Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).
In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.
Verbs inindicative mood denote real action, which is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time), was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).
Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Forms conditional mood formed from the infinitive stem (or past tense stem) using a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with a number value and in singular- kind) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).
IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): passedwould, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.
Verbs inimperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).
The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold,Work(the basis of the present tense is pa6omaj-ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).
2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- those, hold- those, behind-remember- those And etc.
Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more numbers indicative mood: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants Orthodox lands dear past fate (A. Pushkin).
1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of verbs not perfect form (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).
Mood forms can be used not only in their own direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.
For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, we wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).
Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, in the fielddark; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).
The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).
The concept of the category of mood. The facts of reality and their connections, being the content of a statement, can be thought of by the speaker as reality, as a possibility or desirability, as an obligation or necessity. The speaker's assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relationship of what is being communicated to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by forms of mood, intonation, as well as lexical means - modal words and particles.
Mood category- this is the Civil Code in the verb system, which determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relationship of action to reality. Expresses the relationship of action to reality established by the speaker. In the Russian language there are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
Indicative expresses an action that is conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually occurring in time (present, past and future): Ural is goodserves, servedAndwill serveour Motherland. The expression of modality by the indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if he had stepped, as if he had changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has tense forms.
Subjunctive mood expresses the action of a verb, which the speaker thinks of as desirable or possible, but dependent on some condition: Without you II wouldn't have gotten thereto the city andI would freezeon road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense form of the verb with the particle would. Particle would may take different place in a sentence. A morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. However, person can be expressed by attaching personal pronouns. Verb in the subjunctive mood in singular. h. varies by gender ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form ( would go). The most common and typical meanings of this mood are the conditionality and desirability of an action.
Imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to perform an action indicated by a verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Heart friend, desired friend,come, come: I am your husband!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - an inducement to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of this mood is the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.
The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:
a) with final j after vowels (pure stem): build, come on, don't spit;
b) with the ending -And after consonants: carry, cut, repeat;
c) with a final soft consonant, as well as with a hard one and And w(clean base): leave, save, provide, anoint, eat.
Verbs I drink, I beat, I pour, I drink form shapes drink, hit, lay, vey; verb I'll go to bed has an imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; with the verb I'm going imperative forms are used go - go. The imperative form of the 2nd person plural is formed by adding the affix -te to the singular form: build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs are attached to the indicated formations of the imperative form by affixes -xia(after a consonant and th) And -s(after -And And -those):don't be stubborn, get in shape, get your hair cut, get your hair cut.
In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative mood has forms expressing the action of the 3rd person and 1st person plural. 3rd person forms are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let, let, yes with the form of the 3rd person singular and plural present tense and future simple: Let it burnface like dawn in the morning(Ring); Let him serve and pullstrap(P.); Long live the muses, long liveintelligence!(P.). The 1st person plural imperative is expressed by the 1st person plural form of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with a special intonation of invitation: Let's get started, perhaps(P.). Attaching this form of affix -those expresses an appeal to many people or gives the statement a hint of politeness: You, my brothers, are blood friends,let's kissYeslet's hugfor the last parting(L.).
Some verbs, for semantic reasons, do not form the imperative form of the 2nd person, for example, impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception ( see, hear), with state value ( rot, become ill).
In the designation of persons, the imperative form is distinguished by great diversity. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Twist it, don't twist it(verbal). If there are different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Lose my cart(government); If they had arrived earlier, nothing would have happened.
Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives additional expressive coloring: Don't take it awayyou are my will, dear(A. Ost.); Don't break it, Look(T.); Go and see, old woman, visit my daughter-in-law(Nick.).
Present tense shows that the action expressed by a verb, coincides with the moment of speech: Henceforth II seebirth flows(P.) - visual perception of flows ( I see) occurs at the very time when the poet talks about it.
Past tense denotes the action preceding the moment of speech: I ran for many hours...(L.) - verb form ran expresses an action that was performed by the speaker before the speech began.
Future expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech: It seemed to me... that she would die soon(M.G.).
Time expressed in verbal forms in relation to the moment of speech is called absolute time.Relative timeverb form is called time determined in this form not by the moment of speech, but by the relationship with the time of another action, for example: wrote that it works(the present tense of the verb works indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb wrote).
Meanings and uses of tense forms . Present tense. Present tense forms have the following types of meaning and use: a) the meaning of a specific action that is carried out at the moment of speech and has a limited duration: There are the masonspavingstreet(A.N.T.); b) the meaning of an action of indefinite duration, constantly occurring:
Verbsconjugate, and nounsbow down, or actions ordinary, characteristic of a person or thing - ...Poetsings, scientistthinks, painter, sculptor, architectcreateAndare based, artisanworks(P.). The present tense form is used to pictorially depict events of the past, as well as in all cases where expressive speech techniques are used. This form of the present tense corresponds to both the past imperfect and the past perfect and is called the historical present: Getting acquaintedthey, thenmake friends, then they can’tbreake downand wholecarry outdays together(Kr.). The present tense form of verbs of motion sometimes expresses action in the near future: We're leavingtomorrow at sea.
Past tense. Features of the meaning of past tense forms are associated with their belonging to the perfective or imperfective form. Past tense of verbs imperfect form expresses an action as a fact of the past and is used when describing: Throughout the first half of Maywalkedrains(Garsh.). The past tense of perfective verbs has several meanings that are not strictly delimited: a) completion of an action in the past: DiedPoet! - slave of honor -fellslandered by rumor(L.); b) the sequence of completed actions, the replacement of one such action by another: Prince Bagrationsuspendedhis horse, recognizing Prince Andrei,noddedhis head(L. T.); c) saving in the present the result of a completed action: Look how dark it is in the depths of the valleyslay down(Polonsky).
TO special occasions expressions of the past tense include: a) repetition of action with a connotation of prescription (“long past tense”): And here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone. Here with himhad lunchin winter the late Lensky, our neighbor(P.); b) repetition of action: It happenedwrotewith her blood in the albums of tender maidens...(P.); c) an action started but interrupted: Here he iswas out, but stopped at the door...(P.); d) sudden-instant action, expressed by interjective verbs (such as sniff, grab, slap and etc.): Lighter than a shadow Tatyanajumpto the other entrance(P.); e) instantaneous voluntary action: I put him on the table to perform the operation on him, and hetake itAnddieI'm under chloroform(Ch.).
Future. The forms of the future tense differ both in formation and in meaning. The future tense of imperfective verbs is formed by combining the future tense forms of the auxiliary verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb ( I will wear) and is called future complex. The future tense of perfective verbs has the same endings as the present tense and is called the future simple ( I'll carry it).
The complex future is homogeneous in meaning: it always denotes an action that will occur after the moment of speech: HowmanageYouyou willunder a thunderstorm,stewmutiny,entangletreason?(P.).
The future simple has a variety of meanings. The main meaning of the future simple is to designate the result of an action regardless of the moment of speech: So if this unknown tramp crosses the Lithuanian borderwill move, a crowd of madmen approaches himwill attractDemetrius resurrected name(P.). In this productive meaning, the future tense is used in proverbs and sayings: You'll get hungry, and get breadyou'll guess(verbal). In addition to the main meaning, the future simple can denote an action related to the present or past time. The synonymy of the future simple with the forms of the present tense is more often observed in descriptions when a number of forms of the present and future tense are used: Storm hazy skycovers, whirling snow whirlwinds. The way she is like a beastwill howl, Thatwill crylike a child(P.). To denote actions performed in the past, the future simple is used in combination with the past tense of imperfective verbs: Gerasimlooked, looked, but howlaughsall of a sudden(T.), and also with the particle it happened and the particle as (in an exclamatory sentence): But mother used towill coverblue eyes yeswill startsong to great heights(M.G.); Like a queenwill jump away, yes, like a penwill swing, yes, just like in the mirrorwill slam, like a heelwill stomp(P.).
History of past tense forms in the Russian language.
In the DRY, past tense forms were divided into simple (aorist, imperfect) and complex (perfect and plusquaperfect). The existence of 4 forms was explained by the presence of differences in the system of these forms.
Meanings: Aorist – action in the past. Imperfect is a long repeated action in the past (emphasis on the circumstances of the action). Perfect – past in the present (result. Very different from all tenses – denotes a state). Plusquaperfect is a thing of the past.
Simple forms were formed from the stem of the infinitive + connecting vowel + suffix + connecting vowel + ending.
The imperfect and the aorist were lost (first the imperfect). Remnants of the aorist are considered: particle would, chu, some forms in phraseological units. The loss of forms was accompanied by their confusion and semantic indistinction. The loss of the imperfect led to the development of new verb forms with the meaning of repetition: from the 14th century. - they say bullshit; from the 16th century - he used to say.
The perfect was formed using the verb BE in the present tense + elic participle. In the written period, the perfect became the only form past tense with the meaning SV/NV. Lost contact with the present tense due to the proliferation of personal pronouns as subjects. The participle became a personal verb form, which lost its gender distinctions in the plural. The perfect was preserved in dialects.
Verbs of the Russian language are characterized by a category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by a given part of speech with reality. Thus, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) moods of the verb. Moreover, the first two are contrasted with the third on the basis of the reality/unreality of the action. Each of the moods has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.
Indicative mood of the verb
Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually occurs in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Consequently, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), as well as gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of a verb is personal endings.
Imperative verb
This inclination is language method express a call to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their own formal indicators and semantic features:
The 2nd person form of both numbers is produced using the suffix -i- / suffixless and using the postfix -te. It denotes an incentive to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;
3rd person form is an inducement to action by third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed analytically, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes plus the form of the 3rd person indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, let the sun rise, etc.;
the form of the 1st person is also formed analytically (by adding the words come on, let's go to initial form imperfective form or to the form of the 1st person of the future tense perfective form) and denotes an incentive to action, in which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.
Verbs in the form of this mood denote an unreal action - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would certainly do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood are characterized by changes in gender and number.
Using one mood as another
There are often speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect, one mood of a verb in Russian is used to mean another, for example:
indicative as imperative: You're going to bed now!
imperative in the meaning of conditional: If I were a little more perspicacious...
conditional in the role of imperative: You should listen to the opinion of experts.
That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. So, to the constants morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.
In contact with
What is inclination?
This grammatical feature a verb that helps change a word. This category necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.
Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods
.Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:
- direct;
- indirect.
By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.
Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.
Thinking about the definition of a verb
Kinds
The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.
In modern times there are three types:
- Indicative.
- Conditional.
- Imperative.
The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.
The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.
The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.
Three types of verb mood
How to determine the mood of a verb
In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.
If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.
Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, they use certain time, for example, the future or the present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If used in plural, then, respectfully, the ending te is added to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.
The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if there were all the necessary conditions. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.
Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and writing not only in the literal sense, but also figuratively. Usually a figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of a word, so this category also changes.
Indicative
The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.
Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:
- The present.
- Future.
- Past.
Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in indefinite form. But this complex shape future tense, and simple form- This . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).
The indicative mood can be found in various types speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.
Conditional
Words that are used in conditional form, indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.
The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if there were created for this special abilities, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.
The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!
Imperative
Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!
Verb mood category
Mood is an inflectional grammatical category verb denoting the relationship of the process to reality. This meaning is expressed in the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.
The indicative mood represents a process as real in the past, present or future ( read - read - will read). Unlike the imperative and subjunctive moods, the indicative mood has no special morphological indicator moods: morphemes of time and person are used in this capacity.
The value of the actual process can be combined with additional modal characteristics- determination, readiness, threat and others introduced by lexical semantics, syntax and intonation: I'll go home now!; She will definitely come; So I'll ask him!
The imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to action: Bring documents; Give back the tickets; Let's go to the theater. The imperative mood has no tense forms. The system of forms of the imperative mood includes forms of 2 l. units and plural and 1 l. plural (forms joint action). The imperative forms are formed from the present tense stem of perfective and imperfective verbs.
Form 2 l. units is formed using the ending -And or zero ending. In this case, the final paired-hard consonant of the base alternates with the corresponding soft one. For proper education forms, you need to know the place of stress in the form of 1 l. units present or future indicative mood. If the stress falls on the ending, then the form is 2 l. units is usually formed with the help of the ending -and: I write - write, I'm going - go, I study - study.
In verbs beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, as well as in verbs with the basis of the present or future simple tense in [ j] and the infinitive is not on -it form 2 l. units formed by a null ending: hit - hit, wey - wey, pour - pour, drink - drink, sew - sew(with simultaneous alternation of zero sound in the generating stem and vowel e in the form of the imperative mood), as well as stand — I'm standing — stop, sing — I sing — sing, chew — I'm chewing — chew.
If the accent is in the form 1 l. units the present or future simple tense falls on the stem, then the imperative form is formed using a zero ending and is equal to the stem (spelling in the imperative form th after a vowel, b after soft and sizzling): read — I'm reading — read, sit down — I'll sit down — sit down, cut — I cut — cut.
Verbs whose stem ends with several consonants, as well as verbs with a stressed prefix, deviate from this rule. You-(correlative verb without prefix You- has an accent on the ending): remember — I remember — remember, wince - wince — wrinkles, endure — I'll take it out — take it out, kick out — I'll kick you out — kick me out. In some cases, variant formations are possible, and forms with zero ending are more often used in colloquial speech: clean — I'm cleaning — clean And clean, expose — I'll put it up — expose And put it out. Finally, some verbs form the 2nd form. units from a stem different from the present tense: -give- - -come on, get up - get up, create - create, -know - know, give - give, create - create, eat - eat, go - go.
Form 2 l. units used to encourage the interlocutor, the addressee of the speech, to take action: Alla, write a letter. In colloquial speech, in teams it is possible to use the 2 liter form. units with a secondary meaning to motivate a certain set of interlocutors or addressees of speech to action: All the way up! Listen to the command! Set the for-bom-bram-sit down!(A.N. Tolstoy).
Form 2 l. plural formed using a postfix -those, attached to the 2 l mold. units ( praise —praise, cut off — cut off, get up — get up). This form is used to motivate several persons, addressees of speech, to action ( Passengers, Be carefull) or one person in case of polite address to “You” ( Vladimir Nikolayevich, go into the room).
Forms 1 l. plural (forms of joint action) can be synthetic and analytical. The synthetic form of joint action is externally identical to the 1 liter form. plural indicative mood in perfective and imperfective verbs denoting unidirectional movement, but differs from them in the special intonation of motivation: let's go, let's run, we're flying.
This form may be appended with a postfix if politely requested. -te: Let's bet, Please, about something(A. Herzen). The analytical form of joint action is formed by the combination of a particle Let's(those) with the infinitive of an imperfective verb: Let's work up a sweat to increase the number, to improve quality(V. Mayakovsky). The form of joint action is used to encourage an action in which the speaker intends to take part.
A call to action can have different shades of meaning. To express an order or a categorical demand, perfect forms of verbs are more often used (sit down, buy, stand up). Imperfect forms of verbs denote the broadest invitation to action - request, advice, etc. ( sit down, buy, get up). When used with negation, the imperative mood of imperfective verbs usually expresses prohibition (Not put things in a corner). To express a warning with negation, verbs of the perfect form are used, denoting processes that are undesirable and are carried out against the will of the bearer of the procedural attribute: get lost, get sick, get infected, get dirty, catch a cold and so on. (It's windy outside, don't catch a cold; Be careful, don't stumble). In colloquial speech, in such constructions, to enhance the meaning of warning, the semantically empty form is often used look look, do not be late; Look, don't let it slip. Various shades of motivation are not morphologically expressed; they are created by intonation and lexical meaning verb: the same form pronounced with different intonation, can mean an order, a demand, advice, a plea, and a polite invitation to action.
Form 2 l. units can be addressed not only to the interlocutor, but also to the speaker himself or to a third party, and also used in a generalized personal meaning: Brother will play a trick, and I hold answer;
What a life — never lie (I. Goncharov); You and me, be at least we are state councilors, they won't let you in for anything(A. Chekhov). In this case, it is not the actual motivation in all its varieties that is expressed, but desirability, assumption, obligation.
With a similar meaning of desirability, assumption, obligation, particle combinations are often used let (let him) with 3 l molds. units and plural indicative mood ( let him read, let him come in). Such combinations are sometimes included in the imperative paradigm as analytical forms 3 l. units and plural Particle let (let him) can be combined with 1 and 2 l forms. indicative mood: Let you be the storyteller; May we rise to the occasion. The proximity of such combinations to free syntactic constructions, does not allow them to be included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as full members.
The subjunctive mood denotes an expected, possible or desired process: Would say you're on time., nothing would have happened; I would read it he book. A special feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. The forms of the subjunctive mood are analytical; they are formed by combining the verb form in -l, which coincides with the past tense form, and the particle would and change according to numbers and genders (in singular): it would be shining, would shine, it would be shining, would shine. Particle would can be separated from the form with -l in other words, and also be part of conjunctions to, so that, if, as if and some others. If the particle is preceded by a word ending in a vowel, the particle can appear in the form b: If only for a vague attraction / Something thirsty soul, / I'm here I would have stayed — pleasure / Taste in unknown silence: / I would have forgotten everyone desires trembling. / With a dream b the whole world named (A. Pushkin).
Subjunctive forms can also be used to express desire or advice: Fine would He came Today; I would go you're off to the village. In complex sentences, subjunctive forms are used with a concessive meaning, usually in combination with conjunctions and allied words: No matter what, we are inseparable before eternity(Yu. Bondarev).
Scope of use of the particle would in Russian is very wide. This particle, even without combination with the verb form ending in -l, can express the meanings inherent in the subjunctive mood: It's so hot, kvass; I would like to get some sleep; If only I knew about this, bad luck for him. The possibility of combining particles can be noted as quite rare would with participle: Human, would gain confidence, looks to the future with great optimism. However, all these cases are not included in the morphological subjunctive mood.
The forms of moods can express the most various meanings and used in figurative meanings, i.e. as a function of other moods.
For example, to express motivation, along with forms of the imperative mood in the Russian language, forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods are widely used. This use is typical for 2 liter forms. units and plural indicative mood, and important role At the same time, an incentive intonation plays: Now will you go home and bring it me a book!; You immediately come back to your unit and about everything report commander! Past tense forms of verbs also have an incentive meaning. begin, to finish, go, go, fly, take, undertake and etc.: Well, together, together started!; I went Go away — that's what I'm telling you. The use of forms of the indicative mood with an incentive meaning enhances the categorical nature of the incentive: the speaker thus emphasizes confidence in the fulfillment of his expressed will. At the same time, in structures with a particle Not forms of the indicative mood can also express a softened impulse, a request:
You won't tell do we have anything, Ivan Fedorovich? WITH The forms of the subjunctive mood are also used with the same meaning of weakened impulse: Sergey, walked would you go home. But if there is a particle in the design so that, the impulse expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood is of a very categorical nature: So that returned the book to me immediately!
Likewise, the meaning of a proposed or possible process can be expressed not only subjunctive mood, but also forms of the indicative and imperative moods. Past tense forms of the indicative mood are used to denote a possible, easily feasible action: He is not connected with Yermil by a rope, quit Yes went (A. Ostrovsky). Forms of the imperative mood are often used with a conditional or concessional meaning: Not even a word about this Tell; No matter what, everything falls out of hand; Come you before, everything would be fine; She will give , and he will kick you out of the hut.
A special case is the use of the 2 liter form. units imperative mood to denote an unexpected action, always combined with And, and: After all, Lady Matryona recognized me and recognized me, old, yes a complaint against me and serve (I. Turgenev); And I and remember about your offer. To enhance the meaning of surprise and unpreparedness of action in such constructions the form is often used take: And he take it yes and say it out loud. Carrying out the action named by the verb (give, remember, Tell) has nothing to do with the will of the speaker. This use of the form allows the speaker only to qualify the action as unexpected, unprepared. Form 2 l. units The imperative mood in this use is very close in meaning to the past tense form of perfective verbs.