The Soviet scientist Valery Pavlovich Alekseev (1929-1991) made a great contribution to the description of human races. In principle, we are now guided precisely by his calculations in this interesting anthropological issue. So what is race?
This is a relatively stable biological characteristic of the human species. They are united by their general appearance and psychophysical characteristics. At the same time, it is important to understand that this unity does not in any way affect the form of the hostel and the ways of living together. General signs are purely external, anatomical, but they cannot be used to judge people’s intelligence, their ability to work, live, engage in science, art and other mental activities. That is, representatives of different races are absolutely identical in their mental development. They also have absolutely the same rights, and, therefore, responsibilities.
The ancestors of modern humans are Cro-Magnons. It is assumed that their first representatives appeared on Earth 300 thousand years ago in Southeast Africa. Over the course of thousands of years, our distant ancestors spread throughout the world. They lived in different climatic conditions, and therefore acquired strictly specific biological characteristics. A common habitat gave rise to a common culture. And within this culture ethnic groups were formed. For example, Roman ethnos, Greek ethnos, Carthaginian ethnos and others.
Human races are divided into Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids, Australoids, and Americanoids. There are also subraces or minor races. Their representatives have their own certain biological traits that are absent in other people.
1 - Negroid, 2 - Caucasian, 3 - Mongoloid, 4 - Australoid, 5 - Americanoid
Caucasians - white race
The first Caucasians appeared in Southern Europe and North Africa. From there they spread throughout the European continent, reaching Central and Central Asia and Northern Tibet. They crossed the Hindu Kush and ended up in India. Here they settled the entire northern part of Hindustan. They also explored the Arabian Peninsula and the northern regions of Africa. In the 16th century, they crossed the Atlantic and settled almost all of North America and most of South America. Then it was the turn of Australia and South Africa.
Negroids - black race
Negroids or blacks are considered the indigenous inhabitants of the tropical zone. This explanation is based on melanin, which gives the skin its black color. It protects the skin from the burns of the scorching tropical sun. No doubt, it prevents burns. But what kind of clothes do people wear on a hot sunny day - white or black? Of course white, because it reflects the sun's rays well. Therefore, in extreme heat, it is unprofitable to have black skin, especially with high insolation. From this we can assume that blacks appeared in those climatic conditions where cloudiness prevailed.
Indeed, the oldest finds of Grimaldi (Negroids), dating back to the Upper Paleolithic, were discovered in the territory of Southern France (Nice) in the Grimaldi Cave. In the Upper Paleolithic, this entire area was inhabited by people with black skin, woolly hair and large lips. They were tall, slender, long-legged hunters of large herbivores. But how did they end up in Africa? In the same way that Europeans got to America, that is, they moved there, displacing the indigenous population.
It is interesting that South Africa was inhabited by Negroes - Bantu Negroes (classical Negroes as we know them) in the 1st century BC. e. That is, the pioneers were contemporaries of Julius Caesar. It was at this time that they settled in the forests of the Congo, the savannas of East Africa, reached the southern regions of the Zambezi River and found themselves on the banks of the muddy Limpopo River.
And who did these European conquerors with black skin supplant? After all, someone lived before them on these lands. This is a special southern race, which is conventionally called " Khoisan".
Khoisan race
It includes the Hottentots and Bushmen. They differ from blacks in their brown skin and Mongoloid features. Their throats are structured differently. They pronounce words not on the exhale, like the rest of us, but on the inhale. They are considered the remnants of some ancient race that inhabited the Southern Hemisphere a long time ago. There are very few of these people left, and in the ethnic sense they do not represent anything integral.
Bushmen- quiet and calm hunters. They were driven out by the Bichuani blacks into the Kalahari Desert. This is where they live, forgetting their ancient and rich culture. They have art, but it is in a rudimentary state, since life in the desert is very difficult and they have to think not about art, but about how to get food.
Hottentots(Dutch name of the tribes), who lived in the Cape Province (South Africa), became famous for being real robbers. They stole cattle. They quickly became friends with the Dutch and became their guides, translators and farm workers. When the Cape Colony was captured by the British, the Hottentots became friends with them. They still live on these lands.
Australoids
Australoids are also called Australians. How they got to Australian lands is unknown. But they ended up there a long time ago. It was a huge number of small tribes with different customs, rituals and culture. They did not like each other and practically did not communicate.
Australoids are not similar to Caucasoids, Negroids and Mongoloids. They only look like themselves. Their skin is very dark, almost black. The hair is wavy, the shoulders are wide, and the reaction is extremely fast. Relatives of these people live in South India on the Deccan plateau. Maybe from there they sailed to Australia, and also populated all the islands nearby.
Mongoloids - yellow race
Mongoloids are the most numerous. They are divided into a large number of subraces or small races. There are Siberian Mongoloids, North Chinese, South Chinese, Malay, Tibetan. What they have in common is a narrow eye shape. The hair is straight, black and coarse. The eyes are dark. The skin is dark and has a slight yellowish tint. The face is wide and flattened, cheekbones protrude.
Americanoids
Americanoids populate America from the tundra to Tierra del Fuego. Eskimos do not belong to this race. They are alien people. Americanoids have black and straight hair and dark skin. The eyes are black and narrower than those of Caucasians. These people have a huge number of languages. It is even impossible to make any classification among them. There are many dead languages now because their speakers have died out and the languages have been written down.
Pygmies and Caucasians
Pygmies
Pygmies belong to the Negroid race. They live in the forests of equatorial Africa. Remarkable for their small stature. Their height is 1.45-1.5 meters. The skin is brown, the lips are relatively thin, and the hair is dark and curly. Living conditions are poor, hence the short stature, which is a consequence of the small amount of vitamins and proteins necessary for the body to develop normally. Currently, short stature has become a genetic heredity. Therefore, even if pygmy babies are fed intensively, they will not grow tall.
Thus, we have examined the main human races existing on Earth. But it should be noted that race has never been of decisive importance for the formation of culture. It is also noteworthy that over the past 15 thousand years no new biological types of people have appeared, and the old ones have not disappeared. Everything is still at a stable level. The only thing is that people of different biological types are mixed. Mestizos, mulattoes, and Sambos appear. But these are not biological and anthropological, but social factors determined by the achievements of civilization.
There are four human races (some scientists insist on three): Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. How does division occur? Each race has hereditary characteristics unique to it. Such signs include the color of skin, eyes and hair, the shape and size of such parts of the face as eyes, nose, lips. In addition to the obvious external distinctive features of any human race, there are a number of characteristics of creative potential, abilities for one or another work activity, and even structural features of the human brain.
Speaking about the four large groups, one cannot help but say that they are all divided into small subraces, which are formed from various nationalities and nationalities. No one has been arguing about the species unity of man for a long time; the best proof of this same unity is our life, in which representatives of different races get married, and in these races viable children are born.
The origin of races, or rather their formation, begins thirty to forty thousand years ago, when people began to populate new geographical areas. A person adapted to live in certain conditions, and the development of certain racial characteristics depended on this. identified these signs. At the same time, all human races retained common species characteristics that characterize Homo sapiens. Evolutionary development, or rather its level, is the same among representatives of different races. Therefore, all statements about the superiority of any nation over others have no basis. The concepts of “race”, “nation”, “nationality” cannot be mixed and confused, since representatives of different races speaking the same language can live on the territory of one state.
Caucasian race: inhabiting Asia, North Africa. Northern Caucasians are fair-skinned, while southerners are dark-skinned. Narrow face, strongly protruding nose, soft hair.
Mongoloid race: the center and eastern part of Asia, Indonesia and the expanses of Siberia. Dark skin with a yellowish tint, straight, coarse hair, a wide, flat face and a special eye shape.
Negroid race: most of the population of Africa. The skin is dark in color, dark brown eyes, black hair is thick, coarse, curly, large lips, and the nose is wide and flat.
Australoid race. Some scientists distinguish it as a branch of the Negroid race. India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (ancient black populations). Strongly developed brow ridges, the pigmentation of which is weakened. Some Australoids from western Australia and southern India are naturally blonde in their youth, which is due to the mutation process that once took hold.
The characteristics of each race of man are hereditary. And their development was determined primarily by the need and usefulness of a particular trait for a representative of a certain race. So, the vast one warms cold air faster and easier before it enters the Mongoloid’s lungs. And for a representative of the Negroid race, the dark color of the skin and the presence of thick curly hair, which formed an air layer that reduced the impact of sunlight on the body, were very important.
For many years, the white race was considered superior, since it was beneficial for Europeans and Americans conquering the peoples of Asia and Africa. They started wars and seized foreign lands, mercilessly exploited, and sometimes simply destroyed entire nations.
Today in America, for example, they look less and less at racial differences; there is a mixing of races, which sooner or later will certainly lead to the emergence of a hybrid population.
In modern humanity there are three main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. These are large groups of people who differ in certain physical characteristics, such as facial features, skin, eye and hair color, and hair shape.
Each race is characterized by a unity of origin and formation in a certain territory.
The Caucasian race includes the indigenous populations of Europe, South Asia and North Africa. Caucasians are characterized by a narrow face, a strongly protruding nose, and soft hair. The skin color of northern Caucasians is light, while that of southern Caucasians is predominantly dark.
The Mongoloid race includes the indigenous population of Central and East Asia, Indonesia, and Siberia. Mongoloids are distinguished by a large, flat, wide face, eye shape, coarse straight hair, and dark skin color.
There are two branches of the Negroid race - African and Australian. The Negroid race is characterized by dark skin color, curly hair, dark eyes, a wide and flat nose.
Racial characteristics are hereditary, but at present they do not have significant significance for human life. Apparently, in the distant past, racial characteristics were useful for their owners: the dark skin of blacks and curly hair, creating an air layer around the head, protected the body from the effects of sunlight; the shape of the facial skeleton of the Mongoloids with a more extensive nasal cavity may be useful for warming cold air before it enters the lungs. In terms of mental abilities, i.e., abilities for cognition, creative and general labor activity, all races are the same. Differences in the level of culture are associated not with the biological characteristics of people of different races, but with the social conditions of the development of society.
The reactionary essence of racism. Initially, some scientists confused the level of social development with biological characteristics and tried to find transitional forms among modern peoples that connect humans with animals. These mistakes were used by racists who began to talk about the alleged inferiority of some races and peoples and the superiority of others in order to justify the merciless exploitation and direct destruction of many peoples as a result of colonization, the seizure of foreign lands and the outbreak of wars. When European and American capitalism tried to conquer the African and Asian peoples, the white race was declared superior. Later, when Hitler’s hordes marched across Europe, destroying the captured population in death camps, the so-called Aryan race, to which the Nazis included the German peoples, was declared superior. Racism is a reactionary ideology and policy aimed at justifying the exploitation of man by man.
The inconsistency of racism has been proven by the real science of race - racial studies. Racial studies studies the racial characteristics, origin, formation and history of human races. Evidence from race studies suggests that the differences between races are not sufficient to qualify the races as distinct biological species of humans. Mixing of races - miscegenation - occurred constantly, as a result of which intermediate types arose at the borders of the ranges of representatives of different races, smoothing out the differences between races.
Will races disappear? One of the important conditions for the formation of races is isolation. In Asia, Africa and Europe it still exists to some extent today. Meanwhile, newly settled regions such as North and South America can be compared to a cauldron in which all three racial groups are melted. Although public opinion in many countries does not support interracial marriage, there is little doubt that miscegenation is inevitable and will sooner or later lead to the formation of a hybrid population of people.
When distinguishing races of the first (large), second (small) and third order (subraces), as well as anthropological types, they are guided by the principle of the taxonomic value of racial characteristics, depending on the time of formation of the racial trunk and the territory in which this characteristic delimits groups of people. The later a character is formed, the less suitable it is for distinguishing large races. Thus, large races are distinguished primarily by the degree of pigmentation and structural features of the face and head, i.e., by signs of appearance that have divided humanity since ancient times. Characteristics that can change on their own over time are not suitable for identifying races. (For example, zygomatic size, skull shape - top view).
The antiquity of the origin of a racial trait is determined by the breadth of its geographical distribution. If it appears in many human populations over wide areas of the continent, this indicates an ancient and local formation. Characteristics that change complexly are also an indicator of belonging to a large race.
Famous anthropologist N.N. Cheboksarov in 1951 gave a classification of racial types, which included three large races: Equatorial, or Australo-Negroid, Eurasian, or Caucasian, Asian-American. The major races include a total of 22 minor races, or second-order races. In 1979, Cheboksarov considered it possible to single out the Australoid race separately as a race of the first order.
Big races
Equatorial race (Fig. IX. 1). Dark skin color, wavy or curly hair, wide, slightly protruding nose, low or medium nose bridge, transverse nostrils, protruding upper lip, large mouth opening, protruding teeth.
Eurasian race (Fig. IX. 2). Light or dark skin color, straight or wavy hair, abundant growth of beard and mustache, narrow and sharply protruding nose, high nose bridge, longitudinal nostrils, straight upper lip, small mouth slit, thin lips. Light eyes and hair are common. The teeth are set straight. Strong canine fossa. Makes up 2/3 of the Earth's population.
Asian-American race (Fig. IX. 3). Dark skin tone, straight, often coarse hair, weak beard and mustache growth, average nose width, low or medium nose bridge, slightly (in Asia) and strongly (in America) protruding nose, straight upper lip, average thickness of lips, flattened face, inner fold of the eyelid.
Distribution of large races. The Eurasian race (before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries) occupied Europe, North Africa, Western and Central Asia, the Middle East, India - a temperate and Mediterranean climate, often a maritime climate, mild winters.
Distribution of the Asian-American race - Asia, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, North and South America - all climatic and geographical zones.
The territories occupied by the equatorial race are south of the Tropic of Cancer in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Australia (savannas, tropical forests, deserts, oceanic islands).
Minor races
Eurasian race
Atlanto-Baltic minor race. The race's habitat is Scandinavia, the British Isles, the northern regions of Western and Eastern Europe.
Represented by Norwegians, Swedes, Scots, Icelanders, Danes, Russians, Belarusians, Baltic peoples, northern French, Germans, Finns. The race is light-skinned, the eyes are most often light, and the hair is often light. Beard growth is average to above average. Body hair is medium to sparse. The face and head are large (long-medium-sized); long face. The nose is narrow and straight, with a high bridge. In the history of the formation of the race, depigmentation occurred.
White Sea-Baltic minor race. Distribution: from the Baltic to the White Seas. The lightest pigmented race, especially the hair. The body length is shorter than that of the Atlanto-Baltic minor race, the face is wider and lower. Shorter nose, often with a concave dorsum. This variant is a direct descendant of the ancient population of Central and Northern Europe.
Central European small race. The range is all of Europe, especially the North European Plain from the Atlantic to the Volga. The races are represented by Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Austrians, Northern Italians, Ukrainians, Russians. Darker hair color than that of the White Sea-Baltic race. The head is moderately wide. Average face size. Beard growth is average to above average. The nose has a straight back and a high bridge, the length varies.
Balkan-Caucasian small race. The area is the Eurasian mountain belt. Body length is average and above average. The hair is dark, often wavy. The eyes are dark and mixed shades. Strong tertiary hairline. The head is brachycephalic (short). Face width is from average to above average. The nose is large, with a convex back. The base of the nose and the tip are drooping.
Indo-Mediterranean small race. Range - some southern regions of Europe, North Africa, Arabia, a number of southern regions of Eurasia to India. Represented by the Spaniards, Portuguese, southern Italians, Algerians, Libyans, Egyptians, Iranians, Iraqis, Afghans, peoples of Central Asia, Indians. Body length is average and below average. Skin color is dark. Hair is wavy. The eyes are dark. Tertiary hairline is moderate. The nose is straight and narrow, the bridge of the nose is high. The eyeball is wide open. The middle part of the face predominates. The fold of the upper eyelid is poorly developed.
Laponoid small race. Range: northern Fennoscandia. The basis of the anthropological type of Lapps (Sami). In ancient times, widespread in northern Europe. Mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The skin is light, the hair is dark, straight or wide-wavy, soft. Eyes are dark or mixed shades. The tertiary hairline is weak. The head is large. The face is low. The nose is short and wide. The interorbital distance is wide. Body length is small. The legs are relatively short, the arms are long, and the body is wide.
Asian American race
Pacific Mongoloids.
Far Eastern small race. It is part of the population of Korea, China, and Japan. Skin color is dark. The eyes are dark. Epicanthus is common. The tertiary hairline is very weak. Height is average or above average. The face is narrow, of medium width, high, flat. High brain skull. The nose is long, with a straight back, slightly to medium prominent.
South Asian minor race. The skin color is darker than that of the Far Eastern race. In comparison, the epicanthus is less characteristic: the face is less flattened and lower; lips are thicker; the nose is relatively wider. The skull is small and wide. The forehead is convex. Body length is small. Range: countries of South and Southeast Asia.
Northern Mongoloids
North Asian small race. The skin color is lighter than that of the Pacific Mongoloids. The hair is dark and dark brown, straight and coarse. The face is tall and wide, very flat. The brain skull is low. There is a very low nose bridge. Frequently epicanthus. The eye shape is small: Body length is average and below average. It is part of many indigenous peoples of Siberia (Evenks, Yakuts, Buryats).
Arctic small race. It is part of the Eskimos, Chukchi, American Indians, and Koryaks. The pigmentation is darker than that of the North Asian minor race; the face is more prognathic. Hair is straight and coarse. Epicanthus is found in 50% of the race. The nose is moderately prominent. Wide lower jaw. The bones and muscles are highly developed. The body and arms are short. The chest is rounded.
American race
The range is the vast territory of America. Large nose, sometimes convex. Facial flatness is moderate. Epicanthus is rare. The face and head are large. Massive body.
Australian-Negroid race
African Negroids
Negro minor race. Habitat: savannah and forest zone of Africa. Skin color is dark or very dark. Eye color is dark. The hair is very curly and spirally curled. The nose is wide in the wings. Low and flat nose bridge. The lips are thick. Severe alveolar prognathism. Tertiary hair coat is medium and weak. The palpebral fissure is wide open; the eyeball protrudes slightly forward. The interorbital distance is large. Body length is average or above average. The limbs are long, the body is short. The pelvis is small.
Bushman minor race. The habitat is the desert and semi-desert regions of South Africa. Yellowish-brown skin color. Hair and eyes are dark. The hair is spiral-curled and grows weakly in length. The nose is wide, with a low bridge. The tertiary cover is weak. The eye shape is smaller than that of the Negro race; epicanthus is found. The face is small, somewhat flattened. Small lower jaw. Body length is below average. Strong development of fat on the buttocks. Wrinkling of the skin. The Bushmen are a remnant of the ancient race of Africa from the Old-Middle Stone Age.
Negril small race. Natives of the African rainforest. The pigmentation and shape of the hair is like that of the Bushmen. The nose is wider, but protrudes more strongly. The eye shape is significant, the eyeball protrudes greatly. The tertiary hairline is highly developed. The body length is very short, the legs are short, the arms are long. The joints are movable.
Oceanic Negroids
Australian minor race. Indigenous people of Australia. The skin color is dark, but lighter than that of the Negro race. Hair color ranges from brown to black. Hair shape - from wide-wavy to narrow-wavy and curly. The eyes are dark. Tertiary hair is well developed on the face and weakly on the body. The nose is very wide, low bridge. The eye shape is large; the position of the eyeball is deep. Lips of medium thickness. The jaws protrude forward. Body length is average and above average. The body is short, the limbs are long. The chest is powerful, the muscles are well developed, the neck is short. The skull, unlike the skeleton, is very massive.
Melanesian minor race. Distribution area: New Guinea and the islands of Melanesia. Unlike Australians, curly-haired people have shorter growth, and the tertiary hairline is less developed. Papuans often have a large nose with a convex back and a drooping tip (similar to the Western Asian Caucasians).
Veddoid small race. The race's habitat is the islands of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and South India. It is a smaller version of the Australians. Moderately dark skin, wavy hair, medium lips, moderate jaw protrusion. The nose is narrower in the wings, the bridge of the nose is not too low. The tertiary hairline is weak. Body length is average and below average. Often this race is combined with the Australian into one. In ancient times, both options were widespread.
Contact races
At the junction of the areas of large races, contact races are distinguished, which have a special classification. In the territory where Caucasians and Mongoloids are in contact, the Ural and South Siberian small races are distinguished; the mixing of Caucasians and Negroids gave rise to the Ethiopian small race; Caucasoids and Veddoids - a small Dravidian race.
Ural small race. The range of the race is the Urals, Trans-Urals, part of Western Siberia. The skin is light. The hair is dark and dark brown, straight and wide-wavy, often soft. Eye color - mixed and dark shades, a little light. The nose is straight or with a concave back, the tip is raised, the bridge of medium height. The face is small and relatively wide, low and moderately flattened. Lips of medium thickness. The tertiary hairline is weakened. The Ural race is similar to the Laponoid race, but people are larger and have Mongoloid admixture. The Ural race is represented by the Mansi, Khanty, Selkups, some Volga peoples, and some peoples of the Altai-Sayan Highlands.
South Siberian small race. The race's habitat is the steppes of Kazakhstan, the mountainous regions of the Tien Shan, Altai-Sayan Mountains. Skin color is dark and light. Hair and eye color, like the Ural race. The nose has a straight or convex back, large, the bridge of medium height. The face is quite high and wide. Hair is often straight and coarse. Average height. The variant is more massive than the Ural one. This race includes the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz.
Ethiopian minor race. Distributed in East Africa. Skin color - with brown tints. Hair and eye color is dark. The hair is curly, finely wavy. The tertiary cover is weakened. The nose is straight, with a fairly high bridge, and not wide. The face is narrow, lips are of medium thickness. Body length is average and above average; the body is narrow-built. The ancient version of humanity (from the Middle and New Stone Ages).
Dravidian (South Indian) small race. Distribution area: Southern India at the junction of southern Caucasoids and Veddoids. Brown skin. The hair is straight and wavy, the proportions of the face and its details tend to average values.
Ainu (Kuril) small race. The area is the island of Hokkaido. Skin color is dark. The hair is dark, coarse, wavy. The eyes are light brown. Epicanthus is rare or absent. The tertiary hairline is very well developed. The face is low, wide, slightly flattened. The nose, mouth and ears are large, the lips are full. The arms are long, the legs are relatively short. The physique is massive. The Ainu are sometimes considered a special large race; they are also classified as Caucasoids or Australoids.
Polynesian minor race. Range: Pacific Islands. New Zealand. The skin is dark, sometimes light or yellowish. Hair is dark, wavy or straight. Tertiary hair on the body is weak, on the face it is medium. The nose is not protruding, relatively wide. Lips are full. Large body size. The question remains unclear which great races were included as components of mixing in this variant.
The size of the population that forms the races. The total number of populations belonging to equatorial races (without transitional and mixed forms) is about 260.1 million people (calculations were carried out by S.I. Brook with the participation of N.N. Cheboksarov in 1975-1976). The Oceanian (Australoid) branch accounts for 9.5 million people. Among the Negroids, the most numerous are blacks (250.2 million people, 215 million people live in Africa, 35 million people live in America). There are about 200 thousand African Pygmies (Negrills), and 250 thousand Bushmen. The most numerous in South and Southeast Asia are the Veddoids - 5 million people, the Melanesians and Papuans - 4.26 million people. There are about 50 thousand Australians, about 20 thousand Ainu people.
The total number of populations transitional between the Equatorial and Caucasoid races is about 356.6 million people (South Indian group - 220 million people, Ethiopian group - 45 million people).
The total number of Caucasian populations, not mixed or very little mixed with other large races, reaches 1803.5 million people. Light Caucasians make up 140 million people, dark Caucasians make up 1047.5 million people, the rest are transitional types. In the former USSR, Caucasians numbered 220 million people, in foreign Europe - 478 million, in Africa - 107 million, in America - 303 million, in Australia and Oceania - 16.5 million people. Light Caucasians predominate in northern Europe and North America, dark Caucasians predominate in the Caucasus, the Middle East, South Asia, southern Europe, Africa, and Latin America. Mixed and transitional forms between Caucasian and Asian Mongoloids number 44.8 million people. Thus, the South Siberian race numbers 8.5 million people, the Ural race - 13.1 million people.
The third main group of races - Mongoloid - is estimated at 712.3 million people. The Northern Mongoloids (continental) number 8 million people, the number of Pacific (Eastern) Mongoloids reaches 671.1 million people (the majority are in China and Korea). The Arctic (Eskimo) group of types numbers 150 thousand people (transitional between the continental and Pacific Mongoloids). The American Mongoloids (sometimes classified as a separate large race) include approximately 33 million people.
The number of mixed and transitional forms between Mongoloids and equatorial races can be judged by the South Asian contact race connecting the Eastern Mongoloids with the Australoids, which numbers 550.4 million people.
The Polynesian contact group numbers about 1 million people. It occupies a middle position between all the great races of humanity.
The size of all Mongoloid-equatorial populations is estimated at 674.1 million people.
I have questions about why there are only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that correspond to their area of residence?
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First of all, we will examine the settlement map of the “Modern Races of the World”. In this analysis we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how the emergence of humanity occurred and its development, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma - be it scientific or religious.
Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not have come from Adam and Eve....
So, under the letter “A” on the map are races that, according to modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter referred to as “Negroid race” or “Negroids”);
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter referred to as the “Australoid race” or “Australoids”);
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as “Caucasoids”);
Mongoloid races (hereinafter referred to as “Mongoloids”).
2. Analysis of modern mutual settlement of races.
The modern mutual settlement of the four main races is extremely interesting.
The Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no Negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the “suppliers” of Stone Age culture - in South Africa there are still areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.
We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton) of the late Stone Age, widespread in South and East Africa. In some areas it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, pottery, beads made from ostrich egg shells; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, and hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.
It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, naturally, points to the fact that the birthplace of the Negroid race was originally precisely in that part of Africa that is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we are not considering the later “migration” of Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is a completely insignificant effect in the long historical process.
Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when making estimates of the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. The northern part of Australia can quite reasonably be considered this hotspot. It should be noted here that Australoids, like Negroids, for a reason unknown to today’s science, are located exclusively within one general area. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the influence of Caucasians are predominantly in the Stone Age.
Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean seas, in northern Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in southern Australia.
In this part of the analysis, we should look at the area of settlement of Caucasians in more detail.
Firstly, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in the Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in not so distant historical times. The latest “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of humanity in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.
Secondly, like the two previous races in the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasians (from this point onwards, by “territory of distribution of Caucasians” we will understand only its Eurasian part and the northern part of Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasian race has achieved the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among existing races. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasian race was completed in the vast majority of areas between 30 and 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature were accomplished by the Caucasian race. One can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let’s be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and use, we must give credit, successfully, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.
Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, Stone Age cultures are still found to this day.
3. On the application of Organism laws
The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the distribution of races is that the distribution areas of the races do not intersect each other in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although at mutual borders the contacting races produce a product of their intersection, called “transitional races,” the formation of such mixtures is classified by time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.
In large part, this process of mutual penetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply the laws of Organism to the description of races and peoples, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with the same ease and accuracy, both materials and peoples, and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to Law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: “Everything moves.”
Namely, not a single race (now we will not talk about the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain motionless in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.
And from this it follows that it is possible to develop laws of movement of populations of organisms (peoples).
4. Laws of movement of populations of organisms
Any people, any race, as, incidentally, not only real, but also mythical (vanished civilizations), always has a point of its origin that is different from the one under consideration and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values of its numbers and its certain area, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors describing:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such settlement (one dimension);
…n. values of mass transfer of information about a people (one complex dimension; this includes both numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations
From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of modern distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.
Firstly, even at present historical times, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in their areas of distribution. Let us recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization of the Americas by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with the similar parameters of any other race.
Secondly, the central “points” (areas) of ancient racial regions even today remain quite “pure” in composition. Moreover, mixing of races occurs exclusively at the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the same neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixtures of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, mixes with both the Negroids and the Mongoloids precisely in the places of contact with them.
Thirdly, if the central points of settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, then it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:
Negroid point - 5° S, 20° E;
Caucasoid point – p. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);
Mongoloid point – ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58° N, 126° E);
Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E.
Moreover, the points of the central areas of settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and at approximately the same distance).
An interesting fact: if all four central points of settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, you will get a line resembling the bucket of the Ursa Major constellation, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions
An assessment of the distribution areas of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:
A possible theory suggesting the birth and settlement of modern races from one common point does not seem legitimate and justified.
We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual homogenization of races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when a certain amount of hot water is poured into cold water. We understand that after some finite and quite calculated time, hot water will mix with cold water, and temperature averaging will occur. After which the water, in general, will become somewhat warmer than the cold water before mixing, and somewhat colder than the hot water before mixing.
The situation is the same now with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, forming mestizo races in the places of their contact.
If the four races had formed from one center, then we would not now be observing mixing. Because in order for four to be formed from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersion, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual cross-breeding that is now occurring serves as clear evidence of the reverse process - the mutual diffusion of the four races. The inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some moment in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, the process of historical mixing of races should be considered a completely objective and normal process.
This means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. We will leave the question of the force that could take over such a process open for now.
This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the race distribution map itself. As we previously revealed, there are four conventional points of initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:
firstly, each border of mutual contact of races serves as a division of only two races and nowhere as a division of three or four;
secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.
The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared to the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.
Obviously, the races, each in their own way, but the general type of settlement of the races was quite the same - from the so-called point of distribution of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the boundaries of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.
The process of building and expanding the areas of races fully falls within the definition of the concept of “organismic center of organization” when there are patterns that describe such a distribution of races.
The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different – ancient – races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of “seeding” of the races were chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such “seeding”, we would end up with the same option. Consequently, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different areas of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:
Perhaps the original placement of races was artificial.
A number of random coincidences in distances and equidistance between races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organisms says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse cause-and-effect direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the cause-and-effect relationship in their members works in both directions equally.
By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate this way: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value cannot be called anything other than a manifestation of intelligence. To ensure that the distances match, you need to measure them accordingly.
In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “miraculous” distance we identified between the points of origin of races is, for some strange and inexplicable reason, equal to the radius of planet Earth. Why?
By connecting the four points of sowing races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth. 
Why? Where do clear geometric shapes come from in a seemingly chaotic world?
6.3. Conclusion 3:
About the initial maximum isolation of races.
Let's begin our consideration of the mutually pairwise settlement of races with the Negroid-Caucasian pair. Firstly, Negroids no longer come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by an abundant spread of lifeless deserts. That is, initially the arrangement of Negroids relative to Caucasians ensured that these two races would have the least amount of contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in terms of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.
Similar features also exist in the Caucasoid-Mongoloid pair. The same distance between the conditional centers of race formation is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.
The Mongoloid-Australoid pair also provides for maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6,000 kilometers apart.
Only in recent decades, with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races has not only become possible, but has also become widespread.
Naturally, in the course of our research these conclusions may be revised.
Final conclusion:
It can be seen that there were four race seeding points. They are equidistant both from each other and from the center of planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before which the races were isolated. If there was an intention in the initial settlement of races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they would not come into contact with each other for as long as possible.
This was probably an experiment to solve the problem of which race would best adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....
Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru