A 5.VIOLATION OF SYNTACTIC NORMAL
WHEN CONSTRUCTING VARIOUS OFFERS.
Constructing sentences with homogeneous members.
Most often found in task A5 following types sentences with homogeneous members in which grammatical errors may be made:
1) sentences in which homogeneous predicates have same dependent word . In such sentences, it is very important to pay attention to whether both of these words can control the case in which the dependent word appears. Let's look at an example: Raskolnikov came up with and admires his theory. Predicates "invented" And "admires" have one dependent word "theory", which is in T.p. But the verb “invented” cannot control Etc. ( invented (by whom? with what?)…), therefore this sentence is constructed incorrectly. Correct option: Raskolnikov came up with (who? what?) his theory and admires (who? what?) it.
2) sentences in which homogeneous members are connected double alliances: not only but…; if not... then... etc. In such proposals you need to pay attention to two points: 1) parts double union must connect directly homogeneous members Wed: It can be argued that the mood was not only the main thing for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. Canassert that the mood was the main thingnot only for the creator poems,and for hisreaders . In the first sentence, the conjunction connects the words “ not only the main thing... but also for the readers ", and they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Therefore, this option is erroneous. The second sentence is correct, since the conjunction in it connects homogeneous additions: « not only for the creator... but also for the readers » . 2) parts of the double union are permanent, their it is forbidden replace with other words. Thus, the sentence “ It can be argued that the mood was the main thing not only for the creator of the poem, as well as for his readers", since the union “not only.., but also..”No.
3) offers with a generalizing word for homogeneous terms. It must be taken into account that all homogeneous members must be in the same case in which the generalizing word appears. Let's consider the proposal: The life of peasants is depicted in the works of Russian classics: Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy. IN this proposal general word "Russian classics" stands in the form of R.p., and all homogeneous members: "Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy"? in the form of Im.p. Therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. Correct option: The life of peasants is depicted in the worksRussian classics: Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy .
The following grammatical errors are less common in Unified State Exam tests, but you should also pay attention to them.
1) omission of a preposition with homogeneous members.
Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, squares.
Before the word "squares" need to add a preposition "V", since this word is not used with the preposition "on the". Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere:on the streets, squares, parks .
2) confusion of genus-species concepts in a series homogeneous members.
The bag contained oranges, juice, bananas, and fruits.« Oranges» And« bananas» are species concepts in relation to the word« fruits», hence, cannot stand with him in the same rank of homogeneous members. Correct option: The package contained juice and fruit: bananas, oranges.
3) the use of homogeneous terms in one series logically incompatible
concepts. The mourners walked with bags and sad faces.
4) combination of homogeneous members of intersecting concepts in one series.
Villagers, men and children were moving towards us. "Men" and "children" are also "village residents".
- 1. Use of proper names in a sentence.
If a sentence contains a proper name, enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of something (newspaper, magazine, book), then you need to pay attention to the presence of a common noun in front of it, relating to this proper name. If so common noun stands before the proper name, then only it changes, and the proper name always appears in the Imp.p.
If there is no common noun, then the proper name is changed (if necessary). Let's compare three proposals:
1) Bpainting (P.p.) “Sleeping Shepherd” (Im.p.)
2) B“Sleeping Shepherdess” (pp.) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of dim Russian nature.
3) Bpainting (PP) “The Sleeping Shepherdess” (PP) Venetsianov managed to convey all the charm of dim Russian nature.
The first two sentences are grammatically correct, the third contains grammar mistake, since if there is a common noun, the proper one must appear in the Im.p.
- 2. Constructing sentences with participial phrases.
In sentences containing a participial phrase, you need to pay attention to the following points:
1) agreement of the participle with the word being defined in gender, number and case.
The image of the poet-prophet created by Pushkin determined his own life. Defined word "image" costs in Name, unit, m.r., and participle "created"? V Im.p., plural Therefore, this sentence is constructed grammatically incorrectly. Correct option: Image poet-prophet,created Pushkin, determined his own life.
2) the word being defined should not break the participial phrase; it can only appear before or after it. I was tasked with eliminating a sniper in a tree. Defined word "sniper" breaks the participial phrase in this sentence "perched on a tree", therefore, there is a grammatical error in this sentence. Correct options: I was tasked with destroyingsniper perched on a tree . I was tasked with destroying sniper perched on a tree .
3) you need to find the correct word to define.
He sees the face (what?) of his son, listening carefully to the conversation.
In this sentence the word being defined is "son", but not "face" Therefore, the correct option is: He sees the faceson (what?), carefullylistening to the conversation.
4. Construction of complex sentences.
Most often, grammatical errors in complex sentences can be made in the following cases:
1) sentences in which subordinate clause joins with a conjunction word "Who".
Usually such sentences begin with the words: “all who...”, “those who...”, “those who...”, “none of those who...” and so on. It is important to remember that the pronoun "Who" used only with singular verbs. In this case, it is also necessary to pay attention to the unity of the grammatical forms of the subject and predicate in the main part of the sentence. All , who is interested theater,know the name of Alexey Bakhrushin - the founder of the theater history museum. This sentence is constructed grammatically correct. would be wrong the following options such a proposal: Everyone who is interested (plural instead of singular) in theater knows the name of Alexei Bakhrushin, the founder of the theater history museum. Everyone who is interested in theater knows (singular instead of plural) the name of Alexei Bakhrushin, the founder of the theater history museum.
2) incorrect attachment of the subordinate clause, creating ambiguity in the perception of the meaning of the sentence. The letter said that an auditor, controlled by Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, was coming to the city. With this construction of the sentence, it is unclear which of the words the subordinate clause refers to “which is managed by Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.” Correct option: The letter stated thatcity , which managed by Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky , the auditor is coming.
3) violation grammatical form conjunctive word in the subordinate clause.
In the comedy "The Inspector General" a conflict unfolds that...th heroes lead. Correct option: The comedy "The Inspector General" unfoldsconflict (what?), which heroes lead.
4) incorrect connection using the conjunction “and” of the participial apparatus and the subordinate clause.
I drank coffee /prepared by the bartender/ and (to which whiskey was added). In such sentences, the participial phrase should be placed before the word being defined. Correct option: I drank /prepared by the bartender/coffee (with whiskey added) .
5. Difficult cases management.
Quite often in Unified State Exam tests there are sentences in which grammatical errors are made in the case form of a noun or pronoun after a preposition. So, the most common cases are the following:
1) use of preposition "By". In meaning "after something" pretext "By" controls P.p., that is, the word that comes after the preposition must be placed in P.p. ( upon arrivale to Moscow = after arriving in Moscow; upon expirationAnd due date = after the due date and so on).
Upon arrivalAnd home (= after arriving home) he felt unwell.
2) use of preposition "thanks to". Pretext "thanks to" manages D.p.
He achieved a lot in life (thanks to what?) thanks to this influence.
3) use of preposition "according to". Pretext "according to" also manages D.p.
Grant Sergeeva leave (according to what?) according to her personal statement.
6. Constructing sentences with indirect speech.
1) The most common mistake when constructing sentences with indirect speech is the use of 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the subordinate part. This is only permissible when transmitting direct speech. Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes that “I look sadly at our generation.” Correct options: Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes:"I look sad for our generation" . Condemning his contemporaries, M.Yu. Lermontov writes that he sadly looks at his generation.
2) Also one of the common mistakes is the use of the conjunction "What" in the subordinate clause if available "li". I didn't notice that he was in the room. Correct option: I didn't notice it's locatedwhether he is in the room.
3) You cannot create a proposal that begins with introductory design like direct speech. Incorrect option: As A.P. Chekhov said: “Everything in a person should be beautiful.” Correct option: As A.P. Chekhov said, “everything in a person should be beautiful.”
4) It is erroneous to use capital letters in a quote when conveying indirect speech. Incorrect option: The Senate decided that “The Petitioner lost his son for one reason: Correct option: The Senate decided that "petitioner lost his son due to the fact that relied on the defendant’s assurance to make his son happy...”
1. n e correct usage case form noun with preposition
o In the letter task, we look for derived prepositions (usually the sentence begins with them) and check the case of the noun that comes after the preposition. All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the Dative case of a noun:
§ According to (who? what?)
§ Thanks to (who? what?)
§ In spite of (who? what?)
§ Similar to (who? what?)
§ In defiance of (who? what?)
o Also in a sentence there can be prepositions that are combined with a noun in the Genitive case:
§ in moderation (of what?)
§ during (what?)
§ in continuation of (what?)
§ due to (what?)
§ in conclusion (what?)
§ in the form of (what?)
§ for the reason (what?)
§ like (what?)
o For example: Thanks to the improved level of service, there are more customers in company stores.
2. n disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
o We look for a construction in tasks with a letter “all who...”, “those who...”, “one who...”, etc., it is necessary to check the agreement of the subject and predicate (singular/plural) in the main and subordinate clauses.
§ All, who watched at him, no could miss…
plural units units units plural
o For example: Everyone who has read Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” remembers the tramp Varlaam.
Everyone who has read Pushkin’s “Boris Godunov” remembers the tramp Varlaam.
3. n violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
o In a task with a letter there must be quotation marks
o For example: To those who passionately love their native culture, D.S. appears before us. Likhachev in the book « Letters about the good and the beautiful » .
o Explanation: Application is a definition expressed by a noun.
o Explanation:
§ If a generic title (book, newspaper, magazine, painting, etc.) precedes the quotation marks, the title in quotation marks must appear in Im.p. For example, the novel “Eugene Onegin”; painting “Autumn”; song "Dubinushka".
§ If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is declined. For example, in “Eugene Onegin”; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".
4. o error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
o If a sentence contains homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by the conjunction “and”, after which goes general dependent word(s), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous member of the sentence agrees with this common dependent word.
For example, in the sentence “we hoped and believed to victory “The first homogeneous member of the sentence “hoped” does not agree with “in victory”, therefore there is a grammatical error in this sentence.
For example, “I love drawing and painting »
o If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double conjunctions “not only – but also”, “both – so and”, “if not – then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence are located immediately after these conjunctions. For example, in the sentence “We waited Not only Waving, but also Vanya” the conjunctions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: “We Not only were waiting for Masha, but also Vanya,” a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.
5. n disruption of homogeneity of concepts
o words cannot be used as homogeneous members of a sentence different parts speeches
For example, “I love drawing and painting »
6. n loss of homogeneity syntactic elements
o It is unacceptable to violate the homogeneity of the syntactic elements of a sentence. The participial phrase and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.
o For example, in the sentence “Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and took part in the competition, ...” an error was made.
7. n correct construction of sentences with participial phrases
o The task with a letter begins with an adverbial phrase
o For example: Having received initial home education in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Page Corps.
o Participles answer the questions: doing what? what did you do?
o Explanation: the gerund expresses an additional action with the main action, expressed by a verb. The person performing both actions must be the same. In the sentence, the action “enrolled” is performed by “they, some people” (indefinite personal sentence), and the action “received” is performed by Radishchev.
o Explanation: participial turnover most often cannot be used together with impersonal offers, except in cases where the action is expressed by the words “may, not”
8. violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases
o We look for participle phrases in tasks with letters
o The sacrament answers the questions: what is he doing? what did he do? what done?
o Examples of participles: working, doubting, arrived, written, etc.
o For example: One of the heroes of the novel, searching for the meaning of life, opens the way to inner freedom.
o Explanation: If a sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun it modifies. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the participle. For example, “there were a lot of guys (who?) came to the forest.” The end of the participle must coincide with the end of the question to it.
9. n correct construction of sentences with indirect speech
o You cannot mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use the pronouns “I, WE, YOU, YOU” in the subordinate part of a sentence in indirect speech.
o For example, “Dima admitted that I I’m not ready for class today.”
10. Errors associated with violation of word order in simple sentence
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Type of error |
Example |
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The subject occupies a place that does not correspond to the established generally accepted order. |
The author discusses the problems of humanism and mercy in his article. |
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The complement is in isolation from the word that controls it. |
We cannot agree on his attitude to the problem with the author. |
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The definition is in isolation from the word being defined. |
He was struck by the majestic and beautiful building of the theater located on the right. |
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The circumstance occupies a place that does not correspond to the generally accepted order. |
He returned to Leningrad later, after the war, from the hospital. |
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Wrong location of preposition. |
After two hours the dispute ended (two hours later) |
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Wrong location of compound conjunction. |
Since yesterday and today this problem remains important. |
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The particle's location would be wrong. |
He would like to fly into space or become a traveler. |
11. Errors in the use of prepositions
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Example |
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Mixing prepositions |
When he arrived With villages to the city, I was surprised at many things. |
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No excuse. |
You can't help but bow down his heroism. |
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Having an unnecessary pretext. |
CLASSIFICATION OF GRAMMAR ERRORS:
1) misuse case form of a noun with a preposition;
2) incorrect use of the case form of a noun;
3) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate;
4) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application;
5) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members;
6) violation of the homogeneity of concepts;
7) violation of the homogeneity of syntactic elements;
8) incorrect construction sentences with adverbial verbs;
9) violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase;
10) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech;
11) violation of word order in a simple sentence;
12) errors in the use of prepositions.
Let's take KIM's task.
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases
B) an error in constructing a complex sentence
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
D) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms
OFFERS
1) I.S. Turgenev subjects Bazarov to the most difficult test - the “test of love” - and thereby revealed the true essence of his hero.
2) Everyone who visited Crimea took with them, after parting with it, vivid impressions of the sea, mountains, southern herbs and flowers.
3) The work “The Tale of a Real Man” is based on real events that happened to Alexey Maresyev.
4) S. Mikhalkov argued that the world of the merchant Zamoskvorechye can be seen on the stage of the Maly Theater thanks to the excellent acting of the actors.
5) In 1885 V.D. Polenov exhibited at a traveling exhibition ninety-seven sketches brought from a trip to the East.
6) The theory of eloquence for all types of poetic compositions was written by A.I. Galich, who taught Russian and Latin literature at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
7) In I. Mashkov’s landscape “View of Moscow” there is a feeling of the ringing beauty of a city street.
8) Happy are those who are after long journey with its cold and slush, he sees a familiar house and hears the voices of relatives.
9) Reading classic literature, you notice how differently the “city of Petrov” is depicted in the works of A.S. Pushkina, N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky.
Let's start with the letter A. There are participle phrases in sentences 3, 5, 6. In the third sentence, the participle “happened” depends on the noun “events”. Events - what? Happened. Everything is okay. In the fifth, the participle “brought” depends on the whole phrase “ninety-seven etudes.” The question is - which ones? Must have been brought. There's a mistake here. Just in case, let's check the sixth thing: What kind of Galich? Taught There are no errors either. So we need sentence 5.
Letter B. Complex sentences numbered 2,4,8,9. Let’s remove numbers 2 and 8 - there is an emphasis on an error with the subject and predicate (see these pronouns “all”, “who”, “those”). In the fourth, everything is normal: one union and no complaints about it. But in the 9th there is a mess: one subordinate clause connects two means of communication at once! The conjunction "what" and allied word"how much". It’s not suitable, because one subordinate clause is one conjunction.
Letter V. Inconsistent application, as we remember, is the name in quotation marks. In the first and ninth we don’t have names, but someone else’s speech. The names are only in 3 and 7. And around the main word, the application remains unchanged only in 7. In the third, for some reason, it also declines, although it shouldn’t. This means that there is a mistake in the third.
Letter G. We have already noticed that there are hints of this error in sentences 2 and 8. In the second, by removing the subordinate clause, we get “he took everything away,” and in the eighth there is no point in removing the subordinate clause: it goes to the very end of the sentence, and the word “those” has a predicate “happy” comes before it. So the error is in the second one.
Letter D. In order for there to be an error in type-temporal correlation, the verbs must be homogeneous. We find these in numbers 1 and 8. In the eighth everything is in order: “he sees and hears.” But in the first: “exposes and reveals.” He cannot perform a continuous action and complete another at the same time.
Answer: 59321
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | OFFERS | |
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition B) violation in the construction of a complex sentence C) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members | 1) Antipov bothered the repair service with complaints about the material being shipped to him to update the rail bed. 2) Standing on the threshold of the house, the parents looked for a long time after their children were leaving. 3) Upon arrival from Greece, I sat down to write a new book. 4) In “Ruslan and Lyudmila” A.S. Pushkin conveyed much of what he heard from his nanny Arina Rodionovna. 5) To get to Ryabtsev, who occupied an office on the fifth floor, Nastasya had to explain the purpose of her visit to a good dozen guards. 6) I was not accepted into the school basketball team. Because I was short. 7) When creating a project for a new building, the architect said that I want to make this building the most beautiful in the city. 8) Mistakes not only bring pain, but also make us wiser. 9) The war was a difficult test for the entire people, but everyone believed and hoped for victory. |
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G | D |
Explanation (see also Rule below).
A) the incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition in sentence 2 is that after the prepositions “thanks to,” “according to,” “contrary to,” “like,” “towards,” nouns are used only in the dative case form WHAT? and in no other.
Let's give the correct spelling: Standing on the threshold of the house, the parents looked for a long time after their children were leaving.
Rule 7.7.1
7.7 INCORRECT USE OF THE CASE FORM OF A NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION
This type includes incorrectly constructed sentences with derived prepositions and non-derivative preposition"by".
7.7.1 Using the correct case form of a noun with derivative prepositions “thanks to”, “according to”, “contrary to”, “like”, “contrary”, “contrary”
After the prepositions “thanks to”, “according to”, “contrary to”, “like” and other nouns are used only in the dative case (to whom? to what?) and in no other.
Let's look at the sentences with the error:
Example 1. True success can only be achieved through (what?) persistence, determination and (what?) deep knowledge person. If the words “perseverance, determination” are in dative case(which is true!), then the phrase “deep knowledge” is used in the genitive case, it needs to be corrected by writing “deep knowledge”.
Example 2. According to (what?) traditions established in the navy, crossing the equator was considered significant event . We replace the case: according to (what?) “established traditions.”
Example 3. It was decided to carry out work on the strait, contrary to (what?) established rules, not in summer, but in winter. We replace: “contrary to established rules.”
Note 1. The preposition “thanks to” is used only when we are talking about the reasons that caused positive result. Therefore, phrases with this preposition in combination with something negative should be considered unsuccessful: Thanks to my mother's death, I grew up early. In this sentence you need to use the simple preposition “because of”.
Note 2. The preposition “thanks to” is called derivative because it was formed from the gerund “thanks to.” And these are completely different parts of speech. To the participle we pose the question “what are we doing?” and separated by commas either as a single word or as part of an adverbial phrase.
Compare: He successfully defended thesis and, (doing what?) thanks to (who?) the project manager and (who else?) comrades for their help and support, he left the audience. The participle “thanks to” is an additive action to the predicate “went out.”
He successfully defended his thesis thanks to (what?) the help of the project manager and his comrades. There is no way to ask the question “what are you doing?” this is not an additional action, this is a pretext. And there are no commas. A comma in sentences with the word “thanks to” can serve as a hint: it does not exist with a preposition.
7.7.2 With a noun there is a preposition “by”
Not derivative preposition“by” in the meaning “after something” is used with a noun only in the form of the prepositional case, and not the dative
Therefore, the sentences below are constructed wrong:
Upon arrival Yu When he arrived in Moscow he felt unwell.
Upon arrival at In Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.
Upon completion Yu construction workers left the site in perfect order.
Upon completion Yu courses in English I received a certificate.
In these sentences, the preposition “by” means “after something,” so the word after it had to be used in the prepositional form, not the dative case:
upon arrival in Moscow (= after arrival in Moscow), upon arrival in Venice (= after arrival in Venice), upon completion of construction (= after completion of construction), upon completion of courses (= after completion).
The following construction of these sentences would be correct:
Upon arrival in Moscow, he felt unwell.
Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.
Upon completion of construction, the workers left the site in perfect order.
Upon completion of the English language courses, I received a certificate.
Remember:
upon arrival (= after arrival),
upon arrival (= after arrival),
upon completion (= after completion),
upon completion (= after finishing).
7.7.3 With a noun there is a derived preposition “due to”, “due to”, “in case”, “provided”, “with help” and others
These prepositions also arose as a result of the transition from independent parts speeches and require from the nouns behind them genitive case.
Due to (who? what?) bad weather;
Due to (who? what?) frosts;
In case of (who? what?) success
B) the violation in the construction of a complex sentence in sentence 6 is that the subordinate clause is separated from the main one.
The sentence can be rearranged as follows: I was not accepted into the school basketball team because I was short.
Rule point
7.4. FEATURES OF USING COMPLEX SENTENCES
INTRODUCTION
As you know, there are three types of complex sentences: compound, complex and non-union. Each of these types has its own semantic and grammatical features associated with the presence or absence of a conjunction, the meaning of the conjunction, the order of the parts and intonation. The simplest and most understandable in their structure are compound and non-union proposals. Complex sentences have rich possibilities for detailed presentation of thoughts, means subordinating connection are able to express the nuances of relationships between grammatical parts. At the same time, more complex structure Such sentences become one of the reasons for violation of syntactic norms when used. To avoid grammatical errors in complex sentences, you must remember the following rules.
7.4.1.When consistent subordination The same words should not be repeated. It was this violation that helped
S. Ya. Marshak to achieve a comic effect in a famous poem:
Here's a dog without a tail
Who pulls the cat by the collar,
Which scares and catches the tit,
Which cleverly steals wheat,
Which is stored in a dark closet
In the house that Jack built.
Use different unions, different types subordinate clauses, replace them with participial phrases to avoid such annoying repetitions. For example: I had to go to the city where my parents had previously lived, who arrived in 1995, which was a real test for them. This is a very bad proposal. Correcting: I had to go to the city where my parents had previously lived, who arrived in 1995: this year was a real test for them.
7.4.2 You cannot use subordinators and subordinates at the same time. coordinating conjunctions for the connection between the main and subordinate clause: As soon as lightning flashed, but suddenly hail fell. To correct this sentence, you must leave one of the conjunctions: Lightning just flashed, but suddenly hail began to fall or As soon as the lightning flashed, hail suddenly fell.. In the first sentence the conjunction “how” was removed, in the second the conjunction “but”.
7.4.3 Subordinating and coordinating conjunctions that are close in meaning cannot be repeated: Parents say it's like we don't help around the house at all.. For expression syntactic relations One conjunction is enough: My parents say that we don't help at all around the house. The conjunction “as if” was removed from the second sentence. Possibly another way: My parents are angry that we don't help at all around the house. The choice of conjunction always depends on the meaning that we want to add to our statement.
In the book "Handbook of Spelling and literary editing for press workers" D.E. Rosenthal writes about it this way:
"there is a pleonastic use of conjunctions (setting a series of unambiguous conjunctions), for example: “The conditions for a further rise in livestock farming on a number of collective farms were present, but nevertheless, a turning point has not yet occurred.”, noting that this is an error.
7.4.4. Do not omit necessary demonstrative words in the main clause. Mom always went to stores where food was cheaper. This sentence will receive grammatical and semantic completeness if main part add the necessary index word: Mom always went to THOSE (SAME) stores where products were cheaper.
7.4.5.Use of the conjunction that in the subordinate clause in the presence of a particle whether is a blunder: We did not hear whether he came to the appointed place.. Correct option: We did not hear whether he arrived at the appointed place.
7.4.6. The incorrect form of demonstrative words in subordinate clauses or they are not needed at all is also a mistake.
The article raises the problem that... That's right: the problem of WHAT? WHAT? mercy, mutual assistance...
This error is not so much related to the structure complex sentence, how many with management standards. It is absolutely necessary to know which verb or noun controls which forms of nouns and pronouns. For example:
We were worried (about/about) that the weather would not get worse. True “ABOUT THAT”
The heroine of the story is worried (about/that) that she does not find support. Correct: "THEM"
Here is a list of frequently used phrases in which errors are made. Given the right questions. This list is far from complete.
Believing in something
Confidence in what
Worthy of what
Filled with what
Can't get enough of anyone
Summarize what
What is the need?
Contempt for anyone or anything
Filled with something
To shun what
Characteristic for whom, what
Convinced of what
Typical for whom, what
Full of something
Marvel at what
Admire someone or what
7.4.7. Incorrect word order in a sentence, in which the subordinate clause can be classified as different words, leads to misunderstanding and is an error.
Let's look at an example: Students completing assignments test work for ninth graders who were previously considered difficult, they began to do less mistakes. According to the meaning of the sentence, it turns out that previously ninth-graders were difficult. The attributive clause must be placed after the word work; these tasks were previously considered difficult. Despite the fact that this error is easily detected upon careful reading, in written works it occurs very often. Here's how it should be: Students began to make fewer mistakes on tests that were previously considered difficult for ninth-graders.
C) the incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase in sentence 5 is that the participle is not an incorrect ending
Let's give the correct spelling: In order to get to Ryabtsev, who occupied an office on the fifth floor, Nastasya had to explain the purpose of her visit to a good dozen guards.
Rule 7.1.1
7.1. USE OF PARTICIPAL SPEECHES
INTRODUCTION
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants
word Graduates- the main word,
those who passed - participle,
those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle-dependent words.
Thus, the participle phrase in this sentence is successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently, placing the turn before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, but the phrase remains unchanged.
Very important: before starting work with task 7 to find errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and participial phrases.
The goal of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using a participial phrase. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the participle you are looking for must certainly be in full form: short form never forms a participial phrase, but is a predicate.
For successful implementation for this task you need to know:
- rules for agreeing the participle and the main (or qualified) word;
- rules for the location of the participial phrase in relation to the main word;
- time and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
- participle voice (active or passive)
Please note that that in a sentence with a participial phrase, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.
Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be classified as a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.
We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using participial phrases.
7.1.1 Violation of agreement between the participle and the word being defined
The rule that single participles(as well as those included in the participial phrase) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires the participle to be placed in the same gender, number and case as the main word:
About children (which ones?) returning from a trip; for an exhibition (WHAT?) being prepared at the museum.
Therefore, we simply find a sentence that contains full communion, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) number of the main word.
Type 1, the lightest
I had the opportunity to communicate with guests, those present at the opening of the exhibition.
What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We pose a question from a noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.
I had a chance to chat with guests(what MIMI?), present at the opening of the exhibition.
In these examples, the noun and its participle are next to each other, the error is easy to see. But this doesn't always happen.
Type 2, more difficult
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
I want to find the words to the song heard recently.
These sentences contain two nouns: author, book; lyrics. Which of them has a participle phrase attached to it? We think about the meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?
Here is the corrected version:
I want to find the words of the song (Which one?), HEARD recently.
Type 3, even more difficult
The endings of participles sometimes fulfill a very important meaning-distinguishing mission.. Let's think about the meaning!
Let's compare two sentences:
The sound of the sea (what kind?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake you up.
The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that noise. And the noise can wake you up. This is the right option.
I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.
I heard the heavy steps of a bear (WHAT?), chasing me. The bear may chase. This is the right option.
Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees.” It turns out that employees will be sick, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is the wrong option.
Children (what?) of employees, having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “children,” and we understand that it is the children who have illnesses and they need vouchers.
Type 4, variant
Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. A participial phrase can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial phrase) can be agreed with any word. It would be an error if the participle “freezes” and has no connection with any of the words.
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
Each of the participants who received maximum amount points, they were given the right to perform one more number.
The participle can be agreed with both the word “to each” and the word “participants”.
Each (which one?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number
Each of the participants (which ones?), who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number.
Please note that an error would be a discrepancy between NEITHER the first word and NOR the second:
Incorrect: Each of the participants who received... or Each of the participants who received... This is not possible.
In explanations of RESHU, the variant of agreement with the ending IM is more often used.
Similarly true: Part of the books (which ones?), received as a gift, will go as a gift.
Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift, will go as a gift.
Incorrect: Some of the books received as a gift will be given as a gift.
NOTE: This type of error when checking essays is considered a coordination error.
7.1.2 Participial phrase and place of the main word
In correctly constructed sentences with participial phrases the main (or qualifying word) cannot stand inside a participial phrase. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks!!!
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
It is necessary to carefully check the sent documentation for examination.
We walked along the strewn alley fallen leaves.
Presenter Street the city was free.
Created novel by a young author caused lively debate.
note: With this construction of the sentence, it is completely unclear whether to put a comma.
Here is the corrected version:
Must be checked carefully documentation, sent for examination. Or: Need to check carefully sent for examination documentation.
We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.
Street, leading to the city, was free. Or: Leading into the city Street was free.
7.1.3. Participle phrases including irregular forms of participles
In accordance with the norms for the formation of participles, in modern Russian literary language Forms of participles in –shchy, formed from verbs, are not used perfect form with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. According to the editors of I DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but since in the manuals of I.P. Tsybulko there are similar examples, we consider it important to note this type Same.
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
Until I found person, who can help me.
A valuable prize awaits participant, who finds the answer to this question.
These sentences need to be corrected because future participles are not formed from perfect verbs. There is no future tense for participles..
Here is the corrected version:
We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.
Until I found a person who can help me.
A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.
7.1.4. Participle phrases including irregular forms of voice of participles
This type of error was in Unified State Exam assignments past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 similar tasks No. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the active is used instead of the passive.
Consider sentences with grammatical errors.
Documentation, heading for examination,
Contest, organized by the organizers
Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.
Here is the corrected version:
Documentation, sent for examination, needs to be checked carefully.
Contest, conducted by the organizers, the participants really liked it.
The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.
D) the incorrect construction of the sentence with indirect speech in sentence 7 is that when trying to convey indirect speech the pronoun was not replaced.
Let's give the correct spelling: When creating a project for a new building, the architect said that HE wanted to make this building the most beautiful in the city.
Rule 7.9.1
7.9 IMPROPER CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES WITH ANOTHER SPEECH
This task tests students' ability to correctly construct sentences with quotations and indirect speech: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.
The rules set out below will deal with quoting and indirect speech, these are very close, but not identical units.
IN everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transmission of someone’s words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.
Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.
For example: They told me it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught lived.
Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.
Let's try to restore the sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:
They told me it was my brother. - They told me: “It was your brother.”
She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: “Look me in the eyes!” And then she demanded: “Do you remember the minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?
A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”
As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.
7.9.1 Basic rule:
when replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech Special attention need to pay attention to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, as well as verbs associated with them, since in indirect speech we convey other people’s words on our own behalf.
| Sentence with direct speech | Correctly formed indirect speech | Incorrectly formed indirect speech |
| The father said: " I I'll be back late." | Father said that He true yeah It's late. | My father said that I would be back late. |
| We asked: “A You where did you come from? | We asked where He I arrived. | We asked “where did you come from?” |
| I admitted: " Yours Mikhail took the books.” | I admitted that their Mikhail took the books. | I admitted that “Mikhail took your books.” |
| The children shouted: " We not guilty!" | The children shouted that They not guilty. | The children shouted that “it’s not our fault.” |
| Please note that that quotation marks can help to detect an error, but you cannot rely solely on them, since quotation marks appear both in the application and in sentences with quotes without errors, and not in all tasks. | ||
7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules,
associated with the peculiarity of translating direct speech into indirect speech, their compliance is also checked in task 7.a) If direct speech - declarative sentence,
What. Example: The secretary replied: “I complied with the request.” – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. The pronoun has been changed!
b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,
then when replacing it with a subordinate clause the role subordinating conjunctions perform interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, which stood in direct question. Question mark after an indirect question is not asked. Example: “What did you manage to accomplish?” - the teacher asked the students. – The teacher asked the students what they had accomplished so far. The pronoun has been changed!
c) When in direct speech – interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,
when replacing it with an indirect one, the particle is used for communication whether. Example: “Are you correcting the text?” - the secretary asked impatiently. – The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. The pronoun has been changed!
d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action,
then it is replaced by an explanatory subordinate clause with the conjunction to. Example: The father shouted to his son: “Come back!” - The father shouted to his son to come back. Pronoun added!e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, draw up an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. – The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.
7.9.3. Special rules for citing.
When writing essays, there is often a need to quote either the desired fragment of the source text, or to quote a statement from memory, organically including the quotation in a sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:
1) using direct speech, observing all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” said Pushkin. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such sentences will be found as true!
2) using subordinate clause, that is, using conjunctions, for example: Pushkin said that “all ages are submissive to love”. Please note the changed punctuation. This method no different from the transmission of indirect speech.
3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, For example: As Pushkin said, “all ages are submissive to love”.
Note that in nothing can be changed from the quote: what is enclosed in quotation marks is conveyed absolutely accurately, without any distortion. If you need to include only part of a quotation in your text, use special characters (ellipses, various types brackets), but this has nothing to do with this task, because punctuation errors in task 7 does not happen.
Let's look at some features of citation.
a) How to avoid a mistake if there is a quote with a pronoun?
On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, the pronoun cannot be left. If you just paste a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can’t lose a minute.”. Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always “ I I saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face.”
In both sentences you need:
firstly, replace the pronoun “I” with “HE” and exclude the pronoun from the quote:
secondly, change the verbs by associating them with new pronouns and also exclude them from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.
With such changes, the quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence in this form: Korolenko wrote that He always “saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face”, then Napoleon’s statement cannot be preserved. Therefore, we safely remove the quotation marks and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not Maybe lose a minute.
b) Particularly noteworthy are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quotation in a sentence,
which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quote can be entered either as subordinate clause, or using introductory words. This is what happens when two methods are combined:
Wrong: According to Maupassant, What“love is strong as death, but fragile as glass”.
Right: According to Maupassant, “love is strong as death, but fragile as glass.”
Wrong: As P.I. Tchaikovsky stated, What“inspiration is born only from work and during work”.
Right: As P.I. Tchaikovsky argued, “inspiration is born only from work and during work.”
Thus, we formulate the rule: When using introductory words, the conjunction is not used.
c) In students’ works there are also cases when a quotation is introduced using introductory words,
but direct speech is framed as a separate sentence. This is not only a violation of punctuation, it is a violation of the rules for constructing a sentence with a quotation.Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”
Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”
Wrong: According to L.N. Tolstoy: “Art is highest manifestation power in man".
Right: According to L.N. Tolstoy, “art is the highest manifestation of power in man.”
E) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 9 is that there is one addition to two homogeneous predicates, but it does not fit one of the predicates. Let's change the sentence so that each verb has its own object.
Let's rearrange the first part: The war was a difficult test for the entire people, but everyone believed in victory and hoped for it.
Rule 7.6.1
7.6. ERROR IN CONSTRUCTING A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
INTRODUCTION
Members of a sentence that perform the same function are called homogeneous syntactic function, united by the same attitude to the same member of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection. Both the main and the main ones can be homogeneous. minor members: subjects, predicates, additions, definitions, circumstances. For example, the definitions “new, super-powerful computer” in relation to the word “computer” will be homogeneous; circumstances were “depicted colorfully, but unclearly” in relation to “depicted.”
TYPES OF ERRORS WHEN USING HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
7.6.1 Homogeneous predicates have the same dependent object.
Rule: With normal, correct structure of sentences from each of the two homogeneous predicates(first and second) put ONE GENERAL question to the general addition, For example:
Guys are interested in (what?) and do (what?) sports; Heroes of the story remember (about what?) and share impressions (about what?) about the years of youth.
An error occurs if each of the predicates is given MISCELLANEOUS question to the GENERAL addition.
Example 1: I love (who? what?) and admire (who? what) my father.
The predicates “I love” and “I admire” have one dependent word “father”, which is in instrumental case. It turned out that the addition “father” correctly obeyed only the second predicate, since the verb “love” requires an accusative from the addition (I love who? What? father), therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. To correctly express a thought, you need to change the sentence so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: I love and admire my father.
Example 2: The hero of the story believed (in what? what?) and strived (for what?) for his dream. Each verb requires its own form of object, common word It’s impossible to choose, so we change the sentence again so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: The hero of the story believed in his dream and strived for it.
Note for teachers: This type of error refers to control errors. In written work, such an error is usually made by students due to inattention: the first predicate is simply overlooked, and the error (when pointed out) is easily corrected. Much more serious problem arises where the student does not realize that a particular case question cannot be posed from a given verb in principle.
7.6.2 Homogeneous members are connected by double unions not only..., but also...; if not... then... and others
.Rule 1. In such proposals, you need to pay attention to the fact that that parts of a double union must connect homogeneous members of the same series, For example: We were inspired not so much colorful places of this quiet town, How many the sincerity of its inhabitants. Let's make a proposal diagram: not so much ABOUT , How many ABOUT . First part of the double conjunction: not so much, is located before the first och, subject to “places” (we do not take the word “colorful” into account), the second part How many stands before the second subject “soulfulness”.
Now let’s “break” the sentence. Us not so much inspired by the colorful places of this quiet city, How many the sincerity of its inhabitants. The first part of the conjunction now refers to the predicate, and the second to the subject. This is where this type of error lies.
Let's look at some more examples:
Example 1: It can be argued that the mood was the main thing Not only for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. That's right: each part is in front of the och, in in this example before additions. Compare with an incorrectly constructed sentence: It can be argued that the mood was Not only most important for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. The parts of a conjunction are connected not by homogeneous members, but by a predicate and an object.
Rule 2. It is also necessary to remember that the parts of the double conjunction are permanent and cannot be replaced by other words. So, the proposal would be wrong Merchants Stroganovs Not only cooked salt and , since the union not only...but also No. The conjunction “not only” has a second part “but also”, not “also”. The correct version of this sentence would be: Merchants Stroganovs Not only cooked salt but also mined iron and copper in their lands
This is how you can do it: (options for the second part are given in brackets).
1) not only... but also (and and; but even; and also; and besides); not only not... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that... but (a; just; even, not even); not even... not that; not even... not even that; not even... much less;
3) not only that... also; not only that... also; little of; moreover, Furthermore; worse than that; or even...
7.6.3 In sentences with homogeneous members there is a generalizing word.
It must be taken into account that everything homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word.
The following sentence is grammatically correct: I forgot about everyone: about worries and sorrows, about sleepless nights, about sadness and longing. . The word [about] “everything” is generalizing, stands in prepositional case. All och stand in the same case.
Failure to comply with this rule is a serious violation syntactic norm: gifts:crossbows, sables and decorations.
In this sentence, the generalizing word “gifts” is in the genitive case, and all homogeneous members (“crossbows, sables and decorations”) are in the form nominative case. Therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. Correct option: Soon the nobleman began inspecting the brought gifts: crossbows, sables and jewelry.
7.6.5 Using various syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous members
.There is a strict grammatical norm, prescribing which elements can and cannot be combined into homogeneous members.
Let us list the cases in which this rule is violated.
If in a sentence they are combined into homogeneous
- noun form and indeterminate form verb: I love chess and swimming, I like embroidery and needlework, I’m afraid of the dark and being alone and similar;
- different shapes nominal part of the predicate: my sister was sad and worried, she was younger and kinder and similar;
- participial phrase and subordinate clause: The main characters of the story are people who are not afraid of difficulties and who are always true to their word; I don’t like people who change their attitude and don’t hide it. and similar;
Participial and participial phrase: Loving their work and striving to do it well, the builders achieved excellent results and similar;
that is - grammar mistake. Note that such violations occur very often in written work, therefore, like the entire task 7, this part is of great practical importance.
The following types of errors were encountered in assignments before 2015.
7.6.4 With homogeneous members, different prepositions can be used.
In one row of OPs, when listing, it is possible to use prepositions, for example: V theater, and on exhibition VDNKh, and onRed Square. As you can see, this sentence uses prepositions V And on, and that's true. It would be a mistake to use the same preposition for all words in this series: During my three stays in Moscow I visited and V theater, and the VDNKh exhibition, and Red Square. You cannot be “in VDNKh” and “in Red Square.” So the rule goes like this: can not use common pretext to all members of the series, if the meaning of this preposition does not fit at least one of the points.
Example with error: Crowds of people were everywhere: on the streets, squares, squares. Before the word “squares” it is necessary to add the preposition “in,” since this word is not used with the preposition “on.” Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, and parks.
7.6.6 Combination of species and generic concepts in one row
For example, in the sentence: The bag contained oranges, juice, bananas, fruits admitted logical error. “Oranges” and “bananas” are specific concepts in relation to the word “fruit” (that is, general), therefore, they cannot stand with it in the same row of homogeneous members. Correct option: The bag contained juice and fruit: bananas, oranges.
Another example with an error: Adults, children, and schoolchildren came to meet the famous artist. The words “children” and “schoolchildren” cannot be made homogeneous.
7.6.7 Use of logically incompatible concepts in the same series of homogeneous terms
For example, in the sentence Mourners walked with bags and sad faces a mistake is felt: “faces” and “bags” cannot be homogeneous.
Such a deliberate violation may act as stylistic device: Only Masha, heating and winter did not sleep(K. G. Paustovsky). When the frost and mother allowed him to stick his nose out of the house, Nikita went to wander around the yard alone(A.N. Tolstoy). Only if for work of art level of Tolstoy or Chekhov, this is acceptable (they are not on an exam, they can joke, play with words!), then such humor will not be assessed either in written works or in task 7.
Let's write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G | D |
| 2 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
Answer: 26579