Any scientific work contains, to one degree or another, quotations taken from other sources, so many students wonder how to quote in order to pass anti-plagiarism. When checking for uniqueness, these fragments will definitely be shown. Accordingly, the level of originality of the text will decrease.
Is it possible to bypass this point? Similar questions interest many students. But you shouldn’t despair, because the way out of this situation is not difficult. There are several ways, which we will consider below.
Types of citationThere are two ways to cite primary sources. Accordingly, the result of uniqueness will be different.
- Direct, or exact, quotation means that you are inserting a quotation from another text without changing it. In this case, the originality of the text will be lower, and the anti-plagiarism program will indicate where the quote was taken from.
- The second type of citation is indirect copying. In other words, a regular rewrite. You convey the borrowed quote in your own words. The uniqueness of the text immediately increases. And it is almost impossible to determine the original source in this case.
Any computer program for checking text for plagiarism identifies borrowed fragments, the only difference is what percentage of uniqueness it will show. You can configure the program so that it skips texts taken from other works. There are several ways to do this.
- Method one
- Method two
- Method three
- Method four
Anti-plagiarism can see borrowed quotes, or it can miss them. The main thing is to format the citation correctly. We put the borrowed quote in quotation marks and make a footnote in the document indicating the original source. This will be fair and just to the other author.
We indicate the original source directly in the text. For example, we write: As A. said, “the law extends...”, etc. This way we will show the person checking the work that we are not afraid of being caught in plagiarism, but will openly indicate what materials we used when writing the work.
Here we completely exclude the definition of the primary source. To do this, in the program settings we indicate that links to sources are excluded, i.e. certain domains will be ignored. Then your text immediately becomes 100% unique. The program will check the work without taking into account the sources from which the quotes are taken.
The pitfall of this action is that you need to specify in the program settings the exact addresses of the sites from which the copying occurs. By the way, others checking your work for uniqueness are unlikely to ignore the original source.
We insert invisible text into the borrowed quote. Thus, we dilute fragments of other people's work.
SummarizeSites and programs for detecting plagiarism are made in order to find fragments borrowed from other sources. If they could be easily deceived, they would not be so popular. Therefore, it is easier to correctly format a quotation from someone else’s text and indicate the original source than to try to bypass anti-plagiarism.
Now every student will be able to quote to pass anti-plagiarism, and this will not cause him any difficulties. Therefore, there should be no difficulty in developing a scientific paper that uses citation.
GOST R7.0.5 2008
NATIONAL STANDARD RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Information standards system
library and publishing
Date of introduction – 2009–01–01
· quoting;
· borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;
· the need to refer to another publication where the issue is more fully stated;
Section 6.1. Interlinear bibliographic reference - is drawn up as a note taken from the text of the document to the bottom of the page.
How to format notes
According to GOST 7.32-2001, notes are placed immediately after the text, figure or table to which they relate. If there is only one note, then after the word “Note” there is a dash and the text of the note appears. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in order using Arabic numerals without a period.
Note – _____
Notes
1 ________________
2 ________________
3 ________________
Notes can be formatted as footnotes. The footnote sign is placed immediately after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed in superscript Arabic numerals with a parenthesis. It is allowed to use asterisks “*” instead of numbers. More than three stars are not allowed on a page. The footnote is placed at the end of the page with a paragraph indent, separated from the text by a short horizontal line to the left.
Rules for formatting references to literary sources
Depending on which method of constructing a bibliographic list is chosen, you should use one of two methods for formatting references in the text.
When using a numbered bibliography, the reference in the text is formatted as the source number in the list, enclosed in square brackets: .
When using an unnumbered list of references, the reference in the text is formatted as the author’s last name and, separated by a comma, the year of publication, enclosed in square brackets: [Weber, 1918]. If the work being referenced has more than two authors, then the surname of only the first author is indicated in square brackets, and instead of the surnames of the others, “et al.” is written - in the case of a Russian-language source, and “etal. " - in the case of a literary source in English: [Almond et al., 1995] , . In the case when the list contains works by different authors with the same surnames, the surname with initials is given: [Petrov V., 2000]. If several works by the same author were published in one year, then lowercase letters are added to the link, corresponding to the order of the works in the bibliographic list: [Bolotova, 2007b].
It is necessary to refer to literary sources in the text in various situations: direct quotation, presentation of original thoughts without quoting, quoting not from the original source, listing authors who worked on a similar problem, citing a drawing, diagram, table from another literary source (for examples of references for different situations, see . in Example 2.1).
Direct Quote
When directly quoting, a phrase or part of a phrase from some other source is given in the text. The quotation must be enclosed in quotation marks. After the quotation in the text, the following is indicated in square brackets:
the author's surname, the year of publication of the cited work and, separated by a comma, the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: number of the source in the list of references and, separated by commas, the number of the page on which the quoted text is located in this source.
General citation rules
The text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source, preserving the peculiarities of the author’s writing.
Quoting must be complete, without arbitrary abbreviation of the quoted fragment and without distortion of the meaning. The omission of minor words that do not affect the meaning is indicated by an ellipsis.
If, when citing a quotation, it is necessary to highlight some words in it, important For Your his text, then after For such selection, you must indicate the initial letters of your first and last name: (my italics - I.F.), (underlined by me - I.F.), etc.
You should not overuse quotes. The optimal number of citations in the text is no more than two per page.
Each the quotation must be accompanied by a link to the source from which it was borrowed.
Presentation of original thoughts without citation
In the case of retelling someone’s ideas, thoughts, concepts, but without direct quotation, it is also necessary to refer to the source in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are presented. Retelling/presentation of ideas, thoughts, concepts is not enclosed in brackets. After the retelling/statement, the following is indicated in square brackets:
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: the name of the author, the year of publication of the work in which these ideas, thoughts, and concepts are presented.
source number in the list of references.
Quoting not from the original source
In the case where the original source is not available, but there is another source available that provides the necessary quotation, then this quotation can be cited in the text, citing the available source. The quotation is formatted in the same way as in the case of direct quotations, but after the quotation in the text it is indicated in square brackets:
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Cit. by: "(quoted from), then the author's surname, the year of publication of the work from which the quotation is given, and separated by a comma - the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Cit. by: "(quoted from), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the quotation is given, and separated by a comma - the page number on which the quoted text is placed in this source.
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: the names of the authors and the year of publication of their works in which their ideas are presented, separated by a semicolon.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: numbers of their works in the list of references, separated by semicolons.
Bringing a picture, diagram, table from another source
In the case when the text contains figures, diagrams, tables from other literary sources, it is necessary to indicate where they were taken from. In this case, after indicating the name of the figure, diagram, table, the following is indicated in square brackets:
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Drive. by: "(given by), then the author's surname, the year of publication of the work from which the drawing, diagram, table was taken, and separated by a comma - the page number on which this drawing, diagram, table is placed in this source.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Drive. according to: "(given according to), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the figure, diagram, table was taken, and separated by a comma - the page number on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.
Numbered |
Unnumbered |
|
Direct Quote |
[Ryabinin, 2008, P. 175] |
|
Presentation of original thoughts without citation |
[Weber, 1918] |
|
Quoting not from the original source |
[Cit. from: 14, p. 236] |
[Cit. from: Andreeva, 2008, P. 236] |
[Kadirbaev, 1993; Krivushin, Ryabinin, 1998; Damier, 2000; Shcherbakov, 2001] |
||
Citation of a drawing, diagram, table from another literary source |
[Reference: 14, p. 236] |
[According to: Andreeva, 2005, P. 236] |
At everyone When mentioning the names of the authors of the works under discussion, their initials must be indicated. In this case, it is necessary to make a non-breaking space between the initials and the surname so that the initials and surname are always located on the same line. When referring to a work that has not yet been published in Russian, the first time the author’s surname is mentioned in the text after the Russian transcription, its original spelling is indicated in brackets. For example: J. Levine
.
2. This section is compiled in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic link. General requirements and drafting rules. [Effective from 01/01/2009].
Usually, when laying out texts for the web, not enough attention is paid to the formatting of quotations. Trying to correct this annoying misunderstanding, we will touch upon two issues: the typographic design of quotes (in the part where layout errors are most often made) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.
We will also not touch upon the issues of checking the semantic accuracy of citations, the correct use of cuts, abbreviations and additions - the “Handbook of Publisher and Author” by A.E. Milchin and L.K. Cheltsova awaits all those interested.
We hope that this post will be convenient to use as a reference for frequently encountered issues of citation formatting.
Typographic design of quotationsQuotes Quotes inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is highlighted in color, font size, a different font, italics, or the quotation is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, then quotation marks are not placed. Also, quotation marks are not used to highlight epigraphic quotes unless they are accompanied by unquoted text.Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quotation, regardless of the size of the quotation or the number of paragraphs in it.
Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used as main ones in the main text - in the vast majority of cases these are herringbone quotation marks “ ”.
If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “ ”, then the internal ones are paws “ “, and vice versa ). For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the ranking of construction companies in Zaporozhye.”
If in a quotation there are quotation marks of the “third stage”, that is, inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic." But in general, it is better to try to rearrange the formatting of the quotation so that such cases do not arise.
Punctuation marks after a quotation at the end of a sentence If a sentence ends with a quotation, then a period is always put after closing quote. The period is not put in the following cases.Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
If there are no punctuation marks at the break in the quotation, or the break occurs at the site of a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the quoting words are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be a non-breaking space before the dash! ).
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I have become incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “... My heart is turning into stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
| Too one-sided and strong an interest excessively increases the stress of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.” |
| The goal of every human life is one: immortality. | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
| Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. | “Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.” |
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I sometimes despise myself... is that not why I despise others?.. I have become incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself. | “I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “...Forgive me love! - Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart turns to stone...” |
| This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice... | “This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... - Pechorin is looking for an explanation. “After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice...” |
So, to highlight quotes, two elements are used: block blockquote and inline q . Additionally, the cite inline element is used to describe the source from which the quotation was taken. Please note that cite is used only and is necessary to indicate a link to the source; the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!
According to the HTML 4.01 specification, the blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite="…" , which points to the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title="…" , whose contents will be floated as a tooltip when hovering over the quote with the mouse.
Unfortunately, browsers don't yet handle these HTML elements very well. Thus, the cite="..." attribute is not rendered by any browsers at all. In order to get around this flaw, there is a script by Paul Davis that displays a tooltip in a separate layer with the link specified in the cite attribute.
The second global flaw related to the display of inline quotes is associated (surprise, surprise!) with the Internet Explorer family of browsers. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotes when using the q element. Quotes must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes, they must also be rendered with a different image. Okay, let's say Opera doesn't comply with the last requirement, and nested quotes have the same quotation marks. But IE up to version seven inclusive does not render them at all!
In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties quotes , before , after and content , which, the bastard, completely buries hopes of solving the problem with the help of semantically correct layout using CSS.
This problem can be solved in several ways:
- using the proprietary behavior CSS property (Paul Davies's solution), which triggers JavaScript to place quotes in IE, with the nested quotes pattern alternating;
- using conditional comments, simply executing JavaScript when the page loads (Jez Lemon's solution from Juicy Studio), while the nested quotes pattern is constant;
- or by nulling quotes in CSS using the quotes property and placing quotes in the text manually, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni's solution at A List Apart).
Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use Jez Lemon’s script, slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, with JavaScript disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.
Our solution for formatting quotes So, in order to adequately layout text with quotes, you need to download the “quotes.js” script, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:
In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify the quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, nested quotation marks have one image, regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement in CSS without involving additional classes), but we once again strongly recommend avoiding deeply nested quotation marks at the stage of writing text.
// Add to CSS file
// External quotes-herringbones
q ( quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb"; )
// Nested quotes
q q ( quotes: "\201e" "\201c"; )
It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated in the case of an alternating pattern of quotes with deep nesting, by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even, and specifying the class manually directly when laying out the quote.
Now we can easily and semantically type out the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called “a leap beyond the door that leads inward.”
The success of the Zalgiris campaign, Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called jumping outside the door leading inward.
The best part is that the title="..." attributes for nested tags are processed correctly by browsers.
Writing an example to correctly use nested blockquote , q , and cite elements together is left as homework for the reader. :)
Update: Correction from besisland - of course, to set the quote pattern in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes property is enough: q (quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb" "\201e" "\201c";)
Tags: Add tags
Hello girls and boys! It’s not like me, but I still decided to write an informative article. This article is about such well-known and frequently used signs as (c), ™, (R) and the slightly less well-known (ↄ).
So, let's start with the Copyright Protection Mark - (с) (the Latin letter "с" from the English "copyright" - i.e. "copyright", if in Russian). What does this symbol mean, and why do gnomeks living on VKontakte put it at the end of quotes, poems and other products of mental masturbation? And they put it in order to indicate that this is a copy-paste (the moped is not mine...), and in response to the question: “why exactly the Copyright Mark?” refer to Lurk.
The Great Lurk says:
"(c)
, and also (ts); a mark that is placed on content, ineptly imitating a copyright symbol; to the object of the morning fap Topics ( this refers to the warm and tender attitude towards copyright law of many publishers and “creators”, and in particular they hint at Artemy Lebedev ).
On one's own
on forums and on other Internets it is used to highlight and underline a certain well-known quote. It is usually assumed that the author of the quote is also widely known, and therefore is not indicated, but the quote itself serves as an argument..."
"Sometimes the author writes his name or nickname afterwards, as if trying to tell us that he has a brain and even knows how to type."
That is, (c) here means that the text under which this squiggle is placed is a copy, and the person who posted it is not the author of the text. Here that’s how it’s accepted, yes... and it’s quite funny, since initially (c) it was (yes, in fact, it is still considered as such in some circles) with a symbol denoting a statement of authorship of the text (or other product of mental labor).
Quote not from Wiki:
“The icon is necessary in order to show your exclusive right to the work and the inaccessibility of free copying by third parties. It is recommended to place the icon at the bottom of the site or after each blog post."
Thus, Pasha Barsukov writes on his wall in VK: “The Tao, which can be expressed in words, is not a permanent Tao. (c)” thus declaring his copyright on the quotation from the Tao De Ching and prohibiting its copying by third parties o_O. It’s another matter when the text is posted by someone Horseradish
Khrenov, since most likely this is still a nickname, and not the name of an individual (however, sometimes we are not so lucky with names) and therefore this sign has no force and can be regarded as the notorious designation of copy-paste.
So (c) is put by some to indicate copy-paste (where it came from is a mystery to me) and this is more of a meme than a copyright statement (i.e. completely opposite in meaning).
Next we have “™” and “(R)”, which many people like to put next to their name. Here everything is much simpler for me, because these fashionable icons are well written on Lurka.
Quote:
"™ (eng. Trade Mark, russian trademark) is a sign. Reminds me of something , used after the name of a product to emphasize
that this name is registered and cannot be used. In this Russia, the ™ sign doesn’t mean anything at all. By law, you can use the ® sign, the words “trademark” or “registered trademark”.
That is, if you want to give your name, face, left hand or other part of the body the status of a trademark, which no one can use without your consent, stick it on T-shirts, draw it in entrances and on icons, but at the same time you can sell it yourself , rent out, and look out in every possible way then put (R). The only caveat: the sign (R) will not have any force (except for giving a certain semantic connotation to the object to which it is attached, of course (about the meanings in the article from lurka)) if it is not registered with the relevant authorities. The ™ sign, as we found out, has no force at all in Russia. So it goes.
Well, and about the well-known (ↄ) to a lesser extent (apparently because the symbol “(ↄ)” is a little more difficult to enter than “ “ since it is not available in Unicode, which is explained by the conspiracy theory as “due to not loving this information sign corporations and publishers (explained below)"). This sign is pronounced with your mouth as “copyleft” (copyleft is a play on words... copyleft, copyright - it’s clear, right?).
The sign (ↄ) in contrast to (c) does not prohibit the use of a product of mental labor without the knowledge of the author, but, on the contrary, prohibits the commercial use of it and any restrictions on it ( and its modifications, products created on its basis) distribution to anyone. The history of the sign is quite interesting, and seems to hint at why this sign is not so loved on the Internet. The concept of copyleft originated in the early 80s of the last century. Its author is considered to be Richard Stallman (although there is an opinion that its author could also be our compatriot - Evgeniy Leonidovich Kosarev - a leading researcher at the Kapitsa Research Institute (at that time), since at the same time he voiced a concept similar to Stolpanovskaya). This concept was developed in relation to software and setting itself the task of free distribution of software to accelerate scientific processes in society and maintain the purity of research from commercial purposes; one of its points stated that not only software intended for free distribution (and accordingly certified by the (ↄ)) should be distributed free of charge, but programs created on its basis, its modifications and upgrades should also be distributed freely and no one has the right to restrict access to them. It is clear that this concept was not supported by the information giants, and indeed by all those who make money by limiting access to information (or by providing it). And even more so, those who like to sell plagiarism, bypassing the copyright law, were not particularly happy with such thoughts
right through various tricks.
understood differently by everyone), has no legal force) to software, but my perverted mind manages to apply it to this text, because I, as the author, do not want to limit access to it in any way, and consider it the property of all people. By putting (ↄ) at the end of the text, I declare that as the author I allow its free distribution, and prohibit any restriction of access to it (although no one needs it for nothing, but nevertheless I like the feature, and the sign reminds me of enso , which cannot but make me happy ;)).
My text is crap - that’s clear, but nevertheless, here I tried to explain some points about some signs that are often used in the Internet environment. I hope, user, I have helped you in some way, and perhaps even enriched your knowledge and made a small contribution to your orientation
(this is how all the obscenities that are now associated with this word come to mind, but I don’t mean sexual orientation) in this world.For those who like the above icons: , ™ , ® , (ↄ).
This text was written for the benefit of all living beings. OM guys!
(ↄ) Luka Krivorukov
Quotation marks
Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is formatted as direct speech, that is, accompanied by the words of the author citing it, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply:
Belinsky wrote: “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him.”
“Twelve million people are outlaws!.. Horror!..” - Herzen wrote in his diary, referring to the serfs in Russia at that time.
“Therefore, in order to understand the history of art and literature of one or another country,” points out G.V. Plekhanov, “it is necessary to study the history of the changes that have occurred in the situation of its inhabitants.”
The speaker cited the words of Gorky: “Every individuality is the result of a social grouping” - and with this he ended his speech.
If the text continues after a poetic quotation, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line: Tatyana's husband, so beautifully and so completely described from head to toe by the poet with these two verses:
...And above everyone else
And he raised his nose and shoulders
The general who came in with her -
Tatyana's husband introduces Onegin to her as his relative and friend(comma and dash are placed before words Tatiana's husband, which are repeated in order to connect the second part of the author’s words with the first part).
If a quotation consists of several paragraphs, then quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and at the end of the entire text: In the article “From the history of Russian literature” A.M. Gorky wrote: “What makes literature strong?
Saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater clarity, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.
Being more readable and, due to its liveliness, convincing than philosophy, literature is also the most widespread, convenient, simple and victorious way of promoting class tendencies.”
Often, to more clearly indicate the boundaries of a quotation, especially if there are quotation marks inside it, an additional special printing method of highlighting the quotation is used (typing in a smaller format, setting in a font of a different size, and so on).
If, when giving a quotation, the author emphasizes individual words in it (such places are highlighted in a special font), then this is specified in a note enclosed in parentheses, indicating the author’s initials, preceded by a dot and a dash: (underlined by us. - A.B.), (italics ours. - A.B.), (discharge ours. - A.B.). Such a note is placed either immediately after the corresponding place in the quotation, or at the end of a sentence or quotation as a whole, or as a footnote (in the latter case, the note is placed without parentheses).
If the author or editor inserts his own text into the quotation, explaining a sentence or individual words of the quotation, then this text is placed in direct or new brackets: S.N. Shchukin wrote in his memoirs about A.P. Chekhov: “To become a real writer,” he taught, “you must devote yourself exclusively to this matter. Amateurism here, as elsewhere, will not allow you to go far.”
Ellipsis when quoting
If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which is placed:
before a quotation (after opening quotation marks) that is not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that the quotation is not given from the beginning of the sentence: L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form, which is achieved only with great talent and great work”;
in the middle of a quotation, when part of the text inside it is missing: Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, A.A. Fadeev recalled: “It is no coincidence that our Russian classics... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech”;
after the quotation (before the closing quotation marks), when the quoted sentence is not fully quoted: Speaking in defense of the culture of oral speech, Chekhov wrote: “In essence, for an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write...”
After a quotation ending with an ellipsis, a period is placed if the quotation is not an independent sentence: M.V. Lomonosov wrote that “the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language are abundantly clear from books written in past centuries...”.
Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotes
If the quotation is syntactically related to the author's text, forming a subordinate clause, then the first word of the quotation is written, as a rule, with a lowercase letter: Speaking about Pushkin’s poetry, N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that “in his poems, living Russian speech was revealed to us for the first time, the real Russian world was revealed to us for the first time.”
The first word of the quotation is written with a lowercase letter and in the case when it, being syntactically unrelated to the previous author’s words, is not given from the beginning of the sentence, that is, it is preceded by an ellipsis: DI. Pisarev pointed out: “...the beauty of language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness, that is, exclusively in those qualities that accelerate and facilitate the transition of thought from the writer’s head to the reader’s head.”
If a quotation precedes the author’s words, then the first word in it is written with a capital letter and in the case when it is not given from the beginning of the sentence, that is, in the quoted text this word is written with a lowercase letter: “...The language of every people, whose mental life has reached a high development, is flexible, rich and, despite all its imperfections, beautiful,” wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky.
If the quotation immediately follows it, it is enclosed in parentheses, and the period after the quotation is omitted and placed after the closing parenthesis: “The significance of Belinsky in the history of Russian social thought is enormous” (Lunacharsky).
The title of the work is separated from the author's surname by a dot and is not enclosed in quotation marks, while the output data is separated by a dot: “You must be able to use words that would most accurately and most subtly express the thoughts that concern the artist” (Fadeev A.A. Literature and Life. M., 1939. P. 155).
The first word indicating the source of the quotation is written in this case with a lowercase letter, if it is not a proper name: The approach of a thunderstorm is artistically described as follows: “Between the distance and the right horizon, lightning flashed, and so brightly that it illuminated part of the steppe and the place where the clear sky bordered on blackness. The terrible cloud was approaching slowly, in a continuous mass; large black rags hung on its edge; exactly the same rags, crushing each other, piled up on the right and left horizons” (from the story “The Steppe” by A.P. Chekhov). (see translation agency)
If the indication of the author or source of the quotation does not appear directly after it, but is placed below, then a period is placed after the quotation.
How can you not love your native Moscow?
Baratynsky