The search for forms of government in Russia has been intense since the very beginning of the twentieth century. How did the attitude of the Chuvash leaders change to the idea of unification with the Tatars and Bashkirs under the flag of the Idel-Ural state?
The revolutionary February 1917 was a particularly noticeable milestone in the history of the development of democratic ideas, strengthening the national movement and increasing the self-awareness of the Volga peoples. It was then that a real opportunity opened up to discuss the topic of establishing autonomy and statehood for the Russian peoples, including the Chuvash. Programs have emerged for the creation of territorial, extraterritorial, national-territorial, cultural autonomies, cultural-national states, labor communes, national regions, republics, and even a wide-ranging “Greater Chuvashia”. One of the attractive proposals came from Muslim communities, proposing to unite under the flag of the Volga and Ural states. The project of creating the Volga-Ural state in Russia, which arose in the last century but was not implemented, from time to time becomes the topic of heated discussions among Volga historians, political scientists and local historians, as well as readers of the Idel.Realii website.
"BIG CHUVASHIA" OR "IDEL-URAL"
Among many issues, the Idel-Ural version arose at the First Congress of Small Peoples of the Volga Region in Kazan on May 15, 1917. More than 500 delegates from various places - Mari, Moksha, Kalmyks, Kryashens, Permyaks, Udmurts, Chuvash, Erzya, as well as representatives of Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Latvians, Finns discussed many topical issues all week. Discussing the future structure of Russia, some advocated a union of the peoples of the Volga region, others – for national autonomies, and still others – for a federation or a democratic republic with local self-government.
Ivan Vasiliev, chairman of the Union of Chuvash Students, a student at the Moscow Land Survey Institute, proposed the following point for the resolution:
“Recognizing a federal republic as the most suitable form of government and not objecting to the creation of special states on the outskirts, the Congress of Representatives of Small Nations of the Volga region decided not to form their own states at the moment, but to legislatively ensure the possibility of degenerating self-government into local states on a territorial-national basis, when local nationalities have developed politically and culturally to the present level."
The version of the leader of the Chuvash national movement, lawyer Gavriil Alyunov, is not much different from this proposal. At that time, few of the delegates believed that the indigenous peoples of the Volga region were ready to take state power into their own hands.
"IDEL-URAL" OR VOLGA-URAL SOVIET REPUBLIC
Then there were debates at the First All-Russian Chuvash Congress in Simbirsk on June 20-28, 1917 and on August 1, 1917 at the Second Congress of Small Nations of the Volga Region. Resolutions were adopted on the possibility of forming extraterritorial cultural autonomy of the Chuvash people. A great deal of work was done to educate the masses by Professor Nikolai Nikolsky, the first editor-in-chief of the Khypar newspaper, who was also the chairman of the Kazan provincial zemstvo government and the chairman of the Society of Small Nationalities of the Volga Region (the Chuvash section of this society, by the way, was the largest: by the beginning of August 1917 it numbered 193 people). A little later, the first violin in the national movement was played by the Chuvash National Society (CHNO), the prototype of the modern CHNK - the Chuvash National Congress, led by the Socialist Revolutionaries Gavriil Alyunov, Dmitry Petrov (Yuman), Semyon Nikolaev, Gury Vander and other prominent public figures.
Include the Chuvash administrative territory in the projected Volga-Ural state "Idel-Ural" with the condition of respecting the equality and sovereignty of all its constituent peoples
In 1917-1918, the Chuvash intelligentsia spent a lot of energy on the elections of deputies to the Constituent Assembly. On November 20, 1917 in Ufa, at the National Assembly of Muslims and representatives of other peoples, a decision was made to create the Turkic-Tatar state "Idel-Ural", which includes the Southern Urals and the Middle Volga region. This issue was specifically put on the agenda of the First Chuvash Military District Congress in Kazan (December 10, 1917). Hermogen Titov and Ivan Vasiliev made presentations. The congress decided to include the Chuvash administrative territory in the projected Volga-Ural state "Idel-Ural" with the condition of respecting the equality and sovereignty of all its constituent peoples.
In contrast to the Muslim project of the Idel-Ural state, the Kazan Council of Deputies put forward a project of the Volga-Ural Soviet Republic. The programs of the Volga-Ural Republic and the Idel-Ural state were constantly discussed at various levels. Many activists of the Chuvash national movement were initially supporters of the idea of states. A special commission was formed to study the problem. Members of the commission met with the leaders of the Bashkir and Tatar peoples: Z. Validi-Tugan, G. Sharaf, K. Idelguzhin, M. Vakhitov, I. Alkin, G. Iskhaki, M. Sultan-Galeev and others.
Soon the attitude of the Chuvash towards the states changed. The new position was expressed by the All-Russian Chuvash Congress of Military Personnel, held in Kazan (January 12 – February 2, 1918) under the chairmanship of the ideologist Dmitry Petrov (Yuman), who was extremely authoritative among the masses. Yuman considered the most suitable form of cultural autonomy for the Chuvash people scattered across many regions.
TATAR-BASHKIR REPUBLIC OR CHUVASH REPUBLIC
A prominent publicist, writer, economist, founder of the Chuvash Left Socialist Revolutionary Party Dmitry Petrov (Yuman), being the plenipotentiary representative of the contact commission with Muslims, spoke at the congresses of the Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Bashkirs against joining the Tatar-Bashkir Republic, but did not refuse "to create a unified regional federal republic, together with other nationalities within the united Russian Federation."
On June 9-13, 1918, in Kazan, delegates of the All-Chuvash Workers' and Peasants' Congress discussed the reports of D.P. Petrova (Yuman) “Attitude towards the Tatar-Bashkir Republic” and a group of speakers (G.F. Alyunova, G.T. Titova, A.D. Krasnova) “Self-determination of the Chuvash people and forms of its implementation” and with a majority of votes spoke out against joining the Tatar-Bashkir Republic, where “under the hegemony of Muslims, the Chuvash would find themselves in an unequal position.” Founder Alyunov already put forward a project for the Chuvash Republic, but regretted that “at this stage of their political and cultural development, the Chuvash are not ready for self-determination on their own.”
The Chuvash newspaper "Khypar" covered in detail, without omission, all the nuances of the development of the problem. Alas, Chuvash Soviet historians, led by the “red professor” Ivan Kuznetsov, brazenly misinterpreted the discussions and decisions of that time, and some modern employees of the Humanitarian Research Institute (ChGIGN) are even confused about the dates of congresses and judge events based on previous one-sided materials or translations into Russian of selected passages from primary sources. The events of 1917-1920 were most objectively assessed by political scientist Alexey Leontyev (“Khypar”: past and present,” 2011) and historian Sergei Shcherbakov (“National self-determination of the Chuvash people at the beginning of the twentieth century,” 2013).
The “Idel-Ural States” and the Volga-Ural Soviet Republic, proclaimed on paper, did not take place. Members of the Chuvash department under the People's Commissariat of Nationalities D.S. Elmen, S.A. Korichev, V.V. Tyumerov and others D.P. Yuman addressed Stalin, who was in charge of national affairs under the young Soviet government, several times in writing and orally, and met several times. The historiography of this issue is covered in detail in many studies, for example in the book by S.V. Shcherbakova “National self-determination of the Chuvash people at the beginning of the twentieth century” (Cheboksary, 2013).
Youman, Metari
Metri Yuman (Chuvash. Mĕtri Yuman, according to the passport - Dmitry Petrovich Petrov.
Born in 1885 in the village of Bolshie Byurgany in the Buinsky district of Tatarstan, he died in 1939 in Gulag, Siberia. Chuvash prose writer, playwright.
The main publications of Mĕtri Yuman "Suilasa ilnisem" (Selected works, 1997), "Irĕklĕkh çulĕ" (Path of Freedom, 1924), "1905-mĕsh çul" (1905, 1925), "Çurçĕre păkhăntarakansem" (Conqueror of the North, 1935), "Yalti ĕçkhĕrarămĕsem Sovetsenche ĕçlĕr" (The Soviets and the Peasant Woman, 1929) were included in the gold fund of the State Book Chamber of the Chuvash Republic.
Meetings with Stalin were not successful. Proposal by V.I. Lenin’s proposal to form the Chuvash Republic with its capital in Simbirsk was voiced in the Kremlin when discussing the plans of G.F. Alyunova, A.D. Krasnova, D.P. Yuman (extraterritorial cultural autonomy) and the project D.S. Elmenya (Chuvash labor commune). By this time, the Decree of the People's Commissariat of March 22, 1918 on the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic was canceled by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). About V.I.’s proposal Lenin to call Chuvashia a republic with its capital in Simbirsk is said in the memoirs of meeting participants V.A. Alekseev and S.A. Koricheva: “Elmen objected to the Chuvash Republic, said that the word “republic” is understood as separation from the RSFSR, while the Chuvash, Vladimir Ilyich, only want to be part of the Russian Federation...” (Alekseev V. Dear October. Cheboksary, 1971 . P. 58) and “...insisted that the word “commune” brings the Chuvash closer to communist ideals” (Korichev S. First Steps. Cheboksary, 1969. P. 28).
Proposal by V.I. The scanty Chuvash delegation, fixated on the Cheboksary labor commune, simply failed to understand Lenin’s proposal to form the Chuvash Republic with its capital in Simbirsk.
VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT OR "VOLGA-URAL STATE"
Much water has flowed under the bridge since then, but the idea of Idel-Ural is still afloat. It arises at turning points in the history of the country and the destinies of the indigenous peoples of Russia. During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazis intensively used it for propaganda purposes among Soviet prisoners of war. In Berlin, newspapers were published in the Tatar "Idel-Ural" and in the Chuvash "Atăl-Uralshan" (For the Volgo-Ural) languages. The Wehrmacht formed the Volga-Finnish battalion and the Volga-Tatar legion "Idel-Ural" from representatives of the Volga peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs, Mari, Mordovians, Chuvash, Udmurts. The ideological banner of the legion was declared to be the struggle for the creation of an independent Volga-Ural Republic "Idel-Ural" within the borders of the Bashkir, Mari, Mordovian, Tatar, Chuvash, and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics.
Name:
Idel-Ural
General content of the project:
Project of the national state of Tatars and Bashkirs. Depending on the current - either as part of Russia, or as a sovereign state.
Attempts at implementation led to the emergence of several projects:
– Zabulak Republic, which existed in the Tatar part of Kazan (March 1 - March 28, 1918),
– Cultural-national autonomy of the Turkic-Tatars of Inner Russia and Siberia (S. N. Maksudov),
– Ural-Volga state (G. Sharaf),
– Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic.
Initiating countries:
Tatar and Bashkir nationalists
Flag/logo:
Flag of the state of Idel-Ural (based on the book “Idel-Ural” by Gayaz Iskhaki, 1933):
Flag of Idel-Ural project of the 1990s. According to the constitution of Tatarstan, it is the flag of the three Volga Turkic republics - Bashkiria, Tatarstan and, possibly, Chuvashia:
Flag of the Volga Bulgars (amateur, 2000s):
Map:
reference Information:
The February Revolution led, among other things, to an increase in the political activity of the Tatar people. A broad discussion began on ways to develop Tatar statehood. Initially, various forms of both territorial and cultural-national autonomy of the Tatar people were proposed.
The 1st All-Russian Muslim Congress (beginning of May 1917, Moscow) adopted a resolution on territorial autonomy and a federal structure. The organization of autonomy was proclaimed at the Millat Majlis, the coordinating body of the National-Cultural Autonomy of Muslims of the Turkic-Tatars of Inner Russia and Siberia, elected at a joint meeting of the 1st All-Russian Muslim Congress with the 1st All-Russian Muslim Military Congress and the Congress of the All-Russian Muslim Clergy on July 22 ( August 4) 1917 in Kazan.
The 2nd All-Russian Muslim Military Congress [Kazan, January 8 (21) - February 18 (March 3), 1918] adopted a resolution on the creation of the Idel-Ural State within the RSFSR (the entire Ufa province, part of the Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, Orenburg , Perm, Vyatka provinces) and the formation of its legislative and executive bodies “Milli Idara” (National Administration) consisting of three ministries (spiritual, education and finance) and two committees (military and foreign affairs). At the congress there was a split in relation to the Constituent Assembly and the Soviets. The left faction left the congress. However, after the work of the elected bodies (collegium) began, at the first meeting on January 16 (29), 1918 in Kazan, the chairman of the Collegium G. Sharaf proposed to approve the proposals of the left faction (not supported by the Congress). After the adoption of this version of the Regulations by a majority vote, members of the Board G. Gubaidullin and N. Khalfin resigned from its membership as a sign of protest.
Also, during the creation of the project, there was controversy about the inclusion of the Bashkir people in the Tatars (“Tatar nation”).
In Moscow, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, on instructions from the Council of People's Commissars, is developing a project for the Tatar-Bashkir Republic as a Soviet alternative to the Idel-Ural State.
On March 22, 1918, the 2nd version of TBSR appears. The Bolsheviks soon launched a further offensive against the “bourgeois nationalists.”
By decree of March 24 (signed by Stalin and Vakhitov), Kharbi Shuro was liquidated, and in April Milli Shuro was abolished with confiscation of property, on May 1 the activities of Milli Idar and all related institutions were prohibited, and the Milli Fund was confiscated.
At the end of May, the All-Russian Central Muslim Council ceased its activities. Some of the deputies of the National Assembly formed the “Small Majlis”, which continued to work in the territories free from the Bolsheviks. Although in July 1918, together with the rebel Czechoslovak Corps, the National Administration of the Ural-Volga State was partially restored, in fact this did not change anything.
At the end of 1918, the remnants of the troops of the All-Russian Muslim Military Council (Harbi Shuro) entered Kolchak's army as the 16th Tatar regiment.
The head of the Idel-Ural State, Sadri Maksudi, illegally traveled abroad at the end of 1918.
In the early 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the idea of recreating the Ural-Volga state was popular among Tatar national public figures.
Kazan ideologists declared the existence of a special Volga-Ural civilization and the need to create a Volga-Ural state. This area with the peoples inhabiting it - Tatars, Russians, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, etc. - was declared a homogeneous community different from Russia, within which the administrative boundaries between the territories were recognized as conditional.
Relevance of the project:
The growth of Islamization and the influence of the ideology of Tatar nationalism have actualized the Idel-Ural project, although the consequences of this growth do not affect regions outside of Tatarstan (medium)
Reasons for implementation:
Ethnic and religious differences between the Volga regions and the neighboring “Russians”.
It became unsafe to write about the collaboration of Soviet citizens during the Second War: scientists working on this difficult topic are attacked by jingoists. Despite the campaign of harassment, research continues.
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Kazan Federal University, whom we met at the European University of St. Petersburg, has been studying this phenomenon for several decades using the example of Russian Muslim soldiers who found themselves in German captivity during the First World War, and the example of representatives Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Soviet Union, who joined armed formations as part of the Wehrmacht, in particular, the Volga-Tatar legion, the so-called Idel-Ural legion.
Iskander Gilyazov reports.
The creation of the Eastern Legions as part of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War came to a certain extent as a surprise to the Germans themselves
– The creation of the eastern legions within the Wehrmacht during the Second World War came to a certain extent as a surprise to the Germans themselves. At the very beginning of the war, when they were planning a military campaign against the Soviet Union, the Germans did not plan to rely on any forces from other nations at all. They had a very strict attitude: only Germans could carry weapons, and only with German weapons, with German hands, could victory be achieved. The remaining peoples, according to the Nazi anthropological racist theory, had their own “hierarchy”, classification, therefore the Germans initially, according to this theory, treated them with distrust. Of course, there were peoples a little closer to them - Scandinavian, for example, and there were the so-called Untermensch - “subhumans”: Slavs, Gypsies, Jews, etc.
The course of military operations against the Soviet Union, especially in the first months, practically pushed the Germans to the idea of creating military formations from the eastern peoples. And, surprisingly, when there was no plan to attract these peoples, already at the end of August 1941, special commissions of Rosenberg’s Eastern Ministry began working in prisoner-of-war camps. They were engaged in a kind of division of prisoners of war on a national basis and separating them into separate special camps, which also remained, naturally, prisoner of war camps, but already concentrated representatives of various nationalities. Both emigrants and German representatives, German scientists and immigrants from the Soviet Union worked on these commissions. They seemed to be working for the future, not just hoping, but implying that sooner or later it might come in handy.
The course of military operations against the Soviet Union prompted the Germans to the idea of creating military formations from the eastern peoples
The idea gradually began to take shape, and the impetus for its implementation was given by the German defeat near Moscow, when the blitzkrieg fizzled out. And in fact, in December 1941, the go-ahead was given for the creation of formations from the eastern peoples. Of course, everything cannot be reduced to a blitzkrieg; here we must take into account several factors that influenced the creation of the eastern legions. This is, let's say, an unexpectedly large number of prisoners of war. It was not clear what to do with them. By the end of the summer of 1941 there were a huge number of them. There are terrifying figures: by the end of the war, the Germans registered six million Soviet prisoners of war. This is a horror, a terrible tragedy!
Moreover, we must also take into account the fact that the Soviet Union practically did not comply with international conventions on the rights of prisoners of war, and these people seemed to be abandoned to the mercy of fate by their country, according to Stalin’s well-known instruction: “We have no prisoners of war!”
In relation to prisoners of war from other countries - England, the USA - these international norms were still in effect, but Soviet prisoners of war found themselves in a terrible situation. And the Germans, realizing that no one needed them, treated them especially cruelly. It was, of course, pestilence, epidemics, terrible famine, and terrible supplies... In addition, we must take into account that representatives of the old emigration and the authorities of other countries played a certain role, who to some extent influenced the Germans, expressed some thoughts to them.
The Soviet Union practically did not comply with international conventions on the rights of prisoners of war, and these people seemed to be abandoned to the mercy of fate by their country
In the end, the Germans decided to get out of this situation and “put trust in the representatives of the Turkic-Muslim peoples,” first of all, because they considered (and the position of Rosenberg and the position of other ideologists was corresponding) that these Turkic-Muslim peoples were subject to the ideology of Turkic unity, that they, relatively speaking, will be just as united as the Aryans. In addition, it was believed that these peoples were colonially dependent on the Soviet Union and they initially hated Russians. In addition, they are Muslims, and the Germans had an attentive attitude towards Islam. This is a long history, it dates back to the period of the First World War, when the Kaiser’s diplomats and scientists tried to use the Islamic factor.
In the end, this whole sum of factors played a role: “Turks, Muslims, colonial dependence, they don’t like Russians, Bolsheviks.” It also seemed that the Soviet Union was a colossus with feet of clay, that if you pushed it a little, it would fall apart, especially if the national forces within it began to put pressure on it. This idea was formed by the end of 1941.
– Then did the formation of the first legions begin?
– At the end of 1941 - beginning of 1942, the formation of the first four legions began from these separated representatives, primarily of the Central Asian and Caucasian peoples. Oddly enough, both Georgians and Armenians fell under this wave, although they were neither Turks nor Muslims. Therefore, at first four legions were formed - Turkestan, Caucasian-Muslim, Georgian and Armenian. The Caucasian-Muslim was subsequently divided into North Caucasian and Azerbaijani. That is, five legions were formed as part of the eastern legions, which became a single military structure within the German armed forces.
The Tatar, or, as the Germans called it, the Volga-Tatar Legion, or the Idel-Ural Legion, as the representatives of the peoples of the Volga region themselves called it, included Tatars, Bashkirs, representatives of the peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. It was founded in late July - early August 1942. In reality, the banner was presented to him on September 6, and this date is considered the founding date of the legion. There were corresponding rules, there were several waves of replenishment.
At the end of 1941 - beginning of 1942, the formation of the first four legions from representatives of Central Asian and Caucasian peoples began
1942 and 1943 were the peak years for the creation of these eastern legions. Almost all of their base camps were located in Poland. Formations were constantly taking place. There were corresponding rules, a certain routine. It should be noted that in the legions it was allowed to create a military unit of no more than a battalion - this is approximately 900-950 people. These battalions included at least 50–80 Germans.
As a result, eight Volga-Tatar battalions were created. There were more Turkestan, Georgian and Armenian ones. As a result, it turned out that the Turkestan Legion turned out to be the most numerous. At least representatives of the Volga region peoples, Tatars, Bashkirs and others passed through the Idel-Ural legion, according to the most approximate ideas, about 20–25 thousand people.
– The very name of the legion "Idel-Ural" is related to the events of 1918, when in Kazan, at the 2nd All-Russian Muslim Military Congress on January 8 (21) - February 18 (March 3), 1918, a resolution was adopted on the creation of a state within Russia Idel-Ural, which includes the entire Ufa province, part of the Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, Orenburg, Perm and Vyatka provinces?
Eight Volga-Tatar battalions were created. There were more Turkestan, Georgian and Armenian
– Most likely, it was a certain political game, because this slogan, in principle, has already remained in history, when during the Civil War the issues of national construction in the territory of the Middle Volga region, the creation of a state or the state “Idel-Ural” were discussed. Moreover, this was absolutely not a separatist movement. This state was supposed to be part of the Russian Federation, that is, it was not a secession. But, in the end, the Bolshevik leaders did not allow even this to be created. Then a softer option began to be implemented. As the Civil War progressed, as the Bolsheviks strengthened their power, the idea of creating a Tatar-Bashkir Republic arose. In the end, already in 1920, under completely different conditions, a scant Volga Republic was created that did not fully reflect the interests of the Tatar population - the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which, unfortunately, included only a quarter or one-fifth of all ethnic Tatars. Even so, the territories where ethnic Tatars lived somehow ended up in other administrative entities. One can only guess why this happened.
Most of the political emigrants who had authority in the 20s and 30s, at least among the Tatar political emigration, were not involved in this epic with the creation of the Idel-Ural legion. The fact is that the Germans were generally very suspicious of the political emigrants of the first wave. It turned out that “more reliable people” were involved in the creation of the legion: from among defectors, from later emigrants, from some other spheres, but not from those who had authority in the 20s and 30s. This applies not only to the Tatars, but also to many other peoples, for example, Central Asian and Caucasian emigration.
As the Bolsheviks strengthened their power, the idea of creating a Tatar-Bashkir Republic arose
– The relationship was specific. General Vlasov's army was created as the Russian Liberation Army; no national units were planned in it. Vlasov himself, judging by some of his speeches and some publications, adhered, I would say, to fairly democratic approaches to the national question. For example, in one of his speeches he spoke out for the full right of nations to self-determination in the future Russia, even to the point of secession. At the same time, he noted that he believes in the power of traditions, in the power of the ties of these peoples with the Russian people, in the fact that sooner or later this centuries-old tradition will play its role, and these peoples will be together with the Russian people.
And at the same time, there was distrust of General Vlasov on the part of the national leaders of the Turkic-Muslim peoples. They even jointly signed an anti-Vlasov manifesto, in which they asked the Germans to under no circumstances unite them with the army of General Vlasov, because, as it was written there, “General Vlasov is a Russian general, and his whole train of thought is Russian. And that’s why we have - his movement, and he has his own." Although, of course, there were contacts. There were special representatives of the ROA who communicated with representatives of the Turkic-Muslim peoples, but no alliance worked out.
– In addition to military cooperation between the Germans and representatives of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Soviet Union, there was also political cooperation. What was it?
The army of General Vlasov was created as the Russian Liberation Army; no national units were planned in it
– In addition to military cooperation, the Germans planned to organize a kind of ideological base for all these military formations. Special so-called mediation offices were created under the Eastern Ministry of Rosenberg, the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, which was responsible for all this work, including with representatives of the eastern peoples. These mediations with various eastern nations were German institutions within this ministry. Turkestan mediation and Tatar mediation were created.
I will talk about the latter, which I studied more carefully. It was a German institution that dealt with the Tatars. It worked among emigrants, among workers who worked on the territory of the Reich, among legionnaires, and organized propaganda and political work among these people. This mediation was headed by an absolutely random person (I met him when he was still alive, he was over 90 years old) - lawyer Heinz Unglaube, a very cheerful, cheerful person who spoke neither Russian nor Tatar. And he was chosen for this position because, as he himself said, he once read something about the Tatars. It shocked me!
He headed this mediation almost until the end of the war. Under his auspices, a weekly newspaper for the legion and a magazine of Tatar literature in the Tatar language were created. In order to support the political efforts of other peoples, supplements to this newspaper were created. He began to publish a German-Tatar newsletter in two languages.
In addition to military cooperation, the Germans planned to organize a kind of ideological base for all these military formations
A kind of outcome of this political work was the creation of national committees, which began to present themselves as governments in exile, as political organizations. And under the auspices of Tatar mediation in the Eastern Ministry in 1944, the “Union of Struggle of the Turkic-Tatars of Idel-Ural” was created, which was simply called the “Idel-Ural Committee”. Attempts to create such a political organization began back in 1942, but it took shape only in 1944. Program documents and transcripts of this congress have been preserved. I published them partially, including translation into Russian, in the magazine “Gasyrlar Avazy” (“Echo of Centuries”).
These documents are, by and large, democratic, which is quite unexpected. They are not Nazi, not fascist, they are nationalist, national. But at the same time, they largely repeat the postulates of the Tatar democratic movement of 1917–1920. The Tatars, of course, spoke quite cautiously on issues of anti-Semitism, but in some of their political movements anti-Semitic notes were quite strong. This, of course, cannot be accepted.
– What was the fate of the members of the Volga-Tatar legion “Idel-Ural” after the end of the war?
95% of the legionnaires, and maybe even more, were completely random people in the legions. They weren't truly enemies
– 95% of the legionnaires, and maybe even more, were completely random people in the legions. They were not truly enemies; many joined the legion with only one purpose: to wait it out, to save their lives. And of course, we made a mistake. You cannot blame them for becoming traitors or fascists. Any crime must be specifically proven in court.
Their fate is in many ways difficult. Those who survived and returned to their homeland migrated from one camp to another. I won’t say that they were shot immediately, but almost all of them went through filtration camps. Their files have been preserved, which were in the public domain in the 90s. I didn’t have time to work with them at that time, but there are a lot of them there – tens of thousands.
– Have you now tried to obtain permission to work with these materials?
Those who were released did not receive any rights as WWII veterans
– I didn’t even try. I've heard a lot about how difficult access is there. Those who were released did not receive any rights as WWII veterans. This is quite understandable. From a purely human perspective, I just feel sorry for these people. In many ways, these are lost people. I don’t treat such people with understanding, but at least taking into account all the circumstances.
– A year ago, on the 70th anniversary of the victory film "War of the Unforgiven" directed by Denis Krasilnikov about the Idel-Ural legion became the winner in the category “Best Feature Documentary Film” at the 11th Kazan International Muslim Film Festival. He aroused rage among Russian nationalists. You can still read negative comments about this film on nationalist websites, for example, on the Novorossiya website. This story with the film is another evidence of the process that we are witnessing today in Russia - the process of distorting history in order to achieve certain political goals. How can you comment on this situation?
People want to stand out, show themselves without understanding the sources
– I acted as a consultant in this film. I read a lot of reviews - from enthusiastic to sharply critical. Most of the critical reviews themselves don't stand up to scrutiny because the critics approach this film from a position they already know. The main leitmotif of these critical assessments is the following: “Since this film was made about the Idel-Ural legion, then it is already clearly bad and it is already clearly defending this legion.” And the fact that this film is not dedicated to the Idel-Ural legion, but is dedicated to those people who, having found themselves in captivity, being part of the legion, in these difficult conditions rose to fight against Nazism, this does not bother them.
There is already some kind of rage going on here. People want to stand out, show themselves, without understanding the sources. Therefore, I considered it unnecessary to enter into controversy with them. Now, unfortunately, this trend has begun. If in the 90s we had a surge of interest in this topic, now we again see signs of the Soviet approach (in the bad sense of the word).
Unfortunately, we again began to glorify war as a phenomenon. And war is first and foremost a tragedy
In history today we see only what we want to see. In the present, we reproject many things and transfer them to the past. Unfortunately, we again began to glorify war as a phenomenon. I do not like it. War is, first of all, a tragedy. And it seems to me that on May 9 we should not just beat the fanfare, but stop and think, remember those people who died during the war, and maybe just be silent, and not shout: “Hurray! Hurray!”
When I see stickers on cars in May that say “We’ve reached Berlin, let’s get to Washington!”, I just get scared. This is a misperception of history. Unfortunately, our society is beginning to see in war only heroism and feat, and not tragedy. But it seems to me that tragedy and horror should come first in the perception of war.
Legion "Idel-Ural" Gilyazov Iskander Ayazovich
Volga-Tatar Legion - Legion "Idel-Ural"
As shown above, a certain interest in the Volga Tatars in Germany was evident even in the pre-war years. After the start of the war against the USSR, Tatar prisoners of war began to be separated into special camps almost simultaneously with prisoners of war from other Turkic peoples. Nevertheless, the Volga-Tatar legion (or the Idel-Ural legion) was created later than all the others.
In fact, representatives of the peoples of the Volga region were separated into special camps already in the fall-winter of 1941/42. For the first time in the documents at our disposal about the creation of the Volga-Tatar Legion, it is mentioned on July 1, 1942 - on this day information about emerging legions, among which the Volga-Tatar was mentioned. On August 1, 1942, an order was given from Hitler's headquarters, signed by Chief of Staff Keitel, to create, in addition to the existing ones, a legion consisting of Volga (Kazan) Tatars, Bashkirs, Tatar-speaking Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts and Mordovians. The order ordered the separation of representatives of the named peoples into special camps and intensification of work with the recruitment of prisoners of war. It was noted that the status of the Volga-Tatar Legion is exactly the same as that of previously created similar formations, that the use of the legion is envisaged in areas of military operations, but especially in areas where partisans operate.
Legionnaire on duty
Keitel's order was, as it were, an order from above, and the practical order of the OKH was signed on August 15, 1942 (110 copies were made from it and distributed to all authorities). It already contained more specific instructions:
"1. Create a legion of Tatars, Bashkirs and Tatar-speaking peoples of the Volga region;
2. The Tatars assigned to the Turkestan Legion should be transferred to the Volga-Tatar Legion;
3. Tatar prisoners of war should be urgently separated from the rest and sent to the Siedlce camp (on the Warsaw-Brest railway line). Place them at the disposal of the Military Commander in the General Government (Milit?rbefehlshaber im General-Gouveniemerit);
4. The created legion should be used primarily in the fight against partisans.”
Practical work on the creation of the Volga-Tatar Legion began on August 21, 1942: the camp in Jedlino near Radom was chosen as the site of its formation, where uniforms and weapons for the legion were received. German responsible personnel also arrived here. The Siedlce camp, located near Jedlino, had already become a gathering point for prisoners of war from the Turkic peoples. It was divided into two parts: Siedlce-A and Siedlce-B - it was the first part that was intended to collect Tatar prisoners of war. It is known that by the end of July 1942, i.e. Even before the order to create the legion appeared, there were already 2,550 Tatars in the camp.
The banner of the Volga-Tatar Legion was presented on September 6, 1942, so the legionnaires themselves considered this day to be the date of the final formation of the formation.
Formation of the Volga-Ural legionnaires
On September 8, 1942, the Volga-Tatar Legion was placed under the command of the headquarters of the Eastern Legions and the commander of the military district in the “Government General”.
Tatar prisoners of war were concentrated mainly in the Siedlce-A camp, from where they were sent for training to the legion in Jedlino. Subsequently, the role of a preliminary camp was also played by the camp in Dęblin (Stalag-307), where, for example, on September 1, 1943 there were 1,800 Tatar prisoners of war. In addition to the Tatars, Azerbaijanis and representatives of the North Caucasian peoples also gathered here. And at the beginning of 1944, after the transfer of the Eastern Legions to France, the general preliminary camp was in Legionowo near Warsaw, from March 1944 - again in Siedlce-B (Stalag-366) and in the Nekhrybka camp (Stalag-327 ).
Sleeve patch of the legion "Idel-Ural". First option
The first statistical information from the commander of the military district in the “government general” about the Volga-Tatar Legion arrived in mid-September. This information was as follows: on September 8, 1942, 135 Tatars “expressed a desire” to enroll in the legion in the Turkestan camp of Benjamin, 27 in Byala Podlaska, 152 in Zaezerce, 2,315 in Siedlce, a total of 2,629 people (out of the total number of those who applied for the Eastern legions 12,130 people). In addition, 7,370 Tatar prisoners of war were sent from operational areas to Poland. In total, according to official data, there were up to 100 transports with representatives of different peoples of the USSR on the way. On September 11, 1942, the first German representatives were assigned to the legion: one officer, two employees, 54 non-commissioned officers, 18 soldiers. On September 15, translator courses for legionnaires began to function. Starting from October 1, 1942 to January 1, 1943, it was planned to fully form the first two Tatar battalions (this plan was carried out with a slight delay).
A rather elderly and experienced military man, Major Oscar von Seckendorff, was appointed commander of the Volga-Tatar Legion. He was born on June 12, 1875 in Moscow, spoke Russian, English, French, and Chinese well; I had a worse command of Ukrainian and Spanish. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel. Few specific documents about his activities have been preserved in the archives. It is difficult to even say how long he remained as commander of the legion. The information about this is not entirely clear. On May 12, 1944, von Seckendorff gave orders for the legion, explaining that he was being transferred to the headquarters of the Eastern Legions and he was transferring command of the legion to Captain Kelle. At that time, von Seckendorff was appointed commander of the schools of the eastern formations - the Turkic school of officers and translators (located first in Rohrbach, then in Ohrdruf, and at the end of the war - in Neuhammer); schools for officers and translators for eastern peoples (first in Conflans and Saint-Minel, then in Grafenwoehr, and at the end of the war in Munsingen). It is also known that on November 17, 1944, a representative of the SS Main Directorate, R. Olsha, came out with support for von Seckendorff, who, judging by his data, the Wehrmacht command was going to retire on January 1, 1945, citing his age. However, the certificate does not indicate from which position they wanted to remove Lieutenant Colonel Zeckendorf. R. Olsha, referring to the experience, knowledge and desires of Seckendorff himself, recommended not to send him into retirement, but to transfer him to the Main Directorate of the SS, to the Eastern Department. On December 9, 1944, in a certificate from Standartenführer Spaarmann, the prospect of von Seckendorff’s transfer to the SS was again mentioned: “The day of the battle group “Idel-Ural” (it will be discussed below. - I.G.), which consists of Tatars and Finno-Ugric peoples, there is only one specialist who knows the East, as well as understands the language and mentality of the people. We are talking in this case about Lieutenant Colonel von Seckendorff, who, according to the calendar, will be dismissed from the Wehrmacht on January 1, 1945, and who would be perfectly suited for organizational work in a battle group.” It was not possible to find information about the further fate of the first commander of the Volga-Tatar Legion.
According to the available documents, it can be judged that Seckendorff, despite his age, took up the matter quite energetically, most of all paying attention to the issues of combat training of legionnaires. Perhaps one of the most serious problems for him (as well as for other German organizers of the Eastern Legions) was the problem of training national officers, which, by the way, was never resolved until the end of the war, although it was raised more than once. It is therefore of interest to see the detailed analytical paper prepared by von Seckendorff on January 25, 1943, which addresses this problem. It was actually common to all Eastern legions, but von Seckendorff’s ideas were implemented specifically in the Volga-Tatar Legion.
First, the legion commander poses the question: from whom can future officers be selected? And he himself answers: from former officers of the Red Army, from the ranks of ordinary legionnaires or from the intelligentsia. For re-education in the German spirit, the most difficult “material” was, according to Seckendorff, a simple legionnaire: it is easy to influence him politically, but he “brings with him so little intelligence and education that his re-formation into an officer is accompanied by incredible difficulties: or he ends up completely incapable, or he turns into an ignorant, bloody despot who does far more harm than good.” The candidates of the intellectual and the former Soviet officer were a little “better”, since they “due to their exalted position in the USSR are suppressed in ideological terms.” But still, the former officer has an advantage: he has military experience, tactical knowledge, and some kind of education. Therefore, von Seckendorff believed, there remained “the least evil” with whom it was necessary to work - former officers of the Red Army. To “re-educate” them, very specific proposals were made, which, obviously, were taken into account in the actual practice of the Volga-Tatar Legion:
"1. Officers, from lieutenant to captain, coming from the preliminary camp, in the legion from the very beginning are placed separately from the soldiers and even in terms of service have nothing in common with them.
2. An officer platoon is subordinate to a more experienced and senior officer of the legion, who is responsible for education under the control of the legion commander.
3. Preparation is carried out in the following areas: careful ideological influence; tactical recheck and further retraining; close personal contact between officers; daily intensive training in German; if possible, get to know the country, travel to Germany.”
Officers deemed "unfit" were sent back to the camps. After graduating from the school for non-commissioned officers (i.e., lower officers) at the legion, the officers were sent to Legionovo, where there was a general officer school. Von Seckendorff paid special attention to the psychological aspect in the training of future officers of the legion: maintaining a distance between soldiers and officers, developing their ambition and self-confidence. He complained that there were not enough capable officers in the Volga-Tatar Legion, so he considered it necessary to intensify this work.
Sleeve patch of the legion "Idel-Ural". The second, most common option
It seems to me that this document not only shows the severity of the problem of officer training in a particular legion, but allows us to roughly imagine the internal psychological atmosphere of this formation. Von Seckendorff, a man of old, Prussian training, tried in his own way to spread his experience among the Volga Tatars, in the specific matter of training military personnel suitable for the Wehrmacht. These attempts obviously ended in failure, since even at the end of the war, almost all legion commanders constantly complained about the lack of “suitable” officers. What did this lead to? Moreover, German officers were appointed to replace those who were absent, which meant a deviation from the original principles of recruiting the Eastern Legions. German officers did not know Russian, much less other languages of the peoples of the USSR, and often did not understand the psychology of their subordinates at all. As a result, the result was a completely unexpected effect for the Germans: even those representatives of the eastern peoples who actually voluntarily went over to the side of Germany began to experience psychological discomfort from this, noticing in the fact of the appointment of German officers a manifestation of distrust of the legionnaires. And the German military leadership also failed to find a way out of this vicious circle.
Sleeve patch of the legion "Idel-Ural". The last version of the patch for the legion according to the order of July 1, 1944. Practically not used by legionnaires
According to the plan, the first of the battalions of the Volga-Tatar Legion, numbered 825, was supposed to be created by December 1, 1942, but it was formed even a little earlier - on November 25. The deadline for the formation of the 826th battalion was set at December 15, 1942, the 827th - January 1, 1943. In fact, this happened, respectively, on January 15 and February 10, 1943. For the first time, all three first numbers of battalions are mentioned in surviving documents 3 November 1942 as being created.
The Tatar battalions, which were created in Poland, in Jedlino, under the control and jurisdiction of the command of the Eastern Legions in the German armed forces, and which are described in detail on the basis of available documents, were not the only ones. Most likely, under separate armies or army groups, other Tatar formations were created in parallel or later, for example, during 1944. Among them were combat, construction, and supply units. We can only find fragmentary information about them in the sources, which nevertheless complements our ideas.
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Volga-Tatar Legion (Idel-Ural Legion)- a Wehrmacht unit consisting of representatives of the Volga peoples of the USSR (Tatars, Bashkirs, Mari, Mordovians, Chuvash, Udmurts). Volga-Tatar legionnaires were part of 7 reinforced field battalions (12.5 thousand people). Organizationally subordinate to the Headquarters of the Command of the Eastern Legions (German). Kommando der Ostlegionen)
Description
Ideological basis
The formal ideological basis of the legion was the fight against Bolshevism and Jews, while the German side deliberately spread rumors about the possible creation of the Idel-Ural Republic. The leading role in the ideological training of the legionnaires was played by emigrants - members of national committees formed under the auspices of the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Territories. Prominent figures of national movements of the period -1920 (Shafi Almas) were especially popular among them. The camps of Muslim legionnaires were repeatedly visited by the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin el-Husseini, who called for a holy war against the “infidels” in alliance with Germany. In the Muslim legions, the positions of mullahs were introduced, who sometimes combined religious functions with command ones, being at the same time platoon commanders. The military and political training of soldiers ended with a collective oath to Hitler and the presentation of a flag.
No promises were made to any of the nationalities of the USSR regarding the creation of a national republic under a German protectorate following the example of the Ustasha in Yugoslavia or the Slovaks.
Moreover, published materials highlighting Hitler’s categorically negative point of view regarding the need or possibility of allowing the creation of national state entities under a German protectorate in territory occupied by Germany do not allow us to talk about other goals of Germany in relation to legionnaires, other than their assistance to Germany in the fight against Bolshevism and control over territories supplying resources to Germany.
Symbolism
One of the options for the Idel-Ural legion patch
The Volga-Tatar Legion used a variant of the patch that looked like a blue-gray oval with a yellow border. In the center of the emblem there was a vault with a vertical arrow. At the top it was written in yellow letters Idel-Ural, and below - Tatar Legion. The round cockades on the headdresses had the same color combination as the stripes.
Story
Legion fighter in German uniform
Creation logic
Arriving from prisoner-of-war camps, future legionnaires were already in preparatory camps divided into companies, platoons and squads and began training, which at the first stage included general physical and drill training, as well as the assimilation of German commands and regulations. The drills were conducted by German company commanders with the help of translators, as well as by squad and platoon commanders from among the legionnaires who had undergone two weeks of training at non-commissioned officer courses. Upon completion of the initial training course, recruits were transferred to battalions, where they received standard uniforms, equipment and weapons and moved on to tactical training and the study of the material part of weapons.
In addition to 7 field battalions, during the war, construction, railway, transport and other auxiliary units were formed from prisoners of war - natives of the Volga region and the Urals - that served the German army, but did not directly participate in the hostilities. Among them were 15 Volga-Tatar separate companies.
Organizational structure of field battalions, participation in hostilities
At the beginning of 1943, in the “second wave” of field battalions of the eastern legions, 3 Volga-Tatar battalions (825, 826 and 827th) were sent to the troops, and in the second half of 1943 - the “third wave” - 4 Volga-Tatar (with 828th to 831st).
Each field battalion consisted of 3 rifle, machine gun and headquarters companies of 130-200 people each; in the rifle company - 3 rifle and machine-gun platoons, in the headquarters - anti-tank, mortar, engineer and communications platoons. The total strength of the battalion was 800-1000 soldiers and officers, including up to 60 German personnel (Rahmenpersonal): 4 officers, 1 official, 32 non-commissioned officers and 23 privates. The German commanders of battalions and companies had deputies from among representatives of the nationality of legionnaires. The command staff below the company level was exclusively national. The battalion was armed with 3 anti-tank guns (45 mm), 15 light and heavy mortars, 52 light and heavy machine guns, rifles and machine guns (mostly captured Soviet ones).
At the end of 1943, the battalions were transferred to Southern France and stationed in the city of Mand (Armenian, Azerbaijani and 829th Volga-Tatar battalions). The 826th and 827th Volga Tatars were disarmed by the Germans due to the reluctance of the soldiers to go into battle and numerous cases of desertion. The 831st Volga-Tatar battalion was among those detached from the Wehrmacht at the end of 1943 to form a regiment within the SS troops under the command of career intelligence officer Major Mayer-Mader.
Switching to the side of the Red Army
The battalions did not demonstrate high combat effectiveness due to the fact that some of the legionnaires recruited against their will deserted or went over to the side of the Red Army. The first successful attempt was made in February 1943 in the 825th Volga-Tatar battalion, which at that time was on security duty in the Vitebsk region. An underground organization had been operating in this battalion since the end of 1942. The underground fighters of Vitebsk established contact with her, provided local partisans with detailed information about the battalion and took an active part in organizing the transition of its personnel to the side of the partisans. As a result, on February 23, 1943, near Vitebsk, the 825th battalion (over 800 people with 6 anti-tank guns, 100 machine guns and machine guns and other weapons) almost in its entirety went over to the side of the First Vitebsk Partisan Brigade. Most of them were subsequently repressed by the Stalinist regime.
For participation in the underground organization on August 25, 1944, 11 Tatar legionnaires were guillotined in the Plötzensee military prison in Berlin: Musa Jalil, Abdulla Alish, Gainan Kurmashev, Fuat Saifulmulyukov, Fuat Bulatov, Garif Shabaev, Akhmet Simaev, Abdulla Battalov, Zinnat Khasanov, Akhat Atnashev and Salim Bukharov.
Notes
Links
- Gilyazov I. A. Legion "Idel-Ural". - Kazan: Tatknigoizdat, 2005. - 383 p. - ISBN 5-298-04052-7
- Karashchuk A., Drobyazko S. Eastern legions and Cossack units in the Wehrmacht. - AST, 2000. - 48 p. - (Military-historical series “Soldier”: Uniform. Armament. Organization). - 7000 copies. - ISBN 5-237-03026-2
- Romanko O. V. Muslim legions in the Second World War. . - M.: AST; Transitbook, 2004. - 320 p. - 7000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-019816-7, 5-9578-0500-9
- Yurado K.K.