The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich, and everything is enriched with amazing speed.
M. Gorky
Instead of a preface
Incorrect: The office of a neurologist.
Correct: The office of a neurologist.
Incorrect: Consign to form.
Correct: Put it into shape.
Incorrect: Arriving first by arriving first.
Correct: Arriving first, arriving first.
Incorrect: It's my birthday.
Correct: It's my birthday.
Incorrect: While returning home, I was caught in the rain.
Correct: When I was returning home, I was caught in the rain.
Incorrect: Their yard.
Correct: Their yard.
Incorrect: Honored with orders and medals
Correct: Awarded orders and medals
Incorrect: number 14
Correct: number 14
Incorrect: All five helicopters.
Correct: All five helicopters.
Incorrect: Balcony glazing.
Correct: Balcony glazing.
Incorrect: Producer.
Correct: Producer.
Incorrect: Asymmetrical (drawing).
Correct: Asymmetrical (drawing).
Incorrect: Drushlag.
That's right: Colander.
Incorrect: Everything will come to its senses.
Correct: Everything will work out.
Incorrect: Please (us with success).
Correct: Which will please (us with success).
Incorrect: Leaking (faucet).
Correct: The (faucet) is leaking.
Frost (frost) is an atmospheric phenomenon (frost).
Drizzle (drizzle) - nasty light rain.
An ignoramus is an uneducated person who is ignorant in any field of knowledge.
An ignoramus is a rude, ill-mannered person.
Figurative expressions
Buridan's donkey is an indecisive person who cannot decide on anything.
The Gordian Knot is a difficult task
The gifts of the Danaans are insidious gifts, disastrous for those who receive them.
The seal of Cain is the mark of a criminal.
The Flying Dutchman is an eternal wanderer. A ghost ship, doomed to never land on the shore.
Lucullus's feast is a luxurious feast.
Midas judgment is the court of the ignorant.
Morpheus's embrace is a dream. Morpheus is the ancient Greek god of dreams.
Singing Lazarus is pretending to be unhappy, complaining about fate.
A Pyrrhic victory is a dubious victory.
The Gardens of Babylon are something magnificent.
The glory of Herostratus is a shameful glory.
Tantalum torment - torment due to the inability to achieve a close goal.
Pandora's Box is a source of disaster.
A little about the comma
Pushkin, like a cavalryman, jumped onto his horse, but
Pushkin, as a poet, did it clumsily.
I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends.
This task, although not very difficult, is not easy to solve.
The comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeating conjunction and or neither, for example: day and night, and laughter and grief, and old and young, and this way and that, and here and there, and here and there, neither be nor me, neither more nor less, neither brother nor matchmaker, neither back nor forward, neither yes nor no, neither give nor take, neither two nor one and a half, neither bottom nor tire, neither day nor night, neither alive nor dead, for nothing, for nothing, neither end nor edge, neither more nor less, neither peahen nor crow, neither fluff nor feather, neither fish nor meat, neither for this nor for no reason, neither light nor dawn, nor neither to people, nor to hear, nor to the spirit, nor to stand, nor to sit, nor this nor that, nor this nor that, neither this nor that, neither this nor that, neither here nor there, neither here nor there, neither shaky nor tossed.
But it is put in proverbs and sayings: Neither a candle for God, nor a poker for the devil; Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.
Execution cannot be pardoned - a popular expression to describe two mutually exclusive possibilities.
The meaning of the phrase is the absence of a comma, the rearrangement of which changes the meaning of the phrase to the opposite:
1. Execute, cannot be pardoned - (execute);
2. It is impossible to execute, but to pardon - (not to execute, but to have mercy).
Comma before
Comma before how to put
1) None other than my friend came to the rescue.
(In the combinations “no other than” “no other than” a comma is required)
2) She couldn’t dance as beautifully as last time.
(Indicative words: so, such, such, that)
3) The room, like the whole house, was cozy.
(A comma is always placed before the combination “as and”)
4) Everyone, as one, came to his defense
(Always set apart "as one," "as a rule")
5) Peter, as the best hunter, was chosen as the eldest.
(If a sentence has a cause meaning, then a question can be made from one part of it, and an answer from the other.)
Why was Peter chosen as the eldest? Because he is the best hunter.
6) She is as beautiful as a rose.
(comparison - always use a comma)
There is no comma before as
1) The play was perceived as a call to fight.
(As)
2) You need to run the cross-country as quickly as possible.
(The expressions “as possible”, “as always” are never isolated)
3) I love to relax here both in winter and in summer.
(We write the conjunction “both..., and” without a comma before as, but before “so and” a comma is always placed)
4) Wait like manna from heaven. Goal like a falcon. White like snow, etc.
(Phraseological units never use a comma)
5) While we work, many rest.
(Compound conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence are not separated by a comma. “Since”, “Until”, “Since.”)
6) She is like a rose.
(Equation. There cannot be a comma between the subject and the predicate)
Comma and dash
The comma was on the chopping block,
At least I could live,
They failed the poor guy
Correct placement.
Particles and hyphen
● The following particles are written through a hyphen: -to, -or, -ni, -ka, -tka, -s, -de, somehow- (coy-), -taki – with verbs, adverbs and with words after all, so -taki: Come on, someone! Give me a book! here and there, in time for someone, finally, finally.
After other parts of speech it is written separately: I still believe...
● The following particles are written separately: zhe (zh), would (b), li (l), as if, they say, as if, almost: We would become enemies. Is that you? He seems to be recovering. The particle koe is also written separately if it is followed by a preposition: some with someone, some with whom. The following combinations should be remembered: exactly the same, the same, the same, immediately, all the same, besides, the same.
I remembered, will you remember, -
Three particles should be written without a line!
● The particles that make up the words are written together: also, really, even, too, so that: We are also going to the cinema (“also” can be replaced with “too”). I came here to see you. Remember: the following homonymous combinations of particles with pronouns and adverbs are written separately: We solved the problem in the same way as you (“also” cannot be replaced with “too”, but can be written “in the same way”). The same thing happened to him now (“the same thing”). Whatever happens, I will come.
Together or separately?
They write together:
● words, the first part of which is represented by a word in the original initial form: time calculation, pastime, ovule, seed stalk (cf.: stalk - formed with a connecting vowel);
● words formed as a result of the merger of phrases: crazy (crazy), insane (mindless), forward-looking (looking ahead), nitrogen-containing (nitrogen containing);
● words, the first part of which is a cardinal number. In this case, the numeral is in the form of the genitive case (there is no connecting vowel): five-day, seven-color, five-hundred-year, three-hundred, seven-hundred-thirty-three-meter, twenty-eight-day.
Note:
1. The numerals ninety and one hundred are part of compound words in the form of the nominative case: ninety-year, hundred-day;
2. The numerals one, thousand, million, billion are connected to the second part of the word using the connecting vowels o, e, i.e. they function as nouns: one-day, twenty-one bucket, million-voice, billion-foot, thousand-year, millennium;
3. In the words centipede, shrike (a passerine bird), magpie (for believers: a forty-day prayer in church for the deceased) - the connecting vowel o. In other derived words, the numeral forty is used as a general rule, in the form of the genitive case: forty-degree, forty-five, “forty-five” (forty-five-millimeter gun);
4. The numerals two, three in compound words have the forms two-, three- and two-, three-, three-: two-day, three-hour; bipedal, bisexual, double; thirtieth, trimaran (yacht with three keels), trefoil; trident, three-headed and three-headed, tripod, three-headed;
5. The numeral one and a half in compound words has the form one and a half (genitive case): one and a half days, one and a half days;
6. The numeral quarter (1/4) when forming compound words is used in the form of the nominative case and is written together with the rest of the compound word: quarter-final, quarter-finalist, quarter-year;
7. Quantitative combinations that contain the word half are written separately: five and a half meters - five and a half meters, twenty and a half millionth number. Fractional designations for such numerals in a compound word are more common in the language: 5 1/2-meter, with a hyphen placed before the second part of the compound word. Formations where the adjective half is used with a numeral are written together: five-half, two-half.
Paul McCartney has nothing to do with it
Compound words with the root half- (half) are written:
gender with words is written with a hyphen if:
● the second word begins with a vowel: half-window, half-apple, half-alley, half-morning, half-lesson, etc.
● the second word is a proper name: half-Kaluga, half-Primorye, half-Ural, etc.
gender and words are written together:
● half a house, half a pear, half a business, half a plum, except when the second word begins with the letter “l”: half a leaf, half an onion, half an onion, etc.
Note:
The word pollitrovka, which arose from polulitrovka, is written together, since the second part is not in the genitive case. This is a noun from the adjective half-liter, and not from the combination half a liter (cf.: half a liter).
● words with the root half-: half a month, half an hour, half past twelve, half past eleven (cf. half past eleven); half-turn, half-savage, twilight; half-open, half-legal, half-closed, half-lying.
gender with words is written separately:
● in all cases, if the root stands before the combination: half the next day (but: half a day), half of the Onega Bay (but: half a lip), half a green lemon (but: half a lemon), half an apple pie (but: half a pie) , half my book (but: half a book).
I came from school -
Mom's not at home!
Left on the table
lunch for me:
Half a loaf of bread
Half a bowl of borscht
And in a frying pan
Exactly half a bream.
At the same time I
There was such a lunch:
Half a kilo of jam
Half a bag of sweets,
Half a watermelon with cake
Orange with halva...
I'm not dead yet
But half-dead.
I haven't eaten for half a week
I haven't slept for five nights
Sitting by my bed
Whole half of Moscow doctors...
(Song from "Baby Monitor")
Complex adjectives are written through a hyphen, denoting shades of colors, as well as color combinations, for example: pale blue, faded pink, bottle green, golden red, blue-black, milky white, ash-gray, light yellow, dark -blue, black-brown (but: silver fox), bright red; black-white, yellow-blue, white-blue-red.
Operation Y"
Instead of and after prefixes that end in a consonant, y is pronounced and written: play out, previous, unartificial, summarize, unprincipled, background, interesting, etc.
In two cases, after the consonant sound of the prefix, and is written:
● in words with the prefixes inter- and super-, for example: inter-institutional (competitions), super-refined (manners);
● after foreign language prefixes, for example: subinspector, pan-Islamism, counterplay.
DIRECT SPEECH
1. From paragraph to line
The boy shouted:
-Where is my bike?
The boy shouted: “Where is my bike?”
2. Signs and quotation marks
He thought and said: “Is this true?”
The woman screamed: “It’s him!”
He thought and said: “That’s absolutely true.”
3. From paragraph to line, marks and quotes
"And it's all?" – I asked in surprise.
- And it's all? – I asked in surprise.
"Wonderful!" – I exclaimed.
- Wonderful! – I exclaimed.
“This is a partridge,” Andrey whispered.
“This is a partridge,” Andrey whispered.
4. Two parts
- Would you like some coffee? – I asked. - I have.
- No! - he said. - I do not drink coffee.
- Yes. It’s time,” Peter agreed and looked at his watch. - It's already half past two.
“My name is Ivan,” he answered, “and my nickname is Grozny.”
“Hello,” Grigory responded, but thought: “And they looked healthier.”
5. Dialogue and lines per line
“What,” I asked, “didn’t you know?”
“I knew, but I didn’t do it.”
- Why?
- I will not say.
“What,” I asked, “didn’t you know?” - “I knew, but didn’t do it.” - "Why?" - "I will not say".
It has been rightly said that “there are devils in still waters.”
The proverb says: “In still waters there are devils.”
Stress and pronunciation
Incorrect: He put the book down. He put the book down.
Correct: He put the book down.
Incorrect: Material support.
Correct: Material support.
Incorrect: Quarter.
Correct: Quarter.
Incorrect: Meager.
Correct: Minuscule.
Incorrect: Ticket reservation
Correct: Reservation (simple reservation) for tickets
Incorrect: Phenomenon.
That's right: Phenomenon.
Incorrect: Means.
Correct: Means.
Incorrect: Croutons.
That's right: Croutons.
(The word grenok is masculine, in the plural it has stress on the final syllable – grenki)
Incorrect: Behind the shoes.
That's right: For the shoes.
For a dictionary of accents, see page 2
Editor's note.
Commas, punctuation
Hello, reader! The reference is ALWAYS separated by commas.
“In addition” is ALWAYS highlighted with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).
“Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” is separated by commas (Of course, it’s all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely remain silent.).
In the meaning of “quickest” - NO (This is the most likely way to get to the house.).
"Quicker". If it means “better, more willingly”, then WITHOUT commas. For example: “She would rather die than betray him.” Also WITHOUT commas, if it means “better to say.” For example: “making some remark or rather an exclamation.”
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author’s assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of “most likely” or “most likely”). For example: “He cannot be called an intelligent person - rather, he is on his own mind.”
“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT separated by commas at the beginning of the response, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
In other cases, a comma is REQUIRED.
The expressions “in general”, “in general” are SEPARATED in the meaning “in short, in a word”, then they are introductory.
“First of all” stands out as introductory in the meaning of “first of all” (First of all, he is a fairly capable person).
These words do NOT stand out in the meaning of “first, first” (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after “a”, “but”, etc. is NOT needed: “But first of all, I want to say.”
When clarifying, the entire phrase is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”
“at least”, “at least” - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”
“in turn” - is not separated by a comma in the meaning “for its part”, “in response, when it’s their turn.” And the quality of introductory ones is isolated.
“literally” - not introductory, not separated by commas
"Hence". If the meaning is “therefore, therefore, it means,” then commas are needed. For example: “So you, therefore, are our neighbors.”
BUT! If it means “therefore, as a result of this, based on the fact that,” then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, therefore we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; “You can’t bake a cake, so I’ll bake it.”
"Least". If it means “the least”, then without commas. For example: “At least I’ll wash the dishes”; “He made at least a dozen mistakes.”
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control,” “To do this, you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”
“that is, if”, “especially if” - a comma is usually not needed
“That is” is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on either side. This is a conjunction, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).
For example: “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (a comma is needed), “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you walk slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "if you go slowly")
“In any case” are separated by commas as introductory ones if they are used in the meaning “at least”.
“Besides that”, “besides this”, “besides everything (other)”, “besides everything (other)” are isolated as introductory ones.
BUT! “Besides that” is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: “In addition to not doing anything himself, he also makes claims against me.”
“Thanks to this”, “thanks to that”, “thanks to that” and “along with that” - a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.
“Moreover” - WITHOUT a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “especially if”, etc. - a comma is needed before “even more so.” For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it is meant”, “rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites you to the dance."
“Moreover” is highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).
“Nevertheless” - a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: “He has decided everything, however, I will try to convince him.”
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.
If "however" means "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT placed. (An exception is if this is an interjection. For example: “However, what a wind!”)
“In the end” - if in the meaning “in the end”, then a comma is NOT placed.
“Really” is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of “in fact” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “valid” - “real, genuine”. For example: “The bark itself is thin, not like oak or pine, which are really not afraid of the hot rays of the sun”; “You are really very tired.”
“Indeed” can act as an introductory and SEPARATE. The introductory word is characterized by intonation isolation - it expresses the speaker’s confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the author of the text decides on the placement of punctuation marks.
“Because” - a comma is NOT needed if it is a conjunction, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical examination because he fought in Vietnam,” “maybe it’s all because I love when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace with “because” it is forbidden).
"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is “be that as it may.” Then this is introductory. For example: “She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything.”
BUT! The adverbial expression “one way or another” (the same as “in one way or another” or “in any case”) does NOT require punctuation. For example: “War is necessary one way or another.”
Always WITHOUT commas:
Firstly
at first sight
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (eventual) end
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
Anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
due to this
in this case
in the same time
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
at most
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all that
with (all) desire
on occasion
equally
the biggest
at the very least
actually
in addition
to top it off
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
The comma is NOT included
at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before... I found myself...”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually...”
"While…"
“Especially since...”
"Nevertheless…"
“Despite the fact that...” (at the same time - separately); There is NO comma before “what”.
"If…"
"After…"
“And...”
“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” is NOT separated by commas.
“And this despite the fact that...” - a comma is ALWAYS placed in the middle of a sentence!
“Based on this, ...” - a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did this based on...” - a comma is NOT placed.
“After all, if..., then...” - a comma is NOT placed before “if”, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction - “then”. If there is no “then”, then a comma is placed before “if”!
“For less than two years...” - a comma is NOT placed before “what”, because This is NOT a comparison.
A comma is placed before “HOW” only in case of comparison.
“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is added because there is a noun "policy".
BUT: “...politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is NOT placed before “how”.
Commas are NOT used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God’s sake” - are not separated by commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.
BUT: commas are placed in both directions:
“Thank God” in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a small letter).
“Oh my God” - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence, “God” - with a small letter.
If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (usually this happens with conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma is NEEDED. For example: “Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired.”
If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then a comma is NOT placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”). For example: “She simply forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it,” “..., and therefore, …”, “..., and maybe …”, “..., and therefore, …”.
If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then a comma is NEEDED after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e., welded combinations such as “and therefore”, “and however”, “and therefore” are not formed. or maybe”, etc... For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”
If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating conjunction (in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “ and also”, etc.), and then an introductory word, then a comma in front of it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done that”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “And finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have come to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”
It happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence there is a connecting conjunction, and the introductory construction is highlighted intonationally, then commas are NEEDED. For example: “But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced...”; “And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing.”
Basic groups of introductory words
and phrases
(set off by commas + on both sides in the middle of the sentence)
1. Expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to amazement
Unfortunately
unfortunately
unfortunately
to joy
Unfortunately
fortunately
to the surprise
for joy
for luck
the hour is not exactly
there's no point in hiding
by misfortune
fortunately
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.
2. Expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reality of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
undoubtedly
may be
probably
Maybe
Indeed
in fact
there must be
it would seem
May be
Maybe
presumably
is not it
undoubtedly
obviously
apparently
in all probability
truly
essentially
of course
goes without saying
3. Indicating the source of what is being reported:
transmit
In your
according to...
I remember
in our opinion
according to legend
according to information...
according to…
according to rumors
according to message...
in your opinion
report, etc.
4. Indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
Firstly,
secondly, etc.
in particular
For example
Besides
by the way
by the way
by the way
vice versa
For example
against
I repeat
I emphasize
more than that
on the other side
On the one side
that is
thus, etc.
as it were
whatever it was
5. Indicating techniques and ways of formatting expressed thoughts:
or rather
generally speaking
in other words
if I may say so
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
simply put
as a matter of fact
if I may say so
so to speak
to be precise
what is it called, etc.
6. Representing appeals to the interlocutor (reader) in order to attract his attention to what is being reported, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented:
do you believe
do you believe
do you see
you see)
imagine
let's say
do you know)
Do you know)
Sorry)
believe me
Please
understand
do you understand
do you understand
listen
suppose
Imagine
Sorry)
agree
agree, etc.
7. Measures indicating an assessment of what is being said:
at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”
the biggest
at the very least
8. Showing the degree of normality of what is being reported:
as usual
according to custom
happens
9. Expressive statements:
All jokes aside
between us it will be said
just between you and me
need to say
it won't be said as a reproach
frankly
according to conscience
in fairness
admit say
to speak honestly
funny to say
Honestly.
An alphabetical list of words and expressions that are most often used as introductory Aa may be more accurate and more accurate to say but however the main thing means better to say and by the way it may be the other way around for example and therefore more precisely B without any doubt without any doubt without a doubt without a doubt without jokes indisputably thanks to God God will give moreover more than that happened perhaps In addition to everything else believe liver more faithfully speaking more accurately most likely most likely likely to be seen apparently God sees you see you see you see in the end beyond any doubt without a doubt in general in general in any case secondly possible truly your will your will imagine imagine imagine imagine in general in general speaking in general first in principle however in fact in turn in essence in essence speaking thirdly in particular it comes out G the main thing the main thing the main thing they say g big deal, rudely speaking, Yes, and let me say that God memory further really nothing to do should be allowed in other words E if you allow if you allow if you want if you want to know if you want if you want to know natural even better even better even better even worse worse worse It’s a pity Z you know you know you know you know we know it means And in general known and besides and better than that and vice versa in other words in other words and yet the truth is true gods thus both better and worse and worse than that K it seems seemed to seem to be whatever it was whatever it was as you know as you see as you see as you can see as usual as always as it turned out as it turns out as it was said as they say as they say as you know as you know as an exception as to order as out of spite as for example as on purpose as you say as you say as strange as usual as it turned out as it turns out as before God as by order as it should be as it should be as a rule as accepted as accepted say as said as a consequence as you want as you want as strange as it may be for your information to misfortune for everything else to regret of course in short in short in short for example for example say to regret to joy to your joy besides everything else besides besides jokes to the word to say unfortunately by the way speaking by the way to say to shame shame shame to happiness for your information to surprise to horror honor L easy to say better to say M little to say moreover between us between us speaking among other things maybe maybe it can become one can think one can say to put it mildly to put it mildly To the poor man your look probably probably probably I hope must be must think must believe is called finally in my opinion misfortune on the contrary at first glance for example on the contrary in fact happiness in your opinion naturally the worst end I suppose undoubtedly no words nothing to say nothing to say besides, but generally O however, however, in one word it seems definitely frankly frankly frankly speaking frankly speaking obviously P in in your opinion will you believe or will you believe or apparently apparently in all probability in all likelihood according to the data come think only please please according to the plan let let according to the idea according to them at least let's say it turns out have mercy have mercy besides everything besides everything else besides that in addition to that in my opinion remember in my opinion in my opinion in our clear understandable matter as usual by custom, by definition, by truth, in truth, to tell the truth, by tradition, by forecasts, simply speaking, simply speaking, by information, by one’s custom, by words, by rumors in conscience in conscience speaking in conscience say according to messages according to messages in fairness in fairness speaking in essence in essence in essence speaking in essence essentially speaking in happiness in your opinion in your opinion similar in honor speaking in honor confess in honor to say honor the truth truth speaking the truth to say more correctly more correctly speaking more correctly to say the right word suppose supposedly imagine imagine imagine imagine imagine first of all admit admit say admit about customs simpler to say simpler to say P of course With of course it goes without saying with your permission, with your permission, on top of that, on the other hand, let's say seriously, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, most likely, thank God, therefore, there are no words, by chance, by chance, hear, hear, hear, from my point of view, actually, speaking on the one hand, accordingly, on our part, with permission to say, therefore, with your permission, with your permission, from the point of view, strictly speaking, apparently more precisely F fact X good H tea what good what can I say what is called whatever you say whatever you say Is it a joke Is it a joke to say a joke to say I’m of course
Set expressions with comparison
(without commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
fight like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
the disease vanished as if by hand
fear like fire
wanders around like a restless person
rushed like crazy
mumbles like a sexton
ran in like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
spins like a squirrel in a wheel
visible as day
squeals like a pig
lies like a gray gelding
everything is going like clockwork
everything is as chosen
jumped up as if scalded
jumped up as if stung
stupid as a plug
looked like a wolf
goal like a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
shaking as if with a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
he's like water off a duck's back
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of heaven
fell asleep like the dead
frozen like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as a bull
know like crazy
have at one's fingertips
fits like a cow's saddle
goes next to me like it's sewn on
like he sank into the water
roll around like cheese in butter
sways like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like an oak
screams like a catechumen
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
it's raining cats and dogs
waves his arms like a windmill
rushing around like crazy
wet as a mouse
gloomy as a cloud
dropping like flies
hope like a stone wall
people like sardines in a barrel
dress up like a doll
can't see my ears
silent as the grave
dumb as a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
rushing around like a fool with a written bag
runs around like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot
Like a dog needs a fifth leg
peel off like sticky
one like a finger
remained broke like a lobster
stopped dead in his tracks
razor sharp
different as day from night
different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
turned white as a sheet
turned pale as death
repeated as if in delirium
you'll go like a darling
remember your name
remember like in a dream
get caught like chickens in cabbage soup
hit like a gun on the head
sprinkle like a cornucopia
similar as two peas in a pod
sank like a stone
appear as if by command of a pike
loyal like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
good (useful) like milk from a goat
disappeared as if into the water
just like a knife to the heart
burned like fire
works like an ox
understands oranges like a pig
disappeared like smoke
play it like clockwork
grow like mushrooms after the rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh like blood and milk
fresh as a cucumber
sat as if chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on coals
listened as if spellbound
looked enchanted
slept like a log
rush like hell
stands like a statue
slender as a Lebanese cedar
melts like a candle
hard as a rock
dark as night
accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a hare
died like a hero
fell as if knocked down
stubborn as a sheep
stuck like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning like a fox
cunning like a fox
gushes like a bucket
walked around like a daze
walked like a birthday boy
walk on a thread
cold as ice
skinny as a sliver
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like you're behind a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
It's like being executed
as clear as two and two is four
clear as day, etc.
Do not confuse with homogeneous members
1. The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
no end or edge;
neither light nor dawn;
not a sound, not a breath;
neither for yourself nor for people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason about anything;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and this way and that;
both day and night;
both laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that.
(General rule: a comma is not placed inside complete phraseological expressions formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeated conjunction “and” or “nor”)
2. NOT separated by commas:
1) Verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.
2) Forming a semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.
3) Paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative nature.
Seek the truth.
There is no end.
Honor and praise to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's nice to see.
Questions of purchase and sale.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.
4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs that contrast something).
For some people, but you can’t.
It’s somewhere, somewhere, and everything is there.
Complex cases
In what cases is “SAME” written separately?
“In the same way” in the meaning of “also”, in the meaning of “so” or if you can drop the particle “same” (that is, if you can ask “how?”) is written separately.
If “and also” - always together!
“Not by chance” and “not by chance.” Both combined and separate writing are allowed. The latter - with increasing denial.
“Incomparable to anything...” - always (!) separately.
“Not similar”, “not similar”, “not similar” - is always written separately.
“No need” is always written separately.
“In the middle” is always written as one word.
“Not much” - it is written together. BUT: “not by much, but a little bit...”
“A little” - meaning “little” - is written together.
“Despite ...” - always together. BUT: he walked without looking around... (i.e. without looking around).
“Not quite” is always separate.
“Not quite” ready (adverb). BUT: “I don’t agree with everything...” (pronoun).
“It’s not economical” - together.
I don't feel well. He doesn't study well. In other cases, “not important” is always written separately!
“It’s worth asking a question...” - together.
He worked hard. BUT: He has quite a few friends!
“Impregnable fortress”, “The fortress is impregnable” (take the fortress by storm).
“One of the most troubled areas...” - if it means “noisy”, then it is written together.
“Under-salt” - in the meaning of “over-salt”, “under-fulfilled” - in the meaning of “over-fulfilled” - is always written together!
“Whatever he did…”, “As soon as the deputy did not fight…” - it is written “NOT”.
In these cases, “what” ALWAYS has to do with it!!! separately:
What do I have to do with it?
What does he have to do with it?
I have nothing to do with this.
What do I have to do with it?
And this despite the fact that... (“while” - separately).
“I will do this in any case, regardless of anything...” - (in this case, “from what” is separate, “nor”).
An innocent person.
Present - in the meaning of “show” (always ask questions: what? whom?). “Allow me to introduce (who?) your new employee...”
Provide - always ask questions: to whom? What? - “Grant (what?) leave without pay...”
“Misunderstandings are involved in ... (test)” - if the preposition “on” comes next, then “e” is written.
“He was also involved in this fight...” - if the preposition is “in”, then it is written “a”.
“The charge was reclassified to a more lenient one” - one “n” (ask the question: what has been done?)
Which is correct: finish or finish?
“Graduated” from an educational institution. BUT: I “finished” the work.
Which is correct: to put it on or not?
Put on (antonym of “take off”) - hat, skirt, coat, trousers, suit, dress, shirt.
Dress (antonym “undress”) - a child, a doll.
“How many rubles”, “How many people” - always separately. The same applies to the word “for so many rubles”, “for so many people” - the meaning is “quantity”, “number”.
“As much”, “as much” - is written separately if a noun follows.
In other cases, “as much” and “as much” are always written together!
“Nothing other than...”, “None other than...” - a comma is always placed before “as”; “not that”, “not who” - separately and with the letter “e”.
“Nothing else helped...” - “nothing” is written together.
“Many Turks”, “many Georgians” are correct (“many Turks”, “many Georgians” - there are no such words).
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are in capitals, but the armed forces are in lowercase.
Russian army - with capitals in official use, with lowercase - in non-official use.
Supermarket, supergiant, super leader - always spelled together. “Super” - when merging with any noun, it is always written together.
“Army commander”, “fleet commander” - ask the question: with what?
“Army command”, “fleet command” - ask the question: what?
“Store manager” - ask the question: with what?
“Sergeant Major, take command of (what?) the regiment.”
“He lives in Vnukovo, Domodedovo, Chertanovo, Kosovo, Sarajevo” - without quotes, inclined (like the word “milk”).
Airport names are NOT put in quotation marks and, as a rule, are NOT declined. (They don’t bow if there is a generic word “airport”. They may bow if the word “airport” is missing, but they might not bow - this is not a mistake).
The particle “taki” is written with a hyphen:
After adverbs: right, again, right...
Verbs: came after all, left after all...
Particles: after all, really...
BUT: if it is (this is a union), it’s big, it’s still young, it’s still the same.
The letter “Y” is placed in 4 cases:
1) In literature for children and foreigners.
2) In proper names (Alena, Mikhalev, Catherine Deneuve...). In addition to those that coincide in spelling with common nouns, they are formed from them, for example: Black Sea.
3) In unfamiliar words (Alentra River...)
4) If this changes the meaning of the word (bucket or buckets, recognizes or recognizes).
Individual names of people, which have turned from proper names into common nouns, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ladies' man, philanderer, philanthropist, mentor.
Surnames or names used in the plural with a positive assessment are written with a capital letter, and names used with a negative assessment are written with a lowercase letter; cf.: “In the sixties, many boys dreamed of being Gagarins and Titovs.” “And how many other dog dogs, plushkins, and little boxes were there in Russia?”
If a foreign surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form: Toivo and Jukka Hyppenen. With two female names, the surname is given in the singular form: Tatyana and Tarja Hyppenen. When combining male and female names, as well as with the words “family”, “spouses”, “brothers”, the singular form is retained.
North Caucasus Military District (in geographical and administrative-territorial names, but - the North Caucasus section of the border)
Formatting lists In a sentence, a colon is placed before the list if it is introductory to the list. A period is placed if the sentence is loosely related to the enumeration. If the elements of the list are independent sentences, then they are written with a capital letter and a period is placed at the end of each element. In other cases, the elements of the list begin with a lowercase letter and end with a comma or a semicolon, if the elements are long enough, and even more so if they contain punctuation symbols. A period is placed at the end of the list. Examples: Required documents: passport, application, medical certificate. Required documents: identity document; application form A-12; medical certificate. Parking tips: Choose an empty parking space. Make sure that no one is sunbathing in the parking space. Park quickly, without hesitation. Procedure: turn on the fire extinguisher; put out the fire in 5-10 minutes (in case of a large fire - in 15-20 minutes); turn off or throw away the fire extinguisher.
Spaces, dashes, hyphens, periods, numbers
There is no full stop in headings and subheadings.
Always written with a space after the period:
After abbreviating "thousands" the point is put. After reducing gr. (graph; group; degree; citizen; Greek) a dot is also placed.
There is no dot after the abbreviations m (meter), g (gram), kg (kilogram), million, billion, ha.
The general rule is this: after the words carved out (million, billion), a period is NOT placed. Carved words are words in which letters and (or) syllables, except for the initial and final letters, are carved out, and the remaining ones are pulled together into an abbreviated word.
Abbreviations Sat., Mon., Thu. - these are mixed abbreviations, abbreviations that combine several methods of forming an abbreviation: a carved word with a graphic abbreviation. Thus, the period is not placed after the cut-out words, but is placed after the mixed abbreviations.
The initials are separated from each other and from the surname by a continuous space. V.V. Putin, J.R.R. Tolkien.
The abbreviated word is separated from the proper name by a non-breaking space.
st. Shchorsa
Moscow
metro named after Lenin
There is always a space between the number (No.) and the number (5):
№ 5, № 10, № 12.
BUT this type of writing is NOT allowed:
There is a space between the paragraph mark and the numbers. § 22
5%, 25%, 100% - always with a space.
20 percent (between a number and a word there is always a hyphen without spaces).
The following writing option is also allowed: 20% (without spaces).
A short or long DASH without spaces is placed between the numbers:
1–2, 3–5, 25–80, 125–200, 15–20%, 7–8 cm, 15–18 cm, 29–35 km, these events took place in the 10th–12th centuries, etc.
in 1941–1945;
BUT! during the period 1917 - 1950s. - em dash with space because NOT between numbers. At the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century (BUT not “centuries”).
Always given in Roman notation:
century (XIX century);
numbers in the names of kings, czars and other rulers, including numbers of popes (Peter I, Charles IX);
designations of quarters of the year (II quarter);
numbers of conventions, congresses, international associations;
numbers of the Olympic Games (XXII Olympic Games).
The digits of a number are separated from each other by a space (except for dates, numbers, designations of machines and mechanisms).
Plus, minus and plus-minus are NOT separated from the next number:
20 °C, −42, ±0.1.
Binary signs of mathematical operations and relations are displayed on both sides.
Numbers up to and including 9 (nine) are written in words! “This war lasted for five years...”, “They ate nothing for almost four days,” etc.
BUT! Not always. Exceptions: dates, numbers, amounts, large number of numbers, etc.
“One-two”, “two-three”, “three-four”, “five-six”, etc. - numbers (in verbal form) with a difference of one unit are ALWAYS written with a HYPHEN and without spaces. BUT!
In other cases - ALWAYS DASHES with spaces! “One - three”, “one - four”, “one - five”, “one - six”, “two - four”, “five - seven”, “three - eight”.
A dash is placed if there is a meaning “from and to”. Train Moscow - St. Petersburg. Pipeline Syktyvkar - Uryupinsk. In July - August we vacationed at sea.
A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, document, etc.
The physical law of Boyle - Mariotte, the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact.
A hyphen is not allowed if the connection includes a component that contains a space or already contains a hyphen. The hyphen in such connections should be replaced with a dash:
company - owner of the structures
women members of the board of directors
artillery lieutenant
senior lieutenant - artilleryman
house museum
house - architectural monument
aggressor states
NATO member states
Increments after numbers
“3rd grade student” is an ordinal number (answers the question “which one, which one, which one, which one”). Therefore, “go” is placed.
“1st place”, “They took 3rd place” is an ordinal number (answers the question “how many, how many”), so “e” (incremental) is put!
“Teenager 14 years old”, “Boy 12 years old” are cardinal numbers. Therefore, no extensions (14, 12) are installed.
BUT! In naval themes, “rank” is written only in numbers and without increments: “Captain 1st rank”, “Captain 3rd rank”, etc. - “go” is NOT written.
The extension is also NOT used:
With Roman numerals
Calendar numbers
In the numbers of articles (in legislation), volumes, chapters, pages, illustrations, tables, appendices, etc., if the generic word (volume, chapter) precedes the numeral: on p. 196, in volume 5, in table. 11, in app. 1 (but: on page 196, in volume 5, in table 11, in appendix 1).
“On Monday 1st, we went...” is an ordinal number. But there is no name for the month, so the increment “go” follows.
“2009” - if there is the word “year”, then the increment is NOT written (2009, 2009 is incorrect!). “The following events occurred in 2009...” is the correct spelling.
“2009” - if there is no word “year”, then the increment is written (2009, 2009...) - “2009 was marked by the following events...”
In the 20-30s.
In 1920.
In the 20th year of the 19th century...
In 1995–1996(s)
From 1990 to 1995 (The letter “Y” after “year” is NOT written!)
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century (dash + spaces).
CORRECT: 33.5 years. 33.5 years is wrong!
CORRECT: "150th anniversary" or "150th anniversary".
“150th anniversary” - this spelling is NOT allowed!
Need to know
CORRECT: “Three gold medals each” - (since “medal” is feminine).
“Three gold medals…” is the wrong spelling!
Over the past two years.
For the first five months.
Over the next couple of centuries. - The ending “IE” because it comes before the numeral.
Over the past quarter century.
Over the past half century.
“Over the last two weeks” - because “week” is feminine.
“For the last two years” - (year - masculine).
“Due to illness...” - all together. BUT: “Keep in mind that...” - separately.
The verb “to suffer” does NOT exist. There is a verb "TO TORTURE". "I suffered..."
BUT: I'm suffering; you are suffering; he is suffering; they are suffering.
University, universities - always in small letters.
The names of music albums, songs, discs, films, works, etc. are written in quotation marks.
The Latin alphabet is not included in quotation marks.
Special correspondent, special correspondent, photo correspondent, correspondent, deputy head - we write in one word and without periods.
“An earthquake with a magnitude of 6 points”, “A book worth 200 rubles” - the preposition “v” is NOT used in such cases!!!
CORRECT: “An earthquake with a magnitude of six,” “A book worth 200 rubles.”
“Those in power” - (separately), (nominative case), “those in power.”
“Those in power” is only the second word. “I am pleased with the powers that be.”
“The powers that be” - both words decline. “I am pleased with the powers that be.”
“My comrades and I...” - meaning: “My comrades and I went to the cinema...”.
“Companions” - “My comrades were with me,” i.e. my friends were next to me.
Dot the i - English i without quotes.
Monument to (who?) Pushkin.
Monument to (who?) Gorky.
“We approached the monument to (who?) Pushkin.”
Memorial to (who?) Lenin.
Statue of (who?) the leader.
Monument to (what?) glory.
Monument to (who?) Peter.
Bust (who?)
Obelisk (to whom?)
Kalashnikov assault rifle. BUT: “he picked up Kalashnikovs” - meaning weapons, + with a small letter.
British intelligence MI6 (MI6) but counterintelligence MI5 (MI5) (domestic intelligence MI5 is wrong)
"Vdrabadan" is not a dictionary word. “Drunk vdrabadan” - “v” is written together.
"Kozhimit"
“Insolently” - “in” together.
We screwed up.
Once, many times.
Captain-lieutenant (hyphenated) - the second word is declined. “There is no (who?) lieutenant commander...”
Plant and machine - KamAZ
Signor - for Italians.
Señor - for the Spaniards.
freebie - with an “a”.
To ridicule means “mockery”.
conjuncture - meaning “circumstances”.
persona non grata (no hyphen)
in military style (with a hyphen).
dehydration (one letter “g”).
Ded Moroz, Ded Moroz (fairy-tale character; a person dressed as this character). BUT: Santa Claus, Santa Claus (meaning a toy).
Santa Claus (both words are capitalized, hyphenated).
Realtor (not “realtor”, not “realtor” and not “realtor”)
fighting dog, but - a dog of fighting breeds
Immigrant and emigrant: immigrant - for the country to which
he has migrated and is an emigrant for the country he left.
Aircraft: Boeing-737, Ruslan, Airbus-320, but Il-86, An-26, A-320.
Taganskaya station (circular)
Taganskaya station (radial)
Winter Olympic Games, Summer Games; Sochi Olympics; White Olympics
Paralympic Games
Deaflympics
Names of organizations - only the first word is capitalized.
Geographical names - capitalize each word.
Nicknames, nicknames - capitalize every word
Positions - lowercase.
Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house.
(“The commandant” is the subject, “entered” is the predicate). Therefore, a comma is placed after “officer”.
Cheerful and cheerful, Radik was a favorite. (“Radik” is the subject, “was” is the predicate).
The car has been repaired and repaired.
After all (a hyphen is added).
In a familiar way, in a friendly way.
It’s not surprising that... (“NOT” - continuous).
I can't wait (separately, without a hyphen).
Like it or not (no hyphen, no comma).
Hamas - masculine (not cl.)
NATO (n.g.) - North Atlantic Treaty Organization or North Atlantic Alliance
The Second World War
World War I
The Great Patriotic War
directly proportional (separately)
Guinness Book of Records
ready-to-wear
power lines
flash mob (not flash mob, not flash mob, not flash mob)
persona non grata
babysitter
Manhattan
face control
second hand
happy end
mass media
media mogul (media... - the first part of complex words, written together)
promo video (promo... - the first part of complex words, written together)
investigative, operational-search
Scientologists
come, go (NOT “come”!)
New York - hyphenated, BUT New Yorkers - together
businesswoman
business class with a hyphen, BUT economy class together
purchasing power (NOT purchasing power!)
Experiment on humans (not “on humans”)
parking space
suit by Yves Saint Laurent
video conferencing
Dubai (hanging around like a "barn" - in Dubai)
video conferencing
losing weight (not losing weight)
retailer (not retailer, not retailer, not retailer)
Thailand (NOT Thailand)
This is NOT the way to write:
“Moscow airports are currently operating according to actual weather conditions due to heavy fog. This gives pilots the right to independently make decisions about the possibility of taking off or landing, or leaving for alternate airfields.”
You can replace this nonsense, for example, like this:
“The fog made adjustments to the operation of airports (to the regular schedule of arrivals and departures). Several flights were delayed, several went to an alternate airfield.”
“The weather also affected the flight schedule at the capital’s airports. Only those crews and aircraft that are approved to operate in such conditions take off and land.”
This is NOT the way to write:
"Earthquake with a magnitude of six", "earthquake with a magnitude of six on the Richter scale"
Magnitude is NOT measured in points, it is a dimensionless quantity. This is the energy released at the epicenter.
The points estimate the destructive force on the surface.
Magnitude (on the Richter scale) and intensity (points) are different things,
you cannot mix them.
Correct writing:
“An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0” (NOT points!), “an earthquake with a magnitude of five magnitudes on the Richter scale”, “The intensity of the tremors was six points”, “an earthquake with a magnitude of six points” (if the word is “points”, then NOT on the Richter scale! ).
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile you with your friend.
2) You will see Peter the Great and Princess Sophia and the daring conquerors of Siberia in Surikov’s paintings.
3) In Ancient Greece there was no stopwatch, no tape measure, no precise scales.
4) Friendship and brotherhood are more valuable than any wealth.
5) At the borders of the Russian land, the short horses of steppe warriors began to flash, and messengers scattered throughout the Slavic cities with calls to send squads for a general rebuff to the enemy.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's give the correct spelling.
1) I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile you with your friend.
2) You will see Peter the Great, Princess Sophia, and the daring conquerors of Siberia in Surikov’s paintings. (TWO commas!)
3) In Ancient Greece there was no stopwatch, no tape measure, no precise scales.
4) Friendship and brotherhood are more valuable than any wealth.
5) At the borders of the Russian land, the short horses of steppe warriors began to flash, and messengers scattered throughout the Slavic cities with calls to send squads for a general rebuff to the enemy.
The correct answer is indicated at number 1 and 5
Answer: 15|51
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Punctuation marks in BSC and sentences with homogeneous members
Rule: Punctuation marks in BSC and in sentences with homogeneous members. Task 16.
PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES AND IN SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
This task tests knowledge of two punctograms:
1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.
2. Commas in a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions, in particular, the conjunction I.
Target: Find TWO sentences that require ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (but this happens!) commas, but one. In this case, you need to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was PUT, since there are cases when the sentence already has a comma, for example, in an adverbial phrase. We don't count her.
You should not look for commas in various phrases, introductory words and in the IPP: according to the specification in this task, only the three indicated punctograms are checked. If the sentence requires commas for other rules, they will already be placed
The correct answer will be two numbers, from 1 to 5, in any sequence, without commas or spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.
Legend:
OC - homogeneous members.
SSP is a compound sentence.
The algorithm for completing the task should be like this:
1. Determine the number of bases.
2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL rows of homogeneous members in it and turn to the rule.
3. If there are two basics, then this is a complex sentence, and each part is considered separately (see point 2).
Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates create NOT a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.
15.1 PUNCTION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
Homogeneous members of a sentence are those members that answer the same question and relate to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members of a sentence (both main and secondary) are always connected by a coordinating connection, with or without a conjunction.
For example: In “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson,” S. Aksakov describes with truly poetic inspiration both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature.
In this sentence there is one row of meanings, these are two homogeneous definitions.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members. Yes, in a sentence Soon a heavy downpour hit and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the groans of the pine forest two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and groans.
note: Each row of OCs has its own punctuation rules.
Let's look at various sentence patterns with OP and formulate the rules for placing commas.
15.1.1. A series of homogeneous members connected ONLY by intonation, without conjunctions.
General scheme: OOO .
Rule: if two or more words are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.
Example: yellow, green, red apples.
15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), EITHER, OR
General scheme: O and/yes/either/or O .
Rule: if two words are connected by a single conjunction I/DA, no comma is placed between them.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.
Example 2: Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly.
Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.
Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf.
15.1.3 The last OC is joined by the union I.
General scheme: O, O and O.
Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by a conjunction and, then a comma is not placed in front of it.
Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.
15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and a union AND repeated at least twice
Rule: For various combinations of union (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combinations of homogeneous members of a sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union AND is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous terms
General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.
General scheme: and O, and O, and O.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow, and green, and red apples.
Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow, and green, and red apples.
More complex examples:
Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery- Long shadows ran far away from everything.
Two unions and, four och. Comma between och.
Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the carriage. Three unions and, three och. Comma between och.
Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered with snow. Two unions and, three och. Comma between och.
Please note that there is no comma after the last och, because this is not between the och, but after it.
It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent; keep this in mind when completing the task.
note: This rule only works if the conjunction AND is repeated in one row, and not in the entire sentence.
Let's look at examples.
Example 1: In the evenings they gathered around the table children and adults and read it aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read. The conjunction is not repeated in each row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT placed according to rule 15.1.2.
Example 2: In the evening Vadim went to his room and sat down reread letter and write a response. Two rows: left and sat down; I sat down (why? for what purpose?) to re-read and write.
15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, BUT, YES (= but)
Scheme: O, a/no/da O
Rule: If there is a conjunction A, BUT, YES (= but), commas are added.
Example 1: The student writes quickly but sloppily.
Example 2: The baby no longer whimpered, but cried bitterly.
Example 3: Small spool but precious .
15.1.6 With homogeneous members, conjunctions are repeated NO NO; NOT THIS, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR
Scheme: O, or O, or O
Rule: when repeating other conjunctions (except I) twice, neither, nor; not this, not that; this, that; or either; or, or a comma is always used:
Example 1: And the old man walked around the room and either hummed psalms in a low voice or impressively lectured his daughter.
Please note that the sentence also contains homogeneous circumstances and additions, but we do not highlight them for a clearer picture.
There is no comma after the predicate “paced”! But if instead of the union AND THEN, AND THEN there was simply AND, there would be three whole commas (according to rule 15.1.4)
15.1.7. With homogeneous members there are double unions.
Rule: In double conjunctions, a comma is placed before the second part. These are unions of both... and; not only but; not so much... but; how much... so much; although and... but; if not... then; not that... but; not that... but; not only not, but rather... than others.
Examples: I have an errand How from the judge So equals And from all our friends.
Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot, But It was still And a very subtle psychologist.
Mother not really angry, But I was still unhappy.
There are fogs in London if not every day , That every other day for sure.
He was not so much disappointed , How many surprised by the current situation.
Please note that each part of a double conjunction is BEFORE OC, which is very important to take into account when completing task 7 (type “error on homogeneous members”), we have already encountered these conjunctions.
15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs
General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O
Rule: When combining minor members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (the conjunction AND acts locally, only within groups):
Example1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage.
Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day that has passed and the day to come.
Example 3: Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria.
15.1.9. They are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:
A number of repetitions that have an intensifying connotation are not homogeneous members.
And it snowed and snowed.
Simple complicated predicates are also not homogeneous
That's what he said, I'll go check it out.
Phraseologisms with repeating conjunctions are not homogeneous members
Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night
If the offer contains heterogeneous definitions, which stand before the word being explained and characterize one object from different sides, it is impossible to insert a conjunction between them and.
A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.
15.2. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
Complex sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Example: Three times he wintered in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) SSP with connecting conjunctions (and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both..., and);
2) BSC with dividing conjunctions (that..., that; not that..., not that; or; either; either..., or);
3) SSP with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, but, but then, only, the same).
15.2.1 The basic rule for placing a comma in the BSC.
A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the basic rule, that is, ALWAYS, with the exception of special conditions, which limit the application of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, to determine whether a sentence is complex, you need to find its grammatical basis. What to consider when doing this:
a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, the frequency of sentences with one impersonal part, with a predicate in vague personal proposal. For example: He had a lot of work ahead of him, and he knew it.
Scheme: [is coming], and [he knew].
The doorbell rang and no one moved.
Scheme: [they called], and [no one moved].
b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.
Scheme: [I heard], and [it returned]. Don't lose a pronoun as a subject if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.
Scheme: [The artist was familiar], and [he was surprised]. Let's compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.[O Skaz and O Skaz].
c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is quite likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are placed both according to the rule of homogeneous members and according to the rule of complex sentences. For example: Leaves crimson, gold They fell quietly to the ground, and the wind circled them in the air and threw them up. Sentence pattern: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Skaz and O Skaz].
15.2.2 Special conditions for placing signs in a complex sentence
In a school course of the Russian language, the only condition under which a comma is not placed between parts of a complex sentence is the presence common minor member.
The most difficult thing for students is to understand whether there is common minor clause, which will give the right not to put a comma between parts, or there is none. General means that it relates simultaneously to both the first part and the second. If there is a common member, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC. If it exists, then in the second part there cannot be a similar minor member, there is only one, it is at the very beginning of the sentence. Let's consider simple cases:
Example 1: A year later, my daughter went to school and my mother was able to go to work..
Both simple sentences can equally qualify for the time adverbial “in a year.” What's happened in a year? My daughter went to school. Mom was able to go to work.
Moving the common member to the end of the sentence changes the meaning: My daughter went to school, and my mother was able to go to work a year later. And now this minor member is no longer general, but relates only to the second simple sentence. That is why it is so important for us, firstly, the place of the common member, just the beginning of a sentence , and secondly, the general meaning of the sentence.
Example 2:By evening the wind died down and it started to freeze. What happened By the evening? The wind died down. It started to freeze.
Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city the snow had already begun to melt, and it was already quite a spring picture here. There are two circumstances in the sentence, each simple has its own. That's why comma added. There is no common minor member. Thus, the presence of a second minor member of the same type (place, time, purpose) in the second sentence gives the right to insert a comma.
Example 2: By nightfall, my mother’s temperature rose even more, and we did not sleep all night. There is no reason to attribute the adverbial “to the night” to the second part of a complex sentence, therefore a comma is placed.
It should be noted that there are other cases in which a comma is not placed between parts of a complex sentence. These include the presence of a common introductory word, a common subordinate clause, as well as two sentences that are indefinitely personal, impersonal, identical in structure, and exclamatory. But these cases were not included in the Unified State Examination tasks, and they are not presented in manuals and are not studied in the school course.
Erida Triandafilidi 06/04/2018 13:40
Where is the hyphen after the word "BROTHERHOOD?" "Friendship and brotherhood are more valuable than any wealth."
Tatiana Statsenko
A hyphen is not needed: friendship and brotherhood are homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunction YES.
· ").dialog((width:"auto",height:"auto"))">Video course
10 tasks of type A23 Unified State Exam in Russian with answers:
Punctuation marks: homogeneous members of a sentence
Check your readiness for tasks A23 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language.
Take the tests and check the answers at the bottom of the article.
1. Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) Sanin felt in his entire being, if not pleasure, then a certain lightness of happiness.
2) Among the Siberian rivers there are large and small, calm and violent.
3) Shells exploded to the right and left and in front.
4) There was no word from him.
2. Specify a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) The leaves in the field have turned yellow and are spinning and flying.
2) For Alevtina Vasilyevna, although familiar, the power of Erofey Kuzmich was heavy.
3) The abrupt and broken sound rushed and jumped and ran somewhere away from the others.
4) Work in the field did not cease day and night.
3. Specify a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) The water quickly rose and flooded the meadows and gardens of the village residents.
2) The glow spread not only over the city center but also far around.
3) Not early in the morning Matryona went to the city.
4) The sentry reached the opposite corner and turned back.
4. Indicate the sentence that requires two commas. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) Both on land and at sea, young and strong hands work wonders.
2) Either a dream, or an obsession, or a wonderful vision seemed to the old monk.
3) Long before dawn, Ilyinichna lit the oven, baked bread and dried two bags of crackers.
4) And day and night my Leningrad stood and lived, fought and dreamed.
5. Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) I have instructions from both the judge and all your friends to reconcile you with your friend.
2) We have all experienced the joys of meetings and the bitterness of separations, comrade and friend.
3) Now you can’t hear knocking and screaming and bells.
4) Here the wild nobility, without feeling and without law, has appropriated to itself with a violent vine the labor and property and time of the farmer.
6. Indicate the sentence in which you need to put two commas. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) Maples and birches crowded on the hills and hollows.
2) He is blind, stubborn, impatient, frivolous and arrogant.
3) The Russian people are smart and understanding, zealous and ardent for everything good and beautiful.
4) The roar of thunder mixed with the sound of rain and the crowing of roosters and barking dogs.
7. Indicate the sentence in which you need to put two commas. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) King Dadon does not encounter any massacre, camp or burial mound.
2) Both the shortcomings and the advantages of “Poltava” were equally not understood by the critics of that time and the public of that time.
3) And today the poet’s rhyme is a caress and a slogan and a bayonet and a whip.
4) The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.
8. Indicate a sentence that requires two commas. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) The mentor carefully and meticulously examined the work performed and discussed all the intricacies of the mechanism with his assistant and his student.
2) The wind brings cold clarity and a certain emptiness to the whole body
3) Whether I be foam in the sea or blue haze on the mountains or the evening shadow of the steppe - I will always remember you.
4) The garden is fragrant with the freshness of autumn leaves and fruits.
9. Indicate a sentence that requires two commas. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) It is necessary to visit, if not all, then most of the areas.
2) The wind tore wet and odorous leaves from the birches and threw them into the night.
3) He fell in love with dense groves, solitude, silence and night...
4) How long will I walk in the world, either in a carriage, or on horseback, or in a wagon, or in a carriage, or in a cart, or on foot?
10. Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) From the very early morning he ran away either to the pond or to the grove or to the hayfield.
2) And not only will I not touch the local flocks in the future, but I myself am happy to squabble with others for them.
3) Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times and dreams and card fortune-telling and predictions of the moon.
4) There was no end to their intimate conversations.
We continue to explore the levels of the language system, relying on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of a sentence connected by conjunctions.
Lesson 29 Homogeneous members connected by single coordinating conjunctions; repeated coordinating conjunctions; double coordinating conjunctions. Learning to create statements
I. For homogeneous members with single coordinating conjunctions, the dividing punctuation marks are commas and dashes.
1. A comma is placed:
1) before connecting conjunctions and also, and even , expressing the completeness of the enumeration, for example (note the rhythmic intonation pause shown by a slash):
Nikolay ,/ and also his Brother/ would like to enroll in the Faculty of Economics.
We make a rhythmic pause after the subject Nikolay and homogeneous subject Brother. However, if the sentence does not end after the homogeneous member, even if there is a pause, a comma, based on the structure of the sentence, is not needed;
2) before adversarial conjunctions ah, but, yes (in meaning But), although, however, how , expressing relations of opposition.
Unions a, but, yes, although are synonymous, but have their own shades of meaning, for example (put synonymous conjunctions in place of the highlighted conjunction):
Sasha was going to for a walk, yeah did not go.
A nasty union however equal in meaning to the union But, when it acts as a means of connecting homogeneous members or stands at the beginning of a simple sentence as part of a complex one, for example (substitute instead however union But):
1) We never hoped to meet again, but we did.(M. Lermontov)
2) My friend came unexpectedly, but I was glad to see him.
If the word however stands in the middle of a sentence or at the end, then it cannot be replaced by a conjunction But, it is introductory and is separated by commas, for example:
What a good man Ivan Petrovich is, however.
Let us remember that the union A equal in meaning to the adversative conjunction How in expressions none other than And nothing more than, For example:
Rhine Falls in front Not What other, How short merman ledge. (V. Zhukovsky) Compare: In front, the Rhine Falls is nothing more than a low ledge of water.
2. There is no comma:
1) before single connecting conjunctions and, yes (in meaning And), For example:
The whole world made noise behind the back and stayed only in mind yes on covered with pale pencil leaflets. (K. Paustovsky);
2) before single disjunctive conjunctions or, or , expressing a strict division of concepts or phenomena, for example:
Intelligence about success or failure spread quickly.(D. Furmanov)
Notes 1. If the union And has an adversative meaning in sharp opposition (it can be replaced by the conjunction A or But), then it is preceded by an intonation dash as an author's punctuation mark, for example:
I wanted to go around the whole world - and didn't go around hundredth part.(A. Griboyedov)
Read the same sentence with a calm intonation - the dash in the letter will be unnecessary.
2. Before the joining conjunction And, expressing connecting relations, a comma is placed, for example: I'll leave this city, and very soon.
3. Before the union or in meaning that is, used in explanatory constructions, when we are talking about the same concept, a comma is placed, for example: A newborn seal calf, or belek, lay on the shore. = On the shore lay a newborn seal calf, that is, a squirrel;
Now let's look at examples where in sentences, along with homogeneous members, isolated members are also used (rhythmic pauses are shown with a slash).
1) Five minutes later, Ippolit Matveyevich was wearing a moon vest, strewn with a small star, and an iridescent lustrine jacket.(I. Ilf and E. Petrov) - Here is a union And connects two homogeneous subjects. After the first subject, a separate definition begins - a participial phrase, which before the conjunction And must be closed, hence the presence of a comma.
2) I tanned like a blackamoor, / and went wild.(S. Aksakov) - Here is the union And connects two homogeneous predicates. The first predicate includes a comparative adverbial phrase, which closes before the conjunction.
3) Grandfather was about to pass by, / but, looking through the gate, / stopped in bewilderment.(A. Kuprin) - Here two homogeneous predicates are connected by an adversative conjunction But, preceded by a comma. After the conjunction, a common circumstance begins - the participial phrase, which refers to the second predicate ( has stopped how? looking through the gate), therefore a comma is also placed after the conjunction, although there is no intonation pause. The fact that the participial phrase refers to the second predicate verb is indicated by the fact that the phrase can be torn off from the conjunction and placed after this predicate verb without violating the structure of the sentence ( was about to pass, butstopped, looking at the gate ).
Exercise. Read the sentences with punctuation marks. Analyze the meaning, form of the predicate and intonation of statements in accordance with punctuation. In each case, explain the punctuation.
1. The old grandfather, Andrei and I were sitting on a bench in the yard.
2. Old grandfather Andrei and I were sitting on a bench in the yard.
3. The old grandfather, Andrei, and I were sitting on a bench in the yard.
4. Andrei and I, an old grandfather, were sitting on a bench in the yard.
5. Old grandfather Andrey and I are on a bench in the yard.
6. I, like old grandfather Andrei, was sitting on a bench in the yard.
7. Me and Andrey, an old grandfather, were sitting on a bench in the yard.
II. Homogeneous members connected by repeated coordinating conjunctions
Repeated coordinating conjunctions are used if the homogeneous members connected by them denote words whose concepts are combined or separated.
1. A comma is added between homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions:
connecting and,.. and; Yes Yes; no no;
dividing or or; or either; then,.. then.
In this case, a comma is placed in the place where there is an intonation pause in the speech, for example:
1) Masha collected stamps, / postcards, / and badges.- A series of homogeneous additions opens an alliance And, however, there are pauses in speech and commas in writing before the second and third conjunctions.
2) Masha collected stamps, / and postcards, / and badges.- A series of homogeneous members begins directly with the addition; pauses in speech and commas in writing before the first and second conjunctions And.
3) Masha did not collect either stamps or postcards.- A pause in speech and a comma before the second conjunction between homogeneous objects.
4) Masha collected stamps and (yes) postcards,/ badges and (yes) stickers.- Homogeneous additions are connected in pairs. A pause in speech and a comma in writing between pairs.
5) Masha collected this (beautiful stamps and postcards), / that (original badges and stickers).- There are repeated conjunctions here then... then pairs of common homogeneous additions are connected in curly brackets, between which there is a pause in speech; unions And between the additions themselves are single, so there is no need for a comma before them.
It is still necessary to carefully monitor which parts of the sentence are connected by conjunctions. Let's look at an example:
I fell into the ditch / And, driving away the flower stuck in the middle / And sweet And a shaggy bumblebee sluggishly asleep there, / began to pick a flower.(L. Tolstoy)
Based on the signs of homogeneity in this sentence, three pairs of homogeneous members are distinguished: 1) homogeneous predicates connected by a single conjunction and-1 (tears and began to pick ); 2) homogeneous definitions connected by a single conjunction and 2(bumblebee drunk and asleep ); 3) homogeneous circumstances connected by a single union i-3(fallen asleep sweet and languid ).(Which parts of speech express homogeneous definitions and circumstances?)
In addition, homogeneous definitions and circumstances are located within a separate common circumstance - an adverbial phrase. (Where does the turn begin and close?) After answering the questions in brackets, explain the placement of commas.
Exercise. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions form a figure of speech called a polyunion. Read M. Lermontov's poetic sentence from the poem "Ballad". Observe how polyunion slows down speech and emphasizes individual words, enhancing their expressiveness:
And the waves crowd and rush back,
And they come again and hit the shore...
2.There is no comma:
1) with two homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions, if these homogeneous members form a close semantic unity. In this case, there is no enumeration intonation, for example:
Both father and mother (both) took part in raising the son;
2) within integral phraseological units connected by repeating conjunctions And or neither:
both old and young,
And this way and that way,
no more, no less,
Neither brother nor matchmaker,
Neither this nor that
Neither fish nor meat, etc.
Please note that there is no comma inside these combinations.
III. Homogeneous members connected by double coordinating conjunctions
Homogeneous members, connected by double comparative unions, are compared according to some characteristics or qualities.
Comma placed before the second part of double conjunctions
both,.. and;
Because;
Not like;
Not only but;
How much,.. so much;
Not that... but;
If not,.. then;
Although,.. but, for example:
Most of their faces expressed, if not fear, then concern.(L. Tolstoy)
Sometimes, when a sentence is very common, there is a rhythmic pause after the second homogeneous member, but this is not a reason to place a comma in this place, for example:
I have an errand How from the judge, / So equally from all our acquaintances / to reconcile you with your friend.(N. Gogol)
I have instructions both from the judge and from all our acquaintances - to reconcile you with your friend.
Exercise. What member of the sentence is the indefinite form in the analyzed sentence? Why is there a dash possible in this case?