OPTION 2. I. Complete the test. 1. Identify the country: a) A country located on an island with an area of 600 km2. b) A country lying along the middle reaches of the Niger River and having no access to the sea. c) A country whose capital is Nairobi. d) Countries lying on the territory of South Africa. 2. Select the correct statements: a) Most African countries achieved independence in the 2nd half of the 20th century? b) Africa is the region of the highest birth rate and highest death rate. c) African countries are characterized by the highest rates of urbanization. d) In Africa, there is an increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas. 3. Which of the following states has an area of more than 1 million. km2 and is washed by the Red Sea? a) Libya; c) Mauritania; b) Eritrea; d) Sudan; 4. Select a kingdom with the correct capital: a) Lesotho - Cairo; d) Swaziland - Pretoria; b) Kenya - Nairobi; e) Ethiopia - Mogadishu. c) Morocco - Rabat; 5. Which of the following African countries does not produce oil: a) Ethiopia; d) Somalia; g) Nigeria. b) Tunisia; e) Angola; c) Algeria; f) Libya; 6. In what industries are African export products primarily created? a) forestry industry; c) in the manufacturing industry; b) extractive industries; d) agriculture. 7. Which country has the highest share of agricultural raw materials in its exports? a) Namibia; c) Ghana; d) South Africa. b) Algeria; d) Libya; 8. Which statement refers to North Africa? a) The western part has a very complex ethnic composition. b) Non-irrigated hoe farming predominates. c) The main centers of the oil refining, chemical industry and mechanical engineering are concentrated in the coastal zone. d) The predominant language is Swahili, and among the religions there are local beliefs. e) The most important deposits of cobalt and copper ores are located. II. Answer the questions. 1. What is the impact of Africa's colonial past on transport development? 2. What types of mineral resources does Africa rank in? 3. What are the features of agricultural development in Africa? 4. Describe the current migration situation in Africa.
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"Natural resources and economy of African countries." OPTION 2."
“Natural resources and economy of African countries.”
OPTION 2.
I. Run the test.
1. Determine your country:
a) A country located on an island with an area of 600 km2.
b) A country lying along the middle reaches of the Niger River and having no access to the sea.
c) A country whose capital is Nairobi.
d) Countries lying on the territory of South Africa.
2. Choose the correct statements:
a) Most African countries achieved independence in the 2nd half of the 20th century?
b) Africa is the region of the highest birth rate and highest death rate.
c) African countries are characterized by the highest rates of urbanization.
d) In Africa, there is an increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas.
3. Which of the following states has an area of more than 1 million. km2 and is washed by the Red Sea?
a) Libya; c) Mauritania;
b) Eritrea; d) Sudan;
4. Select a kingdom with the correct capital:
a) Lesotho - Cairo; d) Swaziland - Pretoria;
b) Kenya - Nairobi; e) Ethiopia - Mogadishu.
c) Morocco - Rabat;
5. Which of the following African countries does not produce oil:
a) Ethiopia; d) Somalia; g) Nigeria.
b) Tunisia; e) Angola;
c) Algeria; f) Libya;
6. Which industries predominantly produce African export products?
a) forestry industry; c) in the manufacturing industry;
b) extractive industries; d) agriculture.
7. Which country has the highest share of agricultural raw materials in its exports?
a) Namibia; c) Ghana; d) South Africa.
b) Algeria; d) Libya;
8. Which statement refers to North Africa?
a) The western part has a very complex ethnic composition.
b) Non-irrigated hoe farming predominates.
c) The main centers of the oil refining, chemical industry and mechanical engineering are concentrated in the coastal zone.
d) The predominant language is Swahili, and among the religions there are local beliefs.
e) The most important deposits of cobalt and copper ores are located.
II. Answer the questions.
1. What is the impact of Africa's colonial past on transport development?
2. What types of mineral resources does Africa rank in?
3. What are the features of agricultural development in Africa?
4. Describe the current migration situation in Africa.
Detailed solution to Topic 8 in Geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017
- Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found
Task 1. Using the table. 1 in the "Appendices", draw on an outline map the countries in Africa that gained political independence after World War II.
Task 2. Using the maps of the atlas and tables 3-5 of the “Appendices”, classify African countries according to the degree of their wealth in mineral resources. Make a table.
Task 3. Using Figures 4-6, Tables 6-8 in the “Appendices” and atlas maps, specify and supplement the characteristics of land, water and forest resources in Africa contained in the text of the textbook.
Due to the peculiarities of its geographical location, Africa is characterized by an extremely uneven distribution of water bodies across its territory. The greatest supply of water resources is typical for equatorial Africa. Gradually, as you move north and south, the availability of water resources decreases. Despite the enormous size and flat surface of the continent, Africa's land resources are limited. The main reason for this is the unfavorable climatic conditions in which soil formation occurs. Abundant washing of the soil profile under equatorial forests removes humic substances, and the lack of moisture in deserts does not allow its formation. On the continent, only about 1/5 of the land suitable for agricultural production is cultivated. Land degradation is also widespread. In terms of total forest area, Africa is second only to Latin America and Russia. But its average forest cover is significantly lower. In addition, as a result of deforestation exceeding natural growth, deforestation has reached alarming proportions.
Task 4. Study additional sources of information, break into groups to draw up projects for the transfer of river flow in Africa in order to water the Sahara Desert. Present your projects in class.
Africa's water resources are distributed extremely unevenly. Equatorial and Western Africa are the most endowed with water resources. Gradually, as you move south and north, the water availability indicator decreases. In order to improve this indicator, some scientists have put forward projects for the construction of dams on the river. Congo and r. Niger, and the construction of large reservoirs. With the help of such reservoirs, it was planned to redirect part of the river's flow to the Sahara region. There are also projects to deliver icebergs from Antarctica to the shores of Africa and use them as water sources in the region. However, these projects were never implemented.
Task 5. Using table. 4, quantify the “urban explosion” in Africa. What conclusions can be drawn based on these calculations?
In terms of urbanization, Africa lags far behind other regions. But the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world, with the population of some cities doubling every 10 years. This rate can be traced according to the data in table number 4 (p. 83). This is also proven by the growth of millionaire cities. The first such city was Cairo. In 2010, there were already 52 agglomerations in Africa with a population of more than 1 million people, which concentrated over 1/3 of the urban population. Three of these agglomerations (Cairo, Lagos and Kinshasa) have a population of more than 10 million people. have already entered the category of “super cities”. Based on this, it can be assumed that the population of Africa will continue to increase in the future.
Task 6. Prepare a summary of the report on the topic “Population of Africa”. Use the text and pictures of topics 3 and 8 of the textbook, atlas maps, Appendix tables, and additional sources of information.
Africa's population is approximately 1.216 billion as of 2016. The continent's population growth rate is the highest in the world. The region is characterized by the second type of population reproduction. Over the past 50 years, average life expectancy has increased - from 39 to 54 years. The average population density in Africa is 30.5 people/km², which is significantly less than in Europe and Asia. The distribution of the population is influenced by natural conditions, as well as historical factors (the consequences of the slave trade and the colonial past). In terms of urbanization, Africa lags behind other regions - less than 30%, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world; many African countries are characterized by false urbanization. The largest cities on the African continent are Cairo and Lagos.
Task 7. Based on the physical and economic maps of Africa in the atlas, identify the main areas of the mining industry in Africa and their specialization, and plot these areas on a contour map.
Task 8. Analyze Fig. 72. Using the economic map of Africa in the atlas, indicate specifically which ore, non-metallic minerals, food products and types of agricultural raw materials determine the monocultural specialization of each of the countries indicated on the graph.
Botswana - diamonds.
Burundi - coffee, tea, sugar, cotton.
Gambia - peanuts.
Guinea - bauxite.
Guinea-Bissau – cashew nut, peanut.
Zambia - copper.
Comoros - vanilla, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), cloves, copra.
Liberia - iron ore.
Mauritania – fish and seafood.
Malawi - tobacco and tea.
Mali - peanuts and cotton.
Niger - uranium.
Rwanda – coffee, tea.
Uganda – coffee, tea, fish.
Chad – livestock, sesame.
Ethiopia - coffee.
Sierra Leone – diamonds, bauxite.
Task 9. Using the text of the textbook and the plan of Cairo in the atlas, prepare a message on the topic “Cairo - an Arab city in North Africa.” Also use additional sources of information.
Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt. It is an important political, cultural and religious center of the entire Arab world. Cairo is called the “diamond button that fastens the delta” because it is located in the Nile Delta. Cairo is a city with a long history; in 1969 it celebrated its 1000th anniversary. The old part of Cairo is located on the eastern bank of the Nile, from this point the city expanded to the west; it is an interlacing of narrow streets. The western areas of Cairo were built in the 19th century. In the center of Cairo is the green island of Gezira or Zamalik, where embassies, representative offices of large companies, modern office centers and several five-star hotels are located. Cairo is the largest city in Africa and the only one on the entire continent with an extensive metro system.
Task 10. In your opinion, what needs to be done to prevent a repetition of the “Sahel tragedy” in the future? Give a rationale for your project.
The Sahel is a tropical savanna in Africa, which is a kind of transition between the Sahara in the north and more fertile lands in the south. From 1968 to 1973, the region experienced severe drought, which led to severe changes in the landscape, disruption of human agricultural activities and, as a result, the death of a large number of people. This period of drought was called the “Sahel tragedy.” To prevent similar situations in the future, countries whose territory falls on this section of savannas need to form strategic food reserves, develop agriculture, and create reservoirs.
Task 11. Find additional information on African transport. Analyze the collected materials and, breaking into groups, develop two or three projects for the construction of trans-African railways and highways. Present your projects in class.
Africa's transport system ranks last in the world in a number of indicators: length of roads, density of the railway network, freight and passenger turnover. The geographical pattern of Africa's transport network developed during the colonial era. As a result, it is extremely disproportionate. So the railways have a pronounced orientation towards the coast. They link mining or plantation farming areas with export ports for their products. There are also differences in the density of the railway network within the same continent. Thus, railway transport received the greatest development in South Africa.
There are a number of major highways in the region:
Maghreb Trans-African Highway (links all North African countries from Morocco to Egypt and runs along the Mediterranean coast);
Trans-Saharan Highway (from Algeria to Lagos in Nigeria, it passes through the Sahara through the territory of Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria);
Trans-Sahel Highway (from Dakar in Senegal to N'Djamena in Chad);
Trans-African Highway (Lagos - Mombasa (Kenya), or West - East Highway);
West African Highway (Lagos – Nouakchott (Mauritania).
Task 12.
12.1. Divide into groups, each of which must draw a mental map indicating the countries of one of the subregions of Africa.
12.2. (Work in a notebook.) Compare the countries of Northern, Tropical Africa and South Africa according to some indicators characterizing their population and economy. Identify similarities and differences. Present the necessary data in the form of a table.
12.3. Compare the major mining industries of North Africa and Southwest Asia. What conclusion can be drawn from this comparison?
North Africa is rich in deposits of oil and natural gas (Algeria, Libya, Egypt) and phosphorites (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). The main mineral resources of Southwest Asia are oil and natural gas. Based on this, we can conclude that both of these regions have a similar geological structure and formation history, resulting in oil deposits.
12.4. Compare the main export crops of Tropical Africa and South Asia. What conclusion can be drawn from this comparison?
Answer: Export agricultural crops of Tropical Africa are: cocoa, coffee, peanuts, hevea, oil palm, tea, sisal, spices.
Export crops of South Asia are: rice, sugarcane, tea, wheat, cotton, spices.
Based on this, we can conclude that these regions are characterized by different agro-climatic resources, which influence the specialization of agriculture.
Self-control and mutual control block
Answer the questions:
1. Why is the population shift to the coasts of oceans and seas in Africa less pronounced than in foreign Asia?
The distribution of Africa's population is largely influenced by natural conditions, since there are no mountains in the interior regions of Africa, which allows the population to be located in the interior of the continent (with the exception of the Sahara region). A significant part of the population is concentrated along the rivers. An example of such a country would be Egypt, where more than 90% of the population is concentrated along the Nile and in its delta.
2. Why is Cairo called “the diamond button that fastens the delta”?
Answer: Cairo is the capital of Egypt and is located in the Nile River Delta.
3. Why is Senegal called the “peanut republic”?
Answer: For a long time, peanuts were the main export product of Senegal, and a significant percentage of agricultural land was allocated for its crops.
Are the following statements correct:
1. Most African countries achieved independence in the second half of the 20th century.
Answer: This statement is true. African states have long been colonies of European countries. The largest colonies in Africa were France, England, and Portugal.
2. Africa is the region with the highest birth rate and highest death rate in the world.
Answer: This statement is true.
3. African countries are characterized by high rates of urbanization.
Answer: In general, this statement is true. Africa lags behind other regions of the world in terms of urbanization, but it has the fastest rate of urbanization in the world.
Choose the correct answer:
Answer: Nigeria
2. The most important types of mineral resources in North Africa are... (coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, natural gas, phosphorites).
Answer: bauxite, phosphorite.
3. The least developed countries in Africa include... (Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Somalia, South Africa).
Answer: Niger, Chad.
4. The main export agricultural crops of Tropical Africa are... (wheat, millet, cotton, citrus fruits, peanuts, coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, sisal).
Answer: cocoa, natural rubber, peanuts, coffee.
Can you:
3. Explain the meaning of the following concepts and terms: monoculture, subsistence farming, apartheid?
Monocultural (mono-commodity) specialization is a narrow specialization of a country’s economy in the production of one, usually a raw material or food product, intended mainly for export.
Apartheid (in Afrikaans apartheid - separate development) is an extreme form of racial discrimination. Deprivation or significant restriction of the political, economic and civil rights of any group of the population, up to its territorial isolation in special places.
Subsistence farming is a type of economic relations in which labor products are produced to meet the needs of the producers themselves.
Identify the countries to which the following statements apply:
1. A country located on an island with an area of 600 thousand km2.
Answer: This country is Madagascar.
2. A country lying along the middle reaches of the Niger River and without access to the seas.
Answer: Niger.
3. A country whose capital is Nairobi.
Answer: Kenya.
4. A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in an area occupying less than 4% of its total area.
Answer: This country is Egypt. Where 98% of the population lives in the Nile Delta.
Fill in the blanks in the following phrases:
1. The copper belt stretches from Zambia to the southeastern part...
Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo
2. ... is Africa's largest oil producer and exporter, a member of OPEC.
Answer: Algeria
3. South Africa produces... all of Africa's manufactured products.
Answer: more than 2/5 of all products
Nicaragua is a country located in Central America. The total area is 129494 km2. The total length of the border is 1231 km (the length of the borders with Costa Rica is 309 km, Honduras is 922 km). Coastline: 910 km. The highest point of the country is the Mogoton volcano (2438 m). Nicaragua is the largest in territory among the countries of Central America, reaches 540 km in width, and has access to both the Pacific Ocean, where the length of its coastline is about 320 km, and to the Caribbean Sea (480 km of coastline); the total length of the sea border reaches 800 km (coastline - 910 km).
Geography of Cambodia: relief, climate, natural features
Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia and covers an area of 181 thousand km2. In the west and northwest it borders with Thailand (border length 803 km), in the north with Laos (541 km), in the east with Vietnam (1,228 km), the southwestern shores are washed by the waters of the shallow Gulf of Thailand. Almost the entire territory of the country is a plain in the valley of the Mekong River and Lake Tonle Sap. Only in the south of the country are the Kravan (Kordamon) mountains located, separating the main territory of Cambodia from the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. In the eastern part of these mountains is the Damrei (Elephant Mountains) massif. The highest point of the country is Mount Pnomaural (1813 m).
Geography of Equatorial Guinea: relief, climate, population, flora and fauna
Equatorial Guinea is located just north of the equator off the coast of the Gulf of Biafra (part of the Gulf of Guinea) in the Atlantic Ocean. Includes the Rio Muni mainland, which stretches for 130 km. along the coast and for 300 km. inland, and several islands from the Bioko group 40 km away. from the coast of Cameroon in the Gulf of Biafra (with a total area of about 2 thousand sq. km.), the largest of which is Macias Nguema Biyogo. Most of the surface of the continental part is a volcanic highland with a height of 600-900 m (the highest altitude is 1200 m), along the coast there is a strip of low-lying plains. It borders Cameroon and Gabon.
Geography of Angola: climate, relief, flora and fauna
Angola is located in southwest Africa. The length of the coastline is 1,600 km. Has an area of 1,246,700 km2. The highest point is Mount Morro de Moco (2,620 m). The length of the borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is 2,511 km (210 km of which with the Province of Cabinda), the Republic of the Congo - 201 km, Namibia - 1,376 km, Zambia - 1,110 km. Most of the territory is a vast plateau with an altitude of more than 1000 m above sea level. Only along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean is a narrow (from 50 to 100 km) strip of lowland stretched. The plateau is the watershed of the tributaries of the Congo. The western part of the plateau rises steeply above the coastal lowland. Its eastern edge forms the huge Serra de Xela escarpment, more than 2000 m high.
Geography of New Zealand: nature, relief, climate, population
New Zealand is located in the southwest Pacific Ocean in the Polynesian triangle in the central region of the water hemisphere. The main territory of the country consists of two islands, which have corresponding names - Yuzhny Island and Severny Island. The South and North Islands are separated by Cook Strait. In addition to the two main islands, New Zealand has about 700 islands of much smaller area, most of which are uninhabited.
Geography of El Salvador: relief, climate, flora and fauna, population
El Salvador is a country located in Central America. The total area of the territory is 21,040 km2. The total length of the border is 545 km, the length of the borders with Guatemala is 203 km, and Honduras is 342 km. Coastline - 307 km. The highest point of the country is the city of El Pital (Cerro El Pital) 2730 m.
The main part of its territory is a volcanic highland, 600-700 m above sea level. Two parallel chains of volcanoes rise above the highlands. The northern, lower, consists of extinct volcanoes; the southern one is one of the active ones. The highest of them - Santa Ana (in the west of the country) reaches a height of 2381 m. The Izalco volcano (1885 m), almost continuously active since the 18th century, is called the “lighthouse of El Salvador” - at night the glow above it is visible from ships passing far in the ocean.
Geography of Serbia: nature, climate, population, flora and fauna
Serbia ranks 113th in the world in terms of area (88,361 sq. km.). Serbia is bordered in the north by Hungary, in the northeast by Romania, in the east by Bulgaria, in the south by former Yugoslav Macedonia, in the southwest by Albania and Montenegro, in the west by Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The length of its borders is 2,027 km (with Romania 476 km, with Bulgaria 318 km, with Macedonia 221 km, with Montenegro 203 km, with Albania 115 km, with Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, with Croatia 241 km, with Hungary 151 km). There are 6,167 registered settlements in Serbia, of which 207 are urban. Arable lands occupy 19,194 km2, forests - 19,499 km2 (excluding Kosovo).
Geography of the Republic of Madagascar: nature, climate, population
The Democratic Republic of Madagascar is located on the world's fourth largest island by area, located in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa, separated from it by the Mozambique Channel. The climate is tropical. The extreme south of the island is often classified as subtropical. The length of the island is about 1600 km, width - over 600 km, area - 587,040 km2. The island is home to the state of Madagascar (the capital is Antananarivo). The highest point of the island is the extinct volcano Marumukutru (2876 m), which is located in the Tsaratanana mountain range, in the northern part of the island. The central part of the island is occupied by the high-mountain plateau of Anjafi, which gently descends to the west and abruptly falls to the lowlands of the eastern coast. Five mountain ranges up to 2600 m high are rich in minerals and metals: gold, copper, iron; The wide coastal plains are swampy and partly very fertile.
Geography of Kenya. Nature, climate, flora and fauna of Kenya
The Republic of Kenya is located in the northern part of East Africa. The country's area is just over 582 thousand km2, of which water surfaces account for more than 13 thousand km2. Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the east, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. The southeast of the country is washed by the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, and picturesque coral islets are scattered close to the coast. In the east, Kenya owns a small section of the coast of Lake Victoria, the largest in Africa by area, which is second only to such inland water giants as the Caspian Sea and Lake Superior (USA).
Control test work on the topic: “African countries”
1. Match: country - capital
B – Egypt | 2. Antananarivo |
B – Nigeria | |
G – Algeria | |
D – Madagascar | |
6. Pretoria |
|
b) Nigeria
in Egypt
3. Countries - monarchies in the region (3 answer options):
a) Morocco
b) Madagascar
d) Swaziland
e) Lesotho
e) Somalia
4. Features of the demographic situation in the region:
a) complex ethnic composition (300-500 ethnic groups)
b) high birth rate
c) highly urbanized area – 70% of the urban population
d) population living on the coast of the mainland and in the valleys of some rivers
5. What types of resources are most represented in the region - _______________
6. Features of the type of farming (2 answer options):
a) a significant delay in transport
b) development of all industries
c) the predominance of small-scale, low-productivity agriculture
d) good development of the non-production sphere
7. Monocultural (mono-product) specialization is:
a) this is a narrow specialization of the country’s economy in the production of one raw material or food product, intended, as a rule, for export;
b) this is a one-sided agricultural and raw material development of the economy.
8. Main economic sectors of most African countries (2 answer options):
a) mining
b) tropical and subtropical agriculture
c) forestry industry
d) manufacturing industry
9. Landlocked countries (3 answer options):
c) Angola
e) Zaire (DRC)
10. Identify the countries to which the following statements apply:
a) a country located on an island with an area of more than 600 square meters. km
b) a country whose capital is a city
c) countries located within the state of South Africa
d) countries within the copper belt
e) the richest country in Africa in natural resources
11. Types of mineral resources mined in African countries___________
12. Types of crops grown in African countries__
___________________________________________________________________
13. A developed country in the region:
a) Nigeria
b) Egypt
14. Which of the following countries does not have significant forest resources?
b) Egypt
c) Democratic Republic of the Congo
15. Which country has large oil deposits:
b) Mauritania
c) Zambia
d) Madagascar
16. Which country is located in northern Africa?
b) Nigeria
c) Cameroon
d) Mozambique
17. Which country in Africa is the largest in area?
d) Ethiopia
18. Indicate the country in Central Africa
a) Congo (Zaire)
b) Egypt
in Marocco
d) Angola
19. Which country has the least advantageous position on the mainland?
a) Egypt
in Marocco
20. Specify INCORRECT statement:
a) Africa has the largest number of landlocked countries
b) Africa suffered more from colonial oppression.
c) coups d'etat are rare in Africa
d) African countries joined the African Union.
21. Specify INCORRECT statement:
a) Africa has the highest birth rate
b) African countries have the lowest literacy rate
c) the ethnic composition of the population of African countries is very diverse.
d) Africa has a high level of life expectancy
22. What is the basis of the African economy?
a) manufacturing industry
c) agriculture
23. In which countries is cotton grown?
a) in Nigeria and Algeria
b) in Nigeria and Sudan
c) in Libya and Egypt
d) in Zaire and Algeria
e) in Egypt and Sudan
24. In which part of Africa is sheep farming predominant?
a) in the south
b) in the north
c) in the western
d) in the east
d) in the central
25. In African countries the main form of government is:
a) republic
b) monarchy
c) colony
26. African countries refer to the countries:
a) Type I of population reproduction
b) II type of population reproduction
27. In African countries:
a) the male population predominates
b) the same percentage of male and female population
c) the female population predominates
28. The official languages of African countries are (3 answer options):
a) French
b) Spanish
c) English
d) German
SUBJECT:General characteristics of the economies of African countries
Target:Identify the economic features of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT;
form an idea of some features of the development of subregions
Africa; consider the reasons that influenced economic backwardness
mainland. Continue work on preparing students for the Unified State Exam, consolidating skills
working with tests.
Equipment:presentation for the lesson, economic map of Africa, atlases, handouts.
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Homework review:
Which African country has the largest population?
A country located on an island with an area of 600 km2.
Countries lying on the territory of South Africa.
A landlocked country located along the middle reaches of the Niger River.
A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in a territory occupying 4% of its area.
List and reveal the problems of African cities. Describe the urbanization of the continent.
“Why is the proportion of children and adolescents in the age structure of the population of Spain significantly lower than in the age structure of the population of Algeria? (from the Unified State Examination)"
Give an assessment of the population of the subregions of the continent, explain the reason for the differences in population density. “Why is there a high population density in the Nile River Valley? One of the reasons is favorable natural conditions. Please indicate at least two more reasons (from the Unified State Exam options).”
Why is the increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas less pronounced in Africa than in Western Asia?
Why is population policy in Africa not being implemented or yielding results?
Learning a new topic:
Conversation:What can you say about the level of development of most African countries?
There are currently 53 sovereign states in Africa.
They belong to developing, poor countries; economically developed - South Africa
Africa has: the world's lowest share of manufacturing
minimum per capita income (examples)
the most backward economic structure
What are the causes of backwardness? (long colonial past)
Working with the textbook, p.279: Name the distinctive features of the colonial economic structure.
a) the predominance of small-scale, low-productivity farming;
b) poor development of the manufacturing industry
c) a significant delay in transport
d) restriction of the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services
e) one-sided economic development, which most often manifests itself in the predominance of one branch of agriculture or industry. For example, in monoculture.
Monocultural (mono-product) specialization- narrow specialization of the country’s economy in the production of one, usually raw material or food product, intended mainly for export. Writing in a notebook.
Working with the textbook p.280. Monoculture countries in Africa
Measures to overcome economic backwardness:
Nationalization of natural resources;
Agrarian reform;
Economic planning;
Personnel training.
The main task of the peoples of Africa is to gain economic independence, eliminate the one-sided agrarian-raw materials structure of the economy and create a harmonious economy (development of the manufacturing industry and diversified agriculture).
The solution to these problems is hampered by the economic policies of Western powers and the activities of transnational corporations. American states have a large foreign debt.
Production structure of the economy of the African region:
agriculture - 20%, industry - 35%, services - 45%.
Working with the atlas.Name the most developed countries (except South Africa).
It should be noted that the share of industrial production increased due to:
a) strengthening the primary processing of mineral raw materials in African countries themselves
b) the development of “dirty industries” removed from developed countries - metallurgy, chemical industry.
c) creation of export light and food industries
Despite the agricultural nature of the economy of the vast majority of African countries, they import food, which reflects the backwardness of the agricultural sector.
INDUSTRYWorking with atlases.
Where are the main industrial areas in Africa?
The industry is characterizeddisproportionbetween the development of mining and manufacturing, light and heavy industries. Africa is the world's largest producer of mineral raw materials.
For what types of minerals does Africa occupy a leading place in world production? To which countries is it exported? What impact does this have on the African economy?
In total in Africa we can distinguish7 main mining and industrial regions.
Atlas task:Determine the main types of raw materials and fuels extracted in each mining region. Appendix to lesson No. 1.
Which manufacturing industries have received the greatest development in these countries?
Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - only in certain countries there is a noticeable number of enterprises (South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana)
Copper smelter - Zambia, Zaire
Aluminum - Cameroon, Ghana
Light industry, mainly cotton
Logging (Gabon, Congo, Cameroon, Ghana); catching fish and processing it.
The economic development of African countries also depends on the energy base (it is currently weak). Africa accounts for 2% of the world's energy output, 1/3 of which is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Aswan hydroelectric power station - Nile River - 3.5 million kW; Kebrabassa - Zambezi River - 3.6 million kW (Mozambique, but the energy it produces is intended mainly for South Africa); the Inga project - the lower reaches of the Congo River (a section 26 km long), energy is supplied to Kinshasa and the Shaba mining region (part of the Copper Belt), the power of the hydroelectric power station on the site can be increased to 30 million kW.
Agriculture.
Think about what are the features of agriculture in backward, developing countries?
Agriculture is the basis of the economy of African countries, characterized bybigbackwardness.In tropical Africa, the main tools are hoes and sharpened sticks. More advanced tools can only be found in large, highly commercial farms. The use of mineral fertilizers is also small. Tropical Africa is dominated by the shifting, slash-and-burn farming system, in which large tracts of land are cut off from agricultural production for many years.
Thus: an unsustainable farming system
Low technical equipment
Unregulated grazing
Growing a crop in the same area leads to the developmentenvironmental management problems. Name them.
development of soil erosion, deforestation, desertification( Sahel-a vast natural area in Africa, located south of the Sahara; disruption of the ecological balance in it for the following reasons: an increase in natural population growth, a rapid increase in arable land and livestock, deforestation (the use of wood and charcoal as fuel) Sahel problem - droughts and famines,the population is turning into environmental refugees. Measures to prevent such tragedies: protection, restoration of natural feed resources, improvement of livestock breeding and farming methods. But the implementation of the plan is hampered by a lack of funds.
The scourge of African agriculture is natural disasters (droughts, floods), plant diseases,pests (locusts).As a result, in Africa the average yield of grain and cotton is 2-3 times lower than the world average. The food problem, especially in the context of rapid population growth, remains very acute in Africa.
What are the agroclimatic resources of African countries? How did natural conditions influence the sectoral structure of agriculture and its location?
Africa's defining place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Working with a table (application No. 2)To become familiar with the zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa.
Working with the atlas.Highlight the specialization and placement of livestock farming.
The oldest agricultural industry in Africa is the breeding of domestic animals. In a number of countries (South Africa, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia), extensive grazing plays an important role. Livestock products (wool, leather, hides) are exported to a very limited extent, and livestock farming is low-productive.
Africa's backward agriculture needs radical restructuring.
Transport
By most indicators - last place. In the structure of domestic freight turnover, railways are the leaders; transport is technically backward. There are 5 transcontinental highways. South Africa ranks 1st in terms of the overall level of transport development.
Ports: Richards Bay (South Africa) - universal, cargo turnover 90 million tons.
Alexandria (Egypt); Casablanca(Morocco)
The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869 (allowed sea vessels with a draft of 8 m to pass through), it was deepened and expanded more than once.
Navy: Liberia provides "cheap" (or convenient, dummy) flags.
“Why is Liberia one of the world's leading merchant marine tonnages?” (from the Unified State Examination)
External economic relations
1. Foreign trade
2. Import of capital
3. Freight Operations (Liberia)
4. Export of labor (to European countries), and in some countries (oil refining) its import.
Import- 1\3 machines and equipment; fuel, industrial raw materials, semi-finished products and food.
Trading partners- Western European developed countries (former metropolises)
Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnicpolitical and economic integration.Several organizations were created to solve the continent's problems:AfDB- African Development Bank
ESA- UN Economic Commission for Africa
YOU- East African Community
ECOSAG-economic community of West African states
OAU- Organization of African Unity
3. Fastening. Testing on the topic “Africa”.
4. Homeworkpp. 278-281 of the textbook; questions on page 282.
Testing for the lesson “African Economy”.
IN 1
A1 Desertification impact result:
a) only human c) only natural factors
b) natural disasters d) natural and anthropogenic factors
A2 The main indicator of public health of the population is:
a) life expectancy c) natural increase
b) population d) gender and age structure
A3 Why is the Congo River full of water throughout the year:
a) in the basin of this river there is heavy rainfall all year round
b) it originates in high mountain areas
c) its flow is not regulated by dams and dikes
d) the water level in the river is maintained by a system of reservoirs
A4 In which climate zone of Africa are there constantly high temperatures and a lot of precipitation: a) subtropical c) equatorial
b) tropical d) subequatorial
Q1 Which of the following African countries does not produce oil?
A) Ethiopia B) Algeria D) Angola G) Nigeria
B) Tunisia D) Somalia E) Libya
Q2 Establish a correspondence between each type of mineral resource and the country that specializes
On their prey:
Minerals country
1) oil A) Morocco
2) copper ores B) Zambia
3) phosphorites B) South Africa
D) Algeria
Q3 Which two features of the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy are named correctly?
a) Predominance of high-value agriculture
b) Poor development of the manufacturing industry
c) Lack of monocultural specialization
d) The predominance of trade and services in the non-productive sphere.
C1 Why is the balance of external migration of the population positive in Nigeria, and in its neighboring
Niger - negative?
C2 Identify the country by description: “This country, which belongs to the group of economically developed countries, is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by a flat plateau, which is bordered by mountains on the south and east. Its depths are rich in a variety of minerals. This country ranks among the first in the world in the production of diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, and iron ores. Its population has a complex ethnic composition. Among other countries on the continent, it stands out for its high proportion of people of European descent."
Testing for the lesson “African Economy”
AT 2
A1 Significantly more rainfall occurs in southeast Africa compared to the southwest.
In addition to the presence of mountains and winds, this is due to:
a) with the proximity of the ocean d) with the presence of large rivers
b) with the existence of a warm current off the eastern shores and a cold current off the western shores
c) with all the factors mentioned above
A2 Red-yellow ferralitic soils are common in
a) in the zone of equatorial forests c) dry steppes
b) forest-steppes d) deserts
A3 In the eastern part of the mainland there is:
a) the largest plateau on Earth c) the largest lowland on Earth
b) the largest mountain range on Earth d) the largest fault on Earth
A4 What feature of Africa’s historical development has had the greatest influence on its modern
appearance a) Africa-mainland of ancient civilizations
b) Africa has gone through all stages of socio-economic development
c) colonial past
d) richness in mineral raw materials
Q1 Select the correct statements:
a) North African industry gravitates towards coastal areas
b) The main agricultural crops of North Africa are olives, cereals,
cotton
c) Natural, consumer agriculture is the main industry of the tropical
Africa
d) South Africa is rich in platinum, gold, coal, oil.
Write your answer in letters, arranging them in alphabetical order.
B2 Establish a correspondence between each of the indicators characterizing individual types of transport and the country
Which is typical for this indicator.
Transport indicator country
1. Occupies a leading place in the world in terms of tonnage A. South Africa
maritime merchant fleet of B. Maghreb countries
2. highway running along route B. Liberia
ancient caravan routes of Algeria
3. Has 40% of the entire railway network in D. Nigeria
Africa
4. transcontinental gas pipeline passes
Write down the letters corresponding to the selected answers in the table
Q3 Select the countries where the largest urban agglomerations in Africa are located:
A) Egypt B) South Africa
B) Algeria D) Nigeria
C1 What factors contributed to the transformation of South Africa into one of the largest coal exporters?
One factor is the presence of large coal reserves. Please indicate at least two more factors.
C2 Identify the country by description:
“This is a developing country located in two parts of the world. The industry has developed electric power (the largest hydroelectric power station on the continent was built here), oil production, light and food industries. The traditional branch of agriculture is irrigated, labor-intensive agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of rice, cotton, and citrus crops. The sea coast, ancient historical, cultural and architectural monuments are the basis for the development of international tourism.”
Keys to the final test on the topic “African economy”.
Option 1
| A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | IN 1 | AT 2 | AT 3 |
| ABGD | 1-G, 2-B, 3-A | B, G |
C1 - Nigeria is a member of OPEC and Africa's largest oil exporter. The oil and related industries create jobs that attract people from neighboring countries, including Niger.
C2-South Africa
Option-2
| A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | IN 1 | AT 2 | AT 3 |
| A B C | 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-G | A, G |
C1- Low production cost
Profitable EGP
Reduction of coal production in developed countries (or in old industrial areas)
Growing demand for coal in developed countries
C2-Egypt