China - largest state East Asia and the world, second only in territory to and. On an area of 22,117 sq. km are home to at least 1.4 billion people. China has land borders with 14 countries, including Russia. The shores of China are washed by the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the South China Sea and the Korean Gulf; the Taiwan Strait separates it from the continent. The coast stretches from the border with North Korea to.
The country's topography is varied; China has plateaus, mountains, deserts, plains and depressions. In the southwest, the Tibetan Plateau reaches altitudes of 4,000 m or more. Northern China is different high plains and mountain belt. In the south and northeast there are low plains. The highest plateau in the world, the Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by the Himalayas, Karakoram, Pamirs and the Kunlun, Altyntag and Qilianshan mountain ranges. At an altitude of 2,700–3,000 m there is a marshy area - the Tsaidam depression with salt lakes.
To the north of the Kunlun Mountains is the endorheic Tarim Basin with the Taklamakan Desert and the Turfan Depression, which is 154 m below sea level. In this area there are temperature fluctuations from +52 °C to −18 °C. The depression is surrounded by oases through which the Great Silk Road passed. To the north of the Tarim Basin rises the Tien Shan mountain range, beyond which is the Dzungarian depression with the Ili and Irtysh rivers flowing into Kazakhstan.
On the Mongolian plateau at an altitude of 1,000 m is the province of Inner Mongolia with the Alashan and Gobi deserts. Small mountain ranges border the plateau to the south and east and end in the Ordos Desert. In the south of the desert, beyond the Great Chinese wall - Loess plateau. Most of the Chinese live in the lowlands in the northeast to the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and eastern plains. In the south of the country there are several mountainous regions with altitudes ranging from 200 to 2,000 m.
The maps of the world that we see from childhood — especially those that are shown to us in school — shape our understanding of how the world works. There would be nothing wrong with this if we did not forget that a flat map is just a conditional and distorted representation of a round world.
However, many of us transfer the stereotypes learned through the map to our personal attitude towards the real world. We are beginning to believe that there are countries that play a dominant role in the world, located in its center, and there are those that play a subordinate role, located on its periphery.
As will be seen below, in different countries - Russia, Europe, USA, China, Australia, Chile, South Africa - world maps are very different. It all depends on what the map author chooses in each of the following three conditions: 1) how to center the map relative to West and East; 2) how to center the map relative to North and South; 3) what projection method to use.
World map for Russia
The vertical axis of the world (centering the West and the East) passes through Moscow. Both America and Australia find themselves on the periphery of the world. The Pacific Ocean is not perceived as a coherent space.
World map for Europe
The vertical axis of the world passes through London. As for Russian map here both America and Australia find themselves on the periphery of the world, and the Pacific Ocean is not perceived as an integral space. Additionally, the equator (centering North and South) is shifted toward the bottom half of the map, making Africa, South America, and Australia appear smaller relative to North America and Eurasia than they actually are.
World map for USA
The vertical axis of the world passes through the USA. America turns out to be an “island” washed by the Pacific Ocean from the west and the Atlantic Ocean from the east. As in European map, here the equator is shifted to the lower half of the map, which makes the sizes of North America and Eurasia much larger in relation to the sizes South America, Africa and Australia than it is in reality. In addition, the perception of Russia, India and China becomes more complicated for an American: these countries are present to an American twice — in the west and in the east.
World map for China
On its map, China is located on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. All continents have access to this ocean, except Africa and Europe, which thus find themselves on the periphery of the world.
World map for Australia
There is a general stereotype that what is above dominates, and what is below is in a subordinate position. Australians are not only spending vertical axis world through their continent, they also place it on top of all the others, turning the map 180 degrees. Like the USA, they find themselves as an island lying between three oceans: the Pacific, Indian and Southern. Antarctica, hidden at the very bottom on all other maps, begins to play an important role.
World map for South Africa
South Africa, like Australia, appears at the top rather than at the bottom of the map, which makes it perceived as a country that dominates all others. South Africa turns out to be a peninsula wedged between two oceans: the Indian and Atlantic. The Pacific region and Russia are moving to the periphery of the world.
Chinese ancient territories
Qing Empire (1644 - 1912)
Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644)
Yuan Dynasty (1279 - 1368)
Northwest China
Yuan Dynasty (1279 - 1368).jpg)
Song Dynasty (960 - 1279)
Northern Song Dynasty (960 - 1127)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 - 979)
Tang Dynasty 669 (618 - 907)
Full Sui period (581 - 618)
Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420 AD)
Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD)
These are maps from atlases on the history of China, from which hundreds of millions of Chinese schoolchildren study. By looking at these maps of the ancestral Chinese lands, you can easily answer a few very simple questions:
- Why are all the favorite dishes of “Siberian” cuisine, such as dumplings, actually dishes of traditional Chinese cuisine and can be ordered in any restaurant in China?
- Why are all the indigenous peoples of Siberia and those living east of the Urals Are the indigenous peoples of the North more like the Chinese than the Russians?
- Why do the Chinese easily tolerate frosts and can live and work without problems in the permafrost zone and in the Far North?
“After the Second Opium War, the Russian Empire, taking advantage of the seizure of China by the British and French armies, occupied Chinese territories using force of arms, in a vile manner, appropriated the lands of the northeast and northwest of China with an area of more than 1.5 million square kilometers" is an excerpt from an eighth-grade Chinese history textbook from a paragraph entitled "Russia's Thieving Behavior", it also notes the "Chinese Northern Territories", including Primorsky and Khabarovsk region of the Russian Far East, which Russia stole from China.
Under the auspices of the regional organization “Our Common Home Altai”, international student meetings are regularly held, which attract students from Russia, China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Teacher participating in international student conferences in the Altai Republic, professor at Altai State Agrarian University, Doctor of Philosophy Andrei Ivanov reported on June 9, 2006 that in Chinese history textbooks Western Siberia up to the Tomsk region is considered as the “lost lands” of China.
According to Professor Ivanov, a Russian student shared concerns about the possible expansion of the Chinese into Russia, in particular into the territory of Siberia. In response, the Chinese student said that this prospect should be taken more calmly: “We are a growing nation, and we will indeed come here sooner or later.” “Later it turned out,” said Ivanov, “that the Chinese history textbooks say that Western Siberia Tomsk region inclusive - temporarily lost Chinese territories."
China recognizes that the territories ceded to Qing China under a treaty with the Russian Empire in the 17th century, they later became part of Russia, which took advantage of the weakening of the Qing Empire, under two “unequal treaties”: the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860. The Russian-Chinese border was finally established in 2008, but Russia continues to worry about China's hidden territorial claims.
Of course, the official Chinese map of the world does not in any way reflect China’s claims to Siberia and the entire Russian Far East. Just like official maps Russia and official position Russia did not in any way reflect Russia’s claims to Crimea and Novorossiya back in 2013. The referendum in Crimea and its “reunification” with Russia took place in just 2-3 weeks. China is ready to spend a little more time on the return of the “temporarily lost territories of the Celestial Empire.”
After the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the imposition of Western sanctions in March 2014, when Russia was expelled from the G8 group, 81% of Russians, according to a VTsIOM poll, said that the Chinese leadership was friendly towards Russia, placing the Chinese regime first among other countries in terms of level of favor. Even the leader of previous years, Belarus, found itself behind China. In fact, China has reduced investments in Russia, considering cooperation with today's Russia unpredictable. At the beginning of December 2015, the head of NP GLONASS, Alexander Gurko, complained that after the closure of Western markets for Russia, the Chinese raised prices for electronic components for the GLONASS system by 3-4 times. China has allowed Russia to export grain from a limited number of areas, but only in bags and not in bulk. This made exports from Russia unprofitable and put Russia at a disadvantage compared to Beijing's other suppliers. Russia is only China's 15th largest trading partner. Trade turnover between China and Russia at the end of 2015 decreased by 27.8% - to 422.7 billion yuan ($64.2 billion). The volume of exports of Chinese goods to Russia in 2015 fell by 34.4% - to 216.2 billion yuan ($32.9 billion), and imports of Russian products to China decreased by 19.1% - to 206.5 billion yuan ($31) .4 billion). Russian share in foreign trade China fell from 2.2% to 1.65%.
Due to the weakening of the ruble there was good point for investment, as labor and real estate became cheaper as a result. “It is obvious that Russia was not in the center of attention of the Chinese,” says Yaroslav Lisovolik, chief economist of the Eurasian Development Bank. “Of the $27 billion of Chinese direct investment in the CIS countries in 2015, Russia accounted for only $3.4 billion - against $23.6 billion for Kazakhstan". In Kazakhstan, the Chinese are primarily interested in the extraction of raw materials and the creation of infrastructure for own transport. The same applies to Russia, which is confirmed by the example of Leonid Mikhelson. Co-owner of Sibur and Novatek Leonid Mikhelson sold 10% of the largest Russian petrochemical concern Sibur to Chinese Sinopec for $1.3 billion in December 2015. The Chinese Silk Road Fund bought a 9.9% stake in the Yamal LNG project owned by Mikhelson ". However, Mikhelson’s example did not become typical for all of Russia, as the Kremlin wanted, the German newspaper wrote Die Welt .
No one in Beijing is going to make a fateful bet on the Russian-Chinese alliance. Hence the disappointment of Russians that China did not recognize the entry of Crimea into Russia, declared respect for the sovereignty of Ukraine and even allocated it a $3.6 billion loan for replacement projects. natural gas, thereby helping to get rid of the gas umbilical cord connecting this country with Russia. Moreover, Chinese investments in Russia have decreased by 8.2% since the beginning of 2015. And if the 70% reduction in foreign direct investment in Russia in 2014 can somehow be explained by the machinations of the West, then China’s fading interest looks at least like a betrayal in the eyes of the “advanced” average person.
“It’s no secret that Russia is going through a difficult period. Petrodollars, both before and now, are an important component of the Russian economy. The Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation has calculated that with an oil price of $40 per barrel, Russia's GDP will fall by 5%. At the same time, according to estimates by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Russian budget will be missing more than 3 trillion rubles. However, these are not the biggest challenges. According to Chinese analysts, one of the main reasons for the financial and economic instability of 2014-2015 in Russia is the structural crisis of the economy, which began back in 2012. Its essence lies in the deindustrialization of the economy and the decline of agriculture, and after its completion, as a rule, it is impossible to quickly restore the manufacturing industry and the agricultural sector,” Xinhua writes in the analytical material “Will Russia be able to withstand the test of strength against the backdrop of a complex crisis ?".
Director of the Institute of Russia at the Chinese Academy of Modern Sciences international relations Feng Yujun believes that due to the Ukrainian crisis, Russia has reached its worst strategic impasse since the beginning of the century. Due to a sharp decline in oil prices and harsh sanctions from Western countries, the Russian economy entered a period of depression.
China's interest in Russia is no different from China's interest in African or South American countries rich in natural resources. Now in Russia is coming only 0.7% of foreign investment from China is 15 times less than from the EU. This share may change somewhat if controlling stakes in Russian strategic oil and gas fields are sold to the Chinese. But then, firstly, we risk becoming a full-fledged raw materials appendage of China, and secondly, we are not much different from Africa, where the Chinese have invested, according to various estimates, from 9 to 12 billion dollars in mining, or from Latin America ( 20–25 billion dollars of Chinese investment in the industry).
Disagreements between China and Russia over oil and gas projectsRussia is ready to share increasingly larger shares with China in giant oil and gas projects in exchange for much-needed financing, but Chinese partners are in no hurry, trying to bring down the price in the face of Western sanctions and ongoing mutual distrust, the Financial Times wrote on May 5, 2015. The sale of a 10% stake in Rosneft's Vankor project to China's CNPC was delayed because the parties could not agree on terms, mainly on price, two people with knowledge of the negotiations told the FT. Gazprom was counting on a Chinese advance or loan of $25 billion for the construction of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline, but the Chinese demanded too high an interest rate and negotiations failed, another source said. The prospects for energy projects will be the focus of talks on May 10, 2015, when Chinese leader Xi Jinping visits Moscow. The FT expects the “inevitable smiles and handshakes on the occasion”, but they mask business differences. “With low oil prices, the Chinese are looking at other places with less risk. Russia is perceived as headache“said a lawyer who advised Chinese energy companies on several Russian transactions, speaking on condition of anonymity. In November 2014, Rosneft and CNPC signed a framework agreement for the sale of a 10% stake in Vankorneft, which is developing one of Rosneft’s largest fields (Vankor, Eastern Siberia). About 70% of Vankor oil is transported via the ESPO towards China. UBS analyst Maxim Moshkov estimates the value of 10% of Vankorneft at $1-1.5 billion. According to the FT, the Chinese were not satisfied with the price requested by Rosneft, and a complicating factor is EU and US sanctions prohibiting long-term lending to Rosneft. In May 2014, Gazprom solemnly signed a 30-year contract with CNPC for gas supplies to China with an estimated value of $400 billion. Gas is planned to be supplied via the Power of Siberia pipeline, construction of which has already begun. Gazprom initially hoped for a $25 billion advance or loan to finance construction, but the Chinese asked for too high an interest rate. Gazprom's second gas transportation project is Altai, under which the company wants to supply gas to China from Western Siberia, - is also delayed. The Kremlin had previously suggested that a deal would be concluded during Xi Jinping's visit in May, but it is now clear that it will have to wait at least several months, a source close to Gazprom told the FT. The publication reports, citing unnamed Chinese and Russian managers and consultants, that, in addition to price disagreements, partnership in the energy sector is complicated by mutual distrust and the Chinese concern that they could turn the United States against them. “The Russians are unreliable. They always look at things only from the perspective of their own interests,” the FT quotes a Chinese top manager from oil industry without calling him by name. |
Fantasies about Russian leadership in a hypothetical Russian-Chinese union are shattered by the very first comparisons of the two economies. China has already become the world's first economy in terms of purchasing power parity, overtaking the United States. China's share in the world economy, according to the latest data from the International Monetary Fund, has reached 16.48% and the second place is 16.28% for the US economy. To understand the scale of our lag: Russia's share, when oil cost more than $100 per barrel, was 3.3% (of which raw materials constitute). In addition, China has taken first place in the world in the number of technical laboratories per capita and in technology exports; we are, again, a concerned importer here. If you look at the numbers, you will shudder, because Russia's trade turnover with China before the fall in oil prices was $95 billion, and China's trade with the United States was $650 billion. Once again: $650 billion and $95 billion. This is where tangible and intangible goods are produced. This is as obvious as two and two are four. No increase in Russia's trade turnover with China will change the priority of the American vector of China's development.
China has no particular reason to actively invest in Russia. Beijing is guided by strict economic logic and usually invests either in first world countries that can provide technology and management practices (USA), or in third world countries that are relatively cheap and without unnecessary hassles with labor laws, parting with resources and acreage (Sudan, Zimbabwe) . Russia does not belong to either the first or second category. Judging by the Doing Business ease of doing business ranking, where Russia rose to 51st position in October 2015, China is surrounded by Singapore (1st place), Hong Kong (5th place), South Korea (4th place), Taiwan (11th place) and Malaysia (18th place). In the Global Opportunity Index rating, which measures the investment attractiveness of a state, Russia occupied 81st position in 2015, Singapore - 1st, Hong Kong - 2nd, Malaysia - 10th, South Korea - 28th, Japan - 17th. Yu. At the same time, in terms of the “rule of law” indicator, Russia immediately fell back to 119th position, in company with Nigeria and Mozambique.
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In the historiography of China, there are separate directions that pay great attention to territorial issues and problems of the evolution of China’s borders. IN different periods these stories scientific schools, then gain and then lose their popularity. Thus, some researchers believe that the territorial issue with Russia has not yet been settled, and part of the territories that are now part of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan were once captured by the Russian Empire from China.
Debunking the myth of the collector of Russian lands
Expert opinion on Russian-Chinese relations
Andrey Stolyarov, Dmitry Prokofiev, Maria Matskevich, Dmitry Travin, Rosbalt, St. Petersburg, December 15, 2014.
Soon after the proclamation Republic of China- in 1916 and 1932 books appeared, the main idea of which was the “return of lost territories”: the Far East from Kamchatka to Singapore, Bhutan, parts of Afghanistan, India, etc. This was due to the fact that the leadership of China, which was part of the Qing Empire (1644-1912). ), laid claim to the entire territory of this empire after its collapse and to all the lands over which the emperors declared dominance according to the ancient Chinese geopolitical concept. “Lost territories” amount to more than 10 million square meters. km. This exceeds the territory of the People's Republic of China (9.6 million sq. km).
Mao Zedong also attached great importance to this issue. Mao put forward global goal: "We must conquer Earth... In my opinion, the most important thing is our globe, where we will create a powerful power.” This led to border conflicts - the Sino-Indian border conflict of 1962, the Sino-Indian border conflict of 1967, the Sino-Soviet border conflicts on the island. Damansky, Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, incidents near the Japanese Ryukyu Islands (Senkaku Archipelago).
In our time, these claims are not declared in the foreign policy arena, but are voiced within the PRC, and this approach has been preserved in history.
The People's Republic of China is building roads on the border with Russia at an accelerated pace. The Celestial Empire will need communications for the rapid transfer of troops in the event of an armed conflict with the Russian Federation. Our country, according to experts, is unable to repel its overpopulated southern neighbor and may lose the Far East and Siberia.
Nevertheless, experts believe that at this stage, Taiwan, Southeast Asia and Outer Mongolia will remain the priority areas of China's foreign policy in the medium term. In addition, adventurous foreign policy Putin’s policy aimed at confrontation with the West creates favorable conditions for China for the peaceful “development” of these territories by the Chinese.
Recently came out with maps funny case. Immediately after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Chinese President Xi Jinping went to Berlin on a visit. There he was met by Mrs. Merkel, who presented Xi with a map of China made in 1735 by the French cartographer Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anvies and printed in Germany. The photo of the donation itself was shown only from one angle. In such:
There were reports in Chinese media that Merkel gave an 1844 map of John Dover. Here she is:
The Chinese blogosphere exploded and began to warmly thank Comrade Merkel for such a gift. Everyone perceived this as an attempt by Chinese hands to answer the Russians for Crimea: go, they say, and take back the Far East! In fact, Merkel gave a card that looks like this:
There is no Tibet on the gifted map! Merkel subtly hinted to Xi Jinping: if China tries to behave in the spirit of “our Crimean,” we will remind you about Tibet.
IN Lately The Russian community is increasingly discussing the topic of Chinese expansion, even to the point of military conflict scenarios. On the one hand, there is overpopulation in the North Chinese territories, on the other – half-empty territories of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Due to the sparse population of these regions and their settlement by legal, and in many cases, illegal Chinese migrants, Russia may face the fact that the Chinese in Siberia and Far East there will be more than Russians. It is possible that later, when there are more Chinese here than Russians, these territories will actually be controlled by China, legally remaining with Russia.
We are talking here, first of all, about demographic expansion. In the Russian Federation, accurate statistical records of Chinese migrants have not been established; there are discrepancies between the data of different departments. According to the Federal Migration Service, at least 300 thousand Chinese enter Russia annually, according to the FSB - twice as many. Only half comes back. According to the Federal Migration Service of Russia, in 2009, 235 thousand Chinese citizens had temporary registration, another 103 thousand Chinese temporarily worked under labor quotas for Russian enterprises. If we add to them the Chinese who have received Russian citizenship and are in the Russian Federation illegally, then their number will be more than half a million people.
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As China's economic growth continues, China's need for raw materials will only increase. Thus, Russia, tying its economy more and more closely to its giant eastern neighbor, will gradually turn out to be its raw material appendage. Russia is considered by China, first of all, as a huge source raw materials. Thus, in 2009, a program of regional cooperation between Eastern Siberia and the Far East from the Russian Federation and the northeastern provinces of the PRC, providing for the implementation of joint projects in the infrastructure and economy of both countries. By accepted program Many enterprises will be created on Russian territory with the involvement of Chinese work force. At the same time, most of the production will go to China. A lot of joint projects are planned for the coming years in hydropower, forestry, mining, oil and gas industries, beneficial primarily to China. Consequently, everything is heading towards the fact that the Asian part of Russia will gradually become the property of the PRC.
After President Vladimir Putin's visit to China at the end of May 2014, during which a 30-year contract for the supply of gas from the Russian Federation to China worth $400 billion was signed, a sharp surge in Chinese expansion into Russia is expected. During this visit, Putin stated that Russia is interested in the participation of Chinese business in the development of the Far East. At the same time, he emphasized that it is important for the two countries not only to trade, but “to form strong technological and industrial alliances, attract investments in infrastructure and energy, and jointly promote Scientific research, humanitarian connections, laying a strong foundation sustainable development our trade and economic ties for the future."
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After this visit of Putin to Beijing Russian government actually approved the further expansion of China into the Far East. The Cabinet of Ministers is ready to turn a blind eye to the mass relocation of Chinese citizens to this Russian region if they are engaged in creating production facilities there, writes "Moscow's comsomolets". This was discussed at a meeting with Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev on June 2, 2014, dedicated to the development of the Far East. A selection of articles in the Russian press on this topic is published "Headlines".
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Secondly, overcrowding eastern regions The PRC creates an excessive burden on nature and infrastructure, and attempts to limit population growth are half-hearted and at the same time lead to insoluble social problems (another large publication is needed to briefly describe them).
Therefore, considering the current situation in China, it is impossible not to see that external expansion can be the optimal solution to cut the Gordian knot of the country’s problems. It will provide a significant increase in territory and the amount of natural resources. There is huge resource potential for this expansion in the form of “ extra people"(unemployed, young men without brides due to severe gender imbalance, poor peasants). Moreover, very high unemployment among young people and a “shortage of brides” make high personal losses during hostilities not only acceptable, but perhaps even desirable for the military-political leadership of the country.
A significant increase in territory will make it possible to lift restrictions on the birth rate, which will help, if not completely remove, then significantly mitigate all the restrictions associated with these restrictions social contradictions(they are truly dramatic in nature and deserve a lot of separate discussion). Objectively speaking, the territory for China is even more important than resources. In any case, significant funds must be spent on the extraction of natural resources in one’s own or occupied territory or on their acquisition abroad. Territory is an absolute value that cannot be replaced by anything. At the same time, the social problems generated by the country's overpopulation are much more dangerous for it than the lack of resources and the extremely difficult environmental situation. It is they that lead to a split within society and between society and the government, that is, to the delegitimation of the power of the CCP. It is precisely because of social problems that the collapse of China's economy is almost inevitable. Accordingly, external expansion becomes the only solution for the Chinese leadership.
Unfortunately, the sparsely populated western part of the country is not suitable for people’s normal lives. Tibet is an extreme highland where permanent residence of “plain” inhabitants unadapted to this is impossible, much less any serious economic activity. The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is not much better in this regard. Compared to these regions, Southern Siberia is incomparably more comfortable and favorable in all respects. But Southeast Asia, which we a priori proclaim as the main direction of Chinese expansion, is very unsuitable for such expansion. There is very little territory, few resources (at least much less than in the Asian part of Russia), but a lot local population, and disloyal to Beijing. Therefore, there is no need to engage in self-deception; China has only two directions of expansion - Russia (more precisely, its Asian part) and Kazakhstan.
Of course, Beijing would prefer a peaceful option to expansion (demographic and economic), but there may simply not be enough time for it; a critical aggravation of internal contradictions will occur before peaceful expansion produces a practical result. Accordingly, the military option of expansion is absolutely not excluded. Under it is brought and theoretical basis, both historical and military.
No matter how many official statements are made that China has no territorial claims against us (mostly these statements come from Russia itself for some reason), the Aigun and Beijing treaties, which established current border, they are officially considered unfair and unequal. In the current international law There are simply no such categories. But China will introduce them when it gains a little more power.
Borders of the Celestial Empire in Chinese
As for the military component, then special attention deserves the concept of strategic boundaries and living space, which was developed to justify and justify the conduct of offensive combat operations by the Chinese Armed Forces. The newspaper of the General Political Administration of the PLA “Jiefangjun Bao” about the border of living space said that it “determines the living space of the state and the country and is associated with the inflow and outflow of comprehensive national power”, “reflects the power of the state as a whole and serves the interests of its existence, economy, security and scientific activity." The concept is based on the view that population growth and limited resources create a natural need to expand space to ensure further economic activity of the state and increase its “natural sphere of existence.” It is assumed that territorial and spatial boundaries indicate only the limits within which a state, with the help of real force, can “effectively protect its interests.”
The “strategic boundaries of living space” should move as the “complex power of the state” grows. As the same “Jiefangjun Bao” wrote, effective control exercised for a long time over a strategic area that is carried out outside geographical boundaries, will eventually lead to their transfer. The concept implies the transfer of military operations from border areas to strategic border zones or even beyond them, despite the fact that the causes of military conflicts may be difficulties in “ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of China in the Asia-Pacific region.” China believes that the boundaries of the living space of strong powers extend far beyond their legal boundaries, and the sphere of influence of weak countries is smaller than their national territory.
The rapid pumping up of the offensive potential of the PLA and the nature of the exercises being conducted (they are described in the article “China is ready for a big war”) fit perfectly into this concept.
As for the factor of nuclear deterrence, it is excessive against non-nuclear countries, but against nuclear countries (which, alas, includes China) is very doubtful. We must not forget about the extremely low sensitivity of the Chinese to losses (this is their fundamental difference from Western armies). Our trouble is that we devoutly believe in nuclear deterrence, and this greatly hinders the development of conventional armed forces. Nuclear weapons should be the last argument. We have brought ourselves to a state where it is the first and only. At the same time, as was shown in the article “Surprise from the Middle Kingdom,” the PRC is seriously preparing for a nuclear war. Yes, of course, the Chinese don’t want it. But, obviously, they believe that it is permissible as a last resort, because the collapse of the country from within could be even worse. Moreover, in this case, a civil war with the use of its own nuclear weapons on its own territory will become possible.
Alas, our military-political leadership sees a threat to Russia in the territorial claims of Latvia and Estonia, whose armed forces are collectively weaker than the 76th Airborne Division alone. But China is not a threat at all for our bosses. Whether there is insanity or a crime here, it doesn’t matter, the result will be the same.
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A. B. Zubov: “Aggression against a neighbor is the cause of the revolution: Experience of 1905”
The Russo-Japanese War, Witte, Stolypin and Nicholas II. Russia, China, Japan, Great Britain, USA, Germany and their role in the Russian revolution.
China announced the beginning of military reform based on the American model
In November 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping, during a three-day meeting with approximately 200 senior military officials, announced that China's armed forces would undergo a major reform aimed at increasing their combat readiness with an eye to use outside the country.
As part of the reform, it is planned to unite all types of troops under a single military command, which will be created by 2020, as well as create “elite combat units.” It is planned to reduce the number of existing military districts from 7 to 4. The last major military reform in China was carried out in 1985 under Deng Xiaoping. Then the number of military districts was reduced from 11 to 7, and the size of the army decreased by 1 million people.
The military reform project envisages the creation of a unified command for the Chinese army, navy, air force and missile forces, Bloomberg previously reported, citing its sources. According to them, it is also planned to reduce the number of officers and traditional land birth troops with a simultaneous increase in the role of aviation and navy, as more adapted to the conduct of modern combat operations.
“This is the largest military reform since the 1950s,” Yue Gang, a retired Chinese army general staff colonel, explained to Bloomberg. According to him, it will shake “the very foundations of China’s military system, built on Soviet model" He stressed that the result will be the creation of an American-style unified command system that will make the Chinese army a force to be reckoned with in the world.
According to experts from The New York Times, the number of Chinese armed forces is approximately 2.24 million people, of which 1.6 million serve in the ground forces, 400 thousand in the air force and 240 thousand in the navy. Despite slowing economic growth, Beijing increased defense spending by 10% to $145 billion in 2015.
Russia undoubtedly has a chance to survive within its current colossal borders
The statement in the title seems strange only as long as what is happening is considered without historical hindsight and geopolitical perspective. And obvious after at least a little analysis.
With the beginning of the confrontation with the West due to the annexation of Crimea, the transfer of strategic partnership from Europe to Asia by the Putin-led Federation began to be rapidly implemented. Already today, just two weeks after the annexation of Crimea, Russian money in London (and there is at least 150 billion of them) is transferred to Singapore banks. Others (like Timchenko’s “Putin’s wallet” (~60 billion) transfer capital from Europe to Russia. However, when real perspective collapse of the ruble, keeping them in Russian banks means risking turning capital into dust. But where to keep them? In American and European banks It is impossible because assets can be frozen at any time. Offshores are just as risky because they can be taken under similar control (see the story with Cyprus). Thus, China - from the point of view of Putin and his “advisers” - becomes Russia’s strategic partner both as a buyer of energy resources, as a banking center, and as a global military ally.
However, is this a partnership? To understand this, let's look at the history of China's relations with Russia and Russians.
In Russia, they do not remember that during the time of the Golden Horde, Rus' was part of the Genghisid Empire with its capital in Beijing. Where from Karakorum she was transferred by Genghis Khan's grandson Kubilai Khan. Golden Horde, to which tribute was paid (much like a village on the Yenisei considers Krasnoyarsk to be the main boss), was just one of the four regions of the Mongol-Chinese Empire (Juchi ulus) - sort of union republic during the time of the USSR. Rus' was one of the regions of this region, not the largest and not the richest.
The Mongol Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Red Turban Peasants' Revolt. In 1368, Zhu Yuan-chang proclaimed the creation of the Ming Empire and became its first emperor. The new rulers of China were interested only in the Celestial Empire and only it. The lands beyond the sky did not arouse interest. Zhu Yuan-chang dissolved the Empire he inherited with a motivation similar to that which, 623 years later, prompted Yeltsin to dissolve Soviet Union, created by the Russians on the territory of three uluses of the Mongol Empire, which the Chinese of the Ming Empire voluntarily ceased to control, but which during the Yuan Dynasty was subordinate to Beijing. And in Beijing they remember this very well today and do not forget it for a minute! Calling Russia nothing more than a younger sister and considering it the younger sister of China. Not a brother, not an older sister, not a sister the same age, but a younger sister. For whom the elder brother (China) must strictly look after and manage her life. Therefore, Putin’s actions to transfer Russia’s partnership from Europe to Beijing are perceived in China as the return of the territories voluntarily released by the Chinese “to free floating” to the mother’s womb. The younger sister returned to her family in the East. The little sister of the Chinese, the Great Steppe, stretching from Vladivostok to the Carpathians, after walking around and causing mischief, voluntarily returned under the patronage and strict control of the Elder Chinese brother. Who will not be strict - as befits Big Brother in the Chinese tradition. So that she doesn’t go for a walk, doesn’t lose her head and doesn’t suffer from foolishness, not only can she scold you, but you can also blow up...
By making China a strategic (as it seems to him) partner of Russia, Putin is turning Russia not just into a raw material appendage of China, but into a Chinese province or provinces - one of which Russia was part of during the time of the Golden Horde. The complete subjugation of Russia's little sister by China will proceed quickly and inevitably. What specific forms will be used? The most diverse from the settlement of empty regions by the Chinese and the construction of ultra-modern cities with a population of a million or more people (Russians Siberia and the Far East for five hundred years after the “conquest by Ermak” were never populated or developed, but the Chinese will develop and populate) to political and economic dependence , which will be complete. Yes, speaking objectively, it cannot be otherwise with any raw material appendage and, in general, with a seller of any product who has only one buyer for the sale of raw materials...
The dependence of the little sister of Russia on the Big Brother of China, thanks to the actions of Putin, after the inevitable collapse of gas and oil prices induced by the West for several years, will be complete and comprehensive.
There will be no collapse of Russia - China will not allow it. There will be a completely different dissolution of Russia in China, which has a population of one and a half billion.
Thus, the seizure of Crimea dramatically changes the geopolitical map of the world. The borders of Europe, which Tatishchev had moved to the Urals, returned to the Dnieper and Don - where Herodotus had drawn them. The world of the white (or, to put it politically correct, pale-faced) man, which in Eurasia was considered to stretch from Chukotka to France, with the annexation of Crimea to Russia, DECREASED many times. Asia (in Chinese guise) immediately spread to the Arctic Ocean and the Urals, and after a short time it will come to Moscow. Thinking he is restoring the Soviet Union, Putin is restoring territory that was subject to the Mongol emperors of the Yuan Empire. Which became so widespread that Marco Polo, who lived at the court of Kublai Khan for ten decades, never mentioned that the rulers were Mongols and called them Chinese. From Beijing, the Moscow authorities will soon receive labels for rule, as under the Horde. Already with next year Chinese should be made compulsory for education in Russian universities. The Chinese language will first become the second state language in the territory of the former Siberian Khanate, then as the second state language throughout the Russian province, and then the only state language. The accession of Russia to China, through a referendum, which will be held under the eyes of polite little yellow men, similar to the Crimean one, or without a referendum, is a matter of 15, maximum 20 years. For some time, Putin (who is from communist party, according to his biography was never published) will become the leader of the Chinese Communist Party of the province of Rus' - let's not forget that the Communist Party rules in modern China. The Russian Communists under the leadership of Zyuganov will welcome the unification with the Chinese Communists because they will again become the only party in the country. The Party of Mao and Lenin!
By reorienting the federation from West to East, Putin is turning Russia into first the Ulus of Rus-Juchi. Then, as it shrinks, to the province of Rus'. Well, then to the Muscovite area, which is neither in terms of human resources nor economic development It doesn’t even match the Chinese standards for the provinces.
Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi)
(self-name in Turkic Ulu Ulus - “Great State”)
How will the settlement of Russia by the Chinese begin? For example, China may demand a visa-free regime from Russia. The very same thing that Russia demands from Ukraine to preserve. Since the Federation, since the beginning of the conflict with the West, has been completely dependent on Chinese purchases of raw materials, it will not be able to refuse such an offer that cannot be refused. As a result, in just a year twenty to fifty to one hundred million Chinese may live in Russia. Who will work hard: Turn taiga and swamps into fields, build ultra-modern cities, lay super-high-speed railways and highways.... Granting citizenship to Chinese working in Russia in an accelerated manner (similar to that arranged for Depardieu) is the next legitimate demand. After which there will be a demand for referendums in all regions of Russia, which will one after another go to China. Peacefully and simply, in accordance with the precedent of the annexation of Crimea. There are many options, but the outcome of all options will be the same. Russia will dissolve in China...
The described course of events, if Putin does not back down, seems inevitable and natural. Is this good or bad from the Federation's point of view? The answers may be different, depending on the views of a particular reader. Is this good or bad from the point of view of God and humanity? From the point of view of the White Man's Civilization, this is a colossal strengthening of Asia. If we consider Russians to be Slavs and not a people of the steppes and therefore to be Huns (they are also Finno-Ugrians), Putin’s betrayal of the Slavic peoples, and the white race and the civilization created by people with white skin color is one of the most vile betrayals that has ever happened (although he himself Putin, who did not attend lectures at the history department, does not suspect this - just like the Russian “Slavic” and in fact multinational people, rejoicing at the annexation of Crimea). The Communist Party of Russia (whose leadership by Putin and Zyuganov in the province of Russians. Chinese leaders may retain for some time) will become the Communist Party of one of the provinces, something like the Communist Party of Ukraine during the time of the Union. Russia is turning into an appendage of China, the area of which will shrink to the Moscow Principality of the time of Ivan the Great III, and maybe even just to the borders of Kalita. The Russian people in Siberia and the Far East will dissolve in the Chinese, while in Muscovy they will become one of the small ethnic groups that produce nothing, influencing world events and even the Celestial Empire (small integral part which will become) not having any effect.
However, from the point of view of preserving humanity and from the point of view of the Lord God, nothing terrible will happen from Russia’s transition to Chinese protectorate. On the contrary, the Apocalypse to which Putin is leading humanity will not take place. Over its five-thousand-year history, China has never been an aggressor; it received the territory of the Mongol Empire as a voluntary gift from the Mongols, fascinated by Chinese culture. China is interested in cooperation and not in territorial expansion. This means a new balance will be established. Harmony between Asia from Beijing to the Don, and Europe from the Dnieper to the English Channel.
The process of absorption of Russia by China after it has been elected by Russia, as it seems to Putin, the General Partner, and in reality the Sovereign, can happen slowly (within fifteen years), or it can happen much faster. If, having made Russia the younger sister of China, Putin tries to continue military pranks, Beijing will strictly shake a finger at him. And if Putin and his entourage continue the tradition of theft, lies, hypocrisy (the worst vices, according to the Confucian tradition, which, when discovered, officials in China are mercilessly shot), Putin and his comrades will end their lives publicly executed in Tiananmen Square. Or on Krasnaya... Not for crimes against humanity (which Confucian China views philosophically), but for the theft of property by thieves and swindlers, who, according to Chinese laws, are subject to the death penalty.
What has been said is not fantasy and not summary series about the life of aliens, and the future of the Federation, if Putin does not change the path he has chosen for Russia, which will inevitably happen. And to prevent this from happening, it’s not too late for Putin’s comrades to think about it. He will consult not only with the godfathers-generals and accomplices, but also with scientists, with historians, with analysts independent of him. And stop the expansionist paranoia.
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Recently, and after the start of Russia, Forward on the map! (a movement that lasted five centuries at the rate of Holland per Year, stopped with the collapse of the Union but resumed by Putin, especially) every now and then the question arises: will the Federation disintegrate? The question is very dangerous due to its repetition. Because when everyone constantly talks about something, even with a particle NOT, something is bound to happen.
So here it is. Looking at what is happening on a scale of millennia, you come to the obvious conclusion. The territory occupied by the Federation will generally remain unified. This becomes obvious after pseudo-patriotic chimeras are removed from sight. Which were invented to strengthen the integrity of the Russian Empire and the patriotism of the many peoples inhabiting it, while in fact they destroy both.
The basis of the Federation's territory is the Great Steppe. Which has ALWAYS been ruled by one people. Huns, Khazars, Cumans, Mongols, for a short time (after the capital of the Mongol Empire was moved to Beijing by the descendants of Genghis Khan) the Chinese, and for the last five hundred years the Russians. The taiga and tundra in the north were annexes to the great steppe. The Siberian and Far Eastern forests have never been an independent state and have always been ruled by the people of the steppe (remember Siberian Khanate). The Great Steppe has always been ruled by one dominant people. Therefore, there is no doubt that after fluctuations lasting tens and maybe even a hundred years, the unity of the Great Steppe will be restored.
Another thing is what kind of people will govern the vast Euro-Asian space. Today there are two and only two candidates for this role. Russians and Chinese. Europeans do not seek to rule Asia; for Pakistan, Iran and Turkey this is unrealistic: to put it simply, they have little guts. Can China replace Russia in this gigantic space? Theoretically it can. Especially if Russia continues its insane and suicidal policy of focusing on China instead of Europe. Becoming him younger brother. Without any chance in the long term of becoming what it once was (during the century when the capital of the Mongol Empire was in Beijing): part of one of the regions of China. Russia's strength has always been that it used European achievements without becoming part of Europe. If this policy continues, Great Rus' will also survive.
Over the five hundred years of rule of the Great Steppe in Russia, as in a melting pot, many peoples were ground and united. Declaration of Russians as Slavs, genetically absurd (as research has proven recent years), was done under Catherine to portray the division of Poland not by conquest, but by fraternal reunification (about the same as now reunification with Novorossiya). In reality, the Russian people are a conglomerate of many peoples of the Steppes and Siberia, from the Finno-Ugrians to the Huns and Cumans, with a small admixture of Slavic blood. The arrival of China on the territory of the Great Steppe (from which China in the past was fenced off by the Great Wall in order to defend itself and not to attack) would be a huge geopolitical redivision of the world. Artificial. The likes of which have never happened before. And it will not happen if Russia’s policy is not passionate, but far-sighted.
To summarize. Russia has a wonderful chance to survive as a huge Eurasian power from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. But for this, the country must understand its universal role and act not myopically, but thoughtfully.
Y. Magarshak, November 2014
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China is a country that is ideal for tourist travel. Coming here, it’s like you’re on another planet. The pristine nature and overpopulated megacities with their huge skyscrapers are so harmoniously combined here. Being the third largest country in the world, with a huge cultural history The Celestial Empire can charm and amaze any traveler.
China on the world map
The lands of this country are located in eastern Asia, having developed a colossal territory measuring 9.6 square kilometers. In addition to the mainland, the republic owns the island province of Hainan and some small islands. The coasts of the countries face the seas: Chinese (Southern and Eastern) and from the Eastern part to the Yellow. Two great rivers, the Yellow River and the River, flow through its lands, originating in the depths of the Tibetan mountains. China has joint borders with the following states: DPRK in the Northeast; Russian Federation in the North-East and North-West; Mongolia in the North; Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Bhutan in the South; Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Nepal in the West; Kazakhstan in the North-Western direction.
Maps of the People's Republic of China
The administrative division of the state has three levels: volosts, provinces and autonomous regions. However, in fact, China considers local government to be five-level: province, district, district, township and village
- The province (urban district) has 22 units, the 23rd unofficially accepted by Taiwan. The provinces also include autonomous regions of 5 units and 4 municipalities.
- District (prefecture) of a city with adjacent agricultural lands.
- A county is a provincial rural unit. As of 2017, there were about 2,850 counties.
- Volost. Villages and territories where national minorities live. There are about 40,000 volosts.
- Village. Managed by the village committee and has no role in executive power countries.
A detailed map of China with cities and districts will tell you how geographically they are distributed.
Physical card
Rich in beautiful places. Geographic will indicate the places that will appeal to you. Fans of mountain ranges will be amazed by the Himalayas and Tien-Shyan slopes with their amazing resorts. Mountains give way to lush plains, fertile lowlands to deserts. On the map you can see all the beauty of the relief, the location of reservoirs and flora.
Economy of the People's Republic of China
Colored economic map China with cities, will talk about the concentration of the country's manufacturing and extractive industries, the location of the main agricultural lands. It will show the largest financial centers, such as the capital of the People's Republic of China Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin. Will reveal the length railways who are the pride of the country.
Political map
On this map you can take a closer look territorial division states by levels of local government and population size. As well as lands disputed by the Republic with other countries for the right of ownership.
Provincial China
Map of China with provinces are impressive administrative territories. The basis of statehood and governance. Special administrative districts, cities of centralized subordination, autonomous regions, provinces, all these are the largest territories of economic importance that help the authorities competently and reliably govern the country.
The state border between our countries took its final form in 2005, after lengthy territorial disputes that ended in favor of the PRC. The total length is 4209 km, has both land and water sections on the Argun, Amur and Ussuri rivers.
If you are going to the Middle Kingdom, on a tourist or business trip, you should definitely purchase in advance new map China in Russian. It will help you navigate and explore this amazing country more deeply.
China is a country ideal for tourism. It is in this country that calm rural landscapes and huge skyscrapers of megacities coexist.
China can rightfully be considered a land of contrasts: The nature here is so different that it seems like it’s a completely different planet. Wild and lifeless deserts give way to endlessly high mountain slopes. A country amazes with its size, so a trip to China can satisfy the need for knowledge of every traveler.
State location
China or the People's Republic of China is located in eastern Asia. He is considered the most densely populated state on the planet and occupies second place in the world in terms of land area, sharing it with Canada. China neighbors Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Laos, North Korea, Mongolia and Myanmar.
In the eastern and southeastern parts, the country adjoins the Yellow, Philippine, East China and South China Seas; the country is home to almost 3.5 thousand small and large islands.
China landscape V different regions very different: the southwest is occupied by the mountains of Tibet, the northwest lies on flat and hilly terrain, the western part of the country is occupied by the Great Chinese Plain, the northeast and south are hills and rocky wastelands. Only in southeast China can you see dense subtropical forests.
Administrative division
The territory of the People's Republic of China has three degrees administrative division : provinces, districts, volosts. In turn, the provinces are divided into autonomous regions and cities.
China includes 22 provinces, there are three federal cities - Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.
There are five in the country autonomous regions, the main population of which are national minorities. Federal cities and provinces include 31 autonomous region, 321 cities and 2046 districts.
The largest centers of the republic
Harbin
Harbin – one of the largest educational and financial districts Republic of China. The city is located in Heilongjiang Province and occupies the position of the capital.
Harbin was founded by Russian pioneers only in 1898, originally intended as a station for the Trans-Manchurian Railway railway line. Nowadays, in the most ancient areas you can notice details inherent in Siberian architecture.
Harbin has almost 4 million inhabitants.
The city is home to the largest in the entire Far East christian cathedral Hagia Sophia, made in Byzantine style. It occupies the place of one of the most important monuments in the history of the state. The cathedral was restored in 1997, after which it changed its name to the Harbin Palace of Architecture.
Tourism in China: the main attractions of cities in our next.
Here is located Buddhist temple of Jilesi, which is a sacred place for pilgrimage northern China, was built in 1920 of the last century.
Tourists from Russia will certainly enjoy the Russian historical monuments preserved in Harbin. One of them - Volga-Manor tourist center.
All the buildings here are made in the original Russian style; there are hotels, a small village, souvenir shops, business centers, cafes and restaurants that serve both Russian and Chinese national dishes, baths, saunas, swimming pools, etc.
Nearby is the Pushkin salon, where you can learn the history of relations between Russia and China.
Located in the city Harbin Aquarium, which is popular among locals and tourists. Here you can observe various representatives of the flora and fauna of the Arctic. Also, for everyone there are performances with the participation of polar bears, belugas and sea lions.
Within the city limits there is a favorite among tourists Sunny Island, washed by the waters of the Songhua River. This evergreen island is renowned as a family getaway for nature.
IN winter months takes place in the city festival "Snow and Ice", which features ice sculptors who come here from different parts of the world.
During the festival, almost two thousand ice sculptures are made, the best of which are exhibited in the local park and on Sunny Island.
Beer festival– another favorite event, which attracts brewers and simply connoisseurs of intoxicating drinks from many countries.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is located on the banks Indian Ocean. City divided into four parts: Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, New Territory and Outlying Islands.
Hong Kong occupies the place of the largest industrial, commercial and economic area. Also, the city has magnificent nature reserves, parks and squares, ancient temples, monasteries and sanctuaries.
Ancient villages, rural temples, livestock farms and graceful bays with spacious sandy beaches coexist here.
Almost all of the state trade, so the city has a countless variety of shops. Travelers arriving here can take part in local festivals and taste foreign and national cuisine. Almost everything entertainment venues are open 24 hours a day.
The most Interesting Facts about China - watch the following video: