Predicate pronoun examples. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb? Types of predicates: simple and compound

In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.

As you know, the predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

Main types of predicates:

1) simple verb;

2) compound verb;

3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).

Two principles for identifying types of predicates

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

1) by composition;

2) by their morphological nature.

In the first case, types such as simple and compound are distinguished. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed as an adjective, noun and adverb. These divisions intersect. Thus, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.

Simple verb predicate

The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated ones (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)

Compound nominal predicate

As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, such sentences contain a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: “He is young. He is worried about his work and worries.”

Such predicates always have two components. The first is a copula that expresses predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the connecting part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.

Copula in a compound nominal predicate

The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the copula is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is an indication of tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.

In the first sentence, the connective “to be” is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or attribute, as well as the category of aspect that any of them possesses.

Notable and semi-nominal connectives

Other examples present connectives of a different type - denominative and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a feature (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.

The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.

Significant connectives are verbs with a definite, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in a particular state). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in the etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be given as examples:

1. He came hungry (hungry).

2. The boys remained tomboys.

Connection "to be"

The connective “to be,” being abstract, does not have a present tense form in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:

1. It's in vain.

2. The evening is wonderful.

3. The road is good.

The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:

1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).

2. Have (my sister had a doll).

Connections "essence" and "is"

The words “essence” and “is,” which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb “to be,” are considered in modern language to be service words, namely, particles.

The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:

1. The street will (was) crowded.

2. The street would be crowded.

3. The street is crowded.

Compound verb predicate

We looked at such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verbal predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).

Rules for determining a compound verbal predicate

A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any compound with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.

The following examples can be given. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, the infinitive is usually called subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.

2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the nature of the semantic relationship between the infinitive and the conjugated verbal form. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has this meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I came to chat, I came running to find out, I was sent to find out. The infinitive of the goal (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is a minor member. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase verbs) should be considered compound predicates.

The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) terms, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).

We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. This is just a brief overview of this topic; more detailed information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.

In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.

As you know, the grammatical basis of the entire sentence is made up of the predicate and subject - the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

A simple verbal predicate, the definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated forms of the verb (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can be represented by a phraseological phrase, as well as a conjugated form of the verb + a modal particle (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)

The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the connective is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is to indicate tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.

Other examples present connectives of a different type—nominal and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a feature (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.

The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be given as examples:

The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:

1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).

The words “essence” and “is,” which go back to the third-person present tense forms of the verb “to be,” are considered in modern language to be service words, namely, particles.

The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal two-part sentence) is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. The following examples illustrate this:

A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any combination with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Simple verb predicate. Compound verbal predicate - SGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

A gloomy morning is coming.
It was a gloomy morning.
Sergei will enter drama school.
He would gladly go to the village.
Write down your homework.

3. Interjective verb forms (truncated forms of a verb like bam, grab, jump)

4. Phraseological phrase with the main word - a verb in conjugated form

The team won the championship.
He's chasing the quitter again.

5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)

Let me go with you.
Let him go with his father.
May you have sweet dreams.
He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped.
The room seemed to smell of smoke.
He seemed petrified with fright.
He almost died of grief.
He just did somersaults, trying to make the audience laugh.
He was almost crazy with joy.

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He started singing(PGS). – He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). – He was sick for two months(SIS).

A compound verb predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part (infinitive form of the verb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.

The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing– compound verb predicate ( I want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested– simple verbal predicate, sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).

For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;

He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He is the first.

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases – the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

1. The short form of an adjective and especially a participle is mistaken for a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. To avoid mistakes, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and a short adjective or participle will have the connective was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(PGS). – He was sick ;
He is sick(SIS). – He was ill ;
The city is taken(SIS). – The city was taken .

2. A short neuter adjective (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb ending in -o. To avoid mistakes, pay attention to the form of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; You can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). – The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a secondary member - a definition. In order not to make a mistake, pay attention to which word starts the question which? to this name.

If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is a definition.

Wed: She had red(which?) dress ; red- definition.

If the question Which? is placed from a verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.

Wed: Her dress was(which?) red ; red– the nominal part of the predicate.

If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:

the attribute usually comes before the subject noun.

the nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject noun.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

However, in Russian the predicate can also precede the subject.

the demonstrative particle this stands or can be placed before the predicate:

Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother – This is the subject expressed by the demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case form; The predicate has two main case forms - nominative and instrumental cases. If you put the connective be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or the copula appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the instrumental form, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Indicate the type of predicate.
Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Fine Fine expressed by an adverb; grammatical connective be

Came first– compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by an ordinal number in the nominative case; significant copula came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

Medium height– compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical connective be– in zero form; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

> Read also other topics Chapter 1 “The grammatical basis of a sentence”:

> Go to the table of contents of section 1 “Simple sentence” of the book “Russian language course. Syntax and punctuation"

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or related phrase. A compound verbal predicate includes two parts: an infinitive and a verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade and consists of two parts: the connective and the nominal part.

The copula expresses modality and tense category. The following verbs can most often act as connectives:

The verb to be in all tense categories. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense form turns into a zero copula;
verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
verbs with the categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, get there, swim, fly away, come, etc.;

Katerina is excited and nervous due to unforeseen circumstances that arose on her way home. I will be first just to be better than you. If you become a good boy, maybe I'll take you to the circus with me.
It was getting cool outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel with everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of days gone by.
I wish I could leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

A compound nominal predicate has several types of ligaments, noticeably different from each other:

The connective is abstract, represented by the verb to be. This verb has a single function - the expression of grammatical meaning, that is, the categories of tense, mood, gender, number. The main thing that should not be forgotten when defining a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective is that in the form of the present tense this connective is not materially expressed, but is only implied. For example, in a sentence: she is a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition. The main members are highlighted in the sentence: she is the subject, expressed by a pronoun, doctor is a compound nominal predicate, with the zero copula omitted. The copula in the form of the present tense in a compound nominal predicate is omitted because in Russian, unlike English, it is not customary to say this: she is a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition. It's cacophonous.

In the past and future forms, the verb to be expresses clearly. The same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition, and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition. In the sentences, compound nominal predicates with the abstract connective be are highlighted. A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood; when used, a particle would be added to the abstract connective be. Suggestion: She would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

The connection is semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs appear, appear, appear, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-nominal connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
Significant connection, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, talk, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Sentences: The geese walked around in the yard, as if they were the owners of the entire farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

noun in the nominative or instrumental case;
adjective in comparative, positive degree;
adjective in short form;
participle;
adverb;
pronoun.

Summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be back later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental case).
Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This year's summer was unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in the positive degree).
This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extremely rich. Honey collected from your own apiary is so sweet. (adjective in short form).
All mistakes made when writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
I suddenly felt scared. It was quite strange (adverb).

She is a teacher with higher education.
Yura will become a driver after completing his training.
The dress that Nina's mother bought for graduation was polka dot.
The defendant's actions were unfounded.
The video tutorial was weak, so it was of no use.
Masha seemed two heads taller than her classmates, so she looked overgrown.
Linar is the strongest in the pull-up class, so there is no point in fighting him.
There was a lot of noise in the class, so the teacher seemed tired.
No matter how bitter it was, I had to confirm that this briefcase was mine.
Katerina was sixth in line for bread.
She is the worst student in the class.

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its peculiarity is the presence of two parts: connectives and nominal parts. The problem of modern school education is that sometimes students do not have time in class to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates, as a result of which it is impossible to find and define one of the main members of a sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

education.guru

Predicate(in syntax) - the main member of a sentence associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does an object (or person) do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?”, “what is it?”, “ who is he?" etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb agreed with the subject, but often the predicate is expressed by other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, indivisible phrases).

When parsing a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two features.

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

Wind sways grass
Sun disappeared behind the cloud.
I I'll go in the forest.
He I would go in town.
You to me write letter immediately!
In the shadows for a long time was heard whisper.

A compound predicate can be verbal or nominal. It consists of two parts: a connective and a verbal or nominal part.

A compound verbal predicate consists of a copular part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe unable).

He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
I was unable to think about it.

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are also possible.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

PREDICATE- PREDICATE, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of a sentence, containing a statement, making the expression of a thought complete (gram.). A simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence plant works, the word works is the predicate. 2 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

predicate- predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012 ... Dictionary of synonyms

PREDICATE- (predicate) one of the main members of a sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate correlates with the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREDICATE- PREDICATE, wow, cf. In grammar: the main member of a sentence, denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis of a simple sentence. | adj. predicate, oh, oh. Explanatory Dictionary... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of a judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. the representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting the active or passive attribute of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verb predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence in which what is being communicated is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the predicate (predicate ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

predicate- the main member of the sentence, meaning an event. Expressed by a verb (simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, adjective, adverb (compound nominal predicate); Wed: He is sad/He is sad/It was a good year. Compound verb... ... Literary encyclopedia

predicate- Wow; Wed Linguistic One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and p. Simple, complex c. Verb p. ? Predicate, oh, oh. With oh meaning. Usage of the word... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting an action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is communicated about the reality named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or unreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed in one word And ambiguous .

PGS- one word :

1) verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / is reading / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; There is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And bang the hat right on the floor. As soon as the music starts, the boy immediately starts dancing.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical value:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I walk and walk, but it’s still a long way to the forest.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle like this to indicate an intense or fully accomplished action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or verbs of the same root to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He doesn’t sleep himself and doesn’t let others sleep.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he just say / know and sings to himself.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with the particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was getting ready to go to the cinema, but didn’t go.

7) design with an action intensity value:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, indivisible in meaning into an action and its material object; in most cases, this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: to take part, to come to one's senses, to become enraged, to sound the alarm, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, to have the habit, to have the honor, to have the right; express a desire, burn with desire, acquire a habit, consider oneself entitled, consider it necessary and so on.:

He took part in the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
preinfinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - names the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phasic meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, begin (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), cease (cease), stop (cease) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the given words, characteristic of a colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

Modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs be able, able, want, desire, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present time in the zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was willing/willing/able to wait.

The phraseological unit can be used both in the pre-infinitive part and in the infinitive position:

He is looking forward to participating in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to take part in the conference(= wants to participate).
He eager to take part at the conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of the GHS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to feel hungry.
I felt that I might soon begin to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: To be afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is atypical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which is found in compound nominal predicates. In addition, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not coming means offending.

The following predicates are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of an imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, occupying the position of complement in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked her, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to notice that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb, standing before the infinitive, has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (ligament) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part It happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of “to appear” and not “to be” or “to have”), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-nominal (semi-abstract): verbs appear (appear), happen, appear (seem), introduce yourself (introduce yourself), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), count, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant And semi-significantbunch when determining the type of predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

One-word noun phrase :

1) a noun in case form, often in the nominative case. / instrumental case.

For example: He is/was a teacher. The skirt was checkered.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any degree of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

Non-word expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase can have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is uninformative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be dropped from the sentence with almost no loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The connective part can also be expressed by phraseological units:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseological unit in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become an expert in this field.

Which includes a subject and (or) predicate. Their correct selection is the key to successful syntactic parsing. In this case, difficulties most often arise with finding the predicate. It can have different structures and ways of expression. Depending on this, the following types of predicates are distinguished: simple and compound.

What is a predicate?

In a sentence, the subject usually names an object (or has the meaning of objectivity). The predicate denotes the action, state, quality of the object named by the subject. You can ask him one of the questions: what does he do? what it is? what is he like?

This member of a sentence can be expressed in words of different parts of speech and contains lexical and grammatical (the relationship of the statement to reality) meaning. They can be combined in one component or require two or more components for expression. Accordingly, the composition of the predicate can be different: one or several interrelated words. Knowing these subtleties helps to correctly find the grammatical basis in a sentence.

Types of predicates: table

Syntax is the subject of study. In the Russian language, the following types of predicates are distinguished:

Simple verb predicate

It is this type of main member that usually comes to mind when asked what types of predicates you know. It is believed that it is quite easy to find, but in reality everything can be more difficult. Indeed, usually such a predicate is expressed by only one word - a verb in one of the forms of the mood: indicative ( I'll sing you a song), subjunctive or conditional ( He would read a poem, but his throat hurts), imperative ( Please tell me my favorite fairy tale). In this case, both lexical and grammatical meanings are contained in one word.

However, when working with this type of predicate, you need to remember several important points. First of all, about the fact that a verb in the form of the future complex tense is a simple verbal predicate ( A friend will meet you at the station), although it consists of two words. Ignorance of this fact is the most common reason for the erroneous determination of the grammatical basis and its type. When characterizing different types of predicates in the Russian language, you need to take into account the following little-known (or often forgotten) ways of expressing it.

Difficulties in determining a simple verbal predicate

Here are examples of sentences in which you can make a mistake when finding and characterizing the main members.

Two verbs used in the same form essentially mean one action: I'll go eat something.
The predicate, along with the main one, includes the verb TAKE in personal form: She took it and refused.
The same verb is used twice - in an indefinite and personal form with a negative particle between them: She doesn’t read herself...
The personal verb is repeated to reinforce what is being said ( I'm still moving forward...), sometimes with the particle SO (Yes, he sang, he sang like that).
The sentence contains a combination of a verb with the word WAS or KNOW (KNOW YOURSELF), which has the meaning of a particle: At first he thought...
A predicate is a phraseological unit: Finally he came to his senses.

Thus, when determining the type of predicate in a sentence, you need to be guided by the grammatical features of the verb as a part of speech and the above conditions.

Compound predicates

Very often, when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence, semantic constructions consisting of two or more words are identified. These are subjects expressed by an indivisible phrase, or compound predicates, in which there are two parts: the main one (contains the lexical meaning) and the auxiliary one (in addition to indicating grammatical features, it can sometimes introduce additional semantic shades). The latter are divided into verbal and nominal. To correctly locate and characterize them, it is necessary to know their structure.

Compound verb predicate

The lexical meaning is always expressed by an infinitive, and the grammatical meaning by an auxiliary verb (want, wish, be able, begin, complete, wish, love, etc.) in personal form or a short adjective (glad, obliged, ready, must, capable, intends). Here are these types of predicates with examples:

Soon the sun began to set.
The friend was obliged to warn about his departure.

When determining a compound verbal predicate, it is necessary to distinguish between the combination of the predicate and the object expressed by the infinitive: The guests asked the hostess - about what? - sing. In such a case, you can follow a hint: if the actions denoted by a verb in a personal and indefinite form are performed by one person (the subject), then this is a compound verbal predicate, if different, this is a simple verbal predicate and an object.

The infinitive can also have an adverbial meaning and will be a minor member in such a sentence. Example: He sat down - For what? - relax.

Thus, the presence of an infinitive in a sentence does not always indicate that a compound verbal predicate is used in it.

Compound nominal predicate

This is the type that causes the greatest difficulty in defining. In it, the nominal part contains the main lexical meaning, and the connective - the grammatical one.

The nominal part can be expressed:

A noun in the nominative or instrumental case.
An adjective in one of the forms (full, short, degree of comparison).
Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case.
Communion.
Pronoun (used alone or as part of a combination).
An adverb (more precisely, a word of a state category).
A complete phrase.

The nominal part can be represented by one word or a combination of them. Moreover, short adjectives and participles, as well as a simple comparative degree, can only be part of a nominal predicate in a sentence.

Human life is a constant struggle.
Everything around seemed magical.
Six and five are eleven.
The hat was pulled down onto his forehead.
The book is now yours.
By evening it became stuffy.
His face seemed darker than a cloud.

The verb BE in the personal form is often used as a connective, as well as the words SEEM, BECOME, CONSIDER, MAKE, etc., which complement the lexical meaning ( She's been a nurse for two years now.). Sometimes these types of predicates include as connectives verbs that denote activity, state, movement and express independent semantic meaning in other sentences: STAND, WORK, RUN, GO, etc. ( The girl had been standing like a statue for about ten minutes now.).

Using this knowledge will help you correctly parse any sentence, and the question of what types of predicates you know will no longer cause difficulties.

Among predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicates. In this article we will talk about the latter.

Features of a compound nominal predicate

As the name suggests, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them plays a primarily or even exclusively grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is not difficult to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one whose name contains the word “name”: a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.

Ways of expressing grammatical parts

The grammatical part of a compound nominal predicate is the linking verb “to be.” The same role can be played by some other verbs, “semi-links”: seem, become, etc.

The verb “to be” is in the required grammatical form. For example, He it will be fun, He was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". The zero copula is used. In Romano-Germanic languages, the copula is preserved. Compare: He's cheerful. – He is merry (English)

The verb “to be” can be not only a connective, but also an independent simple verbal predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them; it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the connective “to be” is not used in the present tense, but the verb, naturally, remains in the predicate position. Compare:

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by different parts of speech, and not only by names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.

*Method of expressing the noun phrase*	*Example*
Noun	Moscow is capital of Russia.
Adjective	He's funny. He cheerful.
Numeral	My favorite number is seven.
Participle	He was appointed headman.
Pronoun	The topic was different.
	The dress fits her.
Infinitive	My dream is to see the sea.
Phraseologism	He is some kind of fish and meat.
Syntactically indivisible combinations	young man was tall.

Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn away from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it cannot be said that “the young man was tall” - this is meaningless.

Please note that the same word can perform different functions in different sentences. For example, the word "funny" in our example the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.