1. Subordinate clause separated or separated from the main one by commas,
For example:
subordinate clause after the main clause: He stayed overnight at work to complete all the reports;
subordinate clause before the main clause: While Alice was digging in the garden, Martynov made breakfast;
subordinate clause inside the main sentence: No one doubted that Sashka was a fraudster.
Note!
1) For that In order to correctly place punctuation marks, you must first parse simple sentences as part of a complex sentence. This will help to accurately establish the boundaries of the main clause and subordinate clause. In this case, they usually use
vertical bars showing the boundaries of simple sentences, with corresponding numbers.
That /1 that Sashka is a fraudster, /2 no one doubted /1. Simple sentences: no one doubted it anymore; Sashka is a fraudster; subordinating conjunction what.
2) The subordinating conjunction or allied word usually stands at the very beginning of the subordinate clause, with the exception of the particle whether, which is in the middle of the subordinate clause.
I don't know /1 whether it will do the job /2.
Sometimes there may be a conjunctive word in the middle of a subordinate clause.
At work, we tried not to talk about Sashka, /1 whose departure shocked everyone /2. The conjunctive word "which" is inconsistent definition in a subordinate clause and comes after the noun death, on which it grammatically depends.
all announcements
2. A comma is not placed between the main clause and the subordinate clause that follows it in the following cases:
A) if before a subordinating conjunction or union word there is a coordinating conjunction (usually repeated):
Consider both what he did and how he did it;
b) if the subordinate clause consists of only one conjunctive word:
She left and didn't say where.
C) if before a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word there is negative particle Not:
Try to find out not where they have already gone, but where they are going to go;
3. If the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a compound conjunction (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in order to, because, since, after, before, etc.), then the comma is placed once: before the conjunction, if the subordinate clause follows the main clause or is inside it, and, more often, after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main clause.
For example: The trees dried up because the larvae ate all the roots;
Depending on the meaning, intonation and other conditions, the conjunction can break up into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence as index word, and the second plays the role of a union. In these cases, a comma is placed only before the second part of the combination (that is, before the conjunction that, so that, how, than).
For example: She did not complete the task because she was sick (the emphasis in the message is on the very fact of failure, the reason for it is not emphasized); She did not complete the task because she was sick (an indication of the reason for non-fulfillment comes to the fore).
The conditions for the dismemberment of a composite union include the following:
If there is a negative particle before the conjunction:
Fedorov became friends with Anyuta not because he was lonely.
If there are intensifying, restrictive and other particles before the conjunctions:
He allowed her to be present only to humiliate her; The driver stopped the car against the gate just to make people clear out;
If there is an introductory word before the conjunction:
All this has an inexplicable charm for me, perhaps because I will no longer see them;
If the first part (of the index word) in the row is included homogeneous members or parallel structures:
The sea took on a special appearance because the water is visible through the bare bushes, and even more so because the watery color disappeared from the cold.
Note!
1) If the subordinate clause precedes the main clause, then more often the compound conjunction is not divided.
Before Petrov thought of helping her, she picked up a folder from the floor; After the bandage was removed, the pain went away to some extent.
2) Compound conjunctions are never divided: since, while, whereas, meanwhile, as if, so, and also simple conjunctions with an intensifying particle adjacent to them: only, just barely, even if, only when, only barely, etc.
For some reason, waiting for her on the spot, while she wandered around the garden, he saw himself as an adult, and her as a little girl; As soon as God's curse was fulfilled, from that very day nature's hot embrace cooled forever for me.
Complex sentenceswith one subordinate clause
Option 1
1. In which series are all the listed words subordinating conjunctions?
because, so that, but;
because, how much, how, who;
since then, as if, too.
2. Indicate a complex sentence:
As we approached the sea, broad-leaved trees disappeared more and more. tree species, but Sayan spruce and white fir (Kataev) became predominant.
I left my land long ago, where the meadows and thickets bloom (Yesenin).
3. Indicate which part complex sentence is the main one:
(1) Through the window I saw (2) how a large gray bird sat on a maple branch in the garden (Sergeev-Tsensky).
4. Indicate the subordinate clause that is connected to the main one using a connecting word:
I remembered today the dog that was my friend from my youth (Yesenin).
In the morning I must be sure that I will see you in the afternoon (A. Pushkin).
You say that we will wait for spring again (Kaverin).
I believe that the forest is a wonderful expression of the power of nature and the clearest example of its perfection (Sergeev-Tsensky).
5. Which complex sentence has an attributive clause?
Where once everything was empty, bare, now the young grove has grown.
I don’t know where the line is between comrade and friend (Fadeev).
Where spring streams rushed then, now there are streams of flowers everywhere (Astafiev).
This meeting gave us the opportunity to once again talk about ancient Russian cities where wonderful people live.
6. Which complex sentence has an explanatory clause?
A genius is so internally rich that any topic, any thought, incident or object evokes in him an inexhaustible stream of associations (Kaverin).
It was so quiet that from afar you could hear the crackling sounds of the ground breaking from the frost and the rustle of a chilling branch.
I hope that you will not refuse to dine with me.
The dust on the streets is so acrid that it hurts your eyes (Kaverin).
7. Which complex sentence contains clause of reason?
The sun was shining so brightly that everything around sparkled and sparkled (Sergeev-Tsensky).
I fell silent because my eyes suddenly stopped on three dusty portraits in black wooden frames (Kaverin).
It was so dark that she could hardly see the road.
The shout seemed so loud to her that she fell face down to the ground (A. Tolstoy).
8. Which complex sentence has a subordinate clause?
It was unbearable to see this big, strong, strong-willed person(Field).
For several minutes he stood motionless and tried to determine where this growing rumble was coming from (Fadeev).
It was decided to go tomorrow if the rain stopped (Simonov).
Where is the bright ray, going down, along gray stones tears away, purple roses crawl in clusters onto the black cypress (Akhmatova).
9. Which complex sentence contains a subordinate clause of measure and degree?
And somehow you suddenly hear that the whole forest is already filled with hundreds of voices.
Masha squeezed his hand so friendly and tightly that his heart began to beat with joy (Sergeev-Tsensky).
And then I vaguely realized that I would never make a trail to my homeland.
Darling, I know what keeps you here (B. Zaitsev).
10. Which complex sentence has a comparative clause?
1) The whole room suddenly darkened, as if the curtains had been drawn in it (Sergeev-Tsensky).
2) Lazy thunder stretched over the horizon like a sleepy strongman.
3) It seemed to me that I felt time slowly and silently passing by me (Sergeev-Tsensky).
4) Fog hangs over the forest like an overturned sea (Sergeev-Tsensky).
11. Which sentence fragment corresponds to a complex sentence with a subordinate clause?
1)...read with enthusiasm, so that...
2)...came there to...
I really wanted...
I was sick for a long time, if...
We will need a conductor (1) whose reliability (2) there is no doubt about (3).
1) 1; 2) 2,3; 3) 3; 4) 1,3.
Option 2
1. In which series are all the listed words subordinating conjunctions?
which, where, also;
if, since, so that;
and, however, from where.
2. Indicate a complex sentence:
To do something great, you need to direct all the forces of your soul to one point (Sergeev-Tsensky).
The wheat shines endlessly, the meadows turn green, or the reeds rustle endlessly over the swamps (Chekhov).
3. Indicate which part of the complex sentence is a subordinate clause:
(1) While the old man was heating the stove, (2) it was already dawn (Arsenyev).
4. Indicate the subordinate clause that is connected to the main clause using a conjunction:
He was extremely fond of his father, whom he had not known since childhood (Gorky).
I promised her to remain silent, no matter what happened to me.
There was a time when the old castle served as a refuge for every poor person.
It never even occurred to me what a sad moment was ahead of us (Arsenyev).
5. In which complex sentence is the subordinate clause not attributive?
The most inveterate person has moments when a driven conscience will turn like a sharp stone and cause pain.
From his stories he got the impression that Uncle Misha was proposing to call the people to help the intelligentsia.
It was heard that in the distance people were walking quickly along the street and dragging something heavy (Dostoevsky).
A distant rumble suddenly penetrated the shady gorge where the travelers were traveling.
6. In which complex sentence is the subordinate clause not explanatory?
On the seventh day of his campaign, Alexey found out where the sounds of a distant battle came to him from on a blizzard night.
Looking at these buildings, you understand that good taste is, first of all, a sense of proportion (Soloukhin).
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words.
I am beginning to suspect that you are prone to exaggeration (Kaverin).
7. Which complex sentence contains clause of purpose?
I pray that the storm does not catch me and my exhausted horse, thundering in combat gear, in the gloomy Daryal gorge.
To play with something out of boredom, he picked up a steel spear (Lermontov).
The snowstorms that break into the doors will not knock me off the road.
If you don’t learn anything in a day, it means you’ve lost the whole day (Astafiev).
8. Which complex sentence has a subordinate clause?
The whole room suddenly darkened, as if the curtains had been drawn in it (Sergeev-Tsensky).
The boundaries where the plains meet the mountains are extremely sharply defined.
Rare and happy are the moments that visit us when we can again feel like children (Sokolov-Mikitov).
9. Which complex sentence contains a modus operandi?
Some sounds were heard in the sleepy air, as if someone was sighing or whispering.
I suddenly felt good in my soul, as if my childhood had returned (Arsenyev).
Due to the fact that spring comes late here, they plow only in May.
While still in the room I heard the samovar humming unnaturally angrily (Arsenyev).
10. What example is a simple sentence with comparative turnover?
After the rain, everything around was somehow transformed; the open spaces lay smoothly in the distance, as if the mountains had been leveled and the plain had been swept away (Astafiev).
The Azov Sea blooms in early August, just like rivers and ponds bloom (Paustovsky).
Frost even lay on the deck like white coarse salt and crunched underfoot (Arsenyev).
Many Russian words themselves radiate poetry, just as precious stones radiate a mysterious shine (Gogol).
11. Which sentence fragment corresponds to a complex sentence with an attributive clause?
He told me how...
The absent-mindedness with which he listened...
I wanted...
Looked like...
12. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers where commas should appear in the sentence?
I returned to the cozy clearing (1) near (2) which (3) I had recently picked mushrooms (Paustovsky).
1)1; 2)1,3; 3)3; 4) 2, 3.
Option 3
1. Are conjunctions or allied words parts of a sentence?
allied words.
2. Which sentence continuation option should you choose to make a complex sentence?
It got dark on the plane...
but dark clouds began to gather around.
and dark clouds began to gather around.
because dark clouds began to gather around.
however, dark clouds began to gather around.
3. What is the highlighted word that connects parts of a complex sentence?
The sandy road leads to the bridge, under which an invisible river oozes and gurgles (Korolenko).
a union word.
4. Indicate a complex sentence with an indicative word:
The woman looked into the distance, where there was a gaping expanse, filled with deep, impenetrable darkness (Kaverin).
The weather was cold and windy, so that the snowdrifts were higher than the windows (Sergeev-Tsensky).
I was sitting right next to the water, in such thick thickets that I couldn’t see anything at all from above (Peskov).
The sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became (Kuprin).
5. In which sentence can the attributive clause be transformed into isolated definition?
Nikolai was driving along the shore of a lake from which a river flowed.
The soulful Russian landscapes, which the artist painted so expressively and talentedly, touch the hearts of viewers.
It’s been a long time since I read a book that made such a strong impression on me (Astafiev).
The song the children sing sounds optimistic and affirming.
6. Which complex sentence contains a conditional clause?
1) As long as I can walk, as long as I can look, as long as I can breathe, I will move forward (Arsenyev).
2) About each body we can say that at any moment of time it occupies a certain position in space.
3) It was so pleasant to lie on the wet grass that I involuntarily closed my eyes (Babaevsky).
4) Sometimes such a day will appear that you will not be happy (Kaverin).
7. Which complex sentence contains a subordinate clause?
I was sitting in such thickets that I couldn’t be seen from above.
The dazzlingly luxurious landscape appeared in all its glory as the sun flooded the entire island with light and sparkle (Krutilin).
He politely bowed to him, to which the latter responded in kind (Bykov).
Our ship was towed by two tugs, despite the fact that it itself was working full swing(Sergeev-Tsensky).
8. Which complex sentence has a subordinate clause?
It's mine straw hat was almost full of nuts, when suddenly I heard a rustling (Arsenyev).
All that could be heard was the hammering of hammers on the stone, as if a flock of some sophisticated birds were pecking at the ground with their iron noses (Kaverin).
Do you remember how we said goodbye to you late at night? (Akhmatova).
We often waited in the morning for the musician to take the violin (Korolenko).
9. Which one syntactic construction joins in this proposal using a union how?
Prishvin needs to be re-read, discovering new values in every line, plunging into his books, just as we barely noticeable paths into the dense forest with its chatter of springs and the fragrance of herbs.
explanatory clause;
comparative clause;
introductory design.
10. What syntactic construction is added in this sentence using the conjunction how?
Gorky loved and knew Russia thoroughly; he knew, as they say, in all “sections” - both in space and in time.
1) comparative turnover;
explanatory clause;
comparative clause;
introductory design.
Answers
| Exercise | Answer |
||
| Option 1 | Option 2 | Option 3 |
|
Learning syntax causes certain difficulties, which is primarily due to the variety of structures and concepts. differs by the presence of several predicative parts that can be independent. This is a compound sentence. Or they can be dependent and main - this is a complex sentence. In the article we're talking about about SPP with attributive clauses.
Complex sentence with subordinate connection of parts
Sentences where one part is main and the other parts are dependent can be different in structure and meaning. subordinate parts. If the subordinate part of the NGN responds to cases, then this is an explanatory part. For example:
- Peter claimed that he was not at the meeting.
- Catherine understood why they were doing this work.
- The cat knew that she would be punished for her antics.
In cases where a question of circumstance is asked to the subordinate clause, this is a sentence. Eg:
- They met in the park after the demonstration ended.
- Since the storm began, the boat trip had to be postponed.
- Maxim was where his friends lived.
For SPPs with attributive clauses, the question “which” is asked. For example:
This bird, which has flown over the sea several times, is called a loon.
A boy whose parents worked at a facility in Sochi testified excellent results In sports.
The estate, which is located within the reserve, is a museum.
Punctuation in NGN
What punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence? In Russian grammar it is customary to separate the main part from subordinate commas. In most cases, it precedes a conjunction or is a member of a sentence; you can ask a question to it): " The tourists stopped for the night in a tent camp because they still had to long haul into the mountains".
There are many examples when a comma is placed at the end of the main part, but not before a conjunction/conjunctive word (this is especially often observed in SPPs with attributive clauses): " The path to the source lay through a gorge, the location of which was known to few."
In cases where the subordinate clause is located in the middle of the main clause, commas are placed on both sides of the dependent clause: " The house they moved into was larger and brighter."
Punctuation marks are placed in the same way syntax rules: after each part there is a comma (most often before conjunctions/conjunctive words). Eg: " When I got up full moon, the guys saw how mysteriously they were splashing sea waves, the sounds of which they had heard for a long time."
Subordinate clause
- Definitive dependent part reveals some features of the word indicated in the main part. This subordinate clause is comparable to simple definition: "It was a wonderful day"/ "It turned out to be a day that we had been dreaming about for a long time." The difference is not only syntactic, but also semantic: if definitions name the object directly, then the subordinate part draws the object through the situation. With the help of allied words, SPPs with subordinate attributive clauses are added. Example sentences:
- The car that Maria bought in Japan was reliable and economical.
- Misha brought apples from the orchard, where pears and plums also grew.
- The father showed tickets to Venice, where the whole family will go in September.
At the same time, there are allied words that are basic for such sentences: “which”, “whose”, “which”. Others are considered non-essential: “where”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “from where”.
Features of the subordinate clause
Having briefly described the main characteristics of the structures, we can make a short summary of “SPP with a subordinate attributive”. The main features of such proposals are revealed below:
Pronominal-defining sentences
From SPPs with subordinate attributives, where the dependent part refers to a noun with a demonstrative pronoun, it is necessary to distinguish those that depend on the demonstrative pronoun itself. Such sentences are called pronominal attributive sentences. For comparison: " Those who have not passed will not be allowed to take the test. laboratory work"/ "Those students who have not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test." The first sentence is pronominal-definitive, since in it the subordinate part depends on the demonstrative pronoun “that”, which cannot be removed from the sentence. In the second sentence, the dependent part refers to the noun "students", which has demonstrative pronoun“those”, and it can be omitted, therefore it is a attributive clause.
Exercises on the topic
Consolidate the above theoretical information The “SPP with subordinate clauses” test will help.
- Which sentence contains an IPP with a subordinate clause?
a) Yegor was informed about what had happened late, which he did not like.
b) Due to the fact that the meeting was delayed, the lawyer was late for the meeting.
c) The grove, where many birches grew, attracted mushroom pickers after the rain.
d) The sea was calm when they reached the shore.
2. Find a pronominal attribute among the sentences.
a) He has not yet been seen as he was yesterday at the meeting.
b) The city that appeared on the horizon was Beirut.
c) Everyone liked the idea that came into his head.
d) The school her sister went to was in another city.
3. In which answer option does the subordinate part break the main part?
a) He will not understand Pushkin who has not read him with his soul.
b) The water in the river, which was located on the outskirts of the city, was cold.
c) His friend, whom he met at the conference, was invited to his birthday.
d) Vasily called the doctor, whose number was given by Daria Nikolaevna.
4. Indicate the subordinate clause.
a) He knew where the cargo was delivered from.
b) The country where he came from was in the center of Africa.
c) Where Mikhail came from was known only to his father.
d) She went to the window from where the voices were coming.
5. Indicate a sentence with a pronominal clause.
a) The street that ran parallel to the avenue was the oldest in the city.
b) The one in the yellow suit turned out to be Ipatov’s wife.
c) The girl that Nikolai met in the park was a friend of his sister.
d) Lydia was attracted by the song that the children performed on stage.
1. Definition of a complex sentence.
2. Structure of a complex sentence. The position of the subordinate part in relation to the main part.
3. Means of connecting parts of a complex sentence.
Conjunctions and allied words.
4. Demonstrative words in the main sentence.
5. Classification of complex sentences:
1) complex sentences with attributive clauses;
2) complex sentences with explanatory clauses;
3) complex sentences with adverbial clauses:
a) places; b) time; c) reasons; d) goals; e) conditional; f) concessional; g) mode of action and degree; g) consequences; h) comparative; i) connecting.
Literature
1. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Modern Russian language. – M., 1991.
2. Modern Russian language: Textbook. for students universities /Lekant P.A., Dibrova E.N., Kasatkin L..L., Klobukov E.V./ - M., “Bustard”, 2000.
3. Modern Russian language / L.A. Novikov, L.G. Zubkova, V.V. Ivanov and others; Under general ed. L.A. Novikova. – 3rd ed. – St. Petersburg, 2001.
4. Modern Russian language. Textbook manual for pedagogical students. Institute for specialties No. 2121 “Pedagogy and methods of beginning. training." – M., “Enlightenment”, 1978.
5. Complete guide on spelling and punctuation / Ed. O.L. Soboleva. – M.,: AST-PRESS, 1999.
Self-test questions
1. What is a complex sentence?
2. Which sentence is called the main sentence, which is the subordinate one?
3. What place can the subordinate part occupy in relation to the main part?
4. How is the subordinate clause connected to the main one?
5. How do subordinating conjunctions differ from allied words?
6. What is an index word? Where is it located?
7. What types of subordinate clauses are distinguished depending on the nature semantic relations between parts of a complex sentence expressed by subordinating conjunctions and allied words?
8. Tell us about complex sentences with attributive clauses. What word of the main sentence do they refer to, what are they attached to, and what question do they answer?
9. What are the features of explanatory clauses? What do they relate to, what are they associated with? main part, what questions are answered?
10. What circumstances subordinate clauses Are they distinguished by value? Tell us about the features of each type.
Practical tasks
Task 1. Indicate the main clauses and attributive and explanatory clauses. Determine the words in the main part to which the subordinate part belongs. What conjunction or allied word connects it to the main sentence? Are there any demonstrative words in the main clause?
Glory to the fighters who stood up for the truth and carried the banner of victory high (Mikhalk.); Anyone who wants to sail with us must be very brave (L.-K.)", I re-read all the books I had very quickly (Kupr.); It was not for nothing that Vera Ilyinichna said that Lena is like heroines ( A. Likhanov); The wind was blowing in the direction where Gaidar had gone (Paust.); Thank you for taking the trouble to stop by in person (Fad.); I sigh deeply and feel the blood rushing to my temples (A. Aleksin); Suddenly I I find out that my father is going to Sergeevka (A. Aleksin); I am glad that we met; Immortal is the one whose muse has not betrayed goodness and beauty to the end (A. Plesch.); Such care, such income (last); Agrafena's father served as a forester near the estate where Tchaikovsky lived one summer (Paust.); Now it became completely clear to me where the voice came from (Chuck); He [Chekhov] knew where the road to human nobility, dignity and happiness lay , and left us all the signs of this road (Paust.); There was such silence that you could hear the rustling of snow, touching the torn sheets of roofing iron in flight (Paust.).
Task 2. Replace, where possible, subordinate attributive clauses with participial phrases.
Mechik remembered the first impression his sister made on him, and an incomprehensible resentment stirred in him (Fad.); The girl, who had fallen asleep by the stove, jumped up and began to look at us with silent fear (Turg.); “On the green bushes that looked into the water, dew sparkled (Czech); In the officer with the bag, whose face he saw where Well, everything seemed disgusting and impudent to him (L. T.); The author had to be present at the meeting with the landowner Penochkin, which will remain in his memory for a long time (Turg.); The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually hugged the sky (Pushk.).
Task 3. Determine the types of subordinate clauses (see table 1).
1. She still cannot forget that moment when they put a silk dress on her for the first time and kissed her hand (T.). 2. Suddenly it seemed to me that a string rang faintly and pitifully in the room (T.). 3. Ask your mother to take us hunting (L.T.). 4. How is it possible for a woman not to make a certain impression at your age? (Adv.). 5. We want rationality to prevail in education (Good). 6. Terenty knows what herbs are used to treat diseases; he will not find it difficult to find out how old a horse or cow is (Ch.). 7. Pashka stood in the dark hallway for two hours and waited for the door to be unlocked (Ch.). 8. The mother of the blind boy understood what happiness chance had brought to her son in this childhood friendship (Cor.). 9. After examining wonderful thing, Mitrash locked the compass so that the arrows would not tremble on the way (Prishv.). 10. I remembered this legend when I thought about our amazing writer Alexander Green (Paust.). 11. He does not take his eyes off the road that leads through the grove (Gonch.). 12. As soon as I saw you, I no longer felt like myself (Ostr.). 13. We approached the fortress, where our artillery entered (P.). 14. That’s why we are sad and look at life so gloomily that we don’t know work (Ch.). 15. It’s nice when there are people in the world who you want to help (Paul).
Table 1. TYPES OF CLAUSES
| Define | Explain | Circumstantial | |||
| a) places | b) time | c) image actions and degrees |
|||
| Examples | Is it really the same Tatyana to whom he once read instructions in private? (P.) I've been mine for a long time left the edge where they bloom meadows and thickets. | We call everyone who is honest in soul to follow us. Suddenly I feel like it seemed like as if in someone here weakly and pitifully rang string. (T.) | Somewhere in the distance house timidly, where ka- lina is blooming, gentle girl ka in white gentle dog- nude sings. (EU) | Sergei Tyulenin was born when there is no need to go underground. (F.) Since the soldier entered the post, the Germans heard nothing. | Earring morning woke me up |
| Questions, for which answers subordinate | Which? to a- where am I? which? | Who? What? (all cases questions) ka- | Where? Where? | When? How for a long time? since when? until what time since? how much | How? what about b- to what extent? |
| Attaching- unites | No | what, to, as if as if, as if | No | when, bye. as soon as, barely, at that time me like and others | What, |
| allied | which, ka- who, where, whose, when, what, who, where, | who, what, to- the one, whose why, why, when, how much | where, where, from- | How | |
| What word- in the main nom pre- explains | noun- noe or place- | verb (with meaning) reading speech, thoughts, feelings), pronoun, words: glad, known as predicates | predicate or circumstance | predicate or circumstance | predicate or circumstance course of action |
| What an indication- interesting word in chapter in advance | that one (in all cases - pregnancy and childbirth) | then, that, every yay, everyone | there, there. | then, until then since, after that- go like etc. | so, like that. so about at once, on- so much and |
OFFERS
| subordinate clauses | ||||||
| d) comparative | e) goals | f) reasons | g) conditional | h) concessionary | i) consequences | Connection |
| How wood drops eat, so sad words. (EU) | We are living, to teach- create and raise | And heart burns again and loves - from- that not to love it can't- We will win because we are with ra- we're on our toes | And if the cloud will water, dense, poisonous flows from its branches in the sand growly. (P.) | Miracles, even though I I’ve been living for a long time, I haven’t seen it yet. (March.) | Until late autumn, water poured from the sky, so it was impossible to fields can neither be entered nor driven. | The coachman decided to go along the river, which was supposed to shorten our route by three miles. |
| How? on the- | For what? For what? | Why? as a consequence | under what condition? | despite | No | No |
| as if, exactly, as if, what, as if, how as if, as if, than | to | That's why that, | if, when, if only whether, would, co- | although, let- okay, let it be | So | No |
| How many, how much | No | No | No | no matter how much | No | relative pronoun What and adverbs why, for- |
| everything is pre- circumstance- quality of the image actions or measures and | predicate | predicate | predicate | attached to everything important | attached to everything important | attached to everything important |
| so, so- | for that, | That's why, in view of the fact due to that, etc. | when, | despite | No | No |
Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause;
2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings, to tell you], (that the sun has risen), (that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets). (A. Fet.)
[That, (who lives real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native place], (where she was born) And ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may lack a subordinating conjunction.
For example: ( If there is water) And ( there won't be a single fish in it), [I won't trust the water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies up) or ( an elk will trumpet in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With this subordination, subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words the main sentence or one part to the entire main sentence, and the other to one of its words;
b) to one word or to the entire main sentence, but answer various questions and are different types subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When in my hands A new book ), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples prose), [then we'll make sure], (that they are full of true poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called children's), the door leads into space], (where they have lunch and tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complex sentences with consistent submission subordinate clauses.
This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc.
For example: [ The young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back their tears.], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)
The specificity of subordinate parts is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the following one.
For example: Often in the fall I closely watched the falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when the leaf separates from the branch and begins to fall to the ground(Paustovsky).
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc.
For example: [ The water came down so scary], (What, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, it seemed, was looking closely, wanting to find out), (where will the guest go). (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating conjunctions.
For example: I realized that I was lying in bed , that I'm sick , that I was only delirious.(Cupr.)
I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who defended a great idea.(EU)
We remember the great hour when the guns fell silent for the first time , when all the people met victory both in the cities and in every village.(Isak.)
Comma not placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting union(regardless of whether there is a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word with both subordinate clauses or only with the first).
For example: I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every smallest step we take matters for our present and future life.(Ch.)
The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest where the trucks were parked and where there was a dressing station.(L.T.)
When the rain began to fall and everything around sparkled, we followed the path... came out of the forest.(M.P.).
When repeated coordinating conjunctions A comma is placed between subordinate clauses.
For example: Everyone found out that the lady had arrived, and that Kapitonich let her in , and that she is now in the nursery...(L.T.).
Unions either... or when connecting predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered repeating, and homogeneous subordinate clauses are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.
For example: Whether there were weddings in the city, or someone cheerfully celebrating name days, Pyotr Mikhailovich always talked about it with pleasure.(Writing).
In case of heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are separated or separated by commas.
For example: As soon as the heat passed, the forest began to get cold and dark so quickly that I didn’t want to stay in it.(T.)
Anyone who has not experienced the excitement of the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).
With sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between subordinate clauses according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate clauses.
For example: If only our wanderers could be under their own roof , if only they could know , what happened to Grisha.(Necr.)
Helen smiled with such a look , who spoke , that she did not allow the possibility , so that anyone can see her and not be admired.(L.T.)
Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being yourself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depend on confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal(M.P.)
A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating conjunctions or between a conjunctive word and a subordinating conjunction, as well as when a coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, if the internal subordinate clause is not followed by a second clause double union this or that.
For example: The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that , When he went somewhere, the animal anxiously sniffed the air.(M.G.)
We were warned that , If will bad weather, the excursion will not take place.
The night is over and , When the sun rose, all nature came to life.
The removal of the second (internal) part here does not require the restructuring of the first subordinate part.
If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part complex union then, so, then a comma is not placed between the preceding two conjunctions.
For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he stretched his hand out the window, dew would fall from the bushes.(Cor.)
I thought that if at this decisive moment I did not out-argue the old man, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his tutelage.(P.).
Removing or rearranging the subordinate clause (if he reaches out his hand through the window and if at this decisive moment I don’t argue with the old man) is impossible, since parts of the double conjunction something will be nearby.
Dash in a complex sentence
Between the subordinate part (group of subordinate clauses) and the subsequent main part of the sentence Maybeput a dash , if the subordinate clause or group of subordinate clauses preceding the main clause are pronounced with logical emphasis in an informative way important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually subordinate explanatory parts are distinguished in this way, less often - conditional, concessive, etc.).
For example: Where did Nelidova go?- Natasha didn’t know(Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time– the rocks began to move and crumble(Ast.); Did he call them, did they come on their own?– Nejdanov never found out...(T.).
A dash is placed also between the subordinate clause and main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.
For example: He who is cheerful laughs, he who wants will achieve it, he who seeks will always find!(OK.).
A dash is placed after the subordinate clause standing before the main clause, if it contains the words this, here, and also if the subordinate clause is an incomplete sentence.
For example: That she is an honest person is clear to me.(T.)
What he found in her is his business.
Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.
I answered something that - I don’t know myself(compare full - what did I answer).
A dash is placed between subordinate subordinate clauses in the absence of between them adversarial union or the second part of the comparative conjunction.
For example: Artistry is so that every word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and so that as much as possible less words (Black).
A dash is placed to clarify the nature of the subordinate clause.
For example: Only once did she perk up - when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding.(R. Zernova)
A dash is placed to enhance the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate part before the main one or the intonation separation of the main part from the subsequent subordinate clause.
For example: What is influence?- You know?; Are you sure – is this necessary?
A dash is also placed when there are an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign.
For example: But we gained experience , and for the experience , as the saying goes , no matter how much you pay, you won’t overpay.
Comma and dash in a complex sentence
Comma And dash as a single punctuation mark, they are placed in a complex sentence before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the division of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause before the main part is emphasized.
For example: Wherever I am, whatever I try to have fun with , – all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya.(Cupr.)
Who is to blame and who is right? , – it’s not for us to judge.(Kr.)
The same sign is also placed before a word repeated in the same part of the sentence in order to connect a new sentence with it or next part the same offer.
For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new person unknown to me, but a good man , - my husband, whom I knew as myself.(L.T.)
And the idea that he can be guided by this interest, that in order to sell this forest he will seek reconciliation with his wife , – this thought offended him.(L.T.)
A dash is placed after the closing comma subordinate clause, including before the word this.
For example: The best he could do , - leave on time; The only thing I like here , - This is an old shady park.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Parsing scheme complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look at the pale green sky strewn with stars,(on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot),and you will understand], (why is the warm summer air still?), (Why nature on guard) (A. Chekhov).
[...noun, ( on which…), And verb], ( Why…), (Why…).
(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand, answer the question What?, are joined by the conjunction word why)).
2) [Any Human knows], (what should he do?, (what separates him from people), otherwise), (what connects him to them) (L. Tolstoy).
[...verb], ( What…., (What…), otherwise), (What…).
(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows, answers the question What?, joins by union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which (That)?, is added by a conjunctive word What).