Chronicle
Chronicle(or chronicler) - This historical genre ancient Russian literature, representing a yearly, more or less detailed record historical events. The recording of the events of each year in chronicles usually begins with the words: “in the summer ...” (that is, “in the year ...”), hence the name - chronicle. In Byzantium, analogues of the chronicle were called chronicles, in Western Europe in the Middle Ages by annals and chronicles.
Chronicles have been preserved in large quantities so-called lists of the XIV-XVIII centuries. The list means “rewriting” (“writing off”) from another source. These lists, based on the place of compilation or the place of the events depicted, are exclusively or predominantly divided into categories (original Kiev, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). Lists of the same category differ from each other not only in expressions, but even in the selection of news, as a result of which the lists are divided into editions (editions). So, we can say: The original Chronicle of the southern edition (the Ipatievsky list and similar ones), the initial Chronicle of the Suzdal edition (the Lavrentievsky list and similar ones).
Such differences in the lists suggest that the chronicles are collections and that their original sources have not reached us. This idea, first expressed by P. M. Stroev, now constitutes a general opinion. Existence in separate form many detailed chronicle legends, as well as the opportunity to point out that in the same story stitchings from different sources are clearly indicated (bias is mainly manifested in sympathy for one or the other of warring parties) further confirm this opinion.
Russian chronicles have been preserved in many copies; the most ancient - the monk Lawrence (Laurentian Chronicle, judging by the postscript - 1377), and the Ipatiev Chronicle of the 14th century (after the name of the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma, where it was kept); but at the core they are more ancient vault beginning of the 12th century. This collection, known as the “Tale of Bygone Years,” is the first Kyiv Chronicle.
Chronicles were kept in many cities. Novgorod (charate synodal list of the 14th century, Sophia) are distinguished by the conciseness of the syllable. The Pskov people vividly draw pictures of societies. life, South Russians are literary, sometimes poetic. Chronicle collections were also compiled in the Moscow era of Russian history (Voskresenskaya and Nikonovskaya Chronicles). The so-called "royal book" concerns the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Then the Chronicles receive an official character and are gradually circulated partly into bit books, part in “Tales” and notes individuals.
Literature
- Complete collection of Russian chronicles (PSRL), vol. 1-31, St. Petersburg. M. - L., 1841-1968;
- Shakhmatov A. A., Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries, M. - L., 1938;
- Nasonov A.N., History of Russian chronicles XI - beginning. XVIII centuries, M., 1969;
- Likhachev D.S., Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance, M. - L., 1947;
- Essays on the history of historical science in the USSR, vol. 1, M., 1955.
- Poppe A. A. A. Shakhmatov and the controversial beginnings of Russian chronicles // . 2008. No. 3 (33). pp. 76-85.
- Konyavskaya E. L. The problem of author's self-awareness in the chronicle // Ancient Rus'. Questions of medieval studies. 2000. No. 2. P. 65-75.
Sources
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Chronicle” is in other dictionaries:
CHRONICLES, chronicles, many. chronicles, chronicles of chronicles, women. Weather recording of historical events of ancient times (originally arose and was kept in monasteries; history, lit.). Novgorod Chronicle. Chronicle of Nestor. “One more last saying, and... ... Dictionary Ushakova
See the articles Russian literature (medieval) and Chronicle. Literary encyclopedia. At 11 vol.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929 1939 … Literary encyclopedia
A monthly literary and political magazine published in Petrograd from December 1915 to December 1917. Representatives of various movements of the then social democracy collaborated in it (M. Gorky, Yu. Martov, A. Yermansky, A. V. Lunacharsky, M. ... ... Literary encyclopedia
Annals, chronicle, history. Cm … Synonym dictionary
A monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, published in Petrograd in 1915 17. Founded by M. Gorky, who grouped literary forces around the Chronicle that opposed war, nationalism, chauvinism ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
CHRONICLES, and, women. 1. Type of Russian narrative literature of the 1117th centuries: weather record of historical events. Old Russian chronicles. 2. transfer Same as history (in 3 digits) (high). L. military glory. Family l. | adj. chronicle, aya, oh (to 1... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, founded by M. Gorky. Published from December 1915 to December 1917. Circulation: 10-12 thousand copies. Editorial office on Bolshaya Monetnaya Street, 18. Publisher A. N. Tikhonov, editor A. F. Radzishevsky.... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
- (Old Russian summer - year) - a weather record of historical events, a type of narrative literature in Rus' in the 11th - 17th centuries. (arose and was carried out initially in monasteries). Large explanatory dictionary of cultural studies.. Kononenko B.I.. 2003 ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
chronicle- chronicle, pl. chronicles, gen. chronicles (wrong chronicles) ... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language
"Chronicle"- “Chronicle”, a monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, founded by M. Gorky. Published from December 1915 to December 1917. Circulation 10 x 12 thousand copies. Editorial office on Bolshaya Monetnaya Street, 18. Publisher A. N. Tikhonov, editor... ... Encyclopedic reference book"Saint Petersburg"
Chronicles
(Russians). - a chronicle is a weather-related, more or less detailed account of events. The chronicles have been preserved in a large number of copies from the 14th to 18th centuries. These lists, based on the area of compilation or the area of the events depicted, are exclusively or predominantly divided into categories (original Kiev, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). Lists of the same category differ from each other not only in expressions, but even in the selection of news, as a result of which the lists are divided into editions (editions). So, we can say: the chronicle is the original southern version (the Ipatsky list and similar ones), the original chronicle of the Suzdal version (the Lavrentievsky list and similar ones). Such differences in the lists suggest that our books are collections and that their original sources have not completely reached us. This idea, first expressed by P. M. Stroev, now constitutes, one might say, a general opinion. The existence in a separate form of many detailed chronicle legends, as well as the possibility of pointing out that in the same story stitchings from different sources are clearly indicated (mainly manifested in sympathy for one or the other of the warring parties) - further confirm this opinion. The first in time are considered to be the code that has come down to us in numerous lists (the most ancient - the 14th century) Lavrentievsky, named after the monk Lawrence, who wrote it down, as can be seen from his postscript, in the city, and Ipatsky, so named after the Kostroma Ipatsky (Ipatievsky) convent where it was kept. Scientists date this latter to the end of the 14th or beginning of the 15th century. Both of these lists are accompanied by various continuations: Lavrentievsky - the Suzdal vault, Ipatsky - Kyiv and Volyn-Galician. The compilation of the original code dates back to the beginning of the 12th century, based on the postscript (in the Laurentian list and in the Nikonovsky list) after the year, in which we read: “Hegumen Selivester St. Michael wrote the book and the chronicler, hoping to receive mercy from God, under the prince. Volodymyr, the prince of Kiev for him, and at that time I was abbess at St. Michael, in 6624, indicted on the 9th summer" (). Thus it is clear that at the beginning of the 12th century. Selivester, abbot of the Mikhailovsky Vydubetsky monastery in Kyiv, was the compiler of the first chronicle. The word “written” cannot in any way be understood, as some scholars thought, in the meaning of rewritten: the abbot of the Vydubetsky monastery was too big a person for a simple copyist. This collection is distinguished by a special title: “All the tales of bygone years ( in other lists added: monk of Fedosiev of the Pechersk monastery), where the Russian land came from, who was the first to begin the reign in Kyiv and where the Russian land began to eat.” The words “monk Fedosiev of the Pechersky monastery” led many to consider Nestor the first chronicler, whose name, according to Tatishchev, was in the headings of some lists known to him, but now lost; at present, we find it in one, and then very late, list (Khlebnikovsky). Nestor is known for his other works: “The Tales of Boris and Gleb”, “The Life of Theodosius”. These works represent contradictions with L., indicated by P. S. Kazansky. Thus, the author of the work included in L. says that he came to Theodosius, and Nestor, according to in my own words him, came under Theodosius’s successor, Stephen, and according to legend, Theodosius is told about. The story about Boris and Gleb in the chronicle belongs not to Nestor, but to Jacob Chernorits. The narratives of both have been preserved in a separate form, and comparisons between them are easy to make. As a result, we have to abandon the idea that Nestor was the compiler of the first codex. However, the name of the compiler is not important; Much more important is the fact that the vault is a work of the 12th century. and that it contains even more ancient materials. Some of his sources have come down to us in a separate form. Thus, we know the “Reading on the Life and Destruction of the Blessed Passion-Bearer Boris and Gleb” by Jacob Chernorizets, the “Life of Vladimir”, attributed to the same Jacob, the “Chronicle of George Amartol”, known in ancient Slavic translations, the Life of St. the first Slavic teachers, known under the name Pannonian. Moreover, clear traces have been preserved that the compiler used the works of others: for example, in the story about the blinding of Vasilko Rostislavich, some Vasily narrates how Prince. David Igorevich, who held Vasilko captive, sent him on an errand to his captive. Consequently, this story constituted a separate legend, like the tales of Boris and Gleb, which, fortunately for science, have been preserved in a separate form. From these surviving works it is clear that we early began to record the details of events that amazed contemporaries, and the features of the lives of individuals, especially those who became famous for their holiness. Such a separate legend could (according to Solovyov’s speculation) belong to the title now attributed to the whole of L.: “this story, etc.” The original story, compiled partly from the Greek chronicle of Amartol, partly, perhaps, from Pannonian sources (for example, the legend about the initial life of the Slavs on the Danube and the invasion of the Volokhs), partly from local news and legends, could reach the beginning of Oleg’s reign in Kyiv. This story has the obvious purpose of connecting the North with the South; That is why, perhaps, the very name of Rus' was transferred to the north, whereas this name has always belonged to the south, and we know the northern Russians only from the story. The rapprochement between Askold and Dir with Rurik, made with the aim of explaining the right of the Rurik dynasty to the southern regions by the conquest of Kyiv by Oleg, is also interesting. The story was written without years, which serves as a sign of its isolation. The compiler of the code says: from now on we’ll figure it out and put down the numbers. These words accompany an indication of the beginning of the reign of Michael, during which there was a campaign against Constantinople. Another source for the compiler was short, weather notes of incidents, which certainly had to exist, because otherwise how would the chronicler know the years of death of princes, campaigns, celestial phenomena, etc. n. Between these dates there are those whose reliability can be verified (for example, comet 911). Such notes have been kept at least since the time Oleg occupied Kyiv: in the brief chronological tablet included in the L., the account begins directly from “the first year of Olgov, after his death in Kyiv.” The count was kept, as can be concluded from this table and partly from other sources (“praise to Volodymyr”, Jacob) by year of reign. This account was shifted to years from com. world by the compiler of the code, and perhaps earlier, by another compiler. From folk legends some could be written down, others were preserved, perhaps in songs. From all this material a whole was formed; Now it is difficult to say how much the work of one person contributed to this whole. 12th century vault compiled primarily from Kyiv sources, but traces of literature written in other areas of Russia, especially Novgorod, are visible in it. The Novgorod vaults came to us in copies no earlier than the 14th century, to which the so-called Haratein vault belongs. synodal list. There are, however, traces of a 13th-century vault: in the so-called. Sofia Vremnik and some other chronicle collections there is a general title “Sofia Temporary” and a preface that ends with a promise to tell “everything in a row from Tsar Michael to Alexander (that is, Alexei) and Isaac.” Alexey and Isaac Angels reigned in the city when the Latins took Constantinople; a special legend about this was included in many chronicle collections and, obviously, formed part of the 13th century corpus. Chronicles in Novgorod began early: in the story of the baptism of Novgorod, traces of recording by contemporaries are visible; Even more important is the news: “Archbishop Akim of Novgorod and his disciple Ephraim, who shared our teaching, have passed away.” Only a contemporary could say this. Several Novgorod chronicle collections have reached us - the so-called. L. I, II, III, IV, Sofia L., Suprasl L. and similar ones, included in the so-called. L. Abramki; in this latter there is precious information about the last time of independence, interrupted shortly before the fall of Novgorod, as well as L. Arkhangelogorodskaya. Most of the Novgorod news was recorded in churches and monasteries; in one of the Novgorod chronicle collections (Novg. II) there is an indication that “the abbot looked at the chronicler in the monastery on Fox Mountain.” There are also several pieces of news that obviously belonged to private individuals, which could have been included in the lists of finished L. or from the margins of the manuscript, where they were entered in the form of calendar notes, or could have been transferred from some private notes. Novgorod L. are distinguished (according to the remark of S. M. Solovyov) by their special conciseness, with a business-like style. The compilers value time (and perhaps parchment) so much that they omit words; “And you are brothers, in posadnichestvo and in princes,” says L. Tverdislav, without adding “free” - and so they will understand. Neither poetic colors, nor dramatic conversations, nor abundant pious reflections - the distinctive features of Kyiv L. - are present in the Novgorod vaults; There are few non-Novgorod events in them, and they came by accident. The Pskov literary works began later than the Novgorod ones: their beginning can be attributed to the 13th century, when the story about Dovmont was composed, which formed the basis of all Pskov collections. Pskov L. (especially the second) are rich in vivid details about the social life of Pskov; There is only little news about the times before Dovmont, and even those are borrowed. For a long time, the “Tale of the City of Vyatka”, which concerns only the first times of the Vyatka community, was considered to be of Novgorod origin, but its authenticity has recently been subjected to fundamental doubts: its manuscripts are too late, and therefore it is better not to consider it among the reliable sources. L. of Kiev has been preserved in several very close lists, in which it directly follows the original L. (The Tale of Bygone Years). This Kiev vault ends in all its lists with the year 1199. It consists, for the most part, of detailed stories , in their presentation having much in common with the stories included in the original L. In its present form, the vault contains many traces of L. from different Russian lands: Smolensk, Chernigov, Suzdal. There are also separate legends: the legend of the murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky, written by his follower (probably mentioned in it by Kuzmishch Kiyanin); the same separate legend should have been the story about the exploits of Izyaslav Mstislavich; in one place in this story we read: “I spoke the same word as before I heard it; The place does not go to the head, but the head to the place.” From this we can conclude that the story about this prince was borrowed from the notes of his comrade-in-arms and interspersed with news from other sources; fortunately, the stitching is so clumsy that the parts can be easily separated. The part that follows the death of Izyaslav is dedicated mainly to the princes from the Smolensk family who reigned in Kyiv; Perhaps the source that the compiler mainly used is not unconnected with this family. The presentation is very close to “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - as if a whole literary school had developed then. News from Kyiv later are found in other chronicle collections (mainly from northeastern Rus'), as well as in the so-called Gustynskaya L. (later compilation). In the Suprasl manuscript (published by Prince Obolensky) there is a brief Kiev L., belonging to the 14th century. Volyn (or, as N.I. Kostomarov thoroughly suggests calling it, Galician-Volyn), is closely connected with Kiev Lithuania, which is even more Kyiv-like in its poetic flavor. It, as one might assume, was written at first without years, and the years were placed later and arranged very unskillfully; Thus, we read: “When Danilov arrived from Volodymyr, there was silence in the summer of 6722. In the summer of 6723, by God’s command, the princes of Lithuania were sent.” It is clear that the last sentence must be connected to the first, as indicated by the form of the dative independent and the absence in some lists of the sentence “there was silence”; therefore, two years, and this sentence are inserted after. The chronology is confused and applied to the chronology of the Kyiv L. Roman was killed in the city, and the Volyn L. attributes his death to the city, since the Kiev one ends in the city. These L. were connected by the last compiler, didn’t he also arrange the years? In some places there is a promise to tell this or that, but nothing is told; therefore, there are releases. L. begins with unclear hints about the exploits of Roman Mstislavich - obviously, fragments of a poetic legend about him. It ends at the beginning of the 14th century. and does not lead to the collapse of Galich’s independence. For the researcher L., due to its inconsistency, this presents important difficulties, but due to the detail of the presentation, it serves as precious material for studying the life of Galich. It is curious in Volyn Lithuania that there is an indication of the existence of an official Lithuania: Mstislav Danilovich, having defeated the rebellious Brest, imposed a heavy penalty on the inhabitants and in the letter adds: “and the chronicler described their king.”
The chronicles of northeastern Rus' probably began quite early: from the 13th century, in the “Epistle of Simon to Polycarp” (one of components Patericon of Pechersk), we have evidence of the “old chronicler of Rostov”. The first collection of the northeastern (Suzdal) edition that has survived to us dates back to the same time. Lists of him before the beginning of the 13th century. - Radziwillsky, Pereyaslavsky-Suzdal, Lavrentyevsky and Troitsky. At the beginning of the 13th century. the first two stop, the rest differ from each other. The similarity up to a certain point and the difference further indicate a common source, which, therefore, extended until the beginning of the 13th century. News from Suzdal can be found earlier (especially in the original Leningrad); Therefore, it should be recognized that the recording of events in the land of Suzdal began early. We do not have purely Suzdal L. before the Tatars, just as we do not have purely Kyiv ones; The collections that have come down to us are of a mixed nature and are designated by the predominance of events in one or another area. Literature was conducted in many cities of the Suzdal land (Vladimir, Rostov, Pereyaslavl); but according to many signs it should be recognized that most of the news was recorded in Rostov, for a long time former center education north-east Rus'.
After the Tatar invasion Trinity the list is made almost exclusively from Rostov. After the Tatars in general, the traces of local L. become clearer: in Lavrentievsky on the list we find a lot of Tver news, in the so-called. Tverskaya L. - Tver and Ryazan, in Sofia Vremnik And Voskresenskaya L. - Novgorod and Tver, in Nikonovskaya- Tver, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. All these collections are of Moscow origin (or at least for the most part); their sources - local chronicles - have not been preserved. Regarding the transition of news in the Tatar era from one area to another, I. I. Sreznevsky made an interesting discovery: in the manuscript of Ephraim the Syrian, he came across a note from a scribe who talks about the attack of Arapsha (Arab Shah), which took place in the year of writing. The story is not finished, but its beginning is literally similar to the beginning of the chronicle story, from which I. I. Sreznevsky correctly concludes that the scribe had the same legend in front of him, which served as material for the chronicler. L. north-east. Rus' is distinguished by the absence of poetic elements and rarely borrows from poetic tales. "The Tale of Mamaev's massacre" is a special work, only included in some collections. From the first half of the 14th century. in most of the northern Russian arches, Moscow news begins to predominate. According to the remark of I. A. Tikhomirov, the beginning of the Moscow L. proper, which formed the basis of the vaults, should be considered the news of the construction of the Church of the Assumption in Moscow. The main vaults containing Moscow news are the “Sofia Temporary” (in its last part), Voskresenskaya and Nikonovskaya L. (also beginning with vaults based on ancient vaults). Recently, they have been diligently studying the literature of this period (I. A. Tikhomirov, A. E. Presnyakov), but the question about them can be considered open, because new manuscripts are constantly being found (for example, published by A. N. Lebedev Moscow L.) and some already known ones have not yet been published (Nikonovskaya with drawings, introduced into the research of Mr. Presnyakov). Something, however, has already been done to clarify the mutual relationship of these collections (in the study of Mr. Presnyakov the relationship of the royal book to them was determined, and in the study of Mr. Tikhomirov - the relationship of the so-called Novgorod IV), but some things have only just been touched upon, for example so called Lvovskaya L., chronicle published under the title: “Continuation of Nestorova L.,” as well as “Rus. Time." or Kostroma L. The surviving manuscripts have not all been examined yet, and many have not been preserved. L. in the Moscow state became more and more important official document: already at the beginning of the 15th century. the chronicler, praising the times of “that great Seliverst of Vydobuzhsky, who wrote unadornedly,” says: “our first rulers without anger commanded all the good and bad things that happened to be written.” Prince Yuri Dimitrievich, in his quest for the Grand Duke's table, relied on old chronicles; led Prince John Vasilyevich sent clerk Bradaty to Novgorod to prove to the Novgorodians their lies with the old chroniclers; in the inventory of the royal archive of the times of Ivan the Terrible we read: “black lists and what to write in the chronicler of modern times”; in the negotiations between the boyars and the Poles under Tsar Mikhail it is said: “and we will write this in the chronicler for future generations.” The best example The news of the tonsure of Salomonia, the leader’s first wife, can serve as an indication of how carefully one must treat the legends of the chronicle of that time. book Vasily Ioanovich, preserved in one L. According to this news, Salomonia herself wanted to take a haircut, and led. book did not agree; in another story, also, judging by the solemn, official tone, we read that Grand Duke, seeing the birds in pairs, he thought about Salomonia’s infertility and, after consulting with the boyars, divorced her. Meanwhile, from Herberstein’s narrative we know that the divorce was forced. Of the L. that have come down to us, not all, however, represent the types of official L.: in many, there is occasionally a mixture of official narrative with private notes. Such a mixture - according to the fair remark of G.F. Karpov - is found in the story about the campaign led. book John Vasilyevich on the Ugra, connected with the famous letter of Vasian. Becoming more and more official, L. finally finally moved into rank books (see); the same facts were entered into the chronicle, only with the omission of small details; stories about the campaigns of the 16th century. taken from grade books; only news of miracles, signs, etc. were added, documents, speeches, and letters were inserted. There were private rank books in which high-born people noted the service of their ancestors for the purposes of localism; such L. also appeared, an example of which we have in L. Normantsky. The number of departments has also increased. tales that turn into private notes. Another method of transmission is to supplement the chronographs with Russian events and local L. This is, for example, the legend of the book. Kavtyrev-Rostovsky, placed in a chronograph; in several chronographs we find additional articles written by supporters of different parties. Thus, in one of the chronographs of the Rumyantsev Museum there are voices dissatisfied with Patriarch Filaret. In L. Novgorod and Pskov there are curious expressions of displeasure with Moscow. From the first years of Peter the Great there is an interesting protest against his innovations under the title “L. G.". Already in the 16th century. attempts to pragmatize appear: this includes the sedate book and partly Nikon’s L. Next to the general L., local ones were kept: Arkhangelsk, Dvinsk, Vologda, Ustyug, Nizhny Novgorod, etc., especially monastic ones, in which local news was entered, in brief . Among these L., Siberian ones stand out especially. The beginning of the Siberian chronicle is attributed to Cyprian, Metropolitan of Tobolsk (St. Philaret, “Review of Russian spiritual lit.”). Several Siberian L. have come down to us, more or less deviating from one another: Strogonovskaya, Esipovskaya, Remezovskaya. The question of the degree of their reliability and their mutual relations still cannot be considered resolved (Soloviev and Nebolsin look at the Strogonovskaya L. differently and therefore define the significance of the Strogonovs in the conquest of Siberia differently). An important place in Russian chronicles is occupied by the so-called Lithuanian (rather Belarusian) chronicles, existing in two editions: a short one, starting with the death of Gediminas or, rather, Olgerd and ending with the city and a detailed one, from fabulous times to the city. Source of L. brief - legends contemporaries. So, on the occasion of Skirgaila’s death, the author speaks for himself: “I don’t know that I was so small then.” Kyiv and Smolensk can be considered the place where news was recorded; There is no noticeable bias in their presentation. The detailed L. (the so-called L. Bykhovtsa) presents at the beginning a number of fabulous tales, then repeats the short L. and, finally, concludes with memoirs of the early 16th century. Its text contains many tendentious stories about various noble Lithuanian families. Little Russian (actually Cossack) L. date back to the 17th and 18th centuries. V. B. Antonovich explains their late appearance by the fact that these are rather private notes or sometimes even attempts at pragmatic history, and not what we now mean by the name L. Kozatsky L., according to the same scientist, have in their content, mainly, the affairs of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and his contemporaries. Of the books, the most remarkable are: Lvov, begun in the middle of the 16th century, brought to the city and setting out the events of Chervonnaya Rus; L. of a witness (from according to), according to the conclusion of Ave. Antonovich, is the first Cossack L., distinguished by the completeness and vividness of the story, as well as authenticity; extensive L. Samuel Wieliczka, who, serving in the military chancellery, could know a lot; Although his work is arranged by year, it partly has the appearance of a scholarly work; Its disadvantage is considered to be the lack of criticism and florid presentation. The chronicle of the Gadyach colonel Grabyanka begins in the city and is brought to the city; It is preceded by a study about the Cossacks, whom the author derives from the Khazars. The sources were partly L., and partly, it is assumed, foreigners. In addition to these detailed compilations, there are many short, mostly local L. (Chernigov, etc.); There are attempts at pragmatic history (eg. “History of the Russians”) and there are all-Russian compilations: L. Gustynskaya, based on Ipatskaya and continued until the 16th century, Safonovich’s “Chronicle”, “Synopsis”. All this literature ends with the “History of the Russians,” the author of which is known only by speculation. This work more clearly expressed the views of the Little Russian intelligentsia of the 18th century than others. and contains very dubious stories.
Literature
From the chronicles the “Biblical” was published. Russian source." (I, 1767, Königsberg or Radzivilov list): “Russian. L. according to Nikon's list" (St. Petersburg, 1762-1792), "Tsars. L." (SPb., 1772), “Dr. L." (St. Petersburg, 1774-1775, these two collections are variants of Nikonovskaya), “Tsars. book" (St. Petersburg, the same); “Russian. time." (SPb., ); “Russian L. according to the Sofia list” (St. Petersburg, ); “Russian. L. to Sunday list" (St. Petersburg, 1793-94); "L. containing Ross. ist. from 852 to 1598" (Arkhangelogorodskaya; M.,); "L. Novg." (Synodal Haratejnaya; M.,; another list. This L. is placed in the “Proceedings of ancient Russian vivliofiki”, II) “L. content Russian ist. from to 1534" (the so-called continuation of Nestorova L.; close to Nikon.; M.,); "L. Russian" (ed. by Lvov, close to Nikonovsk; St. Petersburg,), "Sofia Times" (, ed. P. M. Stroev); "Supraslskaya L." (M., ed. by Prince Obolensky; abbreviated Kiev and Novgorod); "Pskovskaya L." (M., ed. Pogodin). "Laurentian List" began publication. Moscow total history and ancient, but the printed sheets burned in a Moscow fire; in the city, on behalf of the same society, prof. Timkovsky published the beginning of this list; publication stopped following his death. From this year the publication of the “Complete collection” begins. Russian L.", in the first volume of which the Laurel is placed. and Tr., in II - Ipatskaya and Gustynskaya, in III - three Novgorod, in IV - the fourth Novgorod and Pskov, in V - Pskov and Sofia, in VI - Sofia, in VII and VIII - Resurrection, in IX and X - Nikonovskaya, in the XV - Tverskaya, in the XVI - the so-called. L. Abramki. In the city, the commission published the Ipatsky list and at the same time - a photolithographic publication of the initial L. according to this list; in the city the Laurentian list was published and a photolithographic edition of the initial chronicler based on this list was made; in the city a photolithographic image of Novg was published. synod. L. (Novg. 1), and then the publication of this list was published, as well as Novg. II and III. In time. General source." (IX) book. Obolensky published “L. Pereyaslavl of Suzdal"; to them in the city ed. in time." and separately “The New Chronicler” (similar to “Nick.” and the “Chronicle of Rebellions” published in the 18th century). In "Russian" ist. bibliot.", III, arch. The commission published a chronicle passage about the time of John Vas. Grozny under the name "Alexandro-Nevskaya L." A.I. Lebedev published in “Cht. General source." (, book 8), entitled “Moscow. L.”, a statement of events during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, following “Nick. L." Strogonovskaya Sibirskaya L. ed. Spaskim (St. Petersburg,), Strogonovskaya and Esipovskaya L., according to two lists - Nebolsin (“Otech. Zap.”); Remezovskaya (front in photolithographic photograph) published by the archaeographic commission of the village. cap. "Brief Siberian L." (SPb., ); “The Nizhny Novgorod Chronicler,” published earlier, was best published by A. S. Gatsisky (N. N., 1880); Dvinskaya L. published in “Dr. Russian wivl.” XVIII, republished by A. A. Titov (M.,); he also published “L. Velikoustyuzhskaya" (M., 1889); The Vologda Chronicler was published in Vologda. Lithuanian L. published: brief - by Danilovich, “Letop. Litwy" (V.,), reprinted in Russian letters in "Memoirs" by Russov (), and A. N. Popov ("Uch. zap. II department. Akd. Sciences"); detailed - Narbut (“Pomn. do dziejow Litew.”). "L. Samovidtsa” was published by Bodyansky (in “Reader General History”, year 2, book 1) and in Kyiv, in 1878, with research; D. Wieliczki published in Kyiv (1848-64); L. Grabyanki - in Kyiv,
monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, Petrograd, 1915-17. Founded by M. Gorky, it united writers and publicists of a socialist orientation who opposed the continuation of the war, nationalism, and chauvinism.
Excellent definition
CHRONICLES
in Rus' were carried out from the 11th to the 18th centuries. Until sep. XVI century, the time of Ivan the Terrible, they were the main type historical narrative, only from this time “giving way to another historiographical genre - chronographs. Chronicles were compiled in monasteries, at the courts of princes (and then kings), in the offices of metropolitans. Chroniclers were almost never private individuals, but carried out orders or orders from spiritual or secular rulers, reflected the interests certain groups of people. That is why L. often contradicted each other not only in assessments of events, but also in the actual factual basis, which creates significant difficulties for chronicle researchers and historians who, on the basis of L., recreate the actual course of events. In terms of their structure, Old Russian letters were collections of weather articles, i.e., reports about events that occurred in each year. Most often the chronicler limited himself to brief information about what happened, For example: “In the summer of 6751 (1143). Vsevolod married his son Svyatoslav to Vasilkovna, Prince of Polotsk. The same winter, Izyaslav went to his army (uncle - Ya. L.) Gyurgy and, not having settled with him, went to his brother Smolinsk, and from there he went to his other brother Svyatopolk Novugorod, there and winter.” But in a number of cases the chronicler resorted to literary form presentation, creating a plot narrative about the most significant events national history. It is from L. that we know in detail about the campaign, capture and escape from captivity of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich, about the tragedy of the Battle of Kalka, about the Battle of Kulikovo, the circumstances of the capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh, about the feudal war of the 15th century, the culminating episode of which was the capture and blinding of the great Prince Vasily II Vasilyevich, etc. Even in weather records, chroniclers often include addresses of princes, their dialogues, and widely use literary cliches in them: stable speech formulas, colorful epithets, rhetorical turns, etc. L. not only the main sources on political history Rus', but also the most extensive monuments of ancient Russian secular literature, and chronicle writing is one of its leading genres. Russian chronicle writing has a long history. At modern level knowledge has not yet been able to establish when they began to keep records of historical events, replacing the previous form of historical knowledge - oral stories, traditions and legends. According to the majority of scientists, followers of Acad. A. A. Shakhmatova, L. takes on a stable form and begins to be carried out systematically from the middle. XI century The oldest book that has come down to us is the Tale of Bygone Years. Already this chronicle of the beginning. XII century distinguished by the combination of actual weather records with monuments of other genres and even documents. The Tale of Bygone Years contains the texts of treaties with Byzantium, legends about the emergence Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, presentation sacred history in the form of a story by a “philosopher” who encouraged Prince Vladimir to adopt the Christian religion, etc. L. will retain such a syncretic character later in the future. Special interest represent the so-called chronicle stories - plot stories about the most significant events of Russian history. Several hundred lists of chronicles have been preserved to this day (some chronicles are known in several lists, others in only one), and scientists have identified at least several dozen chronicle collections. Strictly speaking, each book is a collection, since it combines in itself - in a revised, abbreviated or, on the contrary, expanded form - the previous book and records of events recent years or decades belonging to the chronicler himself. The consolidated nature of L. made possible the path of chronicle research that was discovered and developed by Academician. Shakhmatov. If two or more L. coincide with each other before a certain year, then it follows that either one was written off from the other (this is rare), or they had common source, reaching this year. Shakhmatov and his followers managed to identify a whole chain of chronicle vaults that preceded the surviving L. XIV-XVII centuries: vaults XIV, XV and more early centuries, up to the 11th century. Of course, the definition exact date and the place where the collections were compiled is hypothetical in nature, but these hypotheses, based on the texts that have actually reached us and the relationships between them, allow us to navigate the monuments included in the series that has been published for one and a half hundred years - “The Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles” (PSRL). Chronicle collection containing a statement ancient history Rus', is the Tale of Bygone Years. L. South Russian principalities XII-XIII centuries came to us as part of the Ipatievskaya L. (see Ipatievskaya Chronicle). Chronicles of Rostov the Great, Vladimir and Pereyaslavl of Suzdal late XII - early. XIII century best preserved as part of the Laurentian and Radzivilovskaya L. (see Laurentian Chronicle, Radzivilovskaya Chronicle), as well as the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal. The chronicle collection associated with Metropolitan Cyprian and brought up to 1408, reached the Trinity Leningrad, which burned in the Moscow fire of 1812. Its text was reconstructed by M. D. Priselkov (Trinity Chronicle: Reconstruction of the text - M.; Leningrad, 1950 ). Around 1412, a chronicle corpus was created in Tver, reflecting an expanded revision of the all-Russian chronicle corpus of the late 14th and early 14th centuries. XV century, close to the Trinity L. It was reflected in the Simeonovskaya L. (PSRL. - T. 18) and the Rogozh chronicler (PSRL. - T. 15. - Issue 1). Another source of the Rogozhsky chronicler was the Tver code of 1375, which was also reflected in the Tver collection of the 16th century. (PSRL.-T. 15). Of particular interest is the all-Russian, so-called Novgorod-Sophia codex, compiled, apparently, in the 30s. XV century (often defined as “the code of 1448”) and included expanded chronicle stories about the battle of Kalka, Batu’s invasion and stories about the struggle of the Tver princes with the Tatars that were absent in Trinity Leningrad, lengthy editions of stories about the Battle of Kulikovo, the story about the invasion of Tokhtamysh, “THE WORD ABOUT THE LIFE OF DMITRY DONSKY”, etc. This collection, compiled, apparently, at the metropolitan see during the feudal war in Moscow, united all-Russian chronicle with Novgorod. The code was published in Sofia I L. (PSRL.-T. 5; 2nd edition not completed: in 1925 only the first issue of this volume was published) and Novgorod IV L. (Vol. 4, issues 1 and 2; 2nd ed. not completed). The first monuments of the Moscow grand-ducal chronicle that have come down to us were formed no earlier than the middle. XV century The chronicle collection of 1472 was reflected in Vologda-Perm Leningrad (PSRL.-T. 26) and Nikanorovskaya Leningrad (PSRL.-T. 27). It was based on the Novgorod-Sophia codex, edited by the grand ducal chronicler (who excluded, in particular, the mention of Novgorod liberties). A more radical revision of the previous chronicle was carried out by the Grand Duke's compilers in the late 70s. XV century: The Novgorod-Sofia vault was connected with a vault close to the Trinity Leningrad (with censorship of the material from both sources), and with other monuments. The Grand Duke's Moscow chronicle of 1479, which reflected this revision, formed the basis of everything official chronicle late XV-XVI centuries It is preserved in a list from the 18th century that has not yet been published. (in the Hermitage collection in the Russian National Library), and its later edition, brought up to 1492, was published in the 25th volume of PSRL. The chronicle compilation, which formed the basis of the Moscow code of 1479, was reflected in the first part of the Ermolinskaya L. (PSRL.-T 23), named so by Shakhmatov due to the fact that it contains a selection of news about the activities of the architect V. D. Ermolin in 1462-1472. The second part of the book contains material independent of the grand-ducal chronicle and apparently goes back to the code compiled in the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The same code was reflected in the so-called Abbreviated Chronicles of the late 15th century. (PSRL.-T. 27). Rostov archbishop's code of the 80s. The 15th century was reflected in Typografskaya L. (PSRL.- T. 24). In Sophia II (PSRL.-T 6) and Lvov (PSRL.-T. 20) Leningrad, the code of 1518 was reflected, which in turn was based on a certain chronicle code of the 80s. XV century, compiled in unofficial church circles. At the end of the 20s. XVI century at the Moscow Metropolitan See, a chronicle was compiled covering the events of 1437-1520, named after its owner Joasaph (its text was published in 1967 by A. A. Zimin in a separate edition). The same years also included the compilation of the first edition of the largest of the Russian chronicles, the Nikon Chronicle (see Nikon Chronicle). Between 1542-1544 Another extensive chronicle was compiled - the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL - T. 7-8). In the 2nd half. 50s of the 16th century. the initial edition of Nikon's L. was combined with extracts from the Resurrection L. and the Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom (the chronicle outlining the events of 1533-1552, that is, the beginning of the great reign, and then the reign of Ivan the Terrible). Finally, in 1568-1576. under Ivan the Terrible, a multi-volume illustrated book was created - the so-called Facial Vault. These were the last all-Russian chronicle collections, which then gave way to another type of historiographical work - chronographs (see Russian Chronograph). Chronicles, conducted in the 17th-18th centuries, were not monuments of all-Russian, but rather local provincial chronicles. Publisher: Complete collection of Russian chronicles. - St. Petersburg; M, 1843; M., 1989.-T. 1-38; Novgorod first chronicle of the older and younger editions. - M.; L., 1950; Pskov Chronicles.-M, L., 1941-1955.-Iss. 1-2; Stories of Russian chronicles of the XII-XIV centuries / Translation and explanations by T. N. Mikhelson. - M., 1968; 2nd ed. - M., 1973; Stories of Russian chronicles of the XV-XVII centuries / Translation and explanations by T. N. Michelson - M. , 1976, Northern Russian chronicle code of 1472 / Preparation of text and comments by Ya S Lurie; Translation by V, V Kolesov // PLDR: Second half of the 15th century.-M., 1982.-P. 410-443, 638-655. Lit.: Sukhomlinov M.I. On the ancient Russian chronicle as a literary monument. - St. Petersburg, 1856; Shakhmatov A. A. Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries - M., Leningrad, 1938, Priselkov M. D. History of Russian chronicles of the XI-XV centuries - Leningrad, 1940; L i-khachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance. - M; L., 1947; Dmitrieva R.P. Bibliography of Russian chronicles. - M.; L., 1962; Nasonov A. N. History of Russian chronicles XI - early XVI II century. - M.. 1969, Tvorogov O. V. Plot narration in the chronicles of the XI-XIII centuries. // Origins of Russian fiction.-S. 31-66, Lurie Y. S.; I) To the study of the chronicle genre // TODRL.- 1972.- T. 27.- P. 76-93; 2) All-Russian chronicles XIV-XV centuries - L., 1976; 3) Two stories of Rus' in the 15th century. St. Petersburg, 1994; Koretsky V.I. History of Russian chronicles of the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. - M., 1986. For articles on individual chronicles, see: Dictionary of Bookmakers. - Issue. 1.-S. 234-251; Vol. 2, part 2.-S. 17-18, 20-69. See also: Novgorod Chronicles, Pskov Chronicles, Ipatiev Chronicle, Laurentian Chronicle, Nikon Chronicle, Radzivilov Chronicle, Facial Vault, Tale of Bygone Years. Y. S. Lurie
What is Chronicle? Meaning and interpretation of the word letopis, definition of the term
1) Chronicle- - description of historical events in chronological order; the same as “chronicle” in the West. Russian chronicles contain the main material for the history of ancient Rus'; They also contain information about the Cossack ancestors, who are called there Kasagas, Kazyagas, Black Klobuks, Cherkassy, Brodniks and other names.
2) Chronicle- - a special type of historical narrative by year (year). Russian chronicles arose in the 11th century. and continued until the 17th century. Having reached significant development in the 11th-12th centuries, chronicle writing then fell into decline due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In many chronicle centers it fades away completely, in others it persists, but has a narrow, local character. The revival of chronicle writing began only after the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Old Russian chronicles came to us as part of later (mainly XIV-XV centuries) chronicle collections. The largest chronicle collection Old Russian state is "The Tale of Bygone Years" (written in beginning of XII V.).
3) Chronicle- - a historical work in which the narrative was told year by year. The story about the events of each year in the chronicles usually began with the words: “In the summer...”. Chronicles existed back in the 10th century, but the early chronicles have reached us only in the form of later lists, included in the chronicles of a later time (the so-called chronicle code). The most famous of the early chronicles is the “Tale of Bygone Years” (circa 1113). In the 17th century Chronicle writings took on a different form, and chronicle writing gradually ceased.
4) Chronicle- A chronicle is a collection of historical records that served as sources for the compilation of 3 and 4 books of Kings and 1 and 2 books. Chronicles, to which they refer. See, for example, 1 Chron. 29:29. Compare "Bible".
5) Chronicle- monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, Petrograd, 1915-17. Founded by M. Gorky, it united writers and publicists of a socialist orientation who opposed the continuation of the war, nationalism, and chauvinism.
Chronicle
Description of historical events in chronological order; the same as “chronicle” in the West. Russian chronicles contain the main material for the history of ancient Rus'; They also contain information about the Cossack ancestors, who are called there Kasagas, Kazyagas, Black Klobuks, Cherkassy, Brodniks and other names.
Special view historical narrative by year (year). Russian chronicles arose in the 11th century. and continued until the 17th century. Having reached significant development in the 11th-12th centuries, chronicle writing then fell into decline due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In many chronicle centers it fades away completely, in others it persists, but has a narrow, local character. The revival of chronicle writing began only after the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Old Russian chronicles have reached us as part of later (mainly XIV-XV centuries) chronicle collections. The largest chronicle collection of the Old Russian state is the “Tale of Bygone Years” (written at the beginning of the 12th century).
- a historical work in which the narrative was told year by year. The story about the events of each year in the chronicles usually began with the words: “In the summer...”. Chronicles existed back in the 10th century, but the early chronicles have reached us only in the form of later lists, included in the chronicles of a later time (the so-called chronicle code). The most famous of the early chronicles is the “Tale of Bygone Years” (circa 1113). In the 17th century Chronicle writings took on a different form, and chronicle writing gradually ceased.
The chronicle is the collection of historical records that served as sources for the compilation of 3 and 4 books of Kings and 1 and 2 books. Chronicles, to which they refer. See, for example, 1 Chron. 29:29. Compare "Bible".
monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, Petrograd, 1915-17. Founded by M. Gorky, it united writers and publicists of a socialist orientation who opposed the continuation of the war, nationalism, and chauvinism.
You may be interested to know the lexical, literal or figurative meaning of these words:
Yaroslavl - city center Yaroslavl region(since 1936), on...
Yasak - (Turkic), natural tax from the peoples of the Volga region (in 15...
The chronicle is a genre of ancient Russian literature, a form of historical writings in which events are combined into annual, or “weather,” articles (they are also called weather records). In this respect, the chronicle differs fundamentally from those known in Ancient Rus' Byzantine chronicles, in which events were distributed not by years, but by the reigns of the emperors. Chroniclers were usually monks and princely or royal officials. Chronicle writing was carried out at monasteries, at the courts of princes, kings and clergy of the highest rank - bishops and metropolitans. Chronicles are divided by researchers into all-Russian and local. The earliest ones that have survived to this day date back to the end of the 13th and 14th centuries. But chronicle writing was carried out in Rus' before. The hypothesis of A.A. Shakhmatov received the greatest recognition, according to which the Ancient Kiev chronicle was compiled around 1037. In 1110-13, the first edition (version) of “The Tale of Bygone Years” was completed - a lengthy chronicle that included numerous information on the history of Rus': about Russian wars with Byzantine Empire, about the calling of the Scandinavians Rurik, Truvor and Sineus to reign in Rus', about the history of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, about princely crimes. The probable author of this chronicle is the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. In 1116, the monk Sylvester and in 1117-18 an unknown scribe from the entourage of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, the text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” was revised. This is how the second and third editions of The Tale of Bygone Years arose; the second edition came to us as part of the Laurentian edition (1377), and the third - Ipatiev Chronicle(15th century). IN North-Eastern Rus' Tver became one of the centers of chronicle writing after the Mongol-Tatar invasion, where in 1305 the first Tver chronicle collection was compiled at the court of Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich. At the beginning of the 15th century, the center of chronicle writing moved to Moscow, where in 1408, on the initiative of Metropolitan Cyprian, the first Moscow chronicle collection was created. He had an all-Russian character. Following him, all-Russian Moscow codes of 1448, 1472 and 1479 were created. The final stage in the history of the grand ducal and royal chronicles was the illustrated edition Nikon Chronicle- Front (i.e. illustrated) chronicle collection. Work on it was carried out in the 1560s or in the second half of 1570 - early 1580s. Apparently, the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible personally participated in this work.
In the 17th century, chronicle writing gradually declined: they begin to include frankly unreliable material (about the relationship between Oleg the Prophet and Kiya, about the close relationship between Oleg and Yuri Dolgoruky, about the circumstances of the founding of Moscow by Yuri Dolgoruky). New, non-chronicle forms of historical writings are emerging. Nevertheless, at the patriarchal court, chronicles were kept until the very end of the century, and in some areas the chronicles were preserved even in the 18th century. Almost all Russian chronicles are vaults - a combination of several chronicle texts or news from other sources of an earlier time. Chronicle texts have a beginning, but their ending is usually conditional and coincides with some significant events: the victory of the Russian prince over his enemies or his accession to reign, the construction of cathedrals and city fortifications. For the chronicle, the principle of analogy is important, the echo between the events of the past and the present: the events of the present are thought of as an “echo” of the events and deeds of the past, primarily those described in the Bible. The chronicler presents the murder of Boris and Gleb by Svyatopolk as a repetition and renewal of the first murder committed by Cain; Vladimir Svyatoslavich - the baptist of Rus' - is compared with Saint Constantine the Great, who made Christianity the official religion in the Roman Empire. The chronicle is alien to the unity of style; it is an “open” genre. The simplest element in a chronicle text is a brief weather record, which only reports an event, but does not describe it. It also includes legal documents, legends, biographies of saints, princely obituaries, stories of battles (military tales), and descriptions of any significant events. Thus, the Second Sofia and Lvov Chronicles included “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin (1468-75). A significant part of the text in the chronicle is occupied by narratives of battles, written in the so-called military style (see), and princely obituaries.
The traditions of the chronicle can be traced in Russian historical works 18th and early 19th centuries; orientation towards the chronicle style is present in the “History of the Russian State” (1816-29) by N.M. Karamzin. For parody purposes, the form of the Chronicle Tradition was used by A.S. Pushkin (“The History of the Village of Goryukhin,” 1830) and M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The History of a City,” 1869-70). The similarity with the concept of history inherent in chroniclers is characteristic of the historical views of Leo Tolstoy, the author of the novel “War and Peace” (1863-69). Since 1841, the series “Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles” has been published. In 1999, a new edition of the “Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles” was started; by mid-2000, seven volumes had been published (this publication included the previously unpublished “ Full meeting Russian chronicles" Novgorod first chronicle of the older and younger editions).