Conditional mood
Conditional mood(air conditioning(is), lat. modus conditionalis) - mood, denotes actions desired or possible under certain conditions.
In Slavic languages
the mood was historically formed in two ways - with the help of the l-participle and a special conjugated form with the stem *bi- (for example, in Old Church Slavonic walked around; probably etymologically related to the Indo-European optative) and with the help of an l-participle and an auxiliary verb form that coincides with the aorist stem of the verb be (I would go). In most ancient Slavic dialects, only the second form was represented; the coexistence of the two forms, their mutual influence and contamination are characteristic mainly of the southern dialects. There is a hypothesis according to which the form with an aorist of the auxiliary verb historically represents one of the forms of the Slavic plusquaperfect.The form of the auxiliary verb, conjugated according to the aorist type, is preserved in modern Czech (čítal bych), Upper Sorbian (čitał bych), Serbo-Croatian (čitao bih), Bulgarian (bih cel). In Croatian Chakavian dialects, a conjugated form has been preserved, going back to *bimь: China bin. In many languages, the form of the auxiliary verb has turned into an unchangeable particle: rus. would/b, Belarusian would/b, Ukrainian bi, lower meadow by, Kashub. bë/b, maked. bi. This particle can be combined with the form of the present tense copula (Slovak čítal by som, some dialects of Macedonian - bi sum person; shape type naturally they would let me in in Russian monuments of the XIV-XV centuries) or its end (Polish. czytał-by-m).
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See what “Conditional Mood” is in other dictionaries:
See conditional mood (in the article verb mood) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
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Mood, a grammatical category of a verb that expresses the relationship of the content of the statement to reality. Different languages have different numbers of N. Unmarked (not formally expressed by special features) N., indicating that... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
MOOD, a grammatical category of a verb (see VERB), the forms of which express differences in the relation of the content of the statement to reality or in the relation of the speaker to the content of the statement (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Mood- TILTING. Predicate form (see), denoting the speaker’s attitude to the reality of the manifestation of a characteristic expressed by a word or words with this form; i.e., the N. form indicates whether the speaker imagines a combination of the attribute... ... Dictionary of literary terms
Mood- Mood is a grammatical category that expresses the attitude of the action named by the verb to reality from the point of view of the speaker. Mood is a grammatical way of expressing modality (V.V. Vinogradov). The grammatical meaning of the forms... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Morphological category of conjugated (personal) forms of the verb. The general meaning of mood is the relation of an event to reality. In Russian The verb has three moods: indicative (I come/came/will come), conditional (would come) and imperative (come).... ... Literary encyclopedia
- (lat. modus) special verb form; expresses one or another shade (the so-called modality) of the action signified by a given verb. The modality of action can be threefold: 1) logical, when in speech the relation of the predicate to... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
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The verb performs an important function of denoting various actions. In Russian, as in any other language, it is extremely difficult to do without it. What are its main forms, how are they formed and what are they used for?
About the verb
They can be static or dynamic, but they all express some kind of action. Of course, we are talking about verbs, which are an important part of the language. As a rule, they have a huge number of different forms, indicating different time periods, activity or passivity, subject and some other features. There are many such variants in the Russian language, although Europeans, as a rule, do not lag behind, but their grammatical structures are built somewhat more logically. In addition, modality or linking verbs play a much smaller role in our country; their use is not always clear and regulated.
Forms
Conjugation, that is, a change in persons and numbers, as well as an indication of the period of time when the action is performed, is what most people think about when it comes to the metamorphoses of verbs. But these are not the only options. In addition, there are also active and infinitive, participle and gerund, and the latter two are sometimes isolated into separate parts of speech, but are more often considered special forms of the verb expressing side effects.
And, of course, we should not forget that there is such a category as the indicative, imperative, subjunctive mood. Thus, they divide the entire set of verbs into three large groups and have serious differences among themselves. They will be discussed further.
About moods
One of the most important grammatical categories or classifications has as its criterion a special property. It's just about inclination. A subjunctive is one that talks about events that can or could happen. It is this form that is used when talking, for example, about dreams. In another way it is called conditional. The indicative, or indicative, is used simply to describe what is happening or what has been and will be; it is this that most forms belong to, including those obtained by conjugation. It is the most neutral. Finally, the imperative, or imperative, is used in incentive sentences, when giving orders, formulating requests and for other similar purposes.
Thus, each of the moods has its own function and role, which are extremely difficult to transfer to other constructions, that is, to express the same thing, but in other ways. They all have their own characteristic features, but the subjunctive is the most interesting. After all, it is with its help that unrealized events are expressed.
Signs of the subjunctive
First of all, this is the particle “would”, which in this case is an integral part of the verb form. Sometimes it can be attached to other words, forming a slightly different construction, for example, “to sing,” “to be,” etc. Both of these forms are complex compared to the others, which consist of only one grammatical unit.
In addition, the subjunctive mood is a construction that is easy to determine by meaning, because it denotes events that have not come true, that is, which are in the realm of unrealizable ones. Thus, highlighting this form in the text does not present any difficulties.
Also, the subjunctive (or conditional), like the imperative, is an impersonal form of the verb. This means that it has only one form with minor changes in endings. What else is characteristic about it?
Peculiarities
The subjunctive mood is, although not a unique construction for the Russian language, but it has some interesting features and methods of use.
It seems rather strange that even if the subjunctive mood of a verb is used in relation to events in any tense, the form still expresses the past, although historically it had a slightly different meaning. On the other hand, this is quite logical, because we are talking about a situation that did not take place in the past and, perhaps, will not take place either in the present or in the future, that is, it has not been realized. From this perspective, the subjunctive form of the verb in dependent sentences like “I want him to sing” also looks appropriate, since the action expressed with its help has not yet occurred. It is worth remembering all this when composing sentences, as well as when translating conditional constructions from foreign languages into Russian.
Unlike other languages, it is this verb form that is used in both parts of a complex conditional sentence - both in the main and in the dependent.
There are other interesting constructions, and philologists argue about whether they can be attributed to the subjunctive mood. An example could be like this:
Eh, I wish I had more money!
He should get married.
In the first example there is not even a verb, although its residual presence is obvious. However, such a construction is still considered borderline and cannot be unambiguously defined. The second more clearly refers to the conditional mood, although the infinitive is used instead of the past tense form. There are many such constructions, and this only confirms the richness and variety of techniques in the Russian language.
In the past time
No matter what events are being discussed, conditional sentences use the same form - the subjunctive mood. A table in this case would be inconvenient, so it’s easier to explain this with examples.
If it hadn't rained yesterday, we would have gone to the cinema.
He would have called if he knew your phone number.
Here, as you can see, the situation can illustrate both a completely unrealizable event due to the fact that there were no suitable conditions in the past, and something that can still be realized, but this has not happened yet.
Present
The subjunctive mood can also be used to express the current situation. The examples given below have a slight connotation of the past tense, but this is rather due to the fact that a different situation was once realized, which did not lead to the circumstances expected in the present.
If I had a dog now, I would play with it.
If I had not been injured then, I would now be a famous football player.
Thus, the subjunctive mood can also serve to indicate the possible development of events if something had not happened, or vice versa - had happened in the past.
In future
In relation to events that have yet to be realized, but it is unknown whether this will happen, the subjunctive mood is not directly used. It may be present, but then the attitude towards the future will only be clear from the context. In the usual case, instead, the result is simply a conditional sentence in which there are no difficulties or features:
If it's sunny tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
If we go to London next year, you will have to learn English.
There is no question of the subjunctive mood here, although perhaps the events in question will never be realized. This is the disadvantage - the inability to accurately express confidence or doubt about whether this or that will happen.
Analogues in other languages
In English there is no strict concept of mood, but there are constructions that express convention, that is, having the same function. They are called conditional or if clauses and are divided into several types. The first two varieties do not carry the same meaning as the subjunctive mood in Russian, but the rest are complete analogues. In this sense, English is somewhat richer.
“Zero” and first types, in fact, reflect events that can and possibly will be realized. Here they belong to the subjunctive mood, but will be translated through ordinary conditional sentences.
The second type expresses an action that seems unlikely, but still real. But the third one is not, because it is in the past. This is also a difference from the Russian language, because in English there is a degree of certainty about whether an event will take place. With us, no. Both of these varieties are translated into Russian, and for this purpose the subjunctive mood of the verb is used. In other European languages, similar constructions are also present and actively used in speech. Moreover, the variety of verb forms in them is, as a rule, higher than in Russian.
There are also adverbs in which there are no moods at all or there are more than a dozen of them. Russian cannot be called a rich language in this regard, but for the needs of accurately expressing one’s thoughts this set is still quite sufficient. In the future, new forms for even more suitable formulations may arise, but for now the subjunctive mood is a somewhat reduced form of what can be.
In the Russian language, there are three types of verb mood: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification because each form listed helps determine how what is mentioned in the sentence relates to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or order that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some necessary conditions are met.
The first type is indicative, which is also called “indicative”. This form means that the action has happened, is happening, or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I looked for - I look for - I will look for), and for the perfective form there are only two: past and simple future (for example: came up with - I'll come up with done - I'll do it, found it - I'll find it). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the infinitive stem disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).
Second type - conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called “subjunctive”. This form means that the action did not actually happen, but is only desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be realized if some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's thoughts. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of a past tense verb (that is, the base of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-”), as well as the particle “would” or “b”. These particles can be found both before and after the verb, and can also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but they never change by person and, as already stated, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).
Third type - imperative mood, which is also called “imperative”. This form means a request, advice, order, or encouragement to action. Verbs in the imperative mood are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have a zero ending in the singular and a “-te” ending in the plural. They also do not change over time. The imperative mood is formed using a verb stem in the present or simple future tense, to which is added the suffix “-and-” or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do this! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)
It is also possible to use the 1st person plural form. It is used to encourage joint action in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of an imperfective verb or a perfective verb in the future tense, preceded by the following words: come on, let's. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's cook breakfast. Let's try this dish.)
The 3rd person singular and plural forms are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express an impulse to action of people not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)
From time to time, to soften the order, the particle “-ka” is added to imperative verbs (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)
In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.
Thus, a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, disaster would have happened.) or indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly said that she had already seen this man. And he can do it his way!)
A verb in the indicative mood can take on an imperative meaning. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)
A verb in the conditional mood can also take on an imperative meaning. (For example: I would tell it like it is. Would you help your friend in need?.)
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This article talks about how the conditional mood is formed and used in Russian speech. To make it more interesting for children to get acquainted with a complex topic, you can use a fairy tale. An entertaining story about the conditional mood will probably be remembered by students more quickly than a dry presentation of the material. So, we read the fairy tale and find in it a hint that from ancient times it was a good lesson for good fellows.
The first chapter of the fairy tale about how the conditional mood was formed
Once upon a time there lived a variety of words in the Verb State. Of course, the bulk of the population were verbs. But next to them lived both particles and short adjectives. Only the verbs considered themselves to be members of the upper class, and did not care for the rest. Particles especially suffered from them. They were too small and could not fight back.
The ones that were most proud of were the imperative verbs. They were just pretending to be gentlemen.
Everyone must obey us. Come on, quickly carry out our orders! Step by step to the kitchen! Cook dinner, wash the dishes - that's it!
They didn't even care about other verb forms. The rest of the residents of the state were very offended by them, but they could not do anything. And little by little we stopped communicating with them. Only the verbs of the imperative mood did not pay any attention to this - they continued to command.
And then take the verb in the past tense and make friends with the particle Would! Yes, they liked being together so much that they became inseparable - where one is, there is another. They climb somewhere far away from everyone and dream...
“If only there had been a good rain, a lot of mushrooms would have grown in the forest!” - says one. “And then we would go and pick up a whole basket!” - echoes his interlocutor. Only there is no rain. The earth is already cracked from the heat, and the trees have lost their leaves, what kind of mushrooms are there? After all, if there are no conditions for performing an action, there is no action itself.
The friends will sit and sit and start dreaming again. Only all the time the particle Be sets some condition: it would be possible to go to the cinema, if classes at school ended early, then it would be nice to eat ice cream, but my throat hurts. This is how the conditional mood was formed.
Chapter two: about how friends were getting ready for a space flight
Sometimes comrades were simply carried away into unreality. For example, they began to think about what would happen if a ship with aliens landed on the city. And they got such sentences with a conditional mood that at least write down a fantastic book! “We would make friends with aliens from outer space and ask to stay on their planet for a while!” No, well, has anyone heard this? Laughter, and that's all! And this is an example of using the actual conditional mood in its literal meaning!
Why literally? Yes, this is simply impossible in reality, but in fantasy or parallel worlds it’s easy. That is why this option is classified as a counterfactual meaning of the conditional mood.
It is worth saying that sometimes the direct meaning of their dreams was hypothetical, that is, quite acceptable in the real world. Friends could even give good advice to neighbors. Clear recommendations more than once helped to avoid troubles, although they used the conditional mood. Do you need examples? Please!
So their neighbor began to build a new house for himself. Yes, he lays bricks right on the sand - he builds a wall. So his comrades could not stand it, they came up and told him bluntly: “You, my friend, should have poured the foundation first, and then done the brickwork!” They hinted this modestly, carefully, and the unlucky builder listened to them - and avoided huge troubles!
Chapter four: about how friends of neighbors organized to help, or the direct meaning of the actual conditional mood in positive and negative connotations
Friends were able not only to express their desires but to aimlessly dream about the impossible. Sometimes they could put others to shame, so to speak, so that they had to hide their red cheeks for a long time. Here, for example, is how, using the form of the conditional mood, they forced the neighbors to help build a house: “At least someone would help! At least one person’s conscience has awakened!” And, expressing their negative connotation, they themselves were the first to take up a shovel - to dig a hole for the foundation.
If necessary, they could put the presumptuous neighbor in his place. It was even possible to drive someone away using the subjunctive mood. “Couldn’t you, good sir, choose further back streets for your walks?” - after such a phrase, it is unlikely that anyone will have the desire to be near those for whom this presence is undesirable.
Fifth chapter: about how Little Red Riding Hood’s friends saved her from the Wolf, or the figurative meaning of the conditional mood
So it was only at first glance that the friends might seem spineless and characterless. In fact, they knew how to both give good advice and scold. But they did it gently, carefully. This action is also called the pragmatic function of inclination.
That is, friends say real things, but not in a categorical form, which is why they say that in the sentence the conditional mood is used in a figurative meaning, because no conditions are needed to perform an action.
“We would advise you, dear girl, not to talk to this animal,” friends once intervened in Little Red Riding Hood’s conversation with the Gray Wolf. They said so strictly, with pressure. And, although the particle By, as always, stood next to the verb, it became clear to the Wolf that it was present here only to soften the address, so as not to frighten the girl. “You, bully, should have gone your way, otherwise you wouldn’t get hit between your ears with this club!” - they threatened the evil and cunning predator. And the phrase sounded as if friends were using the imperative mood.
Chapter six: how the conditional mood was elected to the government of the state
The election campaign has begun in the country. The imperative, of course, immediately began to run for president. “Vote for us! Everyone go to the polls quickly! Choose the imperative mood!” - it screamed at all intersections. And only the conditional mood modestly declared: “We should choose a different government, comrades. If everyone pulled together, we could create a truly happy society.” And the residents of the country thought: “Could you help us build a kindergarten and a hospital in the state? And it would be great if we built a sanatorium on the seashore for everyone who wants to relax, and absolutely free of charge!” And the Glagolians agreed.
So, with the help of a request, friends were able to organize the beginning of the construction of an entire social complex in the country. And it seemed like there was no order here, but no one could refuse. This is how the conditional mood turned into an imperative mood.
The citizens of the Verb State thought, and elected friends as president. But they still took representatives of other inclinations as assistants. So that everything is fair. So the indicative, conditional, and imperative moods began to rule the country together. One head, as they say, is good, but when there are many minds, it is even better.
Briefly about the main thing
The form of the conditional (subjunctive) mood in writing coincides with the past tense verb in combination with the particle “would”. With verbs, the particle is always written separately. It can appear anywhere in a sentence.
The verb is formed in the same way as the past tense form, that is, from the base of the indefinite form with the suffix -l-. It varies by gender and number. The verb is also conjugated according to the past tense pattern.
We continue to study English grammar, and today we want to introduce you to a curious grammatical phenomenon in the English language. Is it a conditional mood or Conditional Mood . We will look at the types of this mood, examples of sentences with it, etc. How is the conditional mood constructed in English?
The conditional mood in English is a very interesting thing. As in Russian, the conditional mood in English indicates that an action can or should be performed under some condition. But still there are significant differences from Russian.
Sentences in the conditional mood are complex sentences, usually consisting of two simple ones, one of which is main and the other is dependent. The main clause expresses the condition of the action in the dependent clause.
The catch is that English has three cases or types of conditional, while Russian has only two. But if you look carefully, you will understand that everything is not so complicated.
In Russian: the first type expresses a real condition in the present tense; the second type expresses an unreal condition in the past tense.
- If I go home, I'll have lunch.
- If I went home, I would have lunch. (And since I didn’t go home, I didn’t have lunch, that is, the action is unrealistic under this condition)
In English: the first type expresses a real condition in the present tense; the second type expresses a real condition in the past tense; the third type indicates an unreal condition in the past tense. Let's follow the same sentence, but in English:
- If I go home, I will have lunch
- If I went home, I would have lunch
- If I had gone home, I would have had lunch.
Now let’s look at each type of Conditional Mood in the language we are studying separately.
The easiest one is the first type!
It really couldn't be easier. Here we are dealing with a real condition in the present tense.
Pay attention to the phrase If I have money, I buy a car (If I have money, I'll buy a car). The main part of this sentence can also be in the future tense: If I have money, I will buy a car.
For example:
- If you drink a lot of coffee, you have problems with your heart. Or: If you drink a lot of coffee, you will have problems with your heart. — If you drink a lot of coffee, you will have heart problems.
But a subordinate clause in English can never be in the future tense. After the word If the verb must be in the present tense Present Simple. That is, the subordinate clause is in the present tense, and most importantly - in the future.
Example sentences:
- If you eat a lot of sweets, you will have problems with your teeth. — If you eat a lot of sweets, you will have problems with your teeth
- I will speak with Tom, if I find him. — I'll talk to Tom if I find him.
- If we go home, we will have a rest. - If we go home, we will rest.
As we see, in each sentence there is a real action under a real condition. 
Three types of English conditional
Second type of conditional
The second type expresses a real condition in the past tense. And here, as in the first case, we are dealing with a real action under a real condition. In this case, the subordinate clause should be in Past Simple, and most importantly - in Future in the Past.
Pay attention to the example sentences:
- If I had money, I would buy a flat. — If I had money, I would buy an apartment
- If you did your homework, you would get a good mark. — If you had done your homework, you would have gotten a good grade.
Instead of would in the main clause there may be should, could, might. For example:
- If you met Jim, you should speak with him. — If you met Jim, you would talk to him
- You could read the whole book, if you wanted. -You could read the whole book if you wanted.
- You might take my notebook, if I brought it. “You could have taken my laptop if I had brought it.”
Don't be afraid of the third type!
The third case of the conditional mood does not occur in Russian. But if you familiarize yourself with the scheme according to which it is built, then there is nothing complicated.
Please note: in the subordinate clause the verb is in Past Perfect, and in the main scheme would + have + verb + ending -ed (or third form of the verb).
This type expresses an unreal, impossible condition in the past tense. Note:
- If you had won the competition, you would have gone to France. — If you won the competition, you would go to France. (But you didn’t win, so you won’t go, that is, action under this condition is impossible)
- If we had come on time, we would have met Ann. - If we had arrived on time, we would have found Anna. (But we didn’t arrive on time, so we didn’t find her; the action is unrealistic under this condition).
Here, as in the second type, the main clause can also contain verbs should, could, might. Eg:
- If she had spoken with her brother, he could have given his car. — If she had talked to her brother, he could have given him his car.
- You should have been more polite with mr Anders, if you had wanted. - You could be more polite to Mr. Anders if you wanted.
- If I had found Tom, I might have spoken with him about that case. - If I had found Tom, I would have talked to him about that incident.
The third type Conditional expresses an unreal action under an unreal condition.
Well, as we have seen, the conditional mood in English plays a very important role, and is an important part of English speech. Use it to express a condition in an action. You will definitely make friends with him. We wish you success!