Leongardt Angelina
* The object of study of this work is professional vocabulary.
* The subject of the study is professionalism in the speech of parents of 6th grade students.
* As a result of the survey, the professionalism of parents in the following professions was determined: hairdresser, military personnel, drivers (3), nurses, orderlies, head of the post office, electricians (2), cooks.
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Omsk Science Center Siberian branch Russian Academy sciences
Omsk regional office All-Russian public organization
"Russian Geographical Society"
Children's regional public organization
"Scientific Society of Students "Search"
MKOU "Volnovskaya Secondary School" of the Poltava district of the Omsk region
Professionalism in the speech of parents
Scientific and practical work
Section: philology
Performed:
6th grade student
Leongardt Angelina
Supervisor:
teacher
Russian language and literature
Kosmacheva Svetlana Vladimirovna
Volnoye – 2012
1 Introduction 3
2 Main part. Use in speech professional vocabulary.
2.1 Professional speech and its lexical composition. 4
2.2 Concept and features of professional vocabulary. 8
2.3 Professionalism in the speech of parents of 6th grade students. 13
3 Conclusion. 17
4 List of references and other sources. 18
Introduction
Vocabulary literary language The usage is heterogeneous. Some literary words are used by all speakers of a literary language, others - separate groups people who have a particular profession or specialty. First group literary words are made up of commonly used words, the second are professional or special ones. Familiarity with professional words provides an understanding of their role in Everyday life society.
Object of studyThis work is professional vocabulary.
Subject of study– professionalism in the speech of parents of 6th grade students.
Tasks :
1.Explore theoretical concepts on the research topic.
2. Find out from your parents what words they use in their professional activities.
3. Determine the meaning of professional words in the speech of parents of 6th grade students.
Target work - creating family explanatory dictionaries.
The following were used in the work:research methods: analysis, survey, generalization.
Main part
IN scientific research In linguistics and language teaching methods, the term “professional speech” is constantly used. Authors especially often refer to this definition in last years when the problems of studying are actively discussed professional speech. But with rare exceptions, no clear, substantiated definition of the concept of “professional speech” is given. In the latest edition of the encyclopedia “Russian Language” there is no such concept as “professional speech”. Professional speech is called “special speech”, which is included in the literary language, namely in those areas of it “that reflect the narrow language practice people of various specialties.” This speech, as stated in the encyclopedia article, is determined primarily by current terminology characteristic of a particular profession. In addition, this speech has its own own characteristics"in the field of vocabulary, word formation, phraseology, and sometimes in stress and form formation. The characteristics of this special speech “do not contradict... common system literary language".
When discussing business problems in an informal or less formal setting, a significant part of the vocabulary of modern economists is occupied by professionalisms (by which we mean informal names for phenomena and concepts of business life). This group is extensive and unites units that can be systematized by structure, origin, level of entry into the literary language, etc. d.
One of the definitions of professionalism is given by N.K. Garbovsky, who believes that there are 2 classes of professionally colored units of the lexical and phraseological level, namely special professional terminology and uncodified units of language that arise and function mainly in the colloquial speech of specialists in professional themes in conditions of informal communication. These last units are usually called professionalisms.
Professional speech of any field is also determined by its repertoire of genres, although the same genres can be used in professional speech of different specialties, but at the same time, each specialty has its own most important genres and specific laws of composition and speech design general genres.
The complexity and multifaceted nature of people’s professional activities imply significant variability in forms speech communication, and with a broad enough view of things, everything speech genres, formed in the process of communication in professional field activities can be defined as professional speech. In other words, all communication related to professional activities, regardless of whether it occurs in writing or orally, in an official or informal setting, that is, communication as a special, auxiliary type of activity that ensures the implementation of the main professional activity and is subordinate to its goals as the goals of the activity more high order, and there is professional speech.
“Professionalism is a special word or expression characteristic of a certain professional group, for example, “na-gora” (among miners), “vira”, “maina” (among loaders), “machine operator”, “motor driver”, “chassis driver” "(worker in an automatic machine shop, engine shop, chassis shop at automakers), " quantum transition"for physicists, "phoneme", "morpheme" for linguists, "field research" for sociologists, "dog" (a sheet with the specification of published material in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines), etc. Some professionalisms fall into the fund general speech, for example, “overlay” meaning “mistake” (from the language of the actors).”
Professionalisms are words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group.Professionalisms, along with terms, constitute the category special vocabulary. Professionalisms are colloquial words, stylistically reduced, mainly denoting concepts associated with labor processes, their results, and are often doublets, synonyms of terms. Professionalisms are most often formed through narrowing semantic meaning common words through them
figurative use and, finally, through the abbreviation of phrases and words.” For example, the word "box" in the language of representatives different professions can mean: “the skeleton of a building under construction”, “the basis of a window or doorway” (for builders); “ship, ship” (for sailors). In printing and publishing, among many, “hanging line”, “eye error”, “reins”, “corridor”, “besiege morale”, “flashlight”, “tail”, etc. are used. Professionalism is limited both by the territory and the team, in which they are used. Representatives of various branches of science, technology, and art, for the purpose of language economy, replace generally accepted scientific and technical terms with professionalisms.Professionalisms are used informally oral speech. There should be no professionalism in business documentation, since they belong to the category of professional jargon. From the sphere of narrow usage, professionalisms often enter the common language. This is greatly facilitated by periodicals, works of fiction, radio and television. In articles and books, professionalisms are explained either in the text itself, or in footnotes, in book and article dictionaries. In articles and booksprofessionalisms, as a rule, are enclosed in quotation marks, accompanied by the words: “as they say” (sailors, doctors, pilots, geologists, miners, engineers, athletes), “in the language” (hunters, fishermen, military men, athletes). Professionalisms often differ from words of a literary language in their pronunciation and grammatical features. For example, professionalisms may have a different emphasis (production, compass, report, spark, spill), different syntactic connection(geologists and prospectors are familiar with the professionalisms “oil exploration”, “coal exploration”, “gas exploration”). Professionalism is placed in different types special and philological dictionaries and reference books, receive appropriate development in them depending on the purpose and objectives reference manual. In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in spelling dictionaries, in reference books on speech culture, professionalisms are accompanied either by the marks “simple.” (colloquial word), "mor." (sea word), "sea colloquial." (sea spoken word), "in professional speech" (in professional speech), "in
prof. decomposition speech" (in professional colloquial speech), etc.; or with the comment "among sailors", "in the speech of pilots", etc. Only those professionalisms that have become quite widespread outside professional areas. Professionalisms are a special group of words and expressions, which is one of the sources of replenishment vocabulary literary language.
Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields human activities, which, however, have not become commonly used. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc. Unlike terms that are official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character.
For example, in the oral speech of printers there are professionalisms: ending - “a graphic decoration at the end of a book”, tendril - “the ending with a thickening in the middle”, tail - “the lower outer margin of the page, as well as bottom edge book, opposite the head of the book."
Under certain conditions, professionalisms find application in literary language. Thus, with insufficiently developed terminology, professionalisms often play the role of terms. In this case, they are found not only verbally, but also in writing. When using professionalisms in a scientific style, authors often explain them in the text (So-called light hay enjoys a well-deserved bad reputation as low-nutrient food, with significant consumption of which cases of brittle bones in animals have been observed).
Professionalism is not uncommon in the language of large-circulation, trade newspapers (Putting down cars after the dissolution of a train and diverting shunting means for this, disbanding a train with the pushing of another). The advantage of professionalisms over their commonly used equivalents is that professionalisms serve to distinguish between related concepts, objects that for a non-specialist have one common name. Thanks to this, special vocabulary for people of the same profession is a means of precise and concise expression of thoughts. However, the informative value of narrowly professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, the use of professionalisms in newspapers requires caution.
The inclusion of professionalisms in the text is often undesirable. So, in newspaper article the use of highly specialized professionalism cannot be justified. For example: at the mine it is very
Horizons are lowered and roads are not sloped in a timely manner - only a specialist can explain what he meant
IN book styles You should not use professional vocabulary because of its colloquial tone. For example: It is necessary to ensure that the charging of the furnaces does not exceed two hours, and the melting in the furnace lasts no longer than 6 hours and 30 minutes (better: It is necessary to ensure that the loading of the furnaces lasts no more than two hours, and the melting - six and a half).
Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists - a saucepan, etc. Terms are legalized names of any special concepts, professionalisms are used as their unofficial substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with the profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by the similarity, for example, of the shape of a part and everyday reality, character production process and generally known action or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Do not do it,
however, mix them with terms that are expressive in origin, for example: dirty cauldron - in sugar production ( food industry); similar term is the only option for defining the concept, and professionalism is always a synonym, a substitute for the main designation.
Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words colloquial vocabulary by reduced, rough expression, and also by the fact that they, like jargons and vernacular, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with
its grammatical features, but a certain lexical complex, relatively limited in quantity. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into common parlance, as well as into colloquial speech literary language, for example: overlay - “error” (from acting speech), wiper - “car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as visual medium.
Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of production, techniques that have not become commonly used. Unlike terms - the official scientific names of special concepts - professionalisms are used most often in oral speech and do not have a strictly scientific nature. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, and manufactured products.
In the dictionary you can see two different labels for words, the use of which is typical for people of certain professions: colloquial and special. These definitions are needed to distinguish between specialized vocabulary and professionalisms.
Special words (terms) belong scientific style, professional words - colloquial. In some cases, professionalisms are used as formal terms. For example, a pipe bend.
Terms and professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries with the mark “special”; sometimes the field of use is indicated: medical, mathematical, technical. etc.
IN artistic prose professionalisms and special terms are used not only for speech characteristics characters, but also for more accurate description production processes, relationships between people in official and professional settings. A. I. Kuprin, in order to accurately describe the heroes of his works, became a sailor, fisherman, officer...
Although professional and special vocabulary have limited scope usage, there is a connection and interaction between them and commonly used vocabulary. Literary language masters many special terms.
Professionalism often has a reduced stylistic coloring.
Professionalisms are words and expressions characteristic of the speech of representatives of a particular profession or field of activity, penetrating into general literary use (primarily in oral speech) and usually acting as colloquial, emotionally charged equivalents of terms.
For example: Russian “knock out” - turn off (from the speech of electrical engineers), “batten down” - tightly close (from the speech of sailors). They penetrate into the general literary language thanks to their emotional expressiveness, as a rule, from professional vernacular, characteristic of representatives of popular this period(“fashionable”) professions (at the beginning of the 20th century - electricians, motorists, pilots, later - film workers, athletes, astronauts). In fiction they are used as a means of verbal characterization of characters. Like other means of emotional expressiveness (cf. slang), professionalisms usually quickly become outdated; in a general literary language are fixed in the event of a loss of stylistic marking (“land”), in this case they can even become a model for the formation of new words of the literary language (cf. “land” - “land” - “lunar”). Professionalisms are studied in lexicology and stylistics.
Professionalism. A word or expression characteristic of the speech of a particularanother professional group. To issue to the mountain (in the speech of miners: from the mine to the surface of the earth). Ant coop, fescue, vulture (in the speech of hunters: names of varieties of brown bear). Flask (in the speech of sailors: half an hour). Basement (in the speech of printers: an article occupying the bottom of a newspaper page).
In the 6th grade of MKOU "Volnovskaya Secondary School" there are 18 students. During the work, we conducted an experimental survey of parents of 6th grade students. Sixth-graders have 12 non-working parents (among them 8 housewives), 18 working parents (among them 3 private entrepreneurs).
As a result of the survey, the professionalism of parents in the following professions was found out: hairdresser, military man, drivers (3), nurses, orderlies, head of the post office, electricians (2), cooks.
Work by 6th grade student Anastasia Borisova.
My mother is a hairdresser and manicurist. In his speech he uses professional words.
Thinning is a method of cutting hair.
Bobbins are tools for chemical and biological permanents.
Permanent is a hair curling product.
Musk is a substance of animal origin used in the preparation of cosmetics.
Curlers are tools for curling hair.
Manicure is a procedure for treating fingernails.
Pedicure is a procedure for treating toenails.
Bleaching – lightening hair.
Whitening, steaming, cleaning – cosmetic procedures.
My dad is a former military man, so he used the following words in his speech:
stand on the nightstand
scrub – clean, wash.
hemming
stripes - narrow transverse stripes on shoulder straps.
reading orders
small formation
big formation.
Work by 6th grade student Galina Sarazhina.
My mother worked as a cook and often used the following words in her speech:
Pasteurization - processing food products heating (not higher than 100 degrees) in order to protect against the development of microbes in them.
Marinating - preparing something in a marinade (in 1 meaning).
Sterilize – make sterile.
Salt – 2. Cook, preserve in salty solution.
Ferment – oxidize, ferment.
Dry – make dry.
Freeze - 1. Expose to cold, let freeze, harden.
My dad worked as a driver. In his speech he used the following professionalisms:
A carburetor is a device in which carburetion occurs: the formation of a flammable mixture of liquid fuel and air.
A battery is a device for storing energy for subsequent use.
Heating
Tire – 1. Rubber or iron hoop on the rim of a wheel.
Rescue pillow
Reel - in various industries: a type of coil, roller for winding something.
Spare wheel - spare tire
Steering wheel
A janitor is a car windshield wiper.
Work by 6th grade student Danil Dobrovolsky.
My mother is a nurse. In a hospital, when communicating between employees, you can hear the following professionalisms:
Cyanosis is a change in the color of the nasolabial triangle.
Infants are children aged from 1 day to 1 year.
Patronage is a nurse visiting children at home.
Pastosity is swelling of the subcutaneous tissues.
Jaundice – hemolytic syndrome.
Dropper -1. A groove in the neck of a bottle for pouring medicine in drops, as well as the bottle itself with such a groove. 2. Same as pipette.
A syringe is a medical instrument - a cylinder with a piston and a needle for injecting or suctioning liquids.
My dad is an electrician at KEAgro LLC. Electricians use some professional words in speech and at home.
Socket is a cavity in the insulator cap or ear, which is an element of a spherical connection.
An insulated conductor is a conductive conductor covered with insulation.
Monospiral is a channel thread twisted into a spiral.
Troika is a group of three insulated conductors arranged parallel in one row or twisted.
Work by 6th grade student Tatyana Morozova.
My mother is the head of the postal department of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Russian Post” and often uses the following words in her speech:
Postal item - letter, postcard, parcel, parcel post, small package.
FSP-2 - receipt book for checkout printed publications clients.
The FVO electronic diary is a diary that reflects all the receipts of money for the day and their expenditure: receipt of electricity, electronic transfers, sale of goods, ZPO, receipt of parcels, reinforcements from the main cash register for issuing pensions; payment of electronic transfers, pensions, payment of utilities, sending excess money to the main cash desk.
ZPO - postage signs: stamps, postcards, stamped envelopes, postcards.
Conclusion
During this study The professionalism of parents of 6th grade students was reviewed, and work began on creating family explanatory dictionaries. We consider the research work unfinished, since there remains a group of uninterviewed parents, in whose speech we have not yet found out the professionalisms they use.
List of references and other sources
1 Large encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. - 2nd ed. - M.: Bolshaya Russian encyclopedia, 1998.
2 Vovk S.M. Professionalism in the speech of my family members. // Russian language. Methodical newspaper for language teachers. - M.: Publishing House“First of September”, 2010.- No. 18
3 Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990.
4 Rosenthal D. E. and Telenkova M. A. Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Manual for teachers. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional – M.: Education, 1976.
Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and widely famous dictionary Ozhegova there are 3 thousand less of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.
Professionalisms in the Russian language: place and meaning
First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Production vocabulary - autonomous language system, which is the totality of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.
Special vocabulary penetrates into the literary language, which is absolutely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used objective reasons. This includes the popularization scientific knowledge, and increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows what apogee and perigee are; no one will be surprised by the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.
Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.
Communication between specialists, all kinds scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.
special vocabulary
First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. It is these terms that are included in the vast majority of neologisms appearing in Lately. An example is professionalism in medicine.
Terminological system: its components are, in fact, the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as separate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.
Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.
The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Occurrence classification
There are three ways to form special words:
Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.
Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking already famous word, that is, the appearance of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.
Features of speech and special words
Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all Dryness formal business style you won’t surprise anyone, that’s why the professionalism in it simple function conveying the meaning of an utterance.
Concerning scientific speech, then professionalism is used here for several reasons:
For better absorption information through the imagery of special vocabulary;
They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;
Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.
For journalistic and artistic styles the use of special words occurs with the same functions:
Informational;
Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);
Saving speech efforts- professionalism always explains in shorter terms;
Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.
Where do special words come from?
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects shared the definition for high road- highway.
Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.
Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require certain names to combine into thematic groups.
About lexical-thematic groups
Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:
Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.
Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.
Even the quality of work can be indicated by professionalism. In construction, they say about brickwork: waste (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).
All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.
About lexical-semantic groups
They are united not only by availability emotional assessment to the object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:
Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening Dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.
Terminological synonyms. IN different areas professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, a crowbar is called a “pencil”.
Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.
And finally about jargon
Each profession has a number of words, phrases, expressions that contain very bright expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.
The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - social dialect, common in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.
Conclusion
Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and development of society.
Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a specific speaking group, united by some production activities, specialty or profession ( medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms stand for special concepts, tools or products of labor, labor production processes. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are some examples: scalpel - a small surgical knife, usually with an arched blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German: Spon “sliver”) - a thin metal plate, not reaching the height of the font, inserted between the lines of type to increase the distance between them; quarterdeck - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (Latin alibi “in another place”) - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezdra - the wrong side of tanned leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they are seriously different from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,
- they are part of the vocabulary of the literary language.
In a number of cases, the scope of use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. Is this explained or widespread a special object and concept, or their metaphorical use to designate previously unnamed objects and phenomena of reality. For example, the words combine, globe, screen became part of the national dictionary after harvesting with a combine became firmly established in our agriculture, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to their metaphorical use, the following words, for example, became popular from professionalism: emergency (cf.: “An emergency was declared”) - originally the naval command “All up!”; fermentation (cf.: fermentation of minds) - initially biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally a mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf. growth rate) is originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that, as lexical units, are known only in special use, for example: troetes (from the carpenters' dictionary) - a long nail connecting three timbers at once; print - a print or photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos - fibrous white material, from which fireproof products are produced (this word first came to us from Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., as well as words that with other meanings are part of the national vocabulary: bridge - a place on the deck from where the commander commands the ship; hat - title large print, the title of several articles (typesetting), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in oral speech of representatives of any profession, specialty and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can only be justified as a certain stylistic device for image labor activity and production landscape, for the speech characteristics of the characters. When using certain professionalisms, you should remember that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of work, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "
The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech
Research by Irina Chernyshova, Dasha Novikova and Zosia KostrovaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.
Ways to carry out work:
1). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results obtained
4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole
Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Results in chart form
3).Analysis of results
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legal names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, between the shape of a part and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words of colloquial vocabulary in their reduced, rough expression, and also in the fact that they, like jargons and colloquialisms, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we received:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).
From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the words “professionalism” in given value doesn't exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting a survey, we came to a unanimous opinion that the term “professionalism” in everyday life We don't need it at all. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (for example, major mood means “good mood”)