Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided taking into account the role played in the sentence. You can ask one question for the entire secondary sentence, just as you do with the members of the sentence.

Main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connective. We can give examples that represent all types of subordinate clauses:

1. The flowerbed that was planted in the yard left side from the porch, it resembled a smaller copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov’s fairy tale about Dunno. (Definitive).
2. And it seemed to me that restless and funny little people really lived there. (Expository).
3. And we don’t see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Adverbial).
4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, the little ones come out of their hiding places and begin to vigorously enjoy life. (Connection).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in the Russian language they determine the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions Which? whose? which? These minor offers join the main part with allied words whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part complex sentence there are indicator words such as such, everyone, everyone, any or That V various forms childbirth As examples we can take the following options offers:

• Living beings, ( which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel good human attitude to them.
• Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the bushes of your garden in the morning, will sit on your hand with trust.
• Every person ( Which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the Almighty's creation, must correspond to this title.
• Whether it’s a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (Which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to a person amazing world nature.

Subordinate clauses

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not relate to a single word or a phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are joined using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

• And only next to his mother does any baby feel protected, what is provided by nature itself.
• Caring for cubs, tenderness for one’s offspring, self-sacrifice are embedded in a creature at the level of instinct, how every creature has an inherent need to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to clarify, specify one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs, such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clear, necessary, necessary, known, sorry) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). Explanatory clauses are added using:

Unions (so that, what, when, as if, how and others);

Any allied words;

Particles (of the union).

Examples include the following compound sentences:

• Have you ever watched, ( What?) how amazingly he plays sunlight, reflected in drops of dew, insect wings, tiles of snowflakes?
• One day, a person will surely be incredibly happy about this beauty, ( what?) that I discovered a unique world of beauty.
• And it immediately becomes clear, ( What?) that everything around was created for a reason, that everything is interconnected.
• Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (which?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Clauses of manner and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subtypes. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that relate to the attribute or action named in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as image, are classified as subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree. They usually answer next questions: how? how much? How? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with main part looks something like this: full adjective+ noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The joining of these subordinate clauses is ensured by conjunctions so that, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

• The girl laughed so contagiously, so spontaneously, that it was difficult for everyone else not to smile.
• The ringing sounds of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if multi-colored peas from a bag suddenly scattered.
• And the baby’s face itself changed so much, as far as possible in in this case: the girl, exhausted by illness, could easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part compound sentence. Relating to everything main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? Where? Where? and are joined by allied words where, where, where. Often there are demonstrative words in the main clause there, everywhere, there, everywhere, from everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest thicket, where there is moss on the trees.
2. The ants were dragging on their backs construction material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, wherever these hardworking creatures could get.
3. I am always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main sentence and specifically to one predicate. You can ask the following questions about this type of subordinate clause: how long? How long? When? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (When?) when they grow up next to each other since childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, goals, consequences

1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and relate either to the predicate of the main part, or to the whole of it, joining with the help conditional conjunctionsonce, if, if, if, when And How(meaning “if”), then they can be classified as subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate scoundrel turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a person, a monkey or a penguin.
2. For questions because of which? Why? for what reason? from what? adjunct reasons answer. They are joined using causal conjunctions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood the authority of the parent is unshakable, ( Why?) because his well-being depends on this creature.
3. Dependent clauses indicating the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions For what? for what purpose? For what?, are called subordinate clauses. Their connection to the main part is ensured by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that the baby grows into a thinking person, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
4. Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, indicate a consequence arising from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate clauses of the consequence and relate to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by consequence unions That's why or So, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax even for a minute.

Adverbial clause comparisons

These types of dependent clauses in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like what?, joining comparative unions as if, than (that), as if, exactly. Subordinate clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on his side and lifted his paws up, it looks like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Circumstantial clauses

Dependent clauses in a complex construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been or can be committed, are called subordinate clauses of concession. You can ask them questions: contrary to what? no matter what? and join to the main thing with the help of concessionary unions at least (even though), let (even though), that, for nothing, despite and some others. Conjunctive combinations are often used: no matter how much, whatever, whenever, whoever, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were playing happily, their dark spots around their eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing, sentences that are part of a complex sentence are separated by commas.

There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.

Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).

For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.

Subordinate clauses

Similar to the definitions in simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.

Due to general meaning attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause allied words replace the noun from the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.

For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)),].

Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.

The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].

I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).

Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) on the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).

The main clause often contains demonstrative words ( demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:

It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).

Pronominal attributive clauses

They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:

1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].

Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).

Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].

[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].

In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:

(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].

Explanatory clauses

Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)

Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.

For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).

2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).

3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).

Explanatory clauses can be used to transmit indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.

In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).

Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses

Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)

More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.

1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).

2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).

Adverbial clauses

Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.

Clauses of manner and degree

Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.

For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).

2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).

Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-

[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning subordinate conjunction What).

2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).

3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main clause or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by an adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:

1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).

2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).

3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].

Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.

Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).

2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).

Clauses of time

Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:

1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .

The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:

1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).

2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].

3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives him in figurative meaning) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).

Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:

1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).

2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:

1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .

2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].

If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).

Subordinate goals

Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:

1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);

2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);

3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;

When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).

Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:

1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).

2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).

Additional reasons

Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:

1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)

2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).

3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .

compound unions, last part which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:

[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).

Subordinate clauses

The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:

I. 1) And (even though he was a ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].

Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a conjunction But.

2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .

3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).

P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].

2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].

Comparative clauses

The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. General Feature complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses - it is usually impossible to ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.

In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:

1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].

2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).

3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).

A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed by the form comparative degree adjective or adverb.

1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].

2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).

Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:

[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).

The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.

Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative turnover, in which there cannot be a predicate.

Subordinate corollaries

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .

Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.

For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.

For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).

2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).

3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them] (what happened to him in thirty years official activities never didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).

Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1) [In time strong storm vomited with roots tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).

, (from what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.

2) (So ​​that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that

3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.

Causal clause

Subordinate clause answering the questions why? from what? for what reason? and containing an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main clause; joins the main sentence with the help of conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, for, since, etc. The cars turned on their headlights because it was already dark in the forest.(Nikolaev). I wanted to believe, because the books already inspired me to believe in man(Bitter). The dogs climbed far into their kennels, fortunately there was no one to bark at(Goncharov). IN ground floor, under the balcony, the windows were probably open, because they could clearly hear women's voices (Chekhov) (the subordinate clause contains a logical justification for the intended conclusion made in the main sentence, so the question can be posed not from the main clause to the subordinate clause, but from the subordinate clause to the main clause).

Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “subordinate clause of reason” is in other dictionaries:

The subordinate clause is dependent part main clause in a complex sentence. Example: Petya ran away from class so as not to miss the concert. By analogy with the minor members of the sentence (definitions, additions and ... ... Wikipedia

Syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing subordinating conjunction or allied word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ...

subordinate clause- linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence... Dictionary of many expressions

A sentence whose parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. It’s not a waste of effort if it produces such results (N. Ostrovsky). The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it (L. Tolstoy). Subordinating connection... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is main part assumes... ... Wikipedia

- (gram.). O. a sentence is such a subordinate clause, which in its meaning corresponds various types adverbial words; therefore O. sentences are divided into as many types as circumstances (cf. ... ...

- (1) 1. connecting union. Connects homogeneous parts of a sentence or entire sentences. 946: She (Olga) spoke to them (the Drevlyans): ...Give me 3 pigeons and 3 sparrows from the courtyard. Pov. time years, 42 (1377 ← beginning of the 12th century). 1174: And at seven... ... Dictionary-reference book "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

Adverb, particle and conjunction. I. adv. 1. interrogative. Indicates a question about circumstances, image, method of action: how? [Chatsky:] Ah! how to comprehend the game of fate? Griboedov, Woe from Wit. How did this putty get into his pocket? Chekhov, Steppe.… … Small academic dictionary

- (gram.). By the name S. (σύνδεσμος), Greek grammarians understood the part of speech that maintains the connection and order of speech and fills empty spaces in it. Thus, this term among the Greeks covered everything that we mean by general term… … encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

1) what, what, what, what, about, places. 1. interrogative. Indicates a question about an object, phenomenon, sign, etc. What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? Lermontov, Parus. What would you like: tea or coffee? Hey Afanasya, coffee for the doctor, yes... ... Small academic dictionary

№1.

Adverbial clauses- subordinate clauses that answer the same questions as the circumstances.

At the center of adverbial complex sentences are sentences whose meaning is in one way or another connected with the relationship of cause and effect. These are sentences with subordinate clauses causes, consequences, concessions, conditions, goals . Due to the known proximity of meanings, they are easy to confuse with each other. However, each of these varieties is characterized by its own unions ( subordinate clause - union So,goals - union to etc.).

Each of these varieties of complex sentences also has its own differences in meaning.

So, a complex sentence with subordinate reasons expresses the relationship between two events, one of which (from the speaker’s point of view) naturally gives rise to the other.

For example: The car turned on its headlights,because it's already dark in the forest (G. Nikolaeva).

Complex sentences of consequence convey the same relationships, but the reason in them is expressed in the main part, and not in the subordinate part: It's already dark in the forest,so the car turned on its headlights . What was the main clause in the first case has become a subordinate clause here.

Concessive complex sentences are also related in meaning to causal ones. But the consequence here is directly opposite in meaning to what naturally follows from the content of the subordinate clause.

For example: Although it's already dark in the forest , the car did not turn on its headlights. The speaker is waiting for the natural consequence of the subordinate clause ( the car turned on its headlights), but it is not implemented.

Adverbial clauses are also close to causal, but the cause here is the desire of the actor in the main clause for the action of the subordinate clause to be realized.

For example: He arrived in Rostov,to go to college .

Compare: He arrived in Rostov,because I wanted to go to college .

Adverbial clauses also convey a reason, but one that the speaker is not sure of.

For example: If your brother went to college

Compare: Since my brother went to college , he will write to us about it soon.

In addition, adverbial clauses include clauses of time, comparison, and manner of action.

Complex sentences with adverbial clauses

Theoretical information Adverbial clauses are very diverse and therefore have their own classification. Distinguish the following types adverbial clauses: manner of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence. Clauses of manner and degree denote the image, degree or measure of the action (attribute) named in the main sentence; answer the questions: How? how? in what degree? how much? and etc.; refer to phrases in the main clause: verb + So; full adjective + such; full adjective + noun + such; join unions what, to, as if etc. and allied words: how, how much, how much and etc. The main clause may contain demonstrative words: so, so much, so much, to such an extent, such and etc. For example: I was born in Russia. I love her so muchthat words can’t say everything ( S. Ostrovoy). The air is clearso much so that the jackdaw's beak is visible... (A. Chekhov). Subordinate clauses indicate the place of action named in the main clause; answer the questions: Where? Where? where?; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; are joined by conjunctive words: where, where, where. In the main sentence they often correspond to demonstrative words: there, there, from everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and etc. For example: Go on the free road,where does your free mind take you? (A. Pushkin). There,where the thicket ended , the birches were whitening. Clauses of time indicate the time of the action named in the main clause; answer the questions: When? how long? since when? How long? and etc.; refer either to the entire main clause or to its predicate. The main clause often contains demonstrative words: then, now, always, once, sometimes and etc. For example: While he was singing , Vaska the cat ate all the roast(I. Krylov). Sometimes,when you wander through unmown fallow land , almost from under your very feet a large brood of quails or gray partridges bursts out(S. Ognev). Subordinate clauses indicate the condition under which the action named in the main clause can occur; answer the questions: under what condition? in which case?; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; are joined by conditional conjunctions: if, once, if, if, when(in meaning " If"), How(in meaning " If") and etc. For example: If life deceives you , don't be sad, don't be angry(A. Pushkin); When there is no agreement among comrades , things won’t go well for them(I. Krylov). Additional reasons indicate the reason for what is said in the main sentence; answer questions Why? from what? because of which? for what reason?; refer either to the entire main clause or only to the predicate; are joined by causal conjunctions: since, because, because and etc. For example: I'm upset,because you're having fun (M. Lermontov); The Ossetian cab driver tirelessly drove the horses,because I wanted to climb Kaur Mountain before nightfall (M. Lermontov). Subordinate goals indicate the purpose of the action named in the main clause; answer the questions: For what? For what? for what purpose? For what? and etc.; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; are joined by target unions: so that (so that), then in order to, in order to and etc. For example: To become a musician , it takes skill(I. Krylov). I want to liveto think and suffer (A. Pushkin). Subordinate comparisons explain the content of the main sentence by comparison; answer the question: like what?; refer either to the entire main sentence or to its predicate; join comparative unions: as if, as if, exactly, with what (that) and etc. For example: It was quiet for two minutesthe convoy seemed to have fallen asleep (A. Chekhov). And the spruce tree knocks on the window with a thorny branch,how sometimes a belated traveler knocks (A. Pleshcheev). Subordinate concessions indicate the circumstance in spite of which the action named in the main sentence is performed; answer the questions: no matter what? in spite of what?; refer to the entire main clause or its predicate; join by concessional unions: although (at least), despite, let, letting, for nothing; although etc., allied combinations: no matter what, no one, no matter how much, no matter when, no matter how and etc. For example: Hot,although the sun has already dropped to the west (M. Gorky). Even though it's cold , but not hungry(Proverb). Wherever you throw it , wedge everywhere(Proverb). Subordinate corollaries denote a consequence (conclusion, result) arising from the content of the main sentence; answer the questions: what follows from this?; refer to the entire main clause; join unions: consequences so, therefore. For example: The wind howls at the top of its lungs,so I couldn't sleep in my room (I. Goncharov). The whole next day Gerasim did not show up, so the coachman Potap had to go get water instead(I. Turgenev). It is necessary to distinguish subordinate clause and the subordinate clause of manner and degree. Compare: The road was washed away by the rain,so that wide ruts formed across the mountains (I. Goncharov) (clause of consequence); The road was washed out by the rain,that wide ruts have formed across the mountains (clause of manner and degree).

№2. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses

Theoretical information Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc. I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can behomogeneousAndheterogeneous. 1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, have same value, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: [ I came to you with greetings, to tell you], (What Sun is up), (What it fluttered with hot light across the sheets). (A. Fet.) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by non-repeating conjunctions and, or, a comma is not placed in front of them, as with homogeneous members offers. For example: [ I answered], (What nature is good) And ( What Sunsets are especially good in our area). (V. Soloukhin.) The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination. 2. Heterogeneous subordinate clauses have different meanings and answer various questions or depend on different words in a sentence. For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (What something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.) With heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses can refer to the same words of the main sentence, but are not homogeneous, since they answer different questions. The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination. II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example: [ The young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back their tears.], (because were afraid of their father), (which I was also a little embarrassed), (Although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol) This connection is called consistent submission. At consistent subordination one clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc. For example: [ The water came down so scary], (What , (When soldiers were running below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).

№3. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

To express our opinion, our attitude to a fact or phenomenon, we often use complex sentences with explanatory clauses.

Explanatory clauses refer to members of a sentence that have the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, message, etc. Verbs in which the subordinate clause is used usually mean: speech ( said, shouted), perception ( saw, heard, felt), mental activity ( thought, decided, determined), the internal state of a person ( was afraid, surprised).

For example, I.S. Turgenev in his letter to P. Viardot wrote about his feelings: I I can't see without worry , like a branch covered with young green leaves, clearly appears against the blue sky.

In a sentence: Sophia, characterizing Chatsky, speaks that “he is especially happy with friends”, - a speaking verb is used.

Very often we use explanatory clauses when we express our opinions:

I am convinced... I believe... I agree that... I can say with confidence... It seems to me... I am attracted (interested) by the thought, (statement) about... .

Besides, complex sentences with explanatory clauses convey indirect speech: I explained to them that I am an officer, going to the active detachment on official business. (M. Lermontov) Vera said, that he doesn't want tea , and went to her room.(N. Chernyshevsky)

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Theoretical information Explanatory clauses answer case questions and join the main part with conjunctions ( what, as if, as if, as if, to, whether etc.) and allied words (what, who, how, which, why, where, where, from, why, etc.). For example: I want,so that a feather was compared to a bayonet(V. Mayakovsky) - means of communication - union so that . I don't know, I wantwhether I'll go with them- means of communication - union whether , which, like coordinating conjunctions same, also, also, is not at the beginning of the part. They saidthat it seems he became addicted to collecting smoking pipes.(A. N. Tolstoy) - means of communication - compound union that it seems . How could God alone sayWhich Manilov had a character(N.V. Gogol) - means of communication - union word Which, part of the predicate. It's sad to see a young man lose his best hopes and dreams...(M. Yu. Lermontov) - means of communication - union When . Explanatory clauses refer to one word in the main part - a verb, short adjective, adverb, verbal noun with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception. For example: Irejoiced / expressed surprise / was glad that he came. It's good that he came. The main part may contain an index word That in different case forms: I was happythat that he came. In this sentence, the word that can be omitted, so the subordinate clause refers to the adjective glad. However, in some complex sentences with explanatory clauses, the demonstrative word in the main part is an obligatory component of the sentence structure. For example: It all startedsince then that father has returned. Such subordinate clauses refer specifically to index word, which can only be the word that. This feature brings such sentences closer to pronominal-definitive ones, while the use of a conjunction rather than a conjunctive word allows them to be classified as explanatory. An explanatory clause is usually found after the word in the main part to which it refers, but occasionally, mainly in colloquial speech, it can also be located in front of the main part. For example: That he won't come , it was clear to me right away.

№4. Complex sentences with attributive clauses

Theoretical information Determinative clauses explain (characterize) that member of the main part of the sentence that is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and answer questions of definition: Which? whose? For example: (1) Blizzards ( which? ), (2) that they are banging on the doors, (1) they won’t knock me off the road. Subordinate clauses are added to the main part only with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, where, when: For example: And Tanya seeshouse empty(Which?), Where Our hero lived recently. (A. Pushkin) [– = noun. ], (where = –). Subordinate clauses have strictly specific place as part of a complex sentence: they stand always after the word being defined. For example: Childhood isjourney (which?), which no one has managed to do twice . (V. Sanin) [noun. – noun ], (which =). Conjunctive words which, which, whose with a defined word only agree in gender, number , A case form them depends on which member of the sentence these allied words in the subordinate clause are: For example: I likepeople who the life of the country is not indifferent.(The word which is used in the dative case.) Compare: I likepeople with whom easy to communicate.(Word which used in instrumental case.) - I like people about whom legends are made.(Word which used in the prepositional case.) Word which can stand not only at the beginning, but also inside the subordinate clause. For example: 1) A river flows near the village, the sourcewhich is located in the forest foothills.(M. Lermontov) 2) As if chained, she fell silent, calmed down northern river, noisewhich The grandfathers and great-grandfathers of the Pomor fishermen listened.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) Close in meaning to the definitions clauses of pronominal attributives which refer to pronouns that, each, such, all, every etc., located in the main part. For example: (1) Everything will go far into the pastThat , (2) what do I live for . (N. Glazkov).[ = That ], (how – =).

№5.Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences

Subordinate clause is a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word.

For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest(Pushkin). It is very difficult to describe the feeling I felt at that time.(Korolenko).

Used in educational practice the term “subordinate clause” is usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “subordinate clause” (accordingly, instead of “main clause” - “main part”); This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

School textbooks present two types of classifications of subordinate clauses.

1. Subordinate clauses are divided into three groups: attributive, explanatory and adverbial; the latter are divided into subgroups.

2. Subordinate clauses are divided into subject, predicate, attributive, additional and adverbial, depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by the subordinate clause (to determine the type of subordinate clause, questions asked to various members offers).

Since the classification adopted in the first case is more common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching, we will adhere to it.

Let us recall that knowledge about the types of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence is also tested in Unified State Exam tests V parts B(task B6) in 11th grade.

Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences

Theoretical information According to the meaning and structure, the subordinate parts of complex sentences are divided into three main groups, which correspond to three groups minor members sentences: definitions, additions, circumstances. Determinative clauses explain (characterize) that member of the main part of the sentence that is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and answer the questions of definition: which one? whose? For example: (1) Blizzards(which ones?), (2) that they're banging on the doors , (1) they won't knock me off the road.(A. Fatyanov) [ – , (that =), =]. Explanatory clauses explain the member of the sentence (most often the predicate) of the main part and, like additions, answer questions about indirect cases. For example: (1) We talked animatedly about(about what?), (2) how to resolve the current situation . [ – = ], (as =). Adverbial clauses indicate the place, time, purpose, reason, mode of action, condition, etc. of what is reported in the main part of the complex sentence. They answer questions of circumstance. For example: (1) To love music , (2) you have to listen to her first(for what purpose?). (D. Shostakovich) (To =), [=].

№6. Complex sentence