§ 2. Oral and written forms of speech
General characteristics of speech forms
Speech communication occurs in two forms - oral and written. They are in a complex unity and occupy an important and approximately equal place in their importance in social and speech practice. Both in the sphere of production, and in the spheres of management, education, law, art, and in the media, both oral and written forms of speech take place. In real communication conditions, their constant interaction and interpenetration is observed. Any written text can be voiced, that is, read aloud, and oral text can be recorded using technical means. There are such genres of written speech as: for example, dramaturgy, oratorical works that are intended specifically for subsequent scoring. And vice versa, in literary works, techniques of stylization as “orality” are widely used: dialogical speech, in which the author seeks to preserve the features inherent in oral spontaneous speech, monologues of characters in the first person, etc. The practice of radio and television has led to the creation of a unique form oral speech, in which spoken and voiced written speech constantly coexist and interact (for example, television interviews).
The basis of both written and oral speech is literary speech, which acts as the leading form of existence of the Russian language. Literary speech is speech designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized patterns. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, that is, they are recorded in grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks. The dissemination of these norms is facilitated by schools, cultural institutions, and mass media. Literary speech is distinguished by its universality in its functioning. On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created.
However, oral and written forms of speech are independent and have their own characteristics and features.
Oral speech
Oral speech is sounding speech that functions in the sphere of direct communication, and in a broader sense it is any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that are the result of the complex activity of the human pronunciation organs. Rich intonation capabilities of oral speech are associated with this phenomenon. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human feelings, experiences, moods, etc.
The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Therefore, oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. Thus, a gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting (in this case, gestures have a national-cultural specificity, therefore, they must be used carefully, especially in oral business and scientific speech). All these linguistic and extralinguistic means help to increase the semantic significance and emotional richness of oral speech.
Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature deployment in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, that is, he thinks as if “on the go,” therefore oral speech may be characterized by unfluency, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units, for example. “The director called. Delayed. It'll be there in half an hour. Start without him"(message from the director’s secretary for participants in the production meeting) On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions; “The department/ carried out a lot of work/ over the course of a year/ yes/ I must say/ great and important// educational, and scientific, and methodological// Well/ everyone knows/ the educational// Do I need to detail/ the educational// No// Yes / I also think / it’s not necessary //"
Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation). Prepared oral speech It is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized”, and to resemble direct communication.
Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, hmm) allows the speaker to think about what happens next. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraselogical levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. The phonetic and morphological levels of the language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms, are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, even the presence of speech errors, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones. Participial and adverbial phrases are usually replaced by complex sentences; verbs are used instead of verbal nouns; inversion is possible.
As an example, here is an excerpt from a written text: “Distracting slightly from domestic issues, I would like to note that, as the modern experience of the Scandinavian region and a number of other countries has shown, the point is not at all in the monarchy, not in the form of political organization, but in the division of political power between the state and society.”(“Star”. 1997, No. 6). When this fragment is reproduced orally, for example at a lecture, it will, of course, be changed and may have approximately the following form: “If we abstract from domestic issues, we will see that the issue is not at all about the monarchy, it is not about the form of political organization. The whole point is how to divide power between the state and society. And this is confirmed today by the experience of the Scandinavian countries"
Oral speech, just like written speech, is standardized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, poor structure, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication" *. The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account, then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions.
* Bubnova G. I. Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communications: Syntax and prosody M, 1991. P. 8.
The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, but it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial and everyday style of speech. The following functional types of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.
As an example, here is an excerpt from an interview with the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia: “Of course, there are exceptions... The mayor of Izhevsk approached us with a claim to declare the law adopted by the republican authorities unconstitutional. And the court actually recognized some articles as such. Unfortunately, at first this caused irritation among the local authorities, to the point that, they say, as it was, so it will be, no one can tell us. Then, as they say, “heavy artillery” was launched: the State Duma got involved. The President of Russia issued a decree... There was a lot of noise in the local and central press" (Business People. 1997. No. 78).
This fragment also contains colloquial particles well, they say, and expressions of colloquial and phraseological nature at first, no one ordered us, as they say, there was a lot of noise, expression heavy artillery in a figurative sense, and inversion issued a decree. The number of conversational elements is determined by the characteristics of a specific communicative situation. For example, the speech of a speaker leading a meeting in the State Duma and the speech of a manager leading a production meeting will, of course, be different. In the first case, when meetings are broadcast on radio and television to a huge audience, you need to be especially careful in choosing spoken language units.
Written speech
Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to record sound language (and, accordingly, sound speech). On the other hand, writing is an independent communication system, which, while performing the function of recording oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions. Written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, expands the sphere of human communication, breaks the boundaries of the immediate
environment. By reading books, historical documents from different times of peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, Sumerians, Incas, Mayans, etc.
Historians of writing argue that writing has gone through a long path of historical development from the first notches in trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type that most people use today, i.e. written speech is secondary to oral speech. Letters used in writing are signs that are used to represent speech sounds. The sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters, and knowledge of the letters allows them to be reproduced in sound form, that is, to read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to divide speech: periods, commas, dashes correspond to intonation pauses in oral speech. This means that letters are the material form of written language.
The main function of written speech is to record oral speech, with the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people in cases where When direct communication is impossible when they are separated by space, i.e., located in different geographical locations, and time. Since ancient times, people, unable to communicate directly, exchanged letters, many of which have survived to this day, breaking the barrier of time. The development of such technical means of communication as the telephone has to some extent reduced the role of writing. But the advent of the fax, and now the spread of the Internet system, which help to overcome space, has again activated the written form of speech. The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time.
Written speech unfolds not in temporary, but in static space, which gives the writer the opportunity to think through the speech, return to what has already been written, and rearrange sentences And parts of the text, replace words, clarify, carry out a long search for the form of expression of thoughts, refer to dictionaries and reference books. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics. Written speech uses bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. The order of words in a sentence is fixed, inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example in texts of an official business style of speech, is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the basic unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax, therefore, as a rule, written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, inserted constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each of these is strictly related to the preceding and subsequent context.
From this point of view, let us analyze an excerpt from the reference manual by V. A. Krasilnikov “Industrial architecture and ecology”:
“The negative impact on the natural environment is expressed in the ever-increasing expansion of territorial resources, including sanitary gaps, in emissions of gaseous, solid and liquid waste, in the release of heat, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, in changes in landscapes and microclimates, often in their aesthetic degradation "
This one simple sentence contains a large number of homogeneous members: in ever-increasing expansion, in emissions, in excretion, in change; heat, noise, vibration etc., participial phrase including..., participle increasing, those. characterized by the features mentioned above.
Written speech is focused on perception by the visual organs, therefore it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a page numbering system, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font selection, etc.
“The most common form of non-tariff restriction on foreign trade is a quota, or contingent. Quotas are a restriction in quantitative or monetary terms on the volume of products allowed to be imported into a country (import quota) or exported from the country (export quota) for a certain period.”
This passage uses font emphasis and explanations given in parentheses. Often, each subtopic of the text has its own subtitle. For example, the above quote opens the part Quotas, one of the subtopics of the text “Foreign trade policy: non-tariff methods of regulating international trade” (ME and MO. 1997. No. 12). You can return to a complex text more than once, think about it, comprehend what has been written, having the opportunity to look through this or that passage of text with your eyes.
Written speech is different in that the very form of speech activity definitely reflects the conditions and purpose of communication, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation application or an information message in a newspaper. Consequently, written speech has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of linguistic means that are used to create a particular text that reflects the typical features of a certain functional style. The written form is the main form of existence of speech in the scientific and journalistic; official business and artistic styles.
Thus, when we say that verbal communication occurs in two forms - oral and written, we must keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that these forms of speech have a common basis - literary language and in practice they occupy approximately equal space. The differences most often come down to the means of expression. Oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbalism, it uses a certain amount of “its own” linguistic means, it is tied more to the conversational style. Writing uses alphabetic and graphic symbols, often bookish language with all its styles and features, normalization and formal organization.
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Speech is classified according to a significant number of characteristics. We can distinguish at least four classification criteria that allow us to talk about different types of speech |
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According to the form of information exchange (using sounds or written signs), speech is divided into oral and written |
According to the number of participants in communication, it is divided into monologue, dialogic and polylogue |
on functioning in a particular area of communication The following functionalities are distinguished: Speech styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, conversational |
according to availability content- Based on the semantic and compositional-structural features of the text, the following functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished: description, narration and reasoning |
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First of all, we will focus on the characteristics of oral and written speech. Oral and written varieties of speech are “connected by thousands of transitions into each other.” This is explained by the fact that the basis of both oral and written speech is internal speech, with the help of which human thought is formed.
In addition, oral speech can be recorded on paper or using technical means, while any written text can be read aloud. There are even special genres of written speech specifically designed to be spoken aloud: dramaturgy and oratory. And in works of fiction you can often find dialogues and monologues of characters that are inherent in spontaneous oral speech.
Despite the commonality of oral and written speech, there are also differences between them. As noted in the Russian Language encyclopedia, ed. Fedot Petrovich Filin, the differences between oral and written speech are as follows:
- oral speech - speech that sounds, is pronounced. It is the primary form of existence of language, a form opposed to written speech. In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, oral speech is not only ahead of written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual dissemination, but also acquires such an important advantage as the instantaneous transmission of information;
- written language - this is speech depicted on paper (parchment, birch bark, stone, linen, etc.) using graphic signs intended to indicate speech sounds. Written speech is a secondary, later in time form of the existence of language, contrasted with oral speech.
There are also a number of differences of a psychological and situational nature between oral and written speech:
in oral speech, the speaker and listener see each other, which allows the content of the conversation to change depending on the interlocutor’s reaction. In written speech this possibility does not exist: the writer can only mentally imagine a potential reader;
oral speech is designed for auditory perception, written - to the visual. Literal reproduction of oral speech is usually
is possible only with the help of special technical devices, but in written speech the reader has the opportunity to repeatedly re-read what has been written, just as the writer himself has the opportunity to repeatedly improve what has been written;
3) written speech makes communication precise and fixed. It connects the communication of people of the past, present and future, acts as the basis for business communication and scientific activity, while oral speech is often characterized by inaccuracy, incompleteness, and the transfer of general meaning.
Thus, there are both similarities and differences in spoken and written language. The similarities are based on the fact that the basis of both types of speech is the literary language, and the differences lie in the means of its expression.
Initially, only oral, that is, sounding, speech existed. Then special signs were created, and written speech appeared. However, the difference between these methods of communication lies not only in the means used, but also in many other things. Let's take a closer look at how written speech differs from oral speech.
Definition
Written speech- a graphic system that serves to consolidate and transmit information, one of the ways of language existence. Written speech is presented, for example, in books, personal and business letters, and official documents.
Oral speech- a form of language expressed in spoken and audible utterances. Communication using oral speech can occur through direct contact (friendly conversation, teacher explanations in class) or indirectly (telephone conversation).
Comparison
Deployment
Written speech is characterized as contextual. That is, all the necessary information is contained only in the text itself. Such speech is often addressed to an unknown reader, and in this case one cannot count on supplementing the content with details that are usually understood without words during direct contact. Therefore, written speech appears in a more expanded form. It most fully reveals all the essential points and describes the nuances.
Oral speech most often involves the unification of interlocutors by a specific situation that is understandable to both of them. In this state of affairs, many details remain untold. After all, if you say out loud what is already obvious, the speech will turn out boring, even tedious, unreasonably long, pedantic. In other words, oral speech is situational in nature, and therefore it is less developed than written speech. Often, with such communication, only a hint is enough to understand each other.
Means used
The difference between written and oral speech is that the writer does not have the opportunity to influence the addressee with the means that the speaker has in his arsenal. The expressiveness of written texts is ensured by placing punctuation marks, changing fonts, using paragraphs, and so on.
During oral communication, a lot can be shown by intonation, gaze, facial expressions, and various gestures. For example, saying “goodbye” can in one situation mean “see you later, I’ll wait,” and in another it can mean “it’s all over between us.” In a conversation, even a pause can be significant. And sometimes it happens that the spoken speech shocks the listeners, but the same words, simply written down on paper, make absolutely no impression.
Construction Features
Thoughts in the letter must be presented in an extremely understandable form. After all, if in a conversation the listener has the opportunity to ask again, and the speaker has the opportunity to explain and clarify something, then such direct regulation of written speech is impossible.
Written speech is subject to spelling and syntax requirements. There is also a stylistic component to it. For example, in a speech addressed to a listener, the use of incomplete sentences is allowed, since the rest is suggested by the situation, and incomplete constructions in writing are in many cases considered an error.
Possibility of reflection
All responsibility for the content of the written text rests with the author. But at the same time, he has more time to think about phrases, correct them, and add them. This largely applies to such types of oral speech as reports and lectures, which are also prepared in advance.
Meanwhile, spoken language is carried out at a certain moment of communication and is aimed at specific listeners. These conditions sometimes cause difficulties for the speaker. The inability to express thoughts, ignorance of what should be said next, the desire to correct what has already been said, as well as the desire to express everything at once leads to noticeable mistakes. This is intermittency of speech or, on the contrary, undifferentiated phrases, unnecessary repetition of words, incorrect stress. As a result, the content of the speech may not be fully understood.
Duration of existence
Let's look at the difference between written and spoken language regarding the duration of each of them. Let's turn to written speech. Its important property is that the text, once written, will exist for a long time regardless of the presence of the author. Even if the writer is no longer alive, important information will reach the reader.
It is the fact that the passage of time does not affect writing that gives humanity the opportunity to pass on accumulated knowledge from generation to generation and preserve history in chronicles. Meanwhile, oral speech lives only at the moment of sound. In this case, the presence of the author is mandatory. The exception is statements recorded on media.
| Type of speech: written | Type of speech: oral | |
| Attached graphically | Sent by voice | |
| Contextual | Situational | |
| Expanded | Less developed | |
| Punctuation marks, text fragmentation, font changes, etc. are used | Complemented by gestures, appropriate facial expressions, play of intonation | |
| Must meet the requirements of spelling, syntax, style | There are no rules specific to writing | |
| More thought out | Spontaneous, with the exception of prepared reports, lectures | |
| The author's presence is not required when reading. |
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Rice. 1. Speech actions ()
Speaking and listening is oral speech. In ancient times, the mouth and lips were called mouths, which is how the word “oral” appeared, i.e. what is pronounced sounds. The guys also write and read - this is written speech, the one that is written down and read. Oral speech is conveyed by sounds, written speech by signs.
Speech
oral written
listen and speak write and read
What is necessary for writing? Know letters and be able to read and write words and sentences. What is necessary for oral speech? Understand the meaning of words and be able to tell stories using sentences.
Why do we need speech? Imagine a little man who cannot talk, listen, read, or write. There are no books, notebooks, computer, friends, or classmates in his life. Is it interesting to live like this? Do you want to be in his place? I think it's unlikely. Living like this is boring and uninteresting.
A person’s speech “grows” and “matures” with him. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts, the more pleasant it is for people around him to communicate with him, so it is necessary to get acquainted with new words, their meaning, learn the rules and laws by which correct and beautiful speech is built.
In distant, distant times, people did not know how to write and read. But they knew how to compose beautiful songs, fairy tales, and riddles. And some of them have survived to this day. How did they do it? People retold them (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Oral folk art ()
In the old days, people passed on all information by word of mouth. From grandparents to children, from children to grandchildren, and so on from generation to generation (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Oral folk art ().
Read the folk wisdom:
“Good speech is good to listen to.”
“Friendly words will not dry your tongue.”
“Let any other word fall on deaf ears.”
“Think first, and then say.”
“The field is red with millet, but the conversation is with the mind.”
What did our ancestors value? First of all, speech is literate and smart. In our language there are words with which you can give a speech characteristic to a person: loudmouth, silent man, idle talker, joker, grumbler, debater, talker. What you will be called will depend on your oral speech.
Complete the task. Divide the words into two columns. In the first - words that will tell what the speech of an educated person should be like, in the second - speech that needs to be corrected:
Speech (what?) - understandable, thoughtful, illegible, rich, cultured, literate, free, hasty, confused, slurred, illiterate, poor, correct, pleasant, legible, confused.
This is how teachers would like to hear their students speak.
Speech should be clear, thoughtful, rich, cultured, literate, free, correct, pleasant, and intelligible.
Did you know that in Ancient Greece and Rome there were even public speaking competitions (Fig. 4)? An orator is one who gives a speech, as well as a person who masters the art of making speeches.
Rice. 4. Speakers' competition ()
The art of oratory has always interested people and aroused admiration and admiration. The speaker was seen as having a special power that could convince of something with the help of words. The speaker was supposed to have mysterious qualities that do not exist in an ordinary person. That is why orators became government leaders, great scientists, sages and heroes.
Some peoples even had gods and goddesses of eloquence, persuasion, and debate who were worshiped (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Goddess of eloquence ()
The art of speech was studied in schools, in families, independently. What did they learn in those distant times (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Pre-revolutionary school ()
First of all, we learned to speak and write only what leads to virtue and happiness of people, not to talk nonsense, not to deceive. In addition, they were taught to collect and accumulate knowledge. They taught that speech should be clear and expressive. Finally, it was necessary to master the art of calligraphy - beautiful and clear writing - and mastery of your voice - its intonations, pauses, voice strength, tempo. Do you think it’s worth learning the same thing in our modern times? Certainly.
What kind of speech do these rules apply to? To oral. How to develop written speech? In Russian language lessons, you need to learn how to correctly compose and write sentences, and collect texts and stories from them. Learn to sign greeting cards and SMS messages on your mobile phone. But always remember: other people will read your written speech, so it needs to be corrected, that is, corrected and improved.
On our huge planet Earth, only we, people, have been given a great gift - the ability to speak, to communicate with each other using words. It is important to use this gift only for the benefit of others and yourself. Try to be interesting interlocutors, good listeners, and active readers. Language is what a person knows, speech is what a person can do. Improve your speech - oral and written.
Today in class we learned what speech is, got acquainted with the concepts of “oral speech”, “written speech”, and learned to distinguish between them.
Bibliography
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011. (download link)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. - M.: Ballas. (Download link )
- Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.
- Nsc.1september.ru ().
- Festival.1september.ru ().
- Nsportal.ru ().
Homework
1. Tell your friends what you learned about the topic of the lesson.
2. Why is oral speech called this?
3. What do oral and written language consist of?
4. Choose words that name speech actions.
They listen, sit, talk on the phone, watch, read, sleep, write, type on a computer, tell stories, share impressions, draw, sendsms-message.
5. Read the riddle. What kind of speech do readers use?
I know everything, I teach everyone,
But I myself am always silent.
To make friends with me,
We need to learn to read and write.
6. Connect the parts of the proverbs. What kind of speech do they characterize?
There is no shame in being silent... in time to remain silent.
Know how to say it in time... don’t say too much.
Fear what is above... if you have nothing to say.