I will solve the Unified State Exam Russian task 20. What you need to know when completing this task

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Option 1. Deletion Option 2. Substitution Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. In the area of Jupiter's south pole, an astronomer noticed a dark spot and initially mistook it for an unusual weather phenomenon, because storms often rage on this planet. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language. At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

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Type of error Examples Use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it We were shocked by the excellent performance of the actors. The idea develops throughout the entire text. Non-distinction of shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix (tested in task 5) My attitude to this problem has not changed. Effective measures were taken. Non-distinction of synonymous words In the final sentence, the author uses gradation. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people into a slightly different direction. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units Astafiev continually resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. Unjustified use of colloquial words Such people always manage to bully others. Violation of lexical compatibility The author increases the impression. The author uses artistic features (instead of a medium). The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm The author conveys the beauty of the landscape to us with the help of artistic techniques. A young man, very beautiful. The use of cognate words in a close context (tautology) This story tells about real events. Unjustified repetition of a word The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not even understand the full depth of what he has done. Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures When the writer came to the editorial office, he was received by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

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Let's complete test task 20-1. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. He was afraid that Ostap would open the chair himself and, taking valuable treasures, leave, leaving him to the mercy of fate. valuable

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20-2. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. A young girl appeared on stage, dressed in a beautiful, silvery white dress. She walked with a light tread, turned around, smiled into the hall and walked some more. young

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20-3. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. The telephone alarmed him every minute and rang with the persistence of a tram car making its way through the goods market. tram

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20-4. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. The poem “Testament” by M. Yu. Lermontov was written in 1840 and in form represents the confession of the hero before his death. his

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20-5. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. Two boys and three girls were on their way to the city memorial, where all the military units and ships that defended the city in the last war were listed on red granite slabs. memorable

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20-6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. I know one thing for sure: I will never sit down to write my autobiography, even if I live to be a hundred years old. You have to be too in love with yourself to write about yourself without shame. mine

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20-7. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. On the train, the prince first meets Parfen Rogozhin, the son of a wealthy merchant, who inherited a huge fortune after his death. huge

Correctly completed task No. 6 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language brings the graduate one primary point. It contains sentences with a lexical error; you need to delete the wrong word or edit the sentence. To avoid mistakes, you need to repeat the theory below.

Theory for task No. 6 of the Unified State Exam in Russian

Lexical norms (or norms of word usage)- these are norms that determine the correctness of choosing a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.

Type of lexical error	Explanation	Example
Violation of lexical compatibility of words	Words in speech and text must be combined in meaning and meaning. If this rule is violated, lexical inconsistency occurs.	Lean your back, suffer victory
Inaccurate use of phraseological units	Phraseologism is a lexically indivisible, stable phrase (hang your nose, sit in a galosh).	“Not worth an egg” instead of “Not worth a damn”; "lion's share" instead of "lion's share"; “plays a big role” instead of “plays a role” or “is of great importance”
Failure to distinguish shades of meaning of paronyms	Paronyms are words that sound similar, but do not have the same meaning (long and lasting, mountainous and mountainous, watery and watery, spectacular and effective).	The long day has left me tired.
Failure to distinguish shades of meaning of paronyms		The long day has left me tired.
Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasms	Pleonasms are phrases in which one of the two words is superfluous because its meaning coincides with the meaning of the adjacent word.	main point, vacancy, my autobiography, strict taboo
The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology)	repetition of the same root or identical words	organize an organization, ask a question, offer a proposal
Errors in using synonyms	Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning. Synonyms cannot always replace each other in speech, especially stylistically different words (friend - comrade - buddy, youth - youth, smart - smart, work hard, etc.)	She went to the doctor because her eyes (instead of her eyes) hurt. The lawyer sought to have his client cleared (instead of acquitted).
Incorrect use of antonyms and homonyms	Antonyms are words that are opposite in their lexical meaning to one part of speech (cold - hot, friend - enemy).	Due to the weakness of his position, it was difficult for him to defend himself (inappropriate use of the antonyms “strength” and “weakness”).
	Homonyms are words that are the same in form (in pronunciation, in writing), but different in meaning (mUka, flour).
		At the Russian Language Olympiad, I lost my glasses due to inattention (glasses are points or glasses are an optical device that protects the eyes).
Inappropriate use of outdated vocabulary, neologisms, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms, borrowed words, ambiguous words.	Historicisms are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts (chain mail, cocked hat, corvee, etc.).	Timely and high-quality weeding of beetroot contributes to a good harvest. (beets)
	Archaisms are words that are outdated for linguistic reasons and have fallen out of use because they have been replaced by synonyms (lanits - cheeks, eyes - eyes, actor - actor). Neologisms are new words that have not yet taken a place in the active vocabulary. Neologisms appear in the language together with the designated realities (harvester, astronaut, satellite).	He was presented as a sort of polyglot: he is a physicist, a mathematician, and a poet.
	Dialectism is a lexical unit, the use of which is limited to a certain territory.	He was in low health (meaning poor health).
	Borrowed words are words that came into a language from other languages.	Our athlete lagged behind her opponent in development. (chess term – game development)
	Polysemous words are words that have multiple meanings.

Algorithm for completing the task

We carefully read the task.
We carefully read the sentence: we are looking for paronyms, pleonasms, phraseological units, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, obsolete words, neologisms, ambiguous words.
We are looking for an error in the use of a lexical unit.
Write down the correct answer.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 6 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

The twentieth task of the demo version 2019

There was not a single flashy color in this landscape, not a single sharp feature in the relief, but its meager lakes, filled with dark and calm water, seemed to express the main essence of water more than all the seas and oceans.

Algorithm for completing the task:

The sentence does not contain paronyms, synonyms, antonyms or other lexical units. If the task asks you to exclude an extra word, then you need to look for pleonasms.
They expressed the main essence of water - this essence is the most important thing in any concept, therefore the word home– superfluous.
Answer: main

First version of the task

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

The companies involved in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident have made a number of decisions to prevent similar incidents in the future.

Algorithm for completing the task:

involved in the incident– those taking part in the incident – everything is correct; preventing such cases– taking some measures to prevent this from happening again – that’s all right.
Made a number of decisions– decisions cannot be made or completed; word done is used incorrectly, the word should be used instead accepted.

Answer: accepted.

Second version of the task

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

Algorithm for completing the task:

It is necessary to correct a lexical error, replace the incorrect word and write down the selected one.
We are looking for stable expressions and combinations of words, perhaps speech cliches, in which a mistake may be made. Particularly noteworthy is the combination of words were defeated.
Defeated- You can only suffer defeat, but you win.

Answer: we failed.

Third version of the task

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

The employer appreciated my professional skills, but at that time there were no available vacancies.

Algorithm for completing the task:

It is necessary to correct a lexical error and write down an extra word.
We are looking for stable expressions and combinations of words, perhaps speech cliches in which a mistake may be made: assessed professional skills– correct use of words; no vacancies found– error in use – pleonasm.
Available vacancies- word free superfluous, since the word vacancies in itself means a free workplace.

Answer: free .

1. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

The employer must offer the vacancy to all employees at the same time.

2. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Upstairs there was a shop selling souvenirs, an excellent information desk and restrooms.

3. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

You feel like a queen, people make way on the street, work colleagues nod respectfully, Arkady Borisych politely offers his hand wrapped in sterile paper.

4. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

From the very beginning of the work, the author conducts a mutual dialogue with the reader, showing his attitude towards the main characters, their experiences and thoughts.

5. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Do not smoke yourself, this way you will maintain your health; Do not be surrounded by people who smoke, as “passive smoking” weakens the protective immune system.

6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

According to the printed press, over 9 months of 2006, 2 million 276 thousand people used long-distance trains, and 945 thousand people used suburban trains.

7. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down .

For several centuries, the Chusovaya River basin served as a bloody arena, where the fiercest struggle of local aborigines with unknown newcomers was in full swing.

8. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Conscientiously recording his observations in a notebook, Mr. Pickwick was mistaken for a secret spy, and the coachman decided to beat him and the friends who had joined him.

9. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

She had soft features, and when we made a decision, her eyes and smile would light up, as if she had been given a free gift.

10. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Currently, the Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the life of many countries. Half of the world's fish catch comes from this water area.

11. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

He was afraid that Ostap would open the chair himself and, taking valuable treasures, leave, leaving him to the mercy of fate.

12. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. A young girl appeared on stage, dressed in a beautiful, silvery white dress. She walked with a light tread, turned around, smiled into the hall and walked some more.

13. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

The telephone alarmed him every minute and rang with the persistence of a tram car making its way through the goods market.

14. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

The poem “Testament” by M. Yu. Lermontov was written in 1840 and in form represents the confession of the hero before his death.

15. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Two boys and three girls were on their way to the city memorial, where all the military units and ships that defended the city in the last war were listed on red granite slabs.

16. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

I know one thing for sure: I will never sit down to write my autobiography, even if I live to be a hundred years old. You have to be too in love with yourself to write about yourself without shame.

17. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

On the train, the prince first meets Parfen Rogozhin, the son of a wealthy merchant, who inherited a huge fortune after his death.

18. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

More than a hundred countries around the world import oil from abroad, which has tripled in price since 1998.

19. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Nagulnov found himself at the barn in two leaps, knocked down the guy standing on the threshold with a blow from his clenched fist, sharply slammed the door and leaned his back firmly against it.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

During the first quarter, it is necessary to create a price list for household services.

21. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

A conversation was read with the convoy drivers about the inadmissibility of smoking and talking on the phone while working on the line.

22. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

Satin's romantic dream of a proud, free, strong Man is contraindicated by the reality of his life.

23. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

It seemed to me that on this journey the lion's share of all the work fell on me. This situation did not suit me.

24. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

To increase the level of hemoglobin in the blood, you need to adjust your diet.

25. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

Due to severe frosts, the water supply network froze and transformers were damaged in a number of cities and regions of the country.

26. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

Famusov lives by the slogan: “It’s signed, so off your shoulders.”

27. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

This event, which occurred in early spring, played a great role in the hero’s future life.

28. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

All those present agreed to learn this story, or, as the postmaster put it, a somewhat interesting poem for the writer.

29. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

She was apparently not averse to going even further, but the design of the device did not allow her to predict good weather more persistently.

30. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

Many psychologists adhere to the attitude that all good and all bad personality traits are established in childhood.

ANSWERS

1. free 16. mine

2.memorable 17.first time

3 for work 18.from abroad

4. mutual 19. compressed

5. protective 20.tsen

6. printed 21. carried out

7. local 22. opposed

8. secret 23.share

9. free 24. upgrade

10. water 25.due

11. valuable 26.principle

12. young 27. has

13. commodity 28. desire

14. own 29. predict

15. memorable 30. opinions

Task 20 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language.

So, in 2018, changes appeared in the test, namely task 20 appeared. The documents defining the structure and content of the Unified State Exam elements indicate that task 20 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language 2018 tests graduates on their knowledge of lexical norms (except for paronyms).

The formulation of task 20 is possible in two versions: word exclusion or him replacement. Let's give examples.

1) Exception. From the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2018:

“Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Answer: home

In this sentence, it is necessary to exclude the word “main”, since the figure of speech “the main essence” is a pleonasm. “The essence is the most important, essential thing in someone or something; essence, basis” (Ozhegov’s dictionary).

2) Replacement.

"Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

Answer: failed

There is a violation of lexical compatibility here. You can win, but you can lose.

Execution algorithm:

1) Find a semantic (semantic) contradiction (error signal)

2) Recognize the error, indicate its type (do not mix it with means of expression)

3) If it's a mistake, correct it.

Types of errors

№	ERRORS	EXAMPLES
1	Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it	We were shocked by the excellent acting. The idea develops throughout the entire text.
2	Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix (checked in task 5)	My attitude towards this problem has not changed. Effective measures were taken.
3	Failure to distinguish synonymous words	In the final sentence, the author uses gradation.
4	The use of words of a different stylistic coloring	The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people into a slightly different direction.
5	Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units	Astafiev continually resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6	Unjustified use of colloquial words	Such people always succeed bully others.
7	Violation of lexical compatibility	Author enhances the impression.
8	Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	A very handsome young man
9	The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology)	This story tells about real events.
10	Unjustified repetition of a word	Hero story does not think about his actions. The hero does not even understand the full depth of what he has done.
11	Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures	When the writer came to the editorial office, the editor-in-chief received him. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

To successfully complete the task you must:

understand the lexical meaning of a word and use it in accordance with this meaning;
take into account the peculiarities of word combinations;
correctly use synonyms, antonyms and homonyms;
avoid speech redundancy;
prevent speech insufficiency;
take into account the scope of vocabulary use and stylistic coloring.

Theory, terms.

1) Violation of lexical compatibility of words.

Lexical compatibility of words is the ability of words to connect with each other. If the meaning of words is not taken into account, lexical inconsistency may occur.

For example, words may not be combined due to their lexical incompatibility

(Lean your back, suffer a victory, an armed clash took place, etc.)

*** This also includes inaccurate use phraseological units.

Phraseologism– a lexically indivisible, stable phrase (manna from heaven, hack on the nose).

Typical mistakes in the use of phraseological units are:

abbreviation of the expression “Not worth a damn” instead of “Not worth a damn”)
word replacement (“lion’s share” instead of “lion’s share”)
combination of two phrases (“plays a great importance” instead of “plays a role” or “is of great importance”)

2) Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

Paronyms are words that sound similar, but do not have the same meaning (long and lasting, mountainous and mountainous, watery and watery, spectacular and effective)

The correct use of paronyms is discussed in the Russian language; by following the link you can study the theory for this task, as well as look at the dictionary of paronyms for the Unified State Exam.

3) Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasms- phrases in which one of the two words is superfluous because its meaning coincides with the meaning of another adjacent word.(the main point, free vacancy, my autobiography, strict taboo and others).

4)Use of cognates in a close context (Tautology)– repetition of the same root or identical words (organize an organization, ask a question, offer a proposal).

***In addition to the redundancy of words, lexical errors also include insufficient words, but this is not checked in task 20.

Russian writers (portraits) hung in the office.

Do not enter the reading room wearing clothes! (in outerwear).

3) Failure to distinguish synonymous words.

Synonyms- words of the same part of speech, close or identical in meaning (friend - comrade - buddy, youth - youth, smart - smart, work hard, etc.)

Synonyms cannot always replace each other in speech, especially stylistically different words.

She went to the doctor because she had more eyes (instead of her eyes).

The lawyer sought to have his client cleared (instead of acquitted)

*** It is also possible to use antonyms and homonyms incorrectly.

Antonyms- words that are opposite in their lexical meaning to one part of speech (cold - hot, friend - enemy).

Due to the weakness of his position, it was difficult for him to defend himself (inappropriate use of the antonyms “strength” and “weakness”).

Homonyms- words that are the same in form (in pronunciation, in writing), but different in meaning (onion - plant / weapon, marriage - marriage / low-quality products).

At the Russian Language Olympiad, I lost my glasses due to inattention (glasses are points or glasses are an optical device that protects the eyes).

4) Unjustified and inappropriate use of outdated vocabulary, neologisms, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms, borrowed words, ambiguous words.

Obsolete words, depending on the reasons for obsolescence, are divided into two groups:

Historicisms- these are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts (chain mail, cocked hat, corvee, etc.)

Archaisms- words that are outdated for linguistic reasons have fallen out of use because they have been replaced by synonyms (lanits - cheeks, eyes - eyes, actor - actor).

Historicisms and archaisms used in texts that deal with the past (fiction, historical research).

Neologisms- new words that have not yet taken a place in the active vocabulary. Neologisms appear in the language together with the designated realities (harvester, astronaut, satellite).

Dialectism- a lexical unit, the use of which is limited to a certain territory.

Timely and high-quality weeding of beetroot contributes to a good harvest. (beets)

Borrowed words- words that came into the language from other languages.

He was presented as a sort of polyglot: he is a physicist, a mathematician, and a poet. (Polyglot – a person who speaks many languages)

A lexical error is associated with a misunderstanding of the meaning of the borrowed word “polyglot”.

Ambiguous words– words that have several meanings.

As a rule, context helps to distinguish in what meaning a word is used. However, this is not always observed, which can also lead to speech errors.

He was in low health (meaning poor health).

Our athlete lagged behind her opponent in development. (chess term – game development)

So, in 2018, changes appeared in the Unified State Examination test, namely task 20 appeared. The documents defining the structure and content of the Unified State Exam elements indicate that task 20 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language 2018 tests graduates on their knowledge of lexical norms (except for paronyms).

The formulation of task 20 is possible in two versions: word exclusion or him replacement. Let's give examples.

1) Exception. From the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2018:

“Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

Answer: home

2) Replacement.

"Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

Answer: failed

There is a violation of lexical compatibility here. You can win, but you can lose.

Execution algorithm:

1) Find a semantic (semantic) contradiction (error signal)

2) Recognize the error, indicate its type (do not mix it with means of expression)

3) If it's a mistake, correct it.

Types of errors

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it	We were shocked by the beautiful acting. The idea continues to develop the entire text.
	Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix (checked in task 5)	My attitude towards this problem has not changed. Effective measures were taken.
	Failure to distinguish synonymous words
	The use of words of a different stylistic coloring	trying to direct people are on a slightly different track.
	Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units	Astafiev now and then resorts to using metaphors and personifications.
	Unjustified use of colloquial words	Such people always manage to outdo others.
	Violation of lexical compatibility	features (instead of means).
	Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	conveys to us through artistic techniques. A very handsome young man
	The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology)	This story talks about real events.
	Unjustified repetition of a word	The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero doesn't even understand the full depth of what was done.
	Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures	When the writer came to the editorial office, he accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked the writer went to the hotel.

To successfully complete the task you must:

understand the lexical meaning of a word and use it in accordance with this meaning;
take into account the peculiarities of word combinations;
correctly use synonyms, antonyms and homonyms;
avoid speech redundancy;
prevent speech insufficiency;
take into account the scope of vocabulary use and stylistic coloring.

Theory, terms.

1) Violation of lexical compatibility of words.

Lexical compatibility of words is the ability of words to connect with each other. If the meaning of words is not taken into account, lexical inconsistency may occur.

For example, words may not be combined due to their lexical incompatibility

(Lean your back, suffer a victory, an armed clash took place, etc.)

*** This also includes inaccurate use phraseological units.

Phraseologism- a lexically indivisible, stable phrase (manna from heaven, hack on the nose).

Typical mistakes in the use of phraseological units are:

abbreviation of the expression “Not worth a damn” instead of “Not worth a damn”)
word replacement (“lion’s share” instead of “lion’s share”)
combination of two phrases (“plays a great importance” instead of “plays a role” or “is of great importance”)

2) Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

Paronyms are words that sound similar, but do not have the same meaning (long and lasting, mountainous and mountainous, watery and watery, spectacular and effective)

Task 5 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is devoted to the correct use of paronyms; by following the link you can study the theory for this task, as well as look at the dictionary of paronyms for the Unified State Exam.

The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasms- phrases in which one of the two words is superfluous because its meaning coincides with the meaning of another adjacent word. (the main point, free vacancy, my autobiography, strict taboo and others).

Using cognates in close context (tautology)- repetition of the same root or identical words (organize an organization, ask a question, offer a proposal).