A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?
The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.
Agreed and non-agreed definition
An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:
A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.
(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)
Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.
The agreed definitions are expressed:
1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;
2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;
3) pronouns: my book, this boy;
4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.
But the definition may not be consistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:
management
adjoining
Inconsistent definition based on control:
Mom's book was on the nightstand.
Wed: mom's book - mom's book
(mom’s book is an agreed upon definition, type of connection: coordination, and mom’s book is inconsistent, type of connection: management)
Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:
I want to buy her a more expensive gift.
Wed: a more expensive gift - an expensive gift
(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is coordination)
Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.
A five-story shopping center was built opposite.
Wed: center with five floors - five-story center
(a center with five floors is an uncoordinated definition, the type of communication is management, and a five-story center is an agreed definition, the type of communication is coordination)
A girl with blue hair entered the room.
(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)
Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:
1) noun:
The bus stop has been moved.
(bus - noun)
2) adverb:
Grandma cooked the meat in French.
(in French - adverb)
3) verb in an indefinite form:
She had a knack for listening.
(listen is an infinitive verb)
4) comparative degree of an adjective:
He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.
(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)
5) pronoun:
Her story touched me.
(ee – possessive pronoun)
6) syntactically indivisible phrase
Application
A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.
Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:
I love my little sister.
A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.
A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:
I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.
(Sukhony is a consistent application, the words river and Sukhona are in the same case.)
My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.
(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases
Finding correspondence between a grammatical error and the sentence in which it was made is one of the most difficult tasks in the exam paper in the Russian language. Often in the works of school students they are found in the construction of sentences with inconsistent application.
Application in Russian grammar
The application is perhaps the most mysterious secondary member of the sentence, which is extremely difficult to distinguish from an inconsistent definition or predicate. So, an application is a member of a sentence, which in it performs the syntactic function of definition, but is expressed by a noun or a word that has turned into a noun. Being essentially a definition, the appendix agrees with the main word in case and number. For example: " Brother Andrey entered the room." Brother is an application that agrees with the word being defined in number and case. Or " The naughty cat made a mess in the room".
Application Boundaries
In Russian grammar, nouns can be applications (Mountain- giant towered above the sea), phrases (Guest , relative of neighbors, spoke clearly and thoughtfully), phrases with the conjunction How(To Father, as an elderly person, it was hard to climb the stairs), phrases with words by name, rank, surname, nickname, birth(Military , with the rank of colonel, helped women and children), names in quotation marks ( Magazine "Electron" the family has been prescribing for several years).
The last two examples illustrate cases of using an inconsistent application, where the form of the word being defined and the form of the application coincide only in the nominative and accusative cases. A violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application is a typical mistake made by students.
The question of defining applications as a member of a sentence
In Russian linguistics there is no consensus on the boundaries of application. This is a controversial part of the sentence.
The application is usually considered in a broad sense and in a narrow sense. So, in the narrow sense of the word, application is a noun definition. There is a category of scientists who classify as applications any adjective that complements a noun. Others believe that the application is a clarifying construction for the main members of the sentence. There is an opinion that the application is an additional clause. Such dissimilar points of view are explained by different criteria - semantic and grammatical - taken as a basis.
Application and definition
When performing a syntactic application, it can be emphasized with a wavy line, as any is similar to an application: it is expressed by a noun in the indirect case. The difference between an application and a definition is that an application, characterizing an object, gives it a different name. The definition has a descriptive meaning. Eg:
- Woman, originally from Moscow, lived opposite.
- Woman with brown eyes was walking down the street.
In the first sentence, the application is highlighted, which gave another, additional name to the subject: originally from Moscow Means Muscovite. In the second sentence there is an inconsistent definition with brown eyes, that is brown-eyed, which describes the subject. A violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application or inconsistent definition can be both grammatical and punctuation. It must be remembered that inconsistent applications that are names of something are enclosed in quotation marks: play "At the bottom", costume "Nike" coffee "Arbat".
Violations in sentence construction: inconsistent application
Inconsistent application is the name in most cases.
In this case, an application is considered inconsistent if it is in the indirect case in the presence of a generic word. For example, novel "The Path": Here "Path"- an agreed application, since it is in the same number and case as the generic word - in the singular, nominative case. If you use this phrase in the application, the application becomes inconsistent: in the novel "The Path", in the novel "The Path", where the application does not change. Case agreement between the generic word and the application is a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application.
Inconsistent application in examination paper
The final work on the Russian language includes a task - to find a sentence with an incorrect use of the application. This is a matching task, where you need to find various grammatical errors in a list of sentences, including a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. The theory for this task, given in the tables below, helps to understand the material.
Examples will help you understand the essence of the task.
In accordance with the norms of the Russian language, changes in the main word together with the application in indirect cases are violations in the construction of the sentence. An inconsistent application, examples of use of which are given in the table, can change by case if the main word is missing in the sentence.
Punctuation when applying
Applications in the offer may or may not be separated. There are rules governing the segregation of applications.
| Rule | Example |
| The application is isolated if it is common and refers to a common noun or personal pronoun. | His friend, a former military man, was in the car. An orphan since childhood, she did not receive a good education. |
| An application is isolated if it is common, refers to a proper name and appears after it. | Nikitin, his brother’s colleague, did not show up at the unit. |
| An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if words can be substituted for it namely, more precisely, that is. | Anna Ivanovna’s sister, (namely) Lidia Ivanovna, was resting in a sanatorium. |
| The application introduced by the union is isolated How. | As a superstitious person, he did not tell anyone about the new business. |
There are cases of isolating common applications using a dash. The dash is used to make the application more meaningful. Eg, The only joy in life was him - her cat. Uncommon single applications are most often separated from the defined word by a hyphen: old general, friend-palm reader, Siberian employee.
The application, like the definition, can be isolated.
In the creative works of pupils and students, there are applications and violations in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. Exercises that students can perform to prepare for the exam are given below the table.
| Rule | Example |
| Inconsistent applications after words by name, by nickname, by birth, by surname, by nickname, are isolated. | That student, named Mikhail, was a trickster and a magician. The owner, nicknamed Bugai, was feared by his pets. |
| If at the words by name, by nickname, by birth, by surname, by nickname there is no enumerative intonation, then the application may not be isolated. | The whole family loved the parrot named Tosha. |
| An inconsistent application denoting the name of works, establishments, enterprises, companies, etc., is enclosed in quotation marks. | There were no free tables in the Anchor restaurant. There are many positive reviews about the film "On the Road". |
Preparation exercises
- Correct sentence: The Sarenneft company held a board of directors meeting.
- Place punctuation marks: The leader of the first detachment, nicknamed the Leader, won the relay race.
In exam papers in the Russian language, a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application is like a trap for inattentive graduates.
In the options from which you need to choose a sentence with an incorrect use of the application, there is also a correct one. For example, Izvestia published an article about agriculture. This is a well-formed sentence. And the proposal " Izvestia published an article about agriculture."- incorrectly composed.
Difficult cases of finding an application
The appendix is still a controversial member of the sentence that causes controversy among linguists. A violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application is not the only mistake that students can make. The application can be confused with clarifying constructions or with the predicate. For example, There was no one in the apartment (it was always open). There is no application in this sentence, but there is in the sentence " My sister is my best friend" The application is also missing. Here the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
An application is an ambiguous member of a sentence, when using which it is necessary to take into account the norms and rules for constructing sentences with applications.
The topic of this lesson is “Applications”, during which the essence of the concept, its properties, and use in the Russian language are revealed. Being a special type of definition, applications can also be consistent or inconsistent. In addition, you will become familiar with how applications are emphasized in writing.
Topic: Secondary members of a sentence
2. Complete academic reference book edited by Lopatin ().
1. Highlight the words and applications to be defined, add a hyphen where necessary:
Mount Kazbek, Lake Baikal, voivode frost, design engineer, Anika warrior, self-taught artist, old watchman, Ivanushka the Fool, boletus mushroom, portrait artist, rhinoceros beetle, hermit crab, toolmaker, woman doctor, therapist, Moscow River, Mother Rus' , poor peasant, poor peasant, floss threads, skilled cook, skilled cook, hero artilleryman, little orphan, old father, drunkard watchman, drunkard watchman, construction engineer, Moscow city, Moscow city, Dumas son, gentleman officer, bomber plane, bird chaffinch, comrade general, general Ivanov, rooster fighter, newspaper “Teacher”, Lake Ritsa, village of Krutovka, box houses.
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