarily a sentence!) uses a pronoun as the subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.
A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NO ONE, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].
EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].
EXAMPLE 2 [Nobody knew (that the class was postponed).]
EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].
EXAMPLE 2 [Nobody knew (that the class was postponed).]
B) If the subject is expressed by a plural pronoun TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the form plural. If the subject is expressed by pronouns in singular TOT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated with honors) have more chances enroll in a university for free].
This proposal is built on the following model:
[Those (who+ predicate), ...predicate...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure of a complex sentence: in the main sentence the pronoun “those” is the subject, plural. h; “have” - predicate, plural This corresponds to rule B.
Now pay attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This corresponds to rule A.
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].
EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have at least once seen northern lights), will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].
EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].
Here are the corrected options:
EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].
EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].
In examples 1 and 2 the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes undetected.
EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who is planning a vacation for the summer), buy tickets in the spring].
C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF..., EACH OF..., NONE OF... then the predicate is put in singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY OF..., SOME OF..., ALL OF... then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who took the prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who visited Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the ancient estate trees].
EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been to similar situation), I certainly thought about ways out of it].
EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (who presented their project) defended its advantages over other projects].
Here are the corrected options:
EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who visited Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the ancient estate trees].
EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].
EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].
D) If the sentence contains the phrase WHO, HOW NOT..., the predicate is put in singular form male. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?
This phrase can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in paragraph 7.3.3, part B.
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?
EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you an example of endurance and love of life?
Here are the corrected options:
EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?
EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you an example of endurance and love of life?
7.3.2 Coordination of predicate with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity
When coordinating the main members of a sentence, the problem of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate arises when the subject indicates many objects, but appears in the singular.
A) The subject is a collective noun and words close to them in meaning.
Collective nouns denote a collection homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, OAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHING, PROFESSORY, PEASANTRY. They have only the singular form, are not combined with cardinal numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words many/ little or how much: A LITTLE RELATIVES, A LITTLE LEAVE, A LOT OF MOVIES.
Close to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness are the words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; THREE, PAIR; DARKNESS, ABYSS, MANY AND OTHERS
The subject expressed by a collective noun requires the predicate to be placed only in the singular form:
For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.
Subject, expressed by a noun type GROUP, CROWD also requires putting the predicate only in the singular form:
For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; three horses rushed under the windows
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 1. Within three recent years The management of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.
EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.
Here are the corrected options:
EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the management of the Central and regional markets has repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.
EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.
B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning
The nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLURAL, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the singular form, but also the plural. For example: On this pond... countless ducks were bred and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form should you prefer?
A subject containing the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLURAL, SERIES, PART requires putting the predicate only in the singular form if:
A) there are no dependent words from a collective noun
Some went on vacation, and some stayed; many fled Axis, a minority remained
b) a collective noun has a singular dependent word
With a subject containing the words MAJORITY, MINORITY, PLURAL, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate in both the plural and plural form, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:
Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.
Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects were delivered ahead of schedule
The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the characters.
Let's consider cases in which the use of a plural predicate is permitted and permissible.
| The predicate is put | |
| in the singular, if | in the plural, if |
| The activity of animate persons is not emphasized: Some of the conference participants didn't accept participation in discussion | Activity is emphasized. The subject is animate. Most writers decidedly rejected editor fixes. Most students are good answered at the lesson. |
| Activity is not emphasized passive participle indicates that the object itself does not perform the action. A number of employeesattracted to responsibility. | Activity is emphasized in the presence of a participial or adverbial phrase. |
| The activity is not emphasized, the subject is inanimate Most items lay in disarray A number of workshops manufactures parts for our workshop. | Activity is also indicated by a number of homogeneous members: Majority editors, proofreaders, authors, reviewers studied these documents. Most editors got order, got acquainted with its content and done necessary conclusions. A series of homogeneous predicates. |
Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that the singular form of the predicate is more consistent with the tradition of book and written styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. Error in Unified State Exam assignments there will be an unreasonable pluralization of the predicate.
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly enough.
EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, and Orel.
EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author have been published in the “Children's Library” series
Here are the corrected options:
EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. The predicate in the form of the passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.
EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will take place in Yelets, Voronezh, and Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.
EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the “Children’s Library” series. The predicate in the form of the passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.
C) The subject is a combination of a numeral and a noun
With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood nearby at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three men and a woman were sitting in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.
Note: Such cases do not occur in Unified State Examination tasks, since there is a high possibility of misclassification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to comments general and note the most serious mistakes made in written works.
When a subject contains a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate in both the plural and singular form:
Five years have passed; ten graduates chose our institute
Use different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action are emphasized many times. number.
The predicate is usually put in the singular if
The subject is a numeral ending in “one”:
Twenty-one students of our institute are members of the city volleyball team, But Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's national volleyball team
If the message records a particular fact, result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:
Twenty-two suits sold; About three or four students will be transferred to another class.
The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:
Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north
Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north
A single number, creating an idea of a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:
To paint the roof you will need thirty-four kilograms of drying oil. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, it seems that eleven o'clock has already struck. Five months have elapsed since then
Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, it seems that eleven o'clock has already struck. Five months have passed since then.
When the subject is expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral gender, the predicate is usually placed in the singular, and in the past tense - in the neuter gender, For example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city has taken part in the demonstration.
Wrong: half the class took part in the competition, half an hour will pass
7.3.3 Coordination between subject and predicate separated from each other
Between the subject and the predicate there may be secondary separate members sentences, clarifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe general rule: the predicate and subject must agree.
Let's consider special cases.
A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun” model. – this is a noun.”
Note to teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual “How to get 100 Unified State Exam points” (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the "Handbook of Spelling and literary editing"D. Rosenthal, such an error is called construction displacement in a complex sentence.
The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence constructed according to the noun+noun model must be in the nominative case.
For example: [The first thing (what you should learn) is to highlight the stem of the sentence].
The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of a subject first and predicate allocation. Both words are in the nominative case.
And this is what it looks like misspelled sentence: [The first thing (what you should learn) is to highlight the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received Genitive, which is an error.
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (that needs to be paid attention to) is the ideological side of the work]
EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (that should be addressed) is the composition of the book]
EXAMPLE 3 [The most important thing (to strive for) is to make your dreams come true]
Here are the corrected options:
EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what needs to be paid attention to) is the ideological side of the work]
EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (that should be addressed) is the composition of the book]
EXAMPLE 3 [The most important thing (to strive for) is the fulfillment of dreams]
B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.
In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (explanatory phrases), affiliate members offers, separate additions. Yes, in a sentence Competition jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner, the highlighted turnover is connecting(in other manuals it is called clarifying).
The presence in a sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such phrases are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, IN ADDITION, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial board of the magazine, including editors of the Internet portal, advocates for reorganization.
Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:
EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, supported participation in the competition.
EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, were looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.
EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an extended parent meeting.
Here are the corrected options:
The error is easy to see if you drop the subordinate clause.
EXAMPLE 4 The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, supported participation in the competition.
EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.
EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an extended parent meeting.
7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.
To correctly connect the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.
A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty determining gender or number.
Gender and number indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, conventional words and a number of other words are defined special rules. To correctly match such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological characteristics.
Ignorance of these rules causes errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; the shampoo is out; the university has announced enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported
Need to: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; the cocoa has cooled down; The shampoo has run out, the university has announced enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported
Nouns whose gender/number is difficult to determine are discussed in the section. After studying the material provided, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.
Consider sentences with errors
EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.
In the sentence, the word "parcel" is the subject, female. The predicate “was sent” is in the masculine. This is mistake. Correcting: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week
EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.
In the sentence, the word “tulle” is the subject, masculine. The predicate “approached” is in the feminine. This is mistake. Correcting: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.
EXAMPLE 3. The UN has gathered for its next meeting.
In the sentence, the word “UN” is the feminine subject (organization). The predicate “gathered” is on average. This is mistake. Correcting: The UN has gathered for its next meeting.
EXAMPLE 4. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced participation in the meeting
In the sentence, the word “MFA” is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted we get “Ministry
Foreign Affairs". At the same time, we remember that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicate “reported” is on average. This is mistake. Correcting: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced its participation in the meeting.
EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets published the rating best universities countries.
In the sentence, the phrase “Moskovsky Komsomolets” is the subject; it is a conventional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word “Komsomolets”. The predicate “printed” is in the feminine. This is mistake. Correction: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a ranking of the best universities in the country.
EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .
In the sentence, the word “Tbilisi” is the subject; it is an unchangeable conditional name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate “attract” is in the plural. This is mistake. Correcting: Tbilisi attracts tourists.
B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of profession
When a masculine noun denotes a profession, position, title, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee to his office
WITH proposals would be a mistake, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee to her .
Note: in the presence of a person’s own name, especially a surname, in which the specified words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with own name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More details about this point below, 7.3.5
7.3.5 With the subject there is an application
Application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case: city (which?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (which?) “I will solve the Unified State Examination”
As a general rule, the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an application to the latter in the form of a different kind or number does not affect the agreement
For example: The plant, this grandiose colossus, seemed to also be a ship of unheard-of dimensions The proposal would be wrong The plant, this grandiose colossus, seemed to also be a ship of unheard of sizes .
If there is an application with the subject, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and after that put the predicate in one gender or another.
Table 1. The application and subjects are written separately. When combining a generic name and a species name or a species name and an individual name, the subject is considered to be a word denoting a broader concept, and the predicate agrees with it. Here are some examples:
Application is a common noun:
the rose flower smelled amazing; the oak tree has grown; Kharcho soup is cooked
Application - proper noun
the Dnieper River overflowed; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out ; Barbos the dog barked
Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Sciences Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper names are the subject.
Table 2. Subject is compound noun, forms the terms, in which one part functions like an application. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.
The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change
the chair-bed stood in the corner; The laboratory plant fulfilled the order; the invoice was issued on time; the studio theater trained many actors; The table-poster attracted attention; the romance song became very popular
The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:
cafe-dining room is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine is open(in this combination the carrier specific meaning acts as part of the snack bar); the raincoat lay(a tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).
EXAMPLE 1 Ice cream cake cut into equal parts .
The compound noun “ice cream cake” is mainly, more general word"cake" is masculine, therefore: Ice cream cake cut into equal parts
EXAMPLE 2 The story “Children of the Dungeon” was written by V.G. Korolenko. .
The conventional name is an application, so the predicate must be coordinated with the word “story”: The story “Children of the Dungeon” was written by V.G. Korolenko.
EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, just a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .
The subject is the word “dog”, it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, just a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.
EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture. .
The subject is the surname “Petrova”, it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.
A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate
If the predicate refers to several subjects not connected by conjunctions or connected by connecting union, then the following forms of coordination are applied:
The predicate, which comes after homogeneous subjects, is usually placed in the plural:
Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.
The predicate preceding homogeneous subjects usually agrees with the nearest of them:
There was stomping and screaming in the village
If there are separators between subjects or adversative conjunctions, then the predicate is put in the singular.
The fear or momentary fright experienced after just a minute seems funny, strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.
Let's look at sentences with errors:
EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a strict daily routine did their job. .
There are two subjects, the predicate comes after a number of homogeneous members, and therefore must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a strict daily routine did the trick.
EXAMPLE 2 It was not reason, but fear that suddenly took possession of me. .
Two subjects, with the conjunction a, the predicate must therefore be singular: It was not reason, but fear that suddenly took possession of me.
EXAMPLE 3 The usual noise and loud voices were heard in the distance. .
There are two subjects, the predicate stands before a number of homogeneous members, therefore it must be in the singular: In the distance the usual noise and loud voices were heard.
B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”
Placing the predicate in the plural or singular depends on the meaning given to the phrase: joint action or separate.
When the subject combines a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister,” the predicate is put:
in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subjects);
Pasha and Petya waited a long time for their mother to return and were very worried.
singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is a complement):
The mother and child went to the outpatient clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister arrived later than everyone else.
Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:
The father and mother went out of town.
Only in the singular with a subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU
I'll come with a friend; you and your mom had a fight
Let's look at sentences with errors:
EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .
With the word “together” the predicate cannot be in the plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.
EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .
With the subject I (+someone else), the predicate cannot be in the plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.
EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .
With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be in the plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room.
IN) incorrect construction offers with indirect speech in sentence 7 is that when trying to use the technique of quotation, two methods were mixed: the actual quotation and indirect speech. To introduce a quote, let's do this: Napoleon once remarked: “I may lose this battle, but I cannot lose a minute.”
To make an indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that HE CAN lose this battle, but he CAN’T lose a minute.” When replacing with indirect speech, we replaced the pronouns and their associated verbs.
Rule 7.9.1
7.9 IMPROPER CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES WITH ANOTHER SPEECH
This task tests students' ability to correctly construct sentences with quotations and indirect speech: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.
The rules set out below will deal with quotation and indirect speech, these are very close, but not identical units.
IN everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transmission of someone’s words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.
Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.
For example: They told me it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught lived.
Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.
Let's try to restore the sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:
They told me it was my brother. - They told me: “It was your brother.”
She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: “Look me in the eyes!” And then she demanded: “Do you remember the minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?
A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”
As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.
7.9.1 Basic rule:
when replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech Special attention need to pay attention to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, as well as verbs associated with them, since in indirect speech we convey other people’s words on our own behalf.
| Sentence with direct speech | Correctly formed indirect speech | Incorrectly formed indirect speech |
| The father said: " I I'll be back late." | Father said that He true yeah It's late. | My father said that I would be back late. |
| We asked: “A You where did you come from? | We asked where He I arrived. | We asked “where did you come from?” |
| I admitted: " Yours Mikhail took the books.” | I admitted that their Mikhail took the books. | I admitted that “Mikhail took your books.” |
| The children shouted: " We not guilty!" | The children shouted that They not guilty. | The children shouted that “it’s not our fault.” |
| Please note that that quotation marks can help to detect an error, but you cannot rely solely on them, since quotation marks appear both in the application and in sentences with quotes without errors, and not in all tasks. | ||
7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules,
associated with the peculiarity of translating direct speech into indirect speech, their compliance is also checked in task 7.a) If direct speech - declarative sentence,
What. Example: The secretary replied: “I complied with the request.” – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. The pronoun has been changed!
b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,
then when replacing it with a subordinate clause, the role of subordinating conjunctions is played by interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, which stood in direct question. Question mark after an indirect question is not asked. Example: “What did you manage to accomplish?” - the teacher asked the students. – The teacher asked the students what they had accomplished so far. The pronoun has been changed!
c) When in direct speech – interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,
when replacing it with an indirect one, the particle is used for communication whether. Example: “Are you correcting the text?” - the secretary asked impatiently. – The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. The pronoun has been changed!
d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action,
then it is replaced by an explanatory subordinate clause with the conjunction to. Example: The father shouted to his son: “Come back!” - The father shouted to his son to come back. Pronoun added!e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, draw up an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. – The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.
7.9.3. Special rules for citing.
When writing essays, there is often a need to quote or quote a required fragment source text, or quote a statement from memory, organically including the quotation in a sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:
1) using direct speech, observing all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” said Pushkin. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such sentences will be found as true!
2) using subordinate clause, that is, using conjunctions, for example: Pushkin said that “all ages are submissive to love”. Please note the changed punctuation. This method no different from the transmission of indirect speech.
3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, For example: As Pushkin said, “all ages are submissive to love”.
Note that in nothing can be changed from the quote: what is enclosed in quotation marks is conveyed absolutely accurately, without any distortion. If you need to include only part of a quote in your text, special characters are used (ellipsis, various types of brackets), but this has nothing to do with this task, because punctuation errors in task 7 does not happen.
Let's look at some features of citation.
a) How to avoid a mistake if there is a quote with a pronoun?
On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, the pronoun cannot be left. If you just paste a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can’t lose a minute.”. Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always “ I I saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face.”
In both sentences you need:
firstly, replace the pronoun “I” with “HE” and exclude the pronoun from the quote:
secondly, change the verbs by associating them with new pronouns and also exclude them from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.
With such changes, the quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence in this form: Korolenko wrote that He always “saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face”, then Napoleon’s statement cannot be preserved. Therefore, we safely remove the quotation marks and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not Maybe lose a minute.
b) Particularly noteworthy are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quotation in a sentence,
which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quotation can be introduced either as a subordinate clause or using introductory words. This is what happens when two methods are combined:
Wrong: According to Maupassant, What“love is strong as death, but fragile as glass”.
Right: According to Maupassant, “love is strong as death, but fragile as glass.”
Wrong: As P.I. Tchaikovsky stated, What“inspiration is born only from work and during work”.
Right: As P.I. Tchaikovsky argued, “inspiration is born only from work and during work.”
Thus, we formulate the rule: When using introductory words, the conjunction is not used.
c) In students’ works there are also cases when a quotation is introduced using introductory words,
but direct speech is framed as a separate sentence. This is not only a violation of punctuation, it is a violation of the rules for constructing a sentence with a quotation.Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”
Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”
Wrong: According to L.N. Tolstoy: “Art is highest manifestation power in man".
Right: According to L.N. Tolstoy, “art is the highest manifestation of power in man.”
D) the violation in the construction of the sentence with the participial phrase in sentence 8 is caused by the fact that the participle of the wrong voice was used. The funds must be sent by someone, so we need the present passive participle “sent.”
Let's give the correct spelling: Funds sent from the center arrive at the banks of our city with a great delay.
Rule 7.1.3
7.1. USE OF PARTICIPAL SPEECHES
INTRODUCTION
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants
word Graduates- the main word,
those who passed - participle,
those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle-dependent words.
Thus, the participle phrase in this sentence is successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently, placing the turn before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, but the phrase remains unchanged.
Very important: before starting work with task 7 to find errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and participial phrases.
The goal of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical rules when using the participial phrase. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the participle you are looking for must certainly be in full form: short form never forms a participial phrase, but is a predicate.
For successful implementation for this task you need to know:
- rules for agreeing the participle and the main (or qualified) word;
- rules for the location of the participial phrase in relation to the main word;
- time and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
- participle voice (active or passive)
Please note that that in a sentence with a participial phrase, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.
Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be classified as a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.
We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using participial phrases.
7.1.1 Violation of agreement between the participle and the word being defined
The rule that single participles(as well as those included in the participial phrase) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires the participle to be placed in the same gender, number and case as the main word:
About children (which ones?) returning from a trip; for an exhibition (WHAT?) being prepared at the museum.
Therefore, we simply find a sentence that contains full communion, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) number of the main word.
Type 1, the lightest
I had the opportunity to communicate with guests, those present at the opening of the exhibition.
What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We pose a question from a noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.
I had a chance to chat with guests(what MIMI?), present at the opening of the exhibition.
In these examples, the noun and its participle are next to each other, the error is easy to see. But this doesn't always happen.
Type 2, more difficult
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
I want to find the words to the song heard recently.
These sentences contain two nouns: author, book; lyrics. Which of them has a participle phrase attached to it? We think about the meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?
Here is the corrected version:
I want to find the words of the song (Which one?), HEARD recently.
Type 3, even more difficult
The endings of participles sometimes fulfill a very important meaning-distinguishing mission.. Let's think about the meaning!
Let's compare two sentences:
The sound of the sea (what kind?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake you up.
The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that noise. And the noise can wake you up. This is the right option.
I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.
I heard the heavy steps of a bear (WHAT?), chasing me. The bear may chase. This is the right option.
Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees.” It turns out that employees will be sick, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is the wrong option.
Children (what?) of employees, having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “children,” and we understand that it is the children who have illnesses and they need vouchers.
Type 4, variant
Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. A participial phrase can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial phrase) can be agreed with any word. It would be an error if the participle “freezes” and has no connection with any of the words.
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
Each of the participants who received maximum amount points, they were given the right to perform one more number.
The participle can be agreed with both the word “to each” and the word “participants”.
Each (which one?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number
Each of the participants (which ones?), who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number.
Please note that an error would be a discrepancy between NEITHER the first word and NOR the second:
Incorrect: Each of the participants who received... or Each of the participants who received... This is not possible.
In explanations of RESHU, the variant of agreement with the ending IM is more often used.
Similarly true: Part of the books (which ones?), received as a gift, will go as a gift.
Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift, will go as a gift.
Incorrect: Some of the books received as a gift will be given as a gift.
NOTE: This type of error when checking essays is considered a coordination error.
7.1.2 Participial phrase and place of the main word
In correctly constructed sentences with participial phrases the main (or qualifying word) cannot stand inside a participial phrase. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks!!!
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
It is necessary to carefully check the sent documentation for examination.
We walked along the strewn alley fallen leaves.
Presenter Street the city was free.
Created novel by a young author caused lively debate.
note: With this construction of the sentence, it is completely unclear whether to put a comma.
Here is the corrected version:
Must be checked carefully documentation, sent for examination. Or: Need to check carefully sent for examination documentation.
We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.
Street, leading to the city, was free. Or: Leading into the city Street was free.
7.1.3. Participle phrases including irregular forms of participles
In accordance with the norms for the formation of participles, in modern Russian literary language Forms of participles in –shchy, formed from verbs, are not used perfect form with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. According to the editors of I DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but since in the manuals of I.P. Tsybulko there are similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
Until I found person, who can help me.
A valuable prize awaits participant, who finds the answer to this question.
These sentences need to be corrected because future participles are not formed from perfect verbs. There is no future tense for participles..
Here is the corrected version:
We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.
Until I found a person who can help me.
A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.
7.1.4. Participle phrases including irregular forms of voice of participles
This type of error occurred in assignments Unified State Examinations of the past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 similar tasks No. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the active is used instead of the passive.
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
Documentation, heading for examination,
Contest, organized by the organizers
Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.
Here is the corrected version:
Documentation, sent for examination, needs to be checked carefully.
Contest, conducted by the organizers, the participants really liked it.
The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.
D) violation in the construction of sentences with inconsistent application in sentence 2 is that the name of the factory, a proper name, is placed in the nominative case if it is an appendix, that is, the second name. The first name is factory.
Let's give the correct spelling: At the Trekhgornaya Manufactory factory, a holiday was held for the former employees of this enterprise.
Rule 7.2.1
7.2. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application.
INTRODUCTION
An application is a definition expressed by a noun that is in the same case (i.e. CONCORDING) as the word being defined. When characterizing an item, the application gives it a different name and asserts that it has some additional feature. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, personal pronoun, substantivized participle and adjectives, as well as numerals. For example: This is how Mikhail Vlasov lived, locksmith, hairy, gloomy, with small eyes (M. G.); It was her Peterhof stranger(Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fedya, you would give about fourteen years (T.); Mother and father were traveling from Siverskaya station, and we children, drove out to meet them (Eb.).
Note: Proper names are names used in figuratively(in writing, enclosed in quotation marks) are also applications, they are called UNCONSISTENT as opposed to CONSISTENT.
Also very often, proper names written without quotation marks are appended.
Components of some types are not applications (although they resemble them in the form of communication) difficult words: a) compound words that are terms (sofa-bed, crane-beam, novel-newspaper, museum-apartment, hut-reading room), b) compound words, parts of which are evaluative words(firebird, good boy, boy-woman, would-be leader, miracle fish).
UNAGREED APPLICATIONS, expressed by a conventional name.
7.2.1. Proper names are names used in a figurative sense (in writing, enclosed in quotation marks), are always applications if they refer to the word being defined, and are in the nominative case form, regardless of case form defined word. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who disembarked from the battleship "Potemkin" to the Romanian coast, there was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.); During tanker testing "Leningrad" shipbuilders launched another similar vessel - "Klaipeda". This type of application is present in the Unified State Examination tasks.. Please note: as soon as the DEFINITED word “leaves” from the sentence (i.e. book, magazine, picture, play, article, car, steamship and so on), the PROPER NAME ceases to be an application, compare: the history of the novel “Eugene Onegin” - the history of the creation of “Eugene Onegin”; Malevich made several copies of “Black Square” - Kazimir Malevich’s painting “Black Square” was created in 1915.
7.2.2 If we are talking about the APPENDIX - a proper name, but written without quotes, then there is a very long series of rules governing their writing. Some groups of proper names agree with the word being defined, others do not. Fortunately, there were no such tasks on the Unified State Exam (at least until 2016).
Following these rules, you should write, for example,
On the planet Mars (not Mars);
On Lake Baikal (not Baikal);
Behind Mount Elbrus (not Elbrus).
On the Ganges River (not the Ganges), but on the Moscow River (not the Moscow River).
Full information about writing such applications can be obtained by reading any of Dietmar Rosenthal's manuals on stylistics and literary editing.
Answers in order according to letters:
| A | B | IN | G | D |
| 5 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 2 |
Answer: 54782
Russian Language Olympiad
9th grade
Work time - 3 hours
Option 1
Task No. 1 (5 points)
From the poetic passage below, write down all the words with soft consonants. Underline the letters that represent these consonants.
Here the daring troika is rushing
Along pillar road,
And a bell, a gift from Valdai,
It hums sadly under the arc.
Task No. 2 (10 points)
Place emphasis on the words:
Pampered, religion, perceive, iconography, catalogue, experience, dowry, beetroot, plum, Ukrainian, petition, apostrophe, vulgarize, facilitate, intention, enviable, heretic, loop, kitchen, cement.
Task No. 3 (4 points)
Two students argued:
Verbspeak indicative mood, - stated one.
No, imperative mood, - the second one did not agree.
What is the correct answer.
Task No. 4 (3 points)
Restore the word-formation nest by identifying the initial word and the further formation of new words.
Night light, night, spend the night, night, night, spend the night, spend the night, spend the night.
Task No. 5 (4 points)
Analyze the morphemic structure of the word from modern and historical points of view :
inspire, whimsical.
Task No. 6 (4 points)
Are etymologically related words
cover - wing - porch - roof? Explain.
Task No. 7 (4 points)
Guess the word by its interpretation lexical meaning:
a) the desire for something public group to a leading role in something;
b) a short break between the actions of the play;
c) depiction of something in a fantastic, ugly-comic form;
d) a definition added to the name of an object for greater clarity.
Task No. 8 (8 points)
Explain the meaning of the borrowed words: inch, turmeric, italics, relic, fetish, bill (not money), ambition, oboe.
Task No. 9 (4 points)
Define semantic meaning data phraseological units: a) where the curve will lead ; b) melt the ice; c) sticking out his tongue, d) neither a candle nor a poker to God.
Task No. 10 (7 points)
Determine what parts of speech the highlighted words are:
a) Students learned about this eventafter .
b)Once we went on an excursion.
V)After After lesson, the children went for a walk.
G)Once Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
e) The pilots watched silentlybehind small cross of a fighter flyingby airfield.
g) Everyone took a breath of relief: the enemy had passedby .
Task No. 11 (2 points)
Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm). Explain.
1. One of the most famous playwrights who showed the world of merchant Moscow in his plays was Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky.
2. Anyone who is interested in the history of Russian literature is familiar with the work of Russian fiction writers of the nineteenth century.
3. Between the trunks of the pine trees in the forest, here and there a slanting ray of sunset was breaking through.
4. Among the scientific works of F.I. Buslaev, first of all, his book “Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” should be mentioned.
Task No. 12 (6 points)
About one of the letters of the Russian alphabet M.V. Lomonosov said: “The dumb one took its place, like a fifth wheel!” What letter is this? What is its fate in our writing?
Task No. 13 (2 points)
In which sentence is it incorrectly named? grammatical basis?
1. All in the cityit was new and unusual.
2. Main Now -don't sit idly by.
3. For a minutethe sun has set big cloud.
4. Who would believe in such miracles.
Task No. 14. (10 points)
Title the text. Complicate the sentences, insert missing letters and punctuation marks, open the brackets. Complete the description of a village morning .
The second ones sang. Drops from the sky into Quiet Ave. Lake Kochki warm stars. Ducks quacked in the…so(n,nn)o juice. Cows mooed in the cold... near the morning. In the muddy dark... daylight air (not, not) audible l...clouds...mice. Having croaked... contentedly, the liars slept soundly.
Keys to option 1
Key to #1.
The troika is rushing, daring, along, the road, the pillar, the bell, Valdai, buzzing, in an arc.
Key to #2.
Place emphasis in the words: pampered, religion, perceive, Iconography, catalogue, experienced, dowry, beetroot, plum, Ukrainian, petition, apostrophe, vulgarize, facilitate, intention, enviously, heretic, loop, kitchen, cement.
Key to #3.
Both students are right. Outside the text, the verb “speak” can be considered as an indicative verb, 2nd person, plural, -ite- personal ending of the 2nd conjugation verb- (you speak) and as an imperative verb (speak louder), where -and- is the imperative suffix, those - 2nd person plural ending
Key to #4.
Night-night
Night light
Night
Overnight - overnight
Spend the night
Stay overnight
Key to #5.
Analyze the morphemic structure of the word from modern and historical points of view:
Modern analysis-----------Historical division
Instill-i-t vn-ush-i-t (etymological meaning
"put in ear")
whimsical whimsical whimsical (the root is the same as in the words
at least, at least, lust)
Key to #6.
The root “kry” is clearly manifested in each of the words of the group under consideration. All words are derivatives of the ancient "cover" with the same meaning as in modern word"cover". The word "porch" ( ancient form"porch") was originally a diminutive of wing.
Key to #7.
A) adventurism, b) intermission, c) grotesque, d) epithet.
Key to #8.
Inch- English measure length; turmeric is a herbaceous plant of the ginger family; italic is an italic typographic font, close to handwritten in style; relic - things sacredly preserved as a memory of the past; fetish - an object of blind worship; bill - reduction, removal of text; oboe is a woodwind musical instrument.
Key to #9.
A) as it turns out, it will happen;
b) eliminate alienation, distance, mistrust between someone;
c) do something very quickly, swiftly or stubbornly;
d) an unremarkable, mediocre person.
Key to #10.
a) adverb; b) adverb; c) preposition; d) union; e) adverb; f) prepositions; g) adverb.
Key to #11.
4.The title of the book is an inconsistent application when using the wordbook the name is not inclined.
Key to #12.
Dividing solid sign.
Key to #13.
Sentence 3 – the cloud closed.
Key to #14.
The second roosters crowed. Warm stars dripped from the sky into the quiet Kochki Lake. Ducks quacked sleepily in the sedge. In the barns, feeling the approach of morning, the cows mooed. In the cloudy, pale air they rushed silently the bats. Having croaked to their heart's content, the frogs slept soundly.
Option 2
Task No. 1. (10 points)
Place the emphasis in the words: plum, loop, aggravate, named, habitable, leisure, newborn, whooping cough, blinds, shoe, sign, sound, medicines, long, heretic, anatomist, utterly, bartender, expert, pepper.
Task No. 2 (2.5 points)
Determine which words contain the letter “e”:
a) d..t...ctor d) piru...t (dance) g) three...tier
b) about...kt d)fuj...r h)s...save
c) ud... gays e) du... l i) kar...
Task No. 3 (3.5 points)
Break the words into morphemes: customs officer, acquittal, sturgeon, run, drive, downplay, royalty.
Task No. 4 (2 points)
In what cases is [eh] pronounced at the place of the gap, and in what cases [o]?
Holol...ditsa, op...ka, af...ra, hopeless, man...vry.
Task No. 5 (4 points)
Explain the meaning of these expressions, try to determine their origin.
Happy hours are not observed. You are good in all your outfits, darling!
With a shield or on a shield.
Let's beat swords into plowshares.
Task No. 6 (5 points)
Whether there is a family connection between wordspeace and darling ?
Task No. 7 (10 points)
Remember and make up proverbs and sayings based on these two words:
Scythe-stone ford - water, light-dark, feathers - skill, forest - sliver, awl - bag, crane - tit, word - sparrow, gray - white, eyes - hand.
Task No. 8 (10 points)
“Yes, yes, sir! These Asians are terrible beasts...” (M.Yu. Lermontov)
“...He doesn’t suit ladies’ arms;
AllYes YesNo ; won't tellyes sir
Ilno with » . That was the general voice. (A.S. Pushkin)
"Basil-su ! Taste this royal meat!” (A.K. Tolstoy)
“Nikita-sta! The Tsar-Sovereign favors you with a cup from his table" (A.K. Tolstoy)
"S" "su" "sta" - these “sentences” are called “dictionary words »
What do they mean? What does the word "words" mean?
Task No. 9 (3 points)
Determine which of these words are animate nouns: dress, life, son, dead man, corpse, people, family, soul, doll, croup, puppy, crowd, freak, society, squad, drowned man, brother, guest.
Task No. 10 (4 points)
Determine which parts of the sentence the highlighted adverbs are.
1.Eggs were served for breakfasthard-boiled .
2. I had to drive across the bridgestep .
3. The shoes arrivedjust right .
4. Martha already has all her daughtersMarried .
5.Homeleft turned out to be a museum.
6.She asked the visitor to bepolite to the sellers.
7. Up and down water was running.
8.His arrival is veryinopportunely.
Task No. 11 (5 points)
Restore the poetic stanza based on the confused lines, in which all the words are given in initial form, add punctuation marks.
Much, I, hour Lie down, between, tall, grass
Run, and finally tired Listen, chase, no
Task No. 12 (1 point)
Provide a grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Choosing a play
1) we immediately started rehearsing.
2) it turned out that there were too many roles.
3) the distribution of roles began.
4) the first rehearsal was scheduled.
Task No. 13 (5 points)
Determine which famous Russian proverb is conveyed using scientific style? Pass to scientific style any other Russian proverb.
Information stored on any surface using a traditional writing instrument cannot be destroyed or deformed in any way by using a metal instrument with a blade and a butt mounted on a handle.
Task No. 14 (4 points)
Is the idea expressed correctly in the following sentences? Find errors and write corrected sentences.
1.Thanks to bad weather, transport in the city stopped.
2. The applicant told his autobiography.
4. The doctor prescribed Irina powder for headaches.
Task No. 15 (15 points)
For this start, create text in journalistic style. Justify the idea contained in the first sentence.
I'm sure for complete mastery Russian language, in order not to lose the feeling of this language, you need not only constant communication with ordinary Russian people, but also communication with forests, waters, old willows, with the whistling of birds and with every flower that nods its head from under a hazel bush .
Keys to option 2
Key to #1
Plum, loop, aggravate, named, habitable, leisure, newborn, whooping cough, blinds, shoe, sign, sound, medicines, long, heretic, anatomist, absolutely impossible, bartender, expert, pepper.
Key to #2
B, d, f, g, h.
Key to #3
Customs-n-ik, o-prav-a-teln-y, sturgeon-in-a, ballot-ir-a-t, drive-up-n-oh, pre-re-min-sh-a-t, kingdom.
Key to #4
[uh] – icy conditions, guardianship, scam
[o] – hopeless, maneuver
Key to #5
1. Happy people usually do not notice the passage of time. Literary source– A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”
2. Indulgence towards women’s weaknesses, the desire to dress smartly and decorate oneself. Literary source – poem by I.F. Bogdanovich “Darling”
3. Be victorious, take risks, fight heroically and die in battle. In Ancient Greece, a warrior killed in battle was carried from the battlefield on his shield.
4.Change war to peace. "Oralo" - plow
Key to #6
Wordworld derived from the wordCute . Ancient rootmi is the root of the Indo-European character and primarily had the meaning of “tenderness, joy, pleasure” (See N.M. Shansky’s dictionary)
Key to No. 7
I found a scythe on a stone. If you don't know the ford, don't go into the water. Learning is light, ignorance is darkness. The bird is red in feathers, but man is in skill. Forest chop-chips flying. Murder will out. Don't promise a pie in the sky, but give a bird in your hands. The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it. The soap is gray, but the wash is white. You never know what you can do till you try.
Key to #8
“S” is all that the language has retained from the word “sovereign”. “Sovereign” turned into “sir”; “sir” - in “su”; "su" in "s".
“Sta” - gave the address politeness and respect and meant “perhaps, old” (“perhaps reward me with such your mercy”) -
“Please eat a hundred”
Letter "C" in Old Slavonic alphabet was called “slovo”, the combination of it and “era” was popularly called “slover”. “Slovoers” literally means: “es da er will be “s”. (Uspensky L.V. “A Word about Words”)
Key to #9
Son, freak, drowned man, brother, guest, puppy.
Key to #10
1-definition; 2-circumstance; 3-predicate; 4-predicate;
5-definition; 6-addition; 7-circumstance; 8-predicate.
Key to #11
I have a lot of hours
I ran and finally got tired,
He lay down among the tall grasses;
I listened: there was no chase.
The key to #12 is (1).
Key to No. 13
What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe.
Key to #14
There are stylistic errors in these sentences.
1. Due to bad weather, transport in the city stopped.
2. The applicant told his autobiography.
3. It snows more often in December.
4. The doctor prescribed Irina powder for headaches.
Russian Language Olympiad
School stage
9th grade
Work time - 3 hours
Option 1
Task No. 1 (5 points)
From the poetic passage below, write down all the words with soft consonants. Underline the letters that represent these consonants.
Here the daring troika is rushing
Along the pillar road,
And a bell, a gift from Valdai,
It hums sadly under the arc.
Task No. 2 (10 points)
Place emphasis on the words:
Pampered, religion, perceive, iconography, catalogue, experience, dowry, beetroot, plum, Ukrainian, petition, apostrophe, vulgarize, facilitate, intention, enviable, heretic, loop, kitchen, cement.
Task No. 3 (4 points)
Two students argued:
Verb say indicative mood,” one argued.
No, it’s an imperative mood,” the second one did not agree.
What is the correct answer.
Task No. 4 (3 points)
Restore the word-formation nest by identifying the initial word and the further formation of new words.
Night light, night, spend the night, night, night, spend the night, spend the night, spend the night.
Task No. 5 (4 points)
inspire, whimsical.
Task No. 6 (4 points)
Are the words etymologically related?
cover - wing - porch - roof? Explain.
Task No. 7 (4 points)
Guess the word based on its lexical meaning:
a) the desire of any social group for a dominant role in something;
b) a short break between the actions of the play;
c) depiction of something in a fantastic, ugly-comic form;
d) a definition added to the name of an object for greater clarity.
Task No. 8 (8 points)
Explain the meaning of the borrowed words: inch, turmeric, italic, relic, fetish, bill (not money), ambition, oboe.
Task No. 9 (4 points)
Determine the semantic meaning of these phraseological units: a) where the curve will lead; b) melt the ice; c) sticking out his tongue, d) neither a candle nor a poker to God.
Task No. 10 (7 points)
Determine what parts of speech the highlighted words are:
a) Students learned about this event after .
b) Once we went on an excursion.
c) After After lesson, the children went for a walk.
d) Once Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
e) The pilots watched silently behind small cross of a fighter flying past the airfield.
g) Everyone took a breath of relief: the enemy had passed past .
Task No. 11 (2 points)
Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm). Explain.
1. One of the most famous playwrights who showed the world of merchant Moscow in his plays was Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky.
2. Anyone who is interested in the history of Russian literature is familiar with the work of Russian fiction writers of the nineteenth century.
3. Between the trunks of the pine trees in the forest, here and there a slanting ray of sunset was breaking through.
4. Among the scientific works of F.I. Buslaev, first of all, his book “Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” should be mentioned.
Task No. 12 (6 points)
About one of the letters of the Russian alphabet M.V. Lomonosov said: “The dumb one took its place, like a fifth wheel!” What letter is this? What is its fate in our writing?
Task No. 13 (2 points)
Which sentence has the wrong grammatical basis?
1. Everything is in the city it was new and unusual.
2. The main thing now is don't sit idly by.
3.For a minute the sun was covered by a large cloud.
4. Who would believe in such miracles.
Task No. 14. (10 points)
Title the text. Complicate the sentences, insert missing letters and punctuation marks, open the brackets. Complete the description of the village morning.
The second ones sang. Warm stars drop from the sky into the quiet ... Lake Kochki. Ducks quacked in the…so(n,nn)o juice. Cows mooed in the cold... near the morning. In the muddy dark... daylight air (not, not) audible l...clouds...mice. Having croaked... contentedly, the liars slept soundly.
Keys to option 1
Key to #1.
The troika is rushing, daring, along, the road, the pillar, the bell, Valdai, buzzing, in an arc.
Key to #2.
Place emphasis in the words: pampered, religion, perceive, Iconography, catalogue, experienced, dowry, beetroot, plum, Ukrainian, petition, apostrophe, vulgarize, facilitate, intention, enviously, heretic, loop, kitchen, cement.
Key to #3.
Both students are right. Outside the text, the verb “speak” can be considered as an indicative verb, 2nd person, plural, -ite- personal ending of the 2nd conjugation verb- (you speak) and as an imperative verb (speak louder), where -and- is the imperative suffix, those - 2nd person plural ending
Key to #4.
Night-night
Night light
Night
Overnight - overnight
Spend the night
Stay overnight
Key to #5.
Analyze the morphemic structure of the word from modern and historical points of view:
Modern analysis-----------Historical division
Instill-i-t vn-ush-i-t (etymological meaning
"put in ear")
whimsical whimsical whimsical (the root is the same as in the words
At least, at least, lust)
Key to #6.
The root “kry” is clearly manifested in each of the words of the group under consideration. All words are derived from the ancient "cover" with the same meaning as in the modern word "cover". The word "porch" (the ancient form "porch") was originally a diminutive of wing.
Key to #7.
A) adventurism, b) intermission, c) grotesque, d) epithet.
Key to #8.
Inch is an English unit of length; turmeric is a herbaceous plant of the ginger family; italic is an italic typographic font, close to handwritten in style; relic - things sacredly preserved as a memory of the past; fetish - an object of blind worship; bill - reduction, removal of text; oboe is a woodwind musical instrument.
Key to #9.
A) as it turns out, it will happen;
b) eliminate alienation, distance, mistrust between someone;
c) do something very quickly, swiftly or stubbornly;
d) an unremarkable, mediocre person.
Key to #10.
a) adverb; b) adverb; c) preposition; d) union; e) adverb; f) prepositions; g) adverb.
Key to #11.
4.The title of the book is an inconsistent application when using the word book the name is not inclined.
Key to #12.
Dividing solid sign.
Key to #13.
Sentence 3 – the cloud closed.
Key to #14.
The second roosters crowed. Warm stars dripped from the sky into the quiet Kochki Lake. Ducks quacked sleepily in the sedge. In the barns, feeling the approach of morning, the cows mooed. Bats fluttered silently in the cloudy, pale air. Having croaked to their heart's content, the frogs slept soundly.
Option 2
Task No. 1. (10 points)
Place the emphasis in the words: plum, loop, aggravate, named, habitable, leisure, newborn, whooping cough, blinds, shoe, sign, sound, medicines, long, heretic, anatomist, utterly, bartender, expert, pepper.
Task No. 2 (2.5 points)
Determine which words contain the letter “e”:
a) d..t...ctor d) piru...t (dance) g) three...tier
b) about...kt d)fuj...r h)s...save
c) ud... gays e) du... l i) kar...
Task No. 3 (3.5 points)
Break the words into morphemes: customs officer, acquittal, sturgeon, run, drive, downplay, royalty.
Task No. 4 (2 points)
In what cases is [eh] pronounced at the place of the gap, and in what cases [o]?
Holol...ditsa, op...ka, af...ra, hopeless, man...vry.
Task No. 5 (4 points)
Explain the meaning of these expressions, try to determine their origin.
Happy hours are not observed. You are good in all your outfits, darling!
With a shield or on a shield.
Let's beat swords into plowshares.
Task No. 6 (5 points)
Is there a relationship between the words? peace and darling?
Task No. 7 (10 points)
Remember and make up proverbs and sayings based on these two words:
Scythe-stone, ford-water, light-darkness, feathers-skill, forest-chip, awl-bag, crane-tit, word-sparrow, gray-white, eyes-hand.
Task No. 8 (10 points)
“Yes, yes, sir! These Asians are terrible beasts...” (M.Yu. Lermontov)
“...He doesn’t suit ladies’ arms;
Everything is yes and no; won't say yes
Or no, sir." That was the general voice.(A.S. Pushkin)
"Vasily-su ! Taste this royal meat!” (A.K. Tolstoy)
“Nikita-sta! The Tsar-Sovereign favors you with a cup from his table" (A.K. Tolstoy)
"S" "su" "sta" - these “sentences” are called “ dictionary words »
What do they mean? What does the word "words" mean?
Task No. 9 (3 points)
Determine which of these words are animate nouns: dress, life, son, dead man, corpse, people, family, soul, doll, croup, puppy, crowd, freak, society, squad, drowned man, brother, guest.
Task No. 10 (4 points)
Determine which parts of the sentence the highlighted adverbs are.
1.Eggs were served for breakfast hard-boiled
2. I had to drive across the bridge step .
3. The shoes fit.
4. Martha already has all her daughters Married .
5. House on the left turned out to be a museum.
6.She asked the visitor to be polite to sellers.
7. Water ran from above and below.
8.His arrival is very inopportunely.
Task No. 11 (5 points)
Restore the poetic stanza based on the confused lines, in which all the words are given in the initial form, and add punctuation marks.
Much, I, hour Lie down, between, tall, grass
Run, and finally tired Listen, chase, no
Task No. 12 (1 point)
Provide a grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Choosing a play
1) we immediately started rehearsing.
2) it turned out that there were too many roles.
3) the distribution of roles began.
4) the first rehearsal was scheduled.
Task No. 13 (5 points)
Determine which famous Russian proverb is conveyed using scientific style? Render any other Russian proverb in a scientific style.
Information stored on any surface using a traditional writing instrument cannot be destroyed or deformed in any way by using a metal instrument with a blade and a butt mounted on a handle.
Task No. 14 (4 points)
Is the idea expressed correctly in the following sentences? Find errors and write corrected sentences.
1.Thanks to bad weather, transport in the city stopped.
2. The applicant told his autobiography.
4. The doctor prescribed Irina powder for headaches.
Task No. 15 (15 points)
Based on this, create a text in a journalistic style. Justify the idea contained in the first sentence.
I am sure that in order to fully master the Russian language, in order not to lose the feeling of this language, you need not only constant communication with ordinary Russian people, but also communication with forests, waters, old willows, with the whistling of birds and with every flower, which nods his head from under the hazel bush.
Keys to option 2
Key to #1
Plum, loop, aggravate, named, habitable, leisure, newborn, whooping cough, blinds, shoe, sign, sound, medicines, long, heretic, anatomist, absolutely impossible, bartender, expert, pepper.
Key to #2
B, d, f, g, h.
Key to #3
Customs-n-ik, o-prav-a-teln-y, sturgeon-in-a, ballot-ir-a-t, drive-up-n-oh, pre-re-min-sh-a-t, kingdom.
Key to #4
[uh] – icy conditions, guardianship, scam
[o] – hopeless, maneuver
Key to #5
1. Happy people usually do not notice the passage of time. Literary source - A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”
2. Indulgence towards women’s weaknesses, the desire to dress smartly and decorate oneself. Literary source – poem by I.F. Bogdanovich “Darling”
3. Be victorious, take risks, fight heroically and die in battle. In Ancient Greece, a warrior killed in battle was carried from the battlefield on his shield.
4.Change war to peace. "Oralo" - plow
Key to #6
The word peace derived from the word Cute . Ancient root mi is the root of the Indo-European character and primarily had the meaning of “tenderness, joy, pleasure” (See N.M. Shansky’s dictionary)
Key to No. 7
I found a scythe on a stone. If you don't know the ford, don't go into the water. Learning is light, ignorance is darkness. The bird is red in feathers, but man is in skill. The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying. Murder will out. Don't promise a pie in the sky, but give a bird in your hands. The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it. The soap is gray, but the wash is white. You never know what you can do till you try.
Key to #8
“S” is all that the language has retained from the word “sovereign”. “Sovereign” turned into “sir”; “sir” - in “su”; "su" in "s".
“Sta” - gave the address politeness and respect and meant “perhaps, old” (“perhaps reward me with such your mercy”) -
“Please eat a hundred”
The letter “S” in the Old Church Slavonic alphabet was called “slovo”; the combination of it and “era” was popularly called “slovoer”. “Slovoers” literally means: “es da er will be “s”. (Uspensky L.V. “A Word about Words”)
Key to #9
Son, freak, drowned man, brother, guest, puppy.
Key to #10
1-definition; 2-circumstance; 3-predicate; 4-predicate;
5-definition; 6-addition; 7-circumstance; 8-predicate.
Key to #11
I have a lot of hours
I ran and finally got tired,
He lay down among the tall grasses;
I listened: there was no chase.
The key to #12 is (1).
Key to No. 13
What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe.
Key to #14
There are stylistic errors in these sentences.
1. Due to bad weather, transport in the city stopped.
2. The applicant told his autobiography.
4. The doctor prescribed Irina powder for headaches.