Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.
This article will focus specifically on sentence syntax. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language.
1. The concept of a proposal
Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).
Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).
2. How to correctly identify proposals?
By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:
About grammatical meaning;
About the question this sentence answers;
About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;
About means of communication.
It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, connective and circumstantial.
3. in Russian
1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.
The question the sentence answers is: which one?
What does the sentence refer to: a noun.
Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.
For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.
2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.
The question the sentence answers is: what?
What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.
Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.
Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.
For example: I know I can do this.
3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.
What they apply to: the entire main clause.
Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.
4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:
- mode of action and degree
Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.
The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?
What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.
For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.
- places
Role performed: indicate the location of the action.
The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?
What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.
For example: Where the road ended, the field began.
- time
Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.
The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?
Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.
For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.
- conditions
Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.
The question the sentence answers is: in what case? under what condition?
Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.
For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.
- causes
Role: Indicates the cause.
The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.
For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.
- comparisons
Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.
The question the sentence answers is: like what?
What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.
For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.
Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.
The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.
For example: I want to learn in order to know.
- concessions
Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.
The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?
What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”
For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.
- consequences
Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.
The question the sentence answers is: what of this?
What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.
Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.
For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.
Adverbial clauses
IBS with adverbial clauses- This is a sentence, the subordinate part of which answers questions of circumstances. They are attached to the predicate or to the entire main part with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
| Types of adverbial clauses | Questions from the main part to the subordinate clause | Conjunctions and allied words | Example sentences |
| 1. Time (indicative words may appear in the main part then, always, every time) | When? How long? Since when? How long? | Conjunctions: when, while, barely, only, barely, as soon as, barely, before, before, since, until, while. | As soon as the December dawn began, Anya went outside. Grandfather ordered not to wake Tanya until Bye she won't wake up on her own. While she was leaving the living room, a bell was heard in the hall. As soon as the snow melts in the forest, buds will swell on the birch trees. |
| 2. Places (indicative words may appear in the main part there, there, from there, where) | Where? Where? Where? | Conjunctive words: where, where, from. | Go there where your free mind takes you. Ahead, Where the grove ended, there were birches. There, Where The pine trees were already thinner, and paths went in circles through the settled snow. |
| 3. Mode of action (In the main part of the word so, thus. They always come after the main part.) | How? How? | Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, that, in order to. | Pierre waved his arms and head So, as if mosquitoes attacked him. |
| 4. Measures and degrees (In the main part of the word so, so, thus. They are joined by a union after the main part. They are joined with a conjunctive word before the main part, after it.) | To what extent? In what degree? How much? | Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, that. | Forest on both sides So thick, What nothing could be seen through it. She's lost so much weight What She looked like a sixteen year old girl. Uncle sang like this How the common people sing. |
| Conjunctive words: how much, how much, since. | People were interesting to Samghin so, how much He, looking closely at them, saw himself similar to them. | ||
| 5. Conditions (have indicative words then, so, join to the entire main part) | Under what conditions? | If, if... then, if, if, as soon as, when (= if), times. | If the sun is not put out, there will always be bunnies. Travel would lose half its meaning, if they could not be talked about. Indeed, If sit still all rainy days, That You'll probably not get far this summer. If there are no flowers in the middle of winter, there is no need to be sad about them. |
| 6. Reasons (with conjunctions because, for always come after the main part) | Why? From what? For what reason? | Conjunctions: because, because, for, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, especially since. | The next day, Prince Andrei went to the Rostovs for dinner, because the count called him. Due to the fact that you constantly have to see trees in front of you, the eye gets tired. Every work is important for ennobles a person. We walked in silence, admiring the steppe, especially as it became more and more attractive. |
| 7. Consequences (indicate the result, always found after the main part) | Due to what? What follows from this? | Union: so. | The rain poured down like buckets, So It was impossible to go out onto the porch. |
| 8. Goals | For what? For what purpose? For what? | Conjunctions: so that, in order to, then that, so that, in order to, if only. | I began to imitate a strange sound, to lure the bird. In order to learn to tell the truth to people, you need to learn to tell it to yourself. |
| 9. Concessions (indicate the circumstances contrary to which the action takes place) | Despite what? In spite of what? | Conjunctions: despite the fact that, despite the fact that, although, even though, even though, even though. | The night was quiet and bright, Although there was no moon. Although it was cold, the snow on the collar melted very quickly. Even though the ink has not yet dried, words have already been given immortality. |
| Conjunctive words: no matter how much, no matter how, no matter where, no matter where, no matter who, no matter what. | Bonfire, no matter how supported on this hazy morning, it soon went out. But How many Sashi neither thought, nothing came to his mind. | ||
| 10. Comparisons (attached to the entire main part) | How? Like what? | Conjunctions: as, as if, exactly, as if, likewise, as if, as if, than...then, as...so. | The forest stands silently as if peering somewhere. AND how the fire burned out sooner, those The moonlit night was becoming more visible. Like a tree silently shedding its leaves, So I drop sad words. Gerasim grew up dumb and powerful, How the tree grows on fertile soil. |
| 11. Accessions (they will comment or evaluate what is said in the first part, join the entire main part) | What else? | Conjunctive words: what, where, where, why, why. | I stay at the dacha all winter, What original and new. I had to go down into the quagmire, What it was extremely difficult because of the icy water. |
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish comparative clauses from comparative phrases. In comparative phrases there is no predicate. Example: The stars were shining How little suns. How towers, the Christmas trees are darkening. In sparkles of frost, exactly in diamonds, the birch trees dozed off, bending over.
Attention! Mixing the constructions of the main and subordinate clauses leads to an error.
Syntactic constructions differ in the number of grammatical
European fundamentals. A contains one set of main members, while a complex contains two or more. The subordinate clause can only be in (SPP). In the design of an IPP there is always a main part, from which in most cases you can ask a question to the dependent part. That is, a subordinate relationship arises between them.
The formal sign of a subordinate clause in NGN is the presence of a means of grammatical connection (conjunction or, as well as the impossibility of separation from the main one without loss or distortion of meaning.
Types of subordinate clauses
There are four types of dependent parts in the IPP: connecting, attributive, explanatory and adverbial.
SPPs with adverbial clauses are the most difficult type of complex sentences to study.
This group of dependent parts is heterogeneous in its composition. The questions asked from the main part to the subordinate adverbial clause are exactly the same as those of the secondary member of the sentence of the same name.
10 varieties of adverbial clauses
- Mode of action.
An adverbial clause of this type answers the questions: “How?”, “In what way?”
The summer days passed so quickly that we involuntarily sped up along with them.
- Degrees and measures.
In this case, you can ask questions to dependent clauses: “To what extent?” "To what extent?", "How much?"
Kashtanov lied so convincingly that everyone believed his stories.
- Time.
As the name implies, such an adverbial adverbial clause indicates the moment the event occurred. Their typical questions are: “When?”, “How long?”, “Since when?”
When morning came, the camp town began to revive.
- Places.
This type of subordinate clause often refers to one predicate in the main part, less often to the entire sentence. “Where?”, “From where?”, “Where to?” - the main questions of this type.
From where we are going, returning on foot will be problematic.
- Goals.
In NGN, the adverbial clause reflects the specification of the action occurring in the main sentence from the point of view of the final result. In other words, the design answers the question: “Why?”
To become strong, you need to train hard.
- Conditions and concessions.
Dependent clauses of these types are similar to each other in that in both cases the adverbial meaning is conditioned by something: the action occurs “thanks to” or “in spite of”.
If you find time, come visit.
Although the sun had long since set, the heat did not subside.
- Comparisons.
In SPP with a subordinate adverbial comparison, such a dependent part explains the content of the main part with the help of conjunctions: “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”.
The ice on the river split, as if a huge mirror had cracked.
- Consequences.
Dependent clauses indicate the result or conclusion of the events occurring in the main clause. This type of adverbial clause is easily recognized by the conjunctions “so” and “therefore”.
The wind howled louder than usual, so I fell asleep only in the morning.
- Causes.
The last type of dependent adverbial parts answers the question: “Why?” Most often, the subordinate reason is attached to the main one with the help of conjunctions “because”, “because that”, “due to the fact that” and a number of others.
Maria began to get ready to go home; the first lights came on on the street.
It is worth noting that for definition it is important not only to ask the right question, but also to determine the syntactic means of communication. Often it is the subordinating conjunction that suggests the type of dictionary.
), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:
- definitive,
- explanatory,
- circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
- connecting.
Subordinate clauses
Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.
Examples
- [The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang( which my grandmother gave me)].
- [The house burned to the ground]. House Which?(Where I was born). [House( where I was born) burned to the ground].
- [A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate). [A.S. Pushkin( , whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated,) erected more than one monument].
- [That day my life changed]. In a day Which?(When I understood everything). [In that day( when I understood everything) my life has changed].
Explanatory clauses
Refers to a verb. Answer case questions ( Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join using allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much
And also unions: what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc.
Examples
Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.
- [I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?(In that the Earth has the shape of a ball). [I'm sure( that the Earth is spherical)].
- [He found out]. Found out What?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out( , how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
- [They understood]. Got it What?(Why did I do this). [They understood( why did I do this)].
Adverbial clauses
Common circumstances play a role. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:
| Subordinate clause type | Questions it answers | Linking using conjunctions | Linking using allied words | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of action | How? how? | how, what, so that, as if, exactly |
|
|
| Measures and degrees | how much? in what degree? | what how | how much, how much |
|
| Places | Where? Where? where? | where, where, where |
|
|
| Time | When? how long? since when? How long? | when, while, while, as soon as, since, until |
|
|
| Goals | For what? for what purpose? | so that (so that) |
|
|
| Causes | Why? from what? | because, because, since, for |
|
|
| Conditions | under what condition? | if, when, times |
|
|
| Concessions | no matter what? | although, despite the fact that, let, let | no matter how much, no matter how |
|
| Consequences | And..? hence..? | So |
|
|
| Comparative | How? | as if, as if |
|
Subordinate clauses
Apply to the entire main part.
Join using allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
They supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.
Examples
- He was worried( , that's why I couldn't pass the exam successfully).
- My brother never opened the book during all this time( that didn't give me peace of mind).
see also
Notes
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries:
Subordinate clause- SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. See main sentence... Dictionary of literary terms
APPENDIX, weave, m. Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
A syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ...
The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ... Literary encyclopedia
- (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main one, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
subordinate clause- linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence... Dictionary of many expressions
subordinate clause- See main sentence... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE- (following paragraph, German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with the terminology of grammar, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part ... ... Riemann's Dictionary of Music
Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
1. Questions: subordinate corollaries answer the question what follows from this?
2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using the conjunction so.
3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses come after the main clause.
The snow became whiter and brighter, so it hurt my eyes to look at it(L. Tolstoy).
, (So- union).
Note!
1) So it is the only conjunction that is used in clauses of consequence, and it is used only in this type of clause.
2) The union therefore cannot be divided into two parts, like many other compound unions. It is always completely included in the subordinate clause. If this conjunction is dissected, then not only the structure of the sentence will change, but also the meaning of the subordinate clause.
Wed: He dressed warmly, so he is not afraid of the cold- subordinate clause with the conjunction so that; He got dressed So that the frost is not scary for him- a subordinate clause of manner of action and degree, so - an indicative word in the main sentence, that - a subordinating conjunction in a subordinate clause.
Note. A number of manuals also highlight subordinate clauses:
1) Questions: subordinate clauses answer the questions: what is the conclusion from this? what is the assessment of this? What can be noted about this?
2) Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence using allied words: what (in various forms without prepositions and with prepositions), why, why, why.
3) Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses come after the main clause, and in the main clause there are no indicators that sentences of this type follow them (except for intonation, indicating that the sentence is not complete).
The main clause in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause is complete in form and content. The subordinate clause contains an additional message, an assessment of the situation in the main sentence, a conclusion, and individual comments about the message in the main part.
For example:
Such[wild, deserted, inhospitable] taiga affects people's psyche, What it was noticeable from my companions(Arsenyev). In this case, the subordinate clause provides an observation that confirms the general judgment expressed in the main clause.
Working on jasper, Russian artists and craftsmen learned to understand and appreciate the stone, look for the artistic intent in it, merge the artist’s idea with the properties of the material, What is one of greatest achievements in the history of stone cutting art(Fersman). This subordinate clause expresses an assessment.
For what walks along the shore(Arsenyev). This subordinate clause gives an additional message.
In general, complex sentences with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to complex and non-conjunct complex sentences. It is no coincidence that the conjunctive words what, why, why can be replaced by demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: what → this ; why → because; why → then .
Wed: Having destroyed the fish in one particular area, the otter moves up or down the river, For what walks along the shore. - Having destroyed the fish in one area, the otter moves up or down the river, for this it walks along the bank).
Plan for parsing a complex sentence
- Indicate the type of complex sentence (complex sentence).
- Name the main clause and subordinate clause (highlight grammatical bases).
- Indicate what the subordinate clause refers to (to the entire main clause or to one word in the main clause).
- Determine the type of subordinate clause.
- Indicate means of communication: conjunction or allied word; indicative word (if it is in the main sentence).
- Indicate the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause.
- Construct a complex sentence diagram.
Sample parsing
The young people are so shocked by this meeting that they are silent for some time, looking at us(Ginsburg).
A complex sentence consists of two simple ones. Main offer: The young people are so shocked by this meeting, grammatical basis - young people are shocked. Subordinate clause: who are silent for a while, looking at us; grammatical basis - are silent, subject omitted young people. The subordinate clause refers to the predicate shocked expressed by a short participle. Clause of manner and degree. Means of communication - the conjunction that and the demonstrative word so (in the main sentence). The subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
[cr. prib. + decree next], ( What- union).
mode of action and degree