Lesson objectives:
1. Educational:
- repetition and deepening of information about a complex sentence
- introduction of the concept of a complex sentence
- developing the ability to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words
- find the main and subordinate clauses in the IPP, see the means of communication between the parts of the sentence
- checking the understanding and degree of mastery of the material on the topic
2. Developmental:
- development of students’ mental activity
- developing the ability to work in groups, evaluate classmates’ answers
3. Educational:
- fostering a conscious interest in the native language as a means of acquiring knowledge
- nurturing a love for Russian literature and respect for the work of great writers
- nurturing friendly relations between students, encouraging the desire for joint activities and mutual assistance
Security:
- multimedia projector, screen
- Handout (supporting summary No. 1 “Sentence”; supporting summary No. 2 “Complex sentence”; text “Correspondence tour of Yasnaya Polyana”)
1. Organizational moment
(Goal: mobilizing the attention of schoolchildren, creating motivation for action in the lesson)
Greetings
- ensuring a favorable atmosphere in the classroom
- formulation of lesson objectives
- lesson plan announcement
2. Activation of the material covered
(Goal: updating the knowledge necessary to study and understand new material)
A) Spelling warm-up.
A student is working at the board. (It is necessary to write down the sentence correctly and determine its type. The class writes the sentence under dictation).
Creeping smoke, fraught with great danger, swirled from the fire-breathing crater of the volcano, crowned with a cap of rapidly melting snow.
(Simple complex sentence)
C) A combination of oral and written questioning.
Oral survey.
Individual interview with using visual aids (slide 3) and supporting summary No. 1
Frontal survey
In what branch of linguistics is the sentence studied?
- What groups are all proposals divided into?
- What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one?
- What types of complex sentences?
- What is the difference between union proposals and non-union proposals?
- What are the means of communication between parts of the sentence?
Written survey
Indicate the type of sentence, the way the parts in the sentence are connected.
SELF-CHECK
Determine what type the following sentences belong to. For complex sentences, also indicate the means of communication with which the parts of the sentence are connected.
1. Marya Ivanovna took a folded piece of paper out of her pocket and handed it to her unfamiliar patron, who began to read it to herself. (A.S. Pushkin)
2. The candles were taken out, the room was again illuminated by one lamp. (A.S. Pushkin)
3. Our friends were met in the hallway by two tall footmen in livery; One of them immediately ran after the butler. (I.S. Turgenev)
4. It was quiet, cool in the garden, and dark, calm shadows lay on the ground. (A.P. Chekhov)
5. The prince, without losing his presence of mind, took a traveling pistol from his side pocket and shot at the masked robber. (A.S. Pushkin)
Form of recording in notebooks.
1. SPP, intonation and conjunction word
2. BSP, intonation
3. BSP, intonation
4. BSC, intonation and conjunction
5.PP
3. Assimilation of new knowledge
1. Work with the textbook and compile a supporting summary.
(Students read the paragraph, systematize the information according to reference summary No. 2)
Please note that parts of NGNs can be connected using conjunctions and allied words (slide 8). What is the difference? How to distinguish a conjunction from an allied word?
In science, there are two ways in which truth can be achieved: the path of practitioners and theorists.
2. Divide the class into two groups: “Researchers” and “Theorists”.
We listen to students’ answers and draw conclusions using illustrative examples (slide 10)
The final conclusion on the topic is made by the teacher.
4. Primary consolidation of knowledge. Application of new knowledge on language material.
Absentee trip to Yasnaya Polyana.
Students read and analyze the text on their desk. SPPs are found in every sentence. Reading the text is accompanied by a slide show (11-19)
Correspondence tour of Yasnaya Polyana.
The village of Yasnaya Polyana arose not far from the Raspberry Gate of the Raspberry Zaseka. The Tolstoys believed that Yasnaya Polyana got its name from the wide sunny valley that opens when turning to the estate, and perhaps along the Yasenka River, which flows nearby. In 1763, Yasnaya Polyana was bought in the name of his wife by Tostoy’s great-grandfather, Prince S. F. Volkonsky, and since then it has been inherited. On August 28, 1828, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana. He spent most of his life here.
At the entrance to the estate you are greeted by white turrets. Here, as L.N. recalls. Tolstoy, “...the play of light and shadows from the large, densely dressed birches of the prespekt on the tall, dark green grass, and forget-me-nots, and dull nettles...”. Of course, there are no dead nettles today. The estate is very well maintained, you can feel the caring hand of the museum workers in everything. On the left, at the entrance to the estate, is the Big Pond, which is one of the oldest hydraulic structures in Yasnaya Polyana.
The appearance of the two-story house-museum, the location of its rooms, the furnishings - everything is preserved as it was in the last year of the writer’s life. Everything in the house is inspired by the image of Leo Tolstoy: the library, the study; a hall where they dined and relaxed; “room under the vaults” with its small round table, lamp, sofa, several armchairs, an antique dressing table with three mirrors, personal belongings of the writer, portraits of him and his loved ones.
The Kuzminsky wing is the building of Tolstoy's Yasnaya Polyana school, later a guest house; it now houses temporary exhibitions. Initially, the wing was (like the Tolstoy House) part of the architectural ensemble founded under Prince Volkonsky. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the outbuilding, which existed until 1862. Later guests stayed here. More often than others, the writer’s sister-in-law, his wife’s younger sister, Tatyana Andreevna Kuzminskaya and her family lived here. After her name, the outbuilding was called the Kuzminsky outbuilding.
Volkonsky's house is the oldest building in the estate. It is assumed that the writer’s grandfather, Prince N. S. Volkonsky, lived there for some time. Under the prince, in the central part of the house there were workshops for the production of linen, carpets, and leather processing. Under Tolstoy, servants lived here, there was a laundry and a “black kitchen”. The eastern wing of the Volkonsky House housed the art workshop of Tolstoy’s daughter Tatyana Lvovna.
Grave of L.N. Tolstoy is one of the most popular places among visitors to the estate. In “Memoirs,” Lev Nikolaevich wrote about how his older brother Nikolenka announced that “he has a secret through which, when it is revealed, all people will become happy and love each other. This secret was written by him on a green stick, and This stick is buried by the road on the edge of a ravine in Yasnaya Polyana park." It is believed that Tolstoy asked to be buried on the edge of a ravine, on the site of a “green stick”, on which is written something that should destroy all evil in people and give them great good." According to Stefan Zweig, this is "the most beautiful, most impressive, the most touching grave in the world"
5. Summing up the lesson. Consolidation of the studied material.
What new did you learn in the lesson? Conclusions (slide 20)
- Working with cards.
To consolidate the material studied, students are given cards with a task compiled based on materials from the collection “Preparation for the Unified State Exam. 9th grade”
Option 1.
Now I see in front of me a long figure in a cotton robe and a red cap, (1) from under which sparse gray hair can be seen. He sits next to a table, (2) on which there is a circle with a hairdresser, (3) casting a shadow on his face; in one hand he holds a book, (4) the other rests on the arm of the chair; next to him lie a watch with a gamekeeper painted on the dial, (5) a checkered handkerchief, (6) a black round snuff box, (7) a green case for glasses, (8) tongs on a tray. All this is so decorous, (9) lies neatly in its place, (10) that from this order alone one can conclude, (11) that Karl Ivanovich has a clear conscience and a calm soul.
(L.N. Tolstoy. Childhood)
1,2,10,11
Option 2.
In the sentences below, all commas are numbered.
Write down the numbers indicating commas between parts of a complex sentence.
She was wearing a white dress with a pink belt and white kid gloves, (1) which did not reach her thin, (2) sharp elbows, (3) and white satin shoes. The Mazurka was taken away from me: the disgusting engineer Anisimov - I still can’t forgive him for this - invited her, (4) she just came in, (5) and I stopped by the hairdresser and for gloves and was late. I didn’t dance the Mazurka with her , (6) and with one German girl, (7) whom I looked after a little before.
(L.N. Tolstoy. After the ball)
6. Homework: teach paragraph 9, Exercise 76
SPP components are unequal: one is the main one ( main part), the other is dependent ( subordinate clause). The means of connecting parts of NGN are subordinating conjunctions and allied words (relative pronouns or adverbs). In addition to conjunctions and allied words, the identification and differentiation of semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence usually involves the forms of predicate verbs of the main and subordinate parts, as well as some lexical elements, not only as part of the main, but also the subordinate part.
Submission ( hypotaxis, subordination) – a syntactic connection of grammatically unequal units of language, which has its own system of means of expression (subordinating conjunctions and allied words). The term “complex sentence” was introduced by N.I. Grech in the book “Practical Russian Grammar” (1834).
Complex sentence - This is a sentence whose grammatically unequal parts are connected using a subordinating connection.
The connection between the parts of a complex sentence is two-way: not only does the subordinate part explain the main part, but the main part is not independent, since it almost always needs to be extended.
Issues of classification of NGN. Depending on the general theoretical guidelines of different linguistic schools, SPPs were understood differently. There were three directions in the classification of SPP:
1) logical-grammatical;
2) formal;
3) structural-semantic.
The most popular was logical-grammatical direction, based on the likening of subordinate parts to members of a simple sentence. This direction was put forward by A.Kh. Vostokov in “Russian Grammar” (1831) and N.I. Grechem in “Practical Russian Grammar” (1834). This direction is developed in detail in the book.
P.E. Basistov “System of Syntax” (1848). He identified five types of subordinate clauses in accordance with the five types of sentence members: subject, predicate, attributive, additional, adverbial. The classification of I.I. is based on the same principle. Davydov, who added conditional, concessional and target subordinate clauses. Ten years later, a book by F.I. was published. Buslaev’s “Experience in the Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” (1858), in which Basistov’s classification was reproduced. Buslaev only excluded predicate clauses from this classification, since he considered the predicate to be the center of the sentence, which cannot be replaced by a subordinate clause. Subsequently, Buslaev recognized their presence and added subordinate measures and counts and subordinate comparisons to the classification. This classification did not take into account the semantic criterion. In addition, there was no single basis for identifying subordinate clauses, since adverbial clauses were allocated according to questions, and all others - according to the syntactic function of the word to which they referred.
Criticism formal direction intensified after the publication of A.A. More interesting than the book “From Notes on Russian Grammar,” where he indicated that sentences should also be studied from the point of view of their grammatical structure. Point of view of A.A. Potebnya was supported by D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky, M.N. Peterson, A.B. Shapiro.
In accordance with the formal classification, all NGNs are divided into 2 types:
1) sentences with allied words (relative subordination);
2) sentences with unions (union subordination).
But the further distribution of SPP was reduced to the distribution of conjunctions and allied words. The main drawback of this theory is
in a one-sided approach to the description of the NGN, since the means of connecting the parts is not always the determining factor in qualifying the proposal.
At the core structural-semantic classification lies in taking into account structural and semantic criteria. The beginning of this direction can be found in the works of V.A. Bogoroditsky, his views were further developed in the works of N.S. Pospelova, L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, V.I. Kodukhova and others.
N.S. Pospelov put forward the principle of one- and two-term sentences, which differ in what the subordinate part refers to. If the subordinate part refers to one word in the main part, complements and specifies it - this is a one-member structure, if the subordinate part refers to the entire main part or several words of the main part, it is a two-member structure. Subsequently, single-term SPPs were called sentences of an undifferentiated structure, and two-term ones - of a dismembered structure.
Dissected and non-dissected structures differ in the following:
1. The degree of cohesion of the parts: a closer connection in undivided sentences, less close connection in dismembered sentences.
2. The nature of the relationship between the main and subordinate parts: morphological-syntactic relations in undivided and syntactic relations in dismembered structures.
3. In undivided sentences there are syntactic conjunctions, in dismembered sentences there are semantic conjunctions.
4. The role of the index word in undivided structures is important, but in dissected structures it is not necessary.
The school classification does not use the terms “divided” and “undivided”, although it does indicate that a subordinate clause can refer to the entire main part or to one word in the main part.
Complex sentences
undivided structure dismembered structure
– with explanatory – temporary;
– with determinatives – conditionals;
– with spatial – target ones;
relationships between parts. – investigative;
– causal;
- concessive;
– comparative;
– comparative
relationships between parts.
Grammatical means of subordinating the subordinate part of the NGN:
1. Subordinating conjunctions. The nature of the alliances can differentiate between dismembered and undisaggregated NGNs. In undivided dictionary sentences, the general grammatical meaning is determined not so much by the conjunction, but by the ability of the attaching word to form phrases. Unions in undivided NGNs are purely functional. The grammatical meaning of dissected NGNs is determined precisely by the conjunction.
2. Conjunctive words. These are pronouns and pronominal adverbs, which are members of the subordinate clause.
3. Correlative words. These are some pronouns and adverbs that are in the main part of the SPP and attach to themselves a subordinate part that specifies their meaning. Usually used in combination with allied words and form correlative pairs with them.
4. Order of parts. It can be strictly fixed or free, which depends on the semantics and structure of the sentence as a whole.
5. Correlation of verb forms. The aspectual forms of the predicate verbs of the first part (main or subordinate) always determine the forms of the predicate verbs of the second part.
6. Lexico-morphological character of the attaching word. For example, a noun requires an attributive clause, and a verb, a short adjective, or a state category requires an explanatory clause.
7. Special lexical items. These are structural elements of the type as for... well, the thing is that and under. There are words in them concerns And case lose their lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements.
8. Intonation distinguishes parts of a statement according to their semantic significance. Intonation is in close relationship with the syntactic means of forming a statement. It can act simultaneously with these drugs, enhancing their effect, or compensate for the absence of some of them (for example, unions).
Complex sentences of an undivided structure with explanatory relationships between parts. The explanatory clause refers to the main part and extends it. The main part is not finished and requires completion. The word being explained can belong to various parts of speech that have the ability to be controlled and have certain meanings (speech, thought, emotional, cognitive, volitional or evaluative activity): I don’t believe that stars fade away...(Sharp)
An explanatory clause is attached to the main part using conjunctions or allied words.
Unions are divided into 3 groups:
1) belonging to the sphere of narration: union What– the most common; its main meaning is a report of a fact, the reliability of which the reporter does not doubt; union as if used in NGN when an unreliable fact is imagined; union How found in SPP, where in the main part there is a word with the meaning of perception, sensation, observation; Such SOPs not only report the phenomenon, but also specify how it occurs. In sentences with a conjunction How particles can be consumed as if (as if), as if, exactly and others, who indicate that the situation described in the subordinate clause is constructed by similarity to something: I must admit that I was not sorry to leave Bagrovo(Ax.);
2) belonging to the sphere of expression of will - such unions are found in SPP, where object relations are complicated by the meanings of motivation or desirability: union to introduces the meaning of objective desire or the meaning inherent in the imperative; so as not to, no matter how– attach a subordinate clause to the main part, which contains words like to be afraid, to be afraid, fear and under.: We need all people to be happy (March);
3) belonging to the sphere of interrogative speech. Key words in the main part of such SPPs denote misunderstanding, reflection, cognitive activity, transfer of knowledge: union whether used after the first word of the subordinate clause, refers to it in meaning and emphasizes it; such sentences express the meaning of doubt, uncertainty; when creating an alternative question, it can be combined with a conjunction or: I don’t know whether this decoding will bring you any practical benefit (Usp.).
Conjunctive words Due to their lexical meaning, they introduce the following additional shades into the sentence: what, which, what– shade of quality, attribute, variety of objects, order of selection of objects; whose– shade of belonging; where, where, where– a shade of spatiality; When– temporary shade; How– shade of character, method of action; how much, how much– indication of measure or degree; For what– target shade; why, why– shade of reason: Nobody understood why Korchagin was kicked out of school(Acute); I grew up not knowing how the slow sunset drowns in rivers(Drun.).
Complex sentences of an undivided structure with determinative relations between parts. The attributive clause refers to a noun or other substantivized word and defines it in terms of the measure and degree of manifestation of something, property and quality, external manifestation or mode of action.
In connection with the degree of completeness of the main part, they are distinguished:
1) SPP, in which the main part does not express a complete thought and must be distributed: There are people who have a popular library instead of a soul(M.G.);
2) SPP, in which the main part is relatively complete, and the subordinate part contains additional information: Tanya has a delicate, expressive face that will be remembered for a long time(Seraph.).
The attributive clause is attached to the main part using the following allied words:
which– has a purely definitive meaning; agrees in gender and number with the word being defined, and its case depends on which member of the sentence this word is;
whose– adds a hint of belonging; agrees in gender, number and case with the noun of the subordinate clause, which denotes an object belonging to the person or thing in the main clause;
Which– introduces a shade of comparison;
What– used in I.P. with attributive relations only in I.p. and direct V.p.; in a sentence it functions as a subject and a direct object; its use in other functions is contrary to the literary norm;
whoa– not used in I.p. and V.p. units m.r. and f.r. (archaic forms); used in modern journalism;
where, where, where– complicate the attributive meaning with a shade of place and characterize in the main part a noun with a spatial meaning or a pronoun;
When– adds a subordinate clause to a noun with a temporary meaning and to words like case, phenomenon, condition and under.
The attributive clause cannot appear before the main clause. All conjunctive words except which, are usually found at the beginning of the subordinate clause. To implement attributive relations, one substantive is sufficient, to which a subordinate clause is attached. Therefore, a attributive clause can be used in a nominative sentence, in an address, and in a Nominative presentation.
The group of NGNs with definitive relationships between parts includes sentences with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, as if, exactly and so on, as well as with unions What And to when indicating an investigation. The supporting elements in such SPPs are nouns, adjectives, adverbs, category of state, quantitative-nominal combinations and even verbs. In the syntactic literature, such sentences are usually considered as SPPs with subordinate clauses of comparison, measure and degree, image and mode of action.
Complex sentences of an undivided structure with spatial relationships between parts. In such NGN, the subordinate part indicates the place where what is said in the main part is located or occurs.
Conjunctive words where, where, where often form a pair with correlative pronominal adverbs, which usually adjoin the predicate in the main part.
Such subordinate parts may contain an indication of the direction of action of the main part: direct ( with a correlative word there) and the reverse (with a correlative word from there): The sky there was purple, warm and gentle and beckoned to where it seemed to be the edge of the dark green meadows(M.G.); From where the river was, it smelled damp(Paust).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with temporary relationships between parts. The subordinate part with the value of time serves as a guide for determining the time of the action or state indicated in the main part. Events named in the main and subordinate parts can occur either simultaneously or at different times.
The means of communication between units in such SPP are the following unions: When– expresses the meaning of simultaneity and sequence; stylistically neutral; bye (while, for now) – expresses the relation of limited simultaneity; How– can introduce into sentences a temporary construction that has lost its predicative nature; since– shows that at the initial stage the actions in the main and subordinate parts coincide; after– adds a hint of following; as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, barely, just, barely– express a relationship of close following; before, before, before– show that the action of the main part precedes the action of the subordinate part: I'll go to bed and whisper poems until I fall asleep(M.G.). In NGN with temporary relationships between parts, the subordinate clause can occupy any place, but is more often in preposition.
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with conditional relationships between parts. In SPP with conditional relationships between parts, as a rule, the subordinate part contains a condition, and the main part contains a consequence predetermined by this condition. There are two types of such offers:
1) with a real (possible) condition;
2) with an unrealistic condition.
When pointing to real conditions conjunctions are used If(may be complicated by words in case, in that case) – expresses the condition to the greatest extent; if– colloquial, introduces an additional shade of reason; will– outdated, introduces a touch of irony; When– combines conditional and temporary meaning; once– introduces an additional shade of reason; if- outdated, colloquial; How– introduces an additional shade of time: A fish would sing a song if it had a voice(Last.).
Unions if, if, if, as if, if only point to unrealistic conditions: It would be nice if one of the gentlemen took pity and took the orphan into education(Grieg.).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with target (final) relationships between parts. In NGN with goal-oriented relationships between parts, the subordinate clause indicates the purpose of what is said in the main part. Target relationships are expressed using conjunctions so that, in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to, yes. WITH union to used both in colloquial and literary speech; in order to, in order to, then in order to characterized predominantly by bookish speech; so that and yes have an archaic connotation: In order not to get lost in the forests, you need to know the signs(Paust.).
Composite target unions can be divided into union to and demonstrative words for that, that and then followed by a subordinate clause. Such division is obligatory if the conjunction is preceded by an introductory word or particle: The driver stopped the car in front of the gate just to make people go away.(Fad.).
A special feature of SPP with target relationships between parts is the following fact: if the subjects of action of the main and subordinate parts coincide, then the subordinate part is a one-part infinitive, but if they do not coincide, then the subordinate part will be two-part with a predicate with the form of the subjunctive mood.
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with investigative relationships between parts. In NGN with investigative relationships between parts, the subordinate clause indicates the result or outcome of what is reported in the main part.
The subordinate part is attached to the main part by indivisible union So: The soldiers thought this was completely reasonable, so I lost nothing in their eyes, but only gained(Cat.).
The main and subordinate parts can be connected by prepositional combinations as a result of which, by virtue of which, in view of which, in connection with which, and then the sentence takes on the additional meaning of joining: Rows of chairs were also placed in the arena, as a result of which spectators could also look at the screens(Olesha).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with causal relationships between parts. In NGNs with causal relationships between parts, the subordinate clause indicates the reason or justification for what is said in the main part. The following conjunctions are used in such sentences: because attaches a postpositive subordinate clause; in case of dismemberment of the conjunction, interposition of the subordinate clause is possible; because And because the a pre-, inter- or post-positive clause is added; for attaches only a postpositive clause, stylistically colored; due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that predominantly postpositive clauses are added; their meaning is determined by the meaning of the prepositions included in them; especially since they attach a postpositive clause and have a connotation of attachment; then what And How archaic; good used in colloquial speech; once add pre- and postpositive clauses: Varvara knew everyone very well, as she constantly washed their clothes(Grieg.).
Complex sentences of a dismembered structure with concessional relations between parts. In SPP with concessionary relations between parts, the subordinate part indicates that the action of the main part is performed contrary to the conditions of the subordinate clause. Concessional relations are close to the comparative ones found in the SSP, so some of these sentences may represent a transitional type from composition to subordination.
The meaning of a concession is expressed using conjunctions, conjunctions, and particles in the conjunction function: Although used in all styles of speech; although And no matter what used mainly in book speech; let him, let him express concession when confronted; for nothing that used in colloquial speech; Truth in the function of a conjunction it expresses concessive-conjunctive relations and is always combined with an adversative conjunction But: Despite the fact that I didn’t have a single free minute, I kept something like a diary(Kav.).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with comparative relations between parts. In SPPs with comparative relations between parts, the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause by comparative conjunctions. The shade of the meaning of the subordinate clause is determined by the lexical meaning of the conjunction: How expresses direct comparison, correspondence, sameness of comparative phenomena; similar to And What equal in meaning to the union How; as if, as if, exactly, as if express an unreliable comparison; as if, as if have a comparatively conditional meaning: In the yard, an acacia tree bent and tossed, as if an angry wind was ruffling its hair.(A.T.).
In a comparative construction, the predicate may be omitted, since it is named in the main part. If this construction contains minor members from the predicate, it can be restored, therefore, we have before us the comparative clause of a complex sentence: The Volga today flows differently than in the times of the Polovtsians(Usp.). If in a comparative construction there are no minor members that depend on the predicate, then we have a simple sentence with a comparative phrase: A crazy thought suddenly flashed like lightning in Andrey’s brain(Cupr.).
Comparative relations can be conveyed by constructions containing comparative forms (comparative). The means of communication in such complex sentences are conjunctions than, rather than: A passerby is recognized later than he passes, diving into the fog(Past.) .
Analysis of SPPs with comparative relations shows that to express such relations, both sentences of dismembered and undivided structure are used (in the second case they are qualified as sentences with determinative relations between parts).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with comparative relationships between parts. In such SPPs, two real-life situations are compared. Such proposals are close to BSC with comparative relations. Parts of the WBS can be compared in temporal, quantitative, qualitative and other terms. Matching relationships involve two basic values: matches and non-matches.
Communications: Union if... then can denote both compliance and inconsistency; while, whereas indicate a temporary comparison of different, but somewhat similar situations; as make comparisons of similar situations; than... the, as much... as, as in modern Russian they are mainly used in an undivided form; conjunctions than...that, since...insofar as...so much emphasize proportional correspondence, which is supported by comparative forms: The deeper the wells are dug, the clearer the water.(Drun.).
Comparative relationships can be complicated by additional shades of concession or opposition.
Complex sentence - This _________________________________________
___
The subordinate relationship between parts of the dictionary is expressed in the syntactic dependence of one part on the other. A part that is syntactically dependent on another is called subordinate clause . A part that subordinates another is called main .
It should be borne in mind that the dependence of the subordinate part on the main part is a syntactic, structural, and not semantic phenomenon. The main part is not always decisive in terms of the semantic significance of the sentence. For example: It's good that he's back– the main part only expresses an assessment of the fact indicated in the subordinate part.
Differential features of SPP:
1) ________________________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3) ________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 2. Means of communication of predicative parts:
1) subordinating conjunctions;
2) allied words - relata;
3) demonstrative (correlative) words, correlates;
4) support (contact) words;
5) the order of predicative parts;
6) intonation;
7) paradigm (the relationship between aspectual-temporal and modal plans of predicates);
8) typed lexical elements;
9) parallelism of structure;
10) incompleteness of one of the parts.
1. Subordinating conjunctions – ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Subordinating conjunctions stand at the beginning of the subordinate clause, defining the boundaries of the main and subordinate clauses, and are part of the subordinate clause.
They are characterized by:
1) by structure: _____________________________________________________________________
2) by place in the sentence: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3) by value:
A) __________________________________________________________________________________
We'll go out of town, ... because / if / although / so.
b) ___________________________________________________________________________________
I didn't know he was back.
So sad that I want to cry.
The girl cries that the dew is falling.
TO:
I asked not to interfere.
I turned off the phone so as not to be disturbed.
2. Conjunctive words – ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Conjunctive words should be distinguished from conjunctions in several respects (see manual, p. 42).
It should be borne in mind that some types of subordinate clauses are joined only by allied words: attributives, adverbial clauses and adjuncts.
3. Demonstrative (correlative) words, correlates – ____________________________
We will work in places where no one has gone before.
The demonstrative word can also be the word to which the subordinate clause refers:
And the one whom I consider a teacher passed away like a shadow and left no shadow(Akhmatov).
Correlates are usually expressed _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Support (contact) words – ______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We are now leaving little by little to that country where there is peace and grace ( Yesenin ).
5. Order of predicative parts:
1) fixed__________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
2) unfixed ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Intonation - ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3. Types of positions of subordinate parts of parts; flexible/inflexible structures.
Types of subordinate clause positions:
1) ___________________________________: It is known that elephants are a curiosity among us.
2) ___________________________________: When it got dark, we began to get ready to go home.
3) ___________________________________: The house that stood on the shore recently burned down.
Flexible called structure, _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Inflexible called structure, _________________________________________________
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LECTURE No. 4. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES.
PLAN
1. The main classifications of SPP: 1) functional classification, 2) formal-grammatical classification, 3) structural-semantic classification.
2. Functional classification of NGN.
Literature:
1. Valgina N.S. Modern Russian language. Syntax. - M., 2003.
2. Russian grammar. - M., 1954 (1960). - T. II, part 2, § 1411-1540.
3. Gvozdev A.N. Modern Russian literary language, part 2. - M., (any edition).
4. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. Textbook for grades 5-9. - M., 1993.
5. Modern Russian language. At 3. Part 3. Syntax. Punctuation / V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov. – M., 1987.
6. Modern Russian language. Analysis of linguistic units / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. At 2 hours. Part 2 - M., 2001.
8. Russian language. Textbook for 9th grade. / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M., 1999.
QUESTION 1. Basic classifications of SPP.
In this chapter:
§1. Complex sentences. general characteristics
Complex sentences- these are complex sentences, the parts of which are unequal: one depends on the other. They are connected by a subordinating syntactic connection, expressed by subordinating conjunctions: .
The commonly used designation for complex sentences is SPP.
The independent part of the SPP is the main one. It's called the main clause.
The dependent part of the NGN is the subordinate part. It's called a subordinate clause.
An IPP can have several subordinate clauses. Since semantic relationships in SPP are expressed using subordinating conjunctions and allied words, the classification of SPP is in many ways similar to the classification of subordinating conjunctions. Allied means in the SPP are located in the subordinate part.
The subordinate clause can refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole. Examples:
We communicated as if we had known each other for a hundred years.
(subordinate clause refers to the whole main thing)
When we met, we communicated more coldly than one might expect.
(clause refers to the word colder)
§2. Classification of NGN by meaning
The NGN classification reflects the meaning expressed by allied means.
The main division is into four types:
1). SPP with an explanatory clause(with conjunctions: what, how, so that, whether):
Olga said that she would return from Pskov on Monday.
2). SPP with subordinate clauses(with allied words: which, which, whose, what; where, where, from, how):
This is the house I would like to live in.
3). SPP with subordinate clauses: (with allied words that (in any case), why, why, why):
In the morning he took a shower, after which his wife fed him breakfast.
4). SPP with adverbial clauses:
We climbed a hill from where we had a beautiful view of the surrounding area.
Circumstantial meaning may be different: the circumstance of the manner of action, time, place, etc. Therefore, adverbial SPPs are divided into types according to meaning.
Adverbial clauses are divided into sentences with subordinate clauses:
1) places(conjunctive words: where, where, from):
We went down to the river where the children were swimming.
2) temporary(conjunctions: when, while, only, only):
I was sleeping when you called.
3) conditional(conjunctions: if, if (obsolete):
If he invites me to the cinema, I will go.
4) causal(conjunctions: because, since, for (obsolete):
Anna didn't come to the extra lesson because she didn't know anything about it.
5) targeted(conjunctions: so that, so that (obsolete):
Call Anna so that she also knows this news.
6) consequences(conjunction so that):
The grandmother agreed to help look after the children, so they were not left alone.
7) concessive(union though):
Dimka does not really like mathematics, although he has good mathematical abilities.
8) comparative(conjunctions: as, as if, as if, than):
The meeting was very tense and cold, as if none of us had known each other before.
9) measures and degrees(conjunctions: what, so that and allied words: how much, how much):
In just a week she accomplished so much that others would not have accomplished in a month.
10) course of action(conjunctions: that, to, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the conjunctive word as):
Study so that you don't get scolded for your grades
§3. Means of syntactic communication in NGN
The subordinating syntactic connection in NGN can be expressed in different ways:
- unions
- allied words
1. As mentioned above, a typical means of subordinating syntactic connection in NGN is conjunctions.
In addition to those mentioned above, derivative conjunctions are widely represented in the dictionary, which are formed in different ways:
a) from two simple conjunctions: as if, as soon as, only and others similar.
b) from simple conjunctions and demonstrative words with prepositions: after ; although; thanks to and others like that.
c) from simple conjunctions and words time, reason, purpose, condition, etc. with demonstrative words and prepositions (while; while; while; for the purpose of; due to the fact that and others similar)
2. Conjunctive words.
What words can serve as the means of the main and subordinate parts of the dictionary?
First of all, these are relative pronouns who, what, which, what, which, whose, how many, standing in different forms, as well as adverbs where, where, from, when, why, how, etc.
How to distinguish conjunctions from allied words?
Unions are not members of the proposal. They serve only to express the nature of the syntactic connection and the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Unions cannot be questioned.
Conjunctive words, on the contrary, not only serve as a means of communication, but are also members of the sentence. You can ask questions to them. For example:
I remember well the melody that my mother often hummed.
(melody (what?) which is a conjunctive word)
In the Russian language there is homonymy of conjunctions and allied words: what, how, when.
I think she will arrive tomorrow.
(What- union)
I know what she answered you.
(What- a conjunctive word expressed by a relative pronoun)
In addition, subordinating conjunctions, unlike allied words, are not distinguished by logical stress.
Subordinating conjunctions cannot be replaced with a word from the main part, but allied words can:
I remember the conversation you had with me before you left.
(which=conversation)
Conjunctions can sometimes be omitted, but allied words cannot:
I knew that we had parted forever.
(synonymous: I knew we were parting forever)
I know what I am saying.
(omit the conjunction word What impossible)
§4. Place of the subordinate clause relative to the main one
The subordinate part can occupy different positions in relation to the main part:
1) it can precede the main part:
When the mother arrived, the son was already at home.
2) it can follow the main part:
The son was already at home when the mother arrived.
3) it can be located inside the main part:
The son was already at home when his mother arrived.
SPP schemes:
[...] 1, (to...) 2 - complex sentence, for example:
I will do everything 1/to make her happy 2.
(to...) 1, […] 2 - complex sentence, for example:
To make her happy 1, / Mitya will do everything 2.
[... , (to...) 2...] 1 - complex sentence, for example:
Mitya 1,/ to make her happy 2,/ will do everything 1.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that SPPs are complex sentences, the parts of which are unequal: one depends on the other?
Is it true that subordinating syntactic connections in SPP can be expressed in different ways: by subordinating conjunctions and allied words?
Is it true that the main part of a sentence is the dependent part, which is called a subordinate clause?
Is it true that the subordinate part of the NGN is the independent part, which is called the main clause?
What type of SPP is it: I think we will definitely meet.?
What type of SPP is it: This is the book that Tatyana Nikolaevna recommended to me.?
- NGN with explanatory clause
- NGN with clause attributive
What type of SPP is it: We talked, after which Vanka repented of his action.?
- SPP with additional connecting
- NGN with clause attributive
- SPP with adverbial clause
What type of SPP is it: I was sleeping when he came.?
- SSP with subordinate clause
- SSP with subordinate explanatory clause
Is it true that conjunctions are parts of a sentence, but allied words are not?
What can be replaced by a word from the main part of the IPP: a conjunction or an allied word?
- allied word
Right answers:
- NGN with explanatory clause
- NGN with clause attributive
- SPP with additional connecting
- SPP with adverbial adverbial clause (of time)
- allied word
- Chapter 19. Punctuation in sentences with different types of syntactic connections
In contact with
Learning syntax causes certain difficulties, which is primarily due to the variety of structures and concepts. differs by the presence of several predicative parts that can be independent. This is a compound sentence. Or they can be dependent and main - this is a complex sentence. The article deals with IPPs with attributive clauses.
Complex sentence with subordinate connection of parts
Sentences, where one part is main and the other dependent, can be different in their structure and in the meaning of the subordinate parts. If the subordinate part of the NGN responds to cases, then this is an explanatory part. For example:
- Peter claimed that he was not at the meeting.
- Catherine understood why they were doing this work.
- The cat knew that she would be punished for her antics.
In cases where a question of circumstance is asked to the subordinate clause, this is a sentence. Eg:
- They met in the park after the demonstration ended.
- Since the storm began, the boat trip had to be postponed.
- Maxim was where his friends lived.
For SPPs with attributive clauses, the question “which” is asked. For example:
This bird, which has flown over the sea several times, is called a loon.
The boy, whose parents worked at a facility in Sochi, showed excellent results in sports.
The estate, which is located within the reserve, is a museum.
Punctuation in NGN
What punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence? In Russian grammar, it is customary to separate the main clause from the subordinate clause with commas. In most cases, it precedes a conjunction or is a member of a sentence; you can ask a question to it): " The tourists stopped for the night in a tent camp because they still had a long way to go to the mountains."
There are many examples when a comma is placed at the end of the main part, but not before a conjunction/conjunctive word (this is especially often observed in SPPs with attributive clauses): " The path to the source lay through a gorge, the location of which was known to few."
In cases where the subordinate clause is located in the middle of the main clause, commas are placed on both sides of the dependent clause: " The house they moved into was larger and brighter."
Punctuation marks are placed according to the same syntactic rules: after each part there is a comma (most often before conjunctions/conjunctive words). Eg: " When the full moon rose, the children saw the mysterious splashing of sea waves, the sounds of which they had heard for a long time."
Subordinate clause
- The attributive dependent part reveals some characteristics of the word indicated in the main part. Such a subordinate clause is comparable to a simple definition: " It was a wonderful day"/ "It turned out to be a day that we had been dreaming about for a long time." The difference is not only syntactic, but also semantic: if definitions name the object directly, then the subordinate part draws the object through the situation. With the help of allied words, SPPs with subordinate attributive clauses are added. Example sentences:
- The car that Maria bought in Japan was reliable and economical.
- Misha brought apples from the orchard, where pears and plums also grew.
- The father showed tickets to Venice, where the whole family will go in September.
At the same time, there are allied words that are basic for such sentences: “which”, “whose”, “which”. Others are considered non-essential: “where”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “from where”.
Features of the subordinate clause
Having briefly described the main characteristics of the structures, we can make a short summary of “SPP with a subordinate attributive”. The main features of such proposals are revealed below:
Pronominal-defining sentences
From SPPs with subordinate attributives, where the dependent part refers to a noun with a demonstrative pronoun, it is necessary to distinguish those that depend on the demonstrative pronoun itself. Such sentences are called pronominal attributive sentences. For comparison: " Anyone who has not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test."/ "Those students who have not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test." The first sentence is pronominal-definitive, since in it the subordinate part depends on the demonstrative pronoun “that”, which cannot be removed from the sentence. In the second sentence, the dependent clause refers to the noun “students”, which has a demonstrative pronoun “those” and can be omitted, therefore it is a attributive clause.
Exercises on the topic
The “SPP with subordinate attributive” test will help to consolidate the theoretical information presented above.
- Which sentence contains an IPP with a subordinate clause?
a) Yegor was informed about what had happened late, which he did not like.
b) Due to the fact that the meeting was delayed, the lawyer was late for the meeting.
c) The grove, where many birches grew, attracted mushroom pickers after the rain.
d) The sea was calm when they reached the shore.
2. Find a pronominal attribute among the sentences.
a) He has not yet been seen as he was yesterday at the meeting.
b) The city that appeared on the horizon was Beirut.
c) Everyone liked the idea that came into his head.
d) The school her sister went to was in another city.
3. In which answer option does the subordinate part break the main part?
a) He will not understand Pushkin who has not read him with his soul.
b) The water in the river, which was located on the outskirts of the city, was cold.
c) His friend, whom he met at the conference, was invited to his birthday.
d) Vasily called the doctor, whose number was given by Daria Nikolaevna.
4. Indicate the subordinate clause.
a) He knew where the cargo was delivered from.
b) The country where he came from was in the center of Africa.
c) Where Mikhail came from was known only to his father.
d) She went to the window from where the voices were coming.
5. Indicate a sentence with a pronominal clause.
a) The street that ran parallel to the avenue was the oldest in the city.
b) The one in the yellow suit turned out to be Ipatov’s wife.
c) The girl that Nikolai met in the park was a friend of his sister.
d) Lydia was attracted by the song that the children performed on stage.