What are the characteristics of population distribution in Africa? Question: What are the features of population distribution in Africa?

The spatial pattern of population and economic distribution in Africa is very specific; it was formed during the period of colonial rule. Its main features are also characteristic of other developing regions of the modern world (see article ““). However, this is where they are expressed most clearly. Before massive European colonization in late XIX- early 20th century the bulk of Africa's population and economy was concentrated in inland areas a continent where traditional agriculture was developed, complemented by equally traditional animal husbandry, hunting and gathering. Since the 15th century Europeans began to create their own on the coast strong points, trading posts. Colonization shaped the plantation economy, mineral mining and logging areas. These new areas economic development gravitated to the sea coast, from where produced raw materials were exported to Europe. Old ones began to expand and new ones were created. sea ​​ports(and with them the cities), construction began from them railways deep into the territory. Colonial administrations and services created by Europeans were also located in coastal cities to facilitate communication with the mother countries. All this led to a sharp increase in the role coastal areas. The economy also developed in the interior regions: two large centers for the extraction and processing of raw materials emerged in Central Africa- “Copper Belt”, as well as in the south around the city of Johannesburg.

In the second half of the 20th century. the mining industry and plantation economy developed rapidly, but this did not change the existing spatial drawing.

The current spatial pattern of population and economic distribution in Africa can be called not yet formed (even “immature”). In Africa there is no single economic space not only on the scale of the entire continent, but even individual countries. In any African country (as in most other developing countries) relatively developed and prosperous areas coexist with underdeveloped and completely backward ones. Very often they are poorly connected with each other by economic threads. The most developed areas and their centers, as a rule, are more tied to overseas countries (where they supply raw materials) than to their backward areas.

Unlike developed countries, in Africa the population and economy are located in pockets, which represent the economic cores of underdeveloped territories. These economic “oases” are typical of Africa.

The weak interconnection of individual territories is also confirmed by Africa’s transport network, which has a typical “colonial pattern.” Typically, railways and highways run from ports to hinterland areas where agricultural, mining and forestry exports are produced.

Most African countries do not have a network of urban settlements. There are few cities, and for the most part they are not “command centers” in socio-economic life. African urbanization is characterized only by those high rates and the continuing low proportion of city residents (about 1/3 in the mid-90s), but also an exaggerated role largest city(capital Cities). The giant city suppresses all other cities; it is beyond competition. The sprawling city is difficult to manage, and socio-economic, environmental and other problems are deepening. IN African countries Plans have been developed to move capitals to inland areas, which should stimulate the economic recovery of these territories.

Let's mentally imagine Africa, its endless spaces, diverse landscapes. Surely, since childhood, you have associated Africa with huge deserts (the Sahara), endless savannas with giraffes, elephants and rhinoceroses, rainforests full of exotic birds, snakes, trees entangled in vines. Indeed, Africa is diverse, but its nature is characterized by a kind of “duality” (“dualism”), expressed in complete opposite separate territories. On the mainland, this contrast is manifested in the proximity of areas suffering either from a lack of moisture or from its excess. Arid (arid) zones occupy about 60% of the continent's area. Almost all the rest are waterlogged, in which excess moisture is felt all year round or only in one of the seasons. There are very few areas in Africa with moderate moisture.

In arid zones, desertification (i.e., gradual transformation into a desert) is developing catastrophically. It covers about 80% of all arid lands. The onset of deserts occurs under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, and the role of the latter is more significant. Due to the significant expansion of the areas of export crops, forests are being destroyed (in the 90s, approximately 1.3 million hectares annually). Forests are being destroyed as a result of the expansion of arable land and the use of firewood as domestic fuel. At the same time, not only trees are destroyed for firewood, but also shrubs that previously blocked the advancing sands. Sparse grass vegetation in transition zone between deserts and forests destroys livestock (“overgrazing”, i.e. keeping a much larger number of livestock than can naturally feed this territory). For example, in Ethiopia the forested area in the 20th century. decreased from 40 to 3%.

Africa is periodically hit by catastrophic droughts, leading to a sharp increase in the problem of hunger, as well as the flight of people from hungry lands.

If we turn to the tectonic and physical maps of the atlas, we can see that at the base of the continent lie the most ancient rocks, which in some places come to the surface. Physical card speaks of the predominance of hills, plateaus and highlands, i.e. mountainous terrain. The lowlands occupy a small area and are located mainly on the periphery of the mainland. It is logical to assume that most of Africa will be dominated by igneous rocks, and within the lowlands (which, from a geological point of view, were recently the bottom of the sea) - sedimentary rocks. Therefore, the patterns of placement mineral resources on the mainland are quite simple: various ores (especially non-ferrous and rare ones), diamonds and other igneous minerals dominate in terms of area of ​​distribution and importance. Sedimentary minerals are concentrated within the lowlands - , natural gas, phosphorites, bauxites and others.

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Goals: introduce students to the population of Africa - its characteristics, racial and ethnic composition, external features, location on the continent; continue to develop skills and abilities to work with geographical maps, tables, diagrams; bring up tolerant attitude to people with different colors skin.

Equipment: map “Peoples and population density of the world”, multimedia projector, presentation, atlases, contour maps, diagrams - clusters.

Forms of implementation: repetition of known terms and familiarization with new terms and concepts; independent work with the text of a textbook about the peoples inhabiting Africa; practical work with a thematic map of population density, with a contour map, and a table “Peoples of Africa”; conversation with students and teacher's story about the history of the appearance of people in Africa, the past and current situation indigenous people of the mainland; conversation with students about population distribution in Africa.

Terms and concepts: races – Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Equatorial (Negroid); placement and population density, colony.

Geographical objects: Nile Delta, coast Mediterranean Sea and Gulf of Guinea, Sahara, Egypt, Liberia, Ethiopia.

Names: N. Mandela, P. Lulumba.

Textbook: Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade. Authors: V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shchenev. Bustard, 2009.

During the classes

I. Organizing time.

II. Mobilization of students, communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Watch the video clip “Tutsi Dance Rwanda>”

• Guys, you watched the video clip, and now tell me, who will we talk about in the lesson today?
• That's right, today in class we'll talk about the population of Africa. We will get to know the population of Africa - its characteristics, racial and ethnic composition, distribution across the continent; Let's continue working with geographical maps, tables and diagrams.
• What makes the indigenous people of Africa different?
• Do you think that only dark-skinned Africans are indigenous to Africa?

III. Learning new material.

1. Africa – the ancestral home of man - teacher's story. SLIDE No. 3,4

The vast majority of scientists call Africa the ancestral home of man. Most of the discoveries of human ancestors were made on this continent, and it was in Ethiopia and Kenya, where rift valley(fault in earth's surface). In ancient times, active volcanic activity was observed in this valley, and many rocks have increased radioactivity. It is quite possible that mutations under the influence of radioactivity led to the emergence of Homo sapiens. And not “divine power” at all.

In the second half of the twentieth century. in East Africa in layers rocks, having an age of about 27 million years, human remains and his tools were discovered.

2. Races and peoples – conversation. SLIDES No. 5 -22 ( by teacher's choice)

• Caucasian (Indigenous): Arab peoples– Algerians, Moroccans, Egyptians; Berbers.
• Caucasoid race (new population): in the north - the French, in the south - the Afrikaners or Boers.
• Equatorial race: peoples of the savannah - Tutsis, Nilotes, Maasai; equatorial forests– pygmies; semi-deserts and deserts of South Africa - Bushmen and Hottentots.
• Intermediate Race: Ethiopians and Malagasy

3. Primary consolidation of the studied material - filling the cluster: Peculiarities of the African population - group work(Annex 1)

4. Population location and density - analysis thematic map“African population density” SLIDES No. 23-24

Questions:

• How is the population distribution shown on the map?
• How are uninhabited territories depicted on the map?
• Where on the mainland has a population density of more than 100 people per 1 km2? Show on the map.
• Where on the mainland has a population density of less than 1 person per 1 km2? Show on the map.
• What is the prevailing population density in the Congo River Basin?
• What is the population density in the east of the mainland?

CONCLUSION: Africa's population is about 1 billion people. The coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Guinea and the southeastern coast of the mainland are relatively densely populated. The population density is high in the Nile Delta, where there are 1000 people per 1 km2. Less than 1% of the total population lives in the Sahara Desert, which occupies ¼ of the continent, and is completely absent in some areas.
5. Colonial past of the mainland - independent work of students with the text of the textbook. SLIDE No. 25

EXERCISE: read the text of the textbook on pp. 134-135 “The colonial past of the mainland” and select from the card true statements(Appendix 2)

Additional information about the leaders of the national liberation movement – student's story (advanced task)

Nelson HolilalaMandela(born July 18, 1918) - the first black president of South Africa from May 10, 1994 to June 14, 1999, one of the most famous activists in the fight for human rights during the apartheid period, for which he was in prison for 27 years, laureate Nobel Prize World 1993. Honorary member of more than 50 international universities.

After Mandela left the presidency of South Africa in 1999, he began to actively call for more comprehensive coverage of HIV and AIDS. According to experts, there are now about five million HIV carriers and AIDS patients in South Africa - more than in any other country. When Nelson Mandela's eldest son Makgahoe died of AIDS, Mandela called for a fight against the spread of the deadly disease.

Patrice Emery Lumumba(July 2, 1925 – January 17, 1961) - Congolese political and public figure, first prime minister Democratic Republic Congo after the declaration of its independence in June 1960, national hero Zaira, poet and one of the symbols of the struggle of the peoples of Africa for independence. Founder (1958) and party leader National movement Congo.

Removed from the post of Prime Minister by the President of the Congo, then arrested during the Congo Crisis in September 1960. Killed on January 17, 1961.

IV. Reinforcing the material learned

1. Practical work V contour map: SLIDE No. 26

• Mark the boundaries of race placement.
• Paint the areas in appropriate colors.
• Create symbols.

2. Questions on the topic studied: SLIDE No. 27

• Which continent do scientists consider the ancestral home? modern man?
• What race are the indigenous people of North Africa?
• What peoples live in the semi-deserts and deserts of South Africa?
• What race does he belong to? most of population of Africa?
• These "forest people" are different yellowish color skin, a very wide nose, short stature?
• Where do the newcomers live within the mainland? Caucasian?
• What is the population of Africa?
• What is the name of a country that is deprived of political and economic independence?

3. Filling out the table (e If there is time left in the lesson, choose one of three options) SLIDE No. 30-34

V. Summing up the lesson

Assessment Test – written in a notebook (custom scan, mutual verification) SLIDE No. 28-29

1. AFRICA LIVES... A MAN.
   a) less than 500 million,
   b) 500 million - 850 million,
   c) about 1 billion
2. IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA THE POPULATION IS PRESENTED BY... RACES.
   a) negroid,
   b) Caucasian,
   c) Mongoloid.
3. POPULATION OF NORTH AFRICA:
   a) Malagasy,
   b) Arab peoples,
   c) Bantu peoples.
4. THE LOWEST PEOPLES OF AFRICA ARE CALLED:
   a) pygmies,
   b) Lilliputians,
   c) Bushmen.
5. THE MOST ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS WERE FOUND IN:
   a) Egypt, Libya, Algeria,
   b) Nigeria, Gabon, Chad,
   c) Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia.
6. ONE OF THE HIGHEST PEOPLES OF AFRICA:
   a) Bushmen,
   b) Maasai,
   c) Arabs.
7. THE INCOMING POPULATION OF AFRICA LIVES:
   a) at the equator,
   b) on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea,
   c) on the northern and southern coasts.

CORRECT ANSWERS: 1. c 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.c 6.b7. V

VI. Homework.

§ 30, pp. 132-135, prepare a profile of the peoples of Africa according to the plan:

1. Name of the people
2. Features
3. Areas of residence

Literature.

1. http://www.forumdesas.cd/images/Lumumba%20pat.JPG - photo by P. Lumumba
2. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg photo of N. Mandela
3. Korinskaya V.A., Dushina I.V., Shchenev V.A. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade. Toolkit. M., Bustard, 2000
4. Elkin G.N. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade. Lesson planning. S.-P., Paritet, 2001

What are the features of population distribution in Africa?

Answers:

The population of Africa is divided into two large parts: representatives of the Caucasian and Negroid races. The first live mainly in the north of the mainland; these are the Arabs inhabiting Egypt, Algeria, and Tunisia. A small part of Caucasians are immigrants from European countries: Holland, Great Britain, living mainly in southern Africa. Indigenous people central and southern Africa - representatives Negroid race. There are many nationalities that differ in external signs And cultural development. Pygmies living in the equatorial forests of the Congo Basin are distinguished by their small stature and a specific yellowish skin tone. Their way of life and culture have remained the same as they were centuries ago. The Bantu people, living in the western part of the mainland, are much more civilized. Bushmen, inhabitants of the savannahs and deserts of southern Africa, are short and nomadic, following the herds of animals they hunt. In the history of the settlement of Africa, it is first of all worth noting such a terrible phenomenon as the slave trade. More the developed countries(Portugal, England, Holland, USA) took Africans away, turning them into slaves. During the entire period of the slave trade, about 100 million people were taken from the country, most of whom settled in the Northern and Central America. European states created their own colonies in Africa, and in the mid-20th century only Egypt, Liberia, South Africa and Ethiopia were independent countries. The struggle for independence began in 1960, and in 1990 the last African colony- Namibia has become an independent country.

Africa. Population distribution

Population density.

The average population density of the continent is low - 17.7 people per 1 km 2 in 1984 (in Europe - 65.6 people per 1 km 2, in Asia - 64.3). Population distribution is influenced not only natural conditions(for example, desert spaces of the Sahara and impenetrable humid equatorial forests), but also historical factors, primarily the consequences of the slave trade and colonial rule.

The highest population density (1984) is on the islands of Mauritius (497 people per 1 km 2), Reunion (214), Seychelles (162), Comoros (196), as well as in the small states of East Africa - Rwanda (217) and Burundi (159 ), the lowest in Botswana, Libya, Namibia, Mauritania, Western Sahara (1-2 people per 1 km 2).

In the north and northeast of the continent, the narrow Nile Valley is very densely populated, where 99% of the country's population is concentrated within Egypt and its density exceeds 1,200 people per 1 km 2. Increased population density is also in the coastal zone of the Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and partly Libya), in some areas - 100-200 people per 1 km 2. Relatively high population density (50-100 people per 1 km 2) is typical for the irrigated lands of Sudan (Gezira) and some mountainous areas of Ethiopia.

Individual pockets of increased population density (100-200 people per 1 km 2) are also found south of the Sahara: the narrow coastal strip of Ghana, Togo, Benin and in the southwest of Nigeria (in the Yoruba settlement area), as well as territories on the left bank of the lower Niger and in the vicinity of Kano in northern Nigeria, on the high plateaus in Kenya (near Nairobi), Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, in the Copper Belt of Zambia, in the vicinity of Kinshasa in Zaire, in the mining and plantation regions of South Africa (in the vicinity of Pretoria, Cape Town and Durban), in the central highlands of Madagascar.

The population density of the Sahara is on average less than 1 person per 1 km 2. In some of its regions (Tanezruft, Erg Sheshe and Murzuk, partly in Libyan desert) is completely absent resident population. In oases, the density of the settled agricultural population reaches 100-200 people per 1 km 2. The nomadic population is located largely in the peripheral parts of the Sahara and in the few interior regions where there are convenient pastures for livestock. The semi-nomadic population lives adjacent to the oases.

To the south, in the Sahel zone, the density rural population ranges from 1 to 10, in some places up to 50 people per 1 km 2. In the less arid areas of tall grass savannas, in the evergreen forests of the Guinea coast and other areas of tropical Africa, the dominant shifting system of agriculture determines the scattered rural settlements and generally relatively low density population - 1-5 people per 1 km 2. High density (from 50 to 100 people per 1 km 2) is characteristic of areas where plantation crops are cultivated in a number of countries West Africa(Ghana, BSC, Benin, Nigeria). In East Africa average density over 10, in some areas up to 100-200 people per 1 km 2. IN South Africa the dry steppes and semi-deserts of the Namib and Kalahari are very sparsely populated (less than 1 person per 1 km 2); high density population (from 30 to 100 people per 1 km 2) are distinguished by the coastal lowland, the territories where the authorities resettle the African population (), and especially the surrounding area major cities. In the central mining region of the Witwatersrand, the average density exceeds 100 people per 1 km 2.

Settlement on stilts.
Benin.

Somba huts.
Benin.

Elmolo huts.
Kenya.

Bazaar.
East Africa.

Diamond mining village.
Angola.

The dwelling is soto.
Lesotho.

Lamu.
Kenya.

Luba village.
Zaire.

Encyclopedic reference book"Africa". - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief Editor An. A. Gromyko. 1986-1987 .

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• 1. Features of the African population:

• Population Characteristics Plan

• The ancestral home of humanity

• Races

• Indigenous and newcomer populations

• Peoples of Africa

• Colonial past

• 2. Working with cards

Getting to know the plan

• Getting to know the plan

• (Textbook, p. 279 or 313)

• Many scientists consider Africa the ancestral home of modern man

• Now DNA confirms this: our most distant ancestors all came from Africa, and each of us has a drop of “black” blood

• In the Dikika region (Ethiopia), which is apparently the ancestral home of humanity, the remains of a girl belonging to the species Australopithecus afarensis were found in 2000. The girl Selam (“for peace” in the Northern Ethiopian dialect) is several hundred thousand years older than Lucy and lived approximately 3-3.3 million years ago.

• The remains of Australopithecus Boyce were found by the son of Louis and Mary Leakey, Richard Leakey, in Kenya on a cape locally called Koobi Fora.

• In Central Africa, in the desert region in the north-west of the state of Chad, a unique skull of a humanoid creature that lived here 6-7 million years ago was discovered. This discovery can revolutionize all modern ideas about human evolution.

• Modern humans appeared in Africa approximately 11 thousand years ago. Races were formed under the influence of local conditions.

• Almost every ethnic group has its own language, with the exception of Arabic, which is spoken by one fifth of the African continent.

• 8 largest nations, numbering over 10 million people: Hausa, Fulbe, Yoruba, Igbo, Amhara, Oromo, Rwanda, Malagasy.

• A collective name applied to several indigenous South African hunter-gatherer peoples who speak Khoisan languages. The total number is about 100 thousand people.

• A group of short Negroid peoples living in the forests of tropical Africa

• They are led by a semi-nomadic African indigenous people living on the savannah of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.

• The Maasai are perhaps one of the most famous tribes in East Africa. Despite the development of modern civilization, they have almost completely preserved their traditional way of life.

• A group of peoples of Semitic origin who speak many dialects of Arabic and inhabit the states of Western Asia and North Africa

• The general name for the indigenous inhabitants of northern Africa, conquered in the 7th century by the Arabs and converted to Islam, from Egypt in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and from Sudan in the south to the Mediterranean Sea in the north.

• Bedouins (from the Arabic “badauin” - inhabitants of the desert. The word “bedouin” in translation from Arabic has another meaning - nomad) - a general name assigned to all tribes and nationalities of Arabia, which, unlike settled inhabitants, lead a nomadic, free life .

• Africa has always had a high birth rate, but over several centuries the population has been declining. The reason is the slave trade, which began in the 15th century and the cruelest exploitation of the population.

• Almost all of Africa was turned into colonies of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany.

• The main process of decolonization began after World War II.

• 1960 was declared the Year of Africa - the year the largest number of colonies were liberated.

• Highly developed original culture

• In the 9th century. in the upper reaches of the Niger - the oldest African state of Ghana

• In the XIII century. the state of Mali appeared, which in the 15th century. actively traded with the peoples of North Africa

• Africans domesticated animals and cultivated valuable plants

• Since ancient times, Africans have had their own music and songs, unique crafts and much more, which enriches and complements the culture of the peoples of the world

• Identify the areas with the highest and lowest population densities

• Compare the population density of different zonal landscapes. Explain your reasons

• There are more than 55 states on the modern political map of Africa.

• Most of them achieved independence and became independent only in the middle of the twentieth century.

• Which European countries had the largest colonies? Compare them with the area of ​​the countries themselves.

• Determine the largest states by area.

Name and show the countries:

• Name and show the countries:

• a) on the coast of the Indian Ocean

• b) Atlantic Ocean

• c) continental countries

• Name the largest cities in Africa by population. Are there similarities in their geographic locations?

• http://afromberg.narod.ru/geo_spravochnik_10_africa_1914.htm

• Wikipedia

• Free Russian Encyclopedia "Tradition"

• Africa. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1987. 670 p.

• http://www.znanie-sila.ru/online/issue_2064.html

• "Knowledge is power" http://www.inauka.ru/discovery/article68473.html - News of Science

• http://solodance.ru/?p=383

• Mulattoes are descendants from mixed marriages of representatives of the Negroid and Caucasian races.