The social studies work program for grade 10 (advanced level) is based on federal component State standard main general education, Sample program basic general education in social studies and the author's program of L. N. Bogolyubov
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COURSE.
Social studies as academic subject includes the basics social sciences
(philosophy, sociology, social psychology, political science, economics and
jurisprudence), focusing on special knowledge, which
necessary for effective solution the most typical problems in
social, economic, political, spiritual spheres of life.
A characteristic feature of the course is that one hundred social sciences
are not considered in isolation, but as closely related
are disciplines that make up a single whole. Thus,
Social studies allows students to develop a holistic picture
social world. The course "Social Studies" takes special place among
social and humanitarian disciplines taught at school.
Its peculiarity is that this course is not a science or a section in
system of scientific knowledge, and academic discipline designed to introduce
schoolchildren and with the basics of social life, and introduce them into the complex of social,
public and humanities which will be studied at universities.
Social studies introduces students to complete picture public
life, considering all its components. Therefore the course content
includes a wide range of topics - from philosophy to political science, from sociology
to ethics and aesthetics Social science is called upon to expand the horizon
perception of the surrounding world. At the same time, it lays the beginning
theoretical thinking, teaches the ability to think. Thanks to
the formation of theoretical thinking, students will be able not only
gain knowledge in class, but also develop the ability to acquire new ones
knowledge on your own.
Thus, for social science as school subject characteristic:
Focus on theoretical generalization educational material;
Integrated character, special compared to others
Discussive nature;
Practice-oriented character;
The need to attract materials from modern life.
GOALS OF STUDYING SOCIAL STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOL.
Implementation work program sets goals:
- development personality in the period of early youth, its spiritual, moral, political
And legal culture, economic way of thinking, social behavior, based"
on respect for law and order, the ability to self-determination and self-realization; interest
to the study of social and humanitarian disciplines;
- upbringing all-Russian identity; civil liability, legal
self-awareness, tolerance, respect for social norms, commitment to humanism
ethical and democratic values enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
- o m p l o r i n g a k n e d i g e s s y s t e mth about economic and other types of human activities,
about society, its spheres, legal regulation public relations, necessary for
interaction with social environment and execution social roles person and citizen
for subsequent study of socio-economic and humanitarian disciplines at the institution
nia of the system of secondary and higher education vocational education and self-education;
- about in laDM e n t i n g and receive and critically reflect social information, analyze, systematize the received data; master methods of cognitive,
communicative, practical activities necessary to participate in civic life
society and state;
- FORMATION OF EXPERIENCE applying the acquired knowledge and skills to solve typical tasks in the field of social relations; civic and social activities;
f interpersonal relationships; relationships between people different nationalities and religion
Denmark; in the family and everyday sphere, to compare one’s actions and the actions of other people
with standards of behavior established by law; assistance by legal means and means
protection of law and order in society.
PLACE OF THE COURSE IN THE CURRICULUM.
The course “Social Studies” in 10 grades (advanced level) contains a complex of knowledge that reflects the main objects of study: society as a whole, man in society, cognition, social relations, politics, spiritual and moral sphere. In 10th grade distribution teaching hours by sections and topics of the course is designed for 102 teaching hours (3 hours per week).
Requirements for the level of student preparation
As a result of studying social studies, the student must
know
/
understand:
The biosocial essence of a person, the main stages and factors of personality socialization,
the place and role of man in the system of social relations;
Trends in the development of society as a whole as complex dynamic system, and also important
the greatest social institutions;
The need to regulate social relations, essence social norms,
mechanisms of legal regulation;
Features of social and humanitarian knowledge;
be able to:
Characterize the main social objects, highlighting them essential features, behind-
patterns of development;
Analyze information about social facilities, highlighting them common features and differences,
establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of the studied social
scientific phenomena and social science terms and concepts;
Explain. cause-and-effect and functional connections of the studied social entities
projects (including the interaction between man and society, the most important social institutions of society
state and.natural environment, society and culture, relationships between subsystems and elements of society);
Use examples to reveal the studied theoretical positions and concepts of social
economics and humanities;
Search for social information presented in various sign systems
topics;
Extract from unadapted original texts enanya po given topics; system
matize, analyze and generalize disordered social information, distinguish
it contains facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions;
Evaluate the actions of subjects social life, including individuals, groups, organizations
tions, from the point of view of social norms, economic rationality;
Formulate your own judgments based on acquired social science knowledge.
ideas and arguments on certain issues;
prepare oral presentation, creative work on social issues;
apply socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving pos-
educational tasks on current social problems;
For successful implementation typical social roles; conscious interaction with
various social institutions;
improving one's own cognitive activity;
critical perception of information received in interpersonal communication and in mass
howl of communication; implementation independent search, analysis and use of collected
no social information;
practical solutions life problems arising in social activities;
orientation in current social events and processes; definitions of personal
foresight possible consequences certain social actions;
assessments of current events and people's behavior from the point of view of morality and law;
implementation and protection of human and civil rights, conscious implementation of civil
responsibilities;
tourist" values, social status.
CONTENT EDUCATIONAL SUBJECT.
Brief description of the course being studied. Methods of working with the textbook. (1 hour)
SOCIAL AND HUMANITIES KNOWLEDGE AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY. (16 HOURS)
Social sciences and their classification. The place of philosophy in the system of social science. Philosophy and science. Sociology, political science, social Psychology as social sciences.
Myths of antiquity. Ancient Indian Vedas about the origin of the world. Buddhism. Sages of the Taoist school. Confucianism. Plato and Aristotle on society and state.
Social contract theory. A. Smith Labor Society. Forward to the "golden age".
Civil Society of G. Hegel. On the way to scientific sociology. Marxist doctrine of
society. Development of social science, in XX century.
Philosophical quests of the 19th century. Russian philosophical thought of the early twentieth century. Berdyaev
The needs of modern society for social and humanitarian specialists. Main professions of social and humanitarian profile. Vocational educational institutions.
SOCIETY AND PERSON. . (24 hours)
The origin of man and the formation of society. Theories of human origin. Humanity as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution.
Social essence of activity. Thinking and activity.
The relationship between thinking and language.
Society as a form of joint life activity of people. Differences between society and society.
Society as a special part of the world. Factors of change in society.
Social system, its subsystems and elements. Social system and its environment.
Levels of consideration of society: social-philosophical, historical-typological, social-specific.
World of the East. Western values. Civilizational development society. Typology of civilizations.
Meaning and direction historical development. Formations and civilizations. Civilization and culture. The concept of culture.
The concept of historical process. Popular masses, social groups, public
associations as participants in the historical process.
Historical figures. Types social dynamics. Factors of change in society.
Progress and regression. The inconsistency of progress. Progress criteria. Progressive
social forces. Diversity and unevenness of social development processes.
Freedom and arbitrariness. Freedom and responsibility. Freedom of choice. Free society.
ACTIVITY AS A WAY OF PEOPLE'S EXISTENCE. (11 O'CLOCK)
Needs and interests. Typology of activity. A game. Studying as an activity.
Preservation and dissemination of spiritual values. Mastering spiritual values
culture. Spiritual consumption.
Sociology of labor. Social partnership and prospects for its development in Russia.
Politics as an activity. Subjects and objects of politics. Relationship between goals and means
in politics. Power and politics.
Typology of power relations. Political relations.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION. (16 HOURS)
The problem of the cognizability of the world. The concept of agnosticism. Cognitive activity.
Sensory and rational cognition.
Concept scientific truth. The relativity of truth. Truth and error.
Mythological and rational-logical knowledge. Life experience and common sense.
Group cohesion. Friendly relations. Personal self-determination.
Relationships in student groups. Leadership style.
Psychology of family relationships. Gender behavior. Family education.
“Hazing” And other forms of violence in the group. The special danger of criminal groups.
Problem interpersonal conflict. Structure, functions, dynamics of conflict. Paths constructive permission conflict.
Educational - methodological and material - technical support educational subject.
The work program is focused on the useeducational and methodological set:
Social studies. 10 grades [Text]: textbook. for general education institutions: profile level /
L. N. Bogolyubov, A. V. Belyavsky, N. I. Gorodetskaya [and others]; edited by L. N. Bogolyubov [etc.];
Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". - M.: Education, 2013.
DidactAndlogical materials for the course “Man and Society”. Grades 10-11 [Text]: a guide for
teachers / ed. L. N. Bogolyubova, A. T. Kinkulkina. - M.: Education, 2007.
School Dictionary of Social Studies. Grades 10-11 [Text]: a manual for students / ed.
L. N. Bogolyubova, Yu. I. Averyanova. - M.: Education, 2011.
Lazebnikova, A. Yu. Social science. Unified State Exam [Text]: method. manual for preparation / A. Yu. La-
Zebnikova, M. Yu. Brant. - M.: Exam, 2005.
Tests. Social science. 1"0-11 grades [Text]: options and answers of the centralized (total
gov) testing. - M.: 000 “Rustest”, 2014.
Edinth state exam 2010. Social studies [Text]: educational training. materials
for training students / FIPI-Center. - M., 2014.
Dopolnithoselbnand Iwhetherteratatradla uchAndthoselI:
GRazhdansky Code of the Russian Federation.
Code on administrative law violations of the Russian Federation.
Constitution Russian Federation.
Family Code of the Russian Federation.
Troudoy Code of the Russian Federation.
AlexanfirewoodA,And Yu. Social science. Intensive course[Text] / I. Yu. Alexandrova, V. V. Vla-
Dimirova, L. Sh. Lozovsky. -M.: Iris-Press, 2010.
BAkhmutovA, L.
S. Methods of teaching social studies [Text]: textbook. aid for students ped.
higher textbook establishments: at 2 o'clock / L. S. Bakhmutova. - M.: Humanite. IC “Vlados”, 2001.
BeckYeshev,TO.
A.
Social studies [Text]: tutorial/ K. A. Bekeshev. - M.: Prospekt,
2010.
ANDbRAgimov,R. YU. We pass the basics of sociology and political science [Text]: for secondary students. professional
education / R. Yu. Ibragimov [etc.]. -Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2005.
KaRAof the yearna, L.N. Social studies tests. 11th grade [Text]: manual for teachers / L. N. Ka-
ragodana. - M.: Education, 2007.
LozOSunToyy, L.
Sh. Workshop on social studies [Text]: questions and answers; tests with solutions
niyami L .
Sh. Lozovsky, B. A. Raizberg, - M.: Rolf: Iris-Press, 2010.
Ppolitics and right. School workshop. 10-11 grades [Text]: manual for general education students
wat. textbook establishments / bus.-SOST. M. I. Shilobod, V. F. Krivosheev. - M.: Bustard, 1997.
Sychev, A. A. Social studies [Text]: textbook. manual / A. A. Sychev. - M.: Alpha-M:
INFRA-M, 2010.
Sidelnikova, T. T.
Political science: comments, diagrams, aphorisms [Text]: textbook. allowance
for students higher textbook institutions / T. T. Sidelnikova, D. A. Temnikova, I. A. Sharagin. - M.: Guma-
nit. IC “Vlados”, 1999.
TYulIEve,
T.
AND.
Social studies [Text]: desk book teachers / T. I. Tyulyaeva. - M.: As-
trill, 2010.
Additional literature for students:
Dzhegutenov,B.
TO.
Social science. Answers for schoolchildren and applicants [Text] / B. K. Je-
Gutanov, V. S. Oleinikov. - St. Petersburg. Peter, 2010.
Domashek,
E.
IN.
School reference book on social studies [Text] / E. V. Domashek. - Rostov
n/a : Phoenix, 2010.
Furslkina,
E.
IN. Social studies [Text]: a guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam / E. V. Mekhalkina. -
Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2010.
Korsanov,
GG Social studies tutor for high school students [Text] / G. G. Kor-
dignitaries - Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2010.
Sazonova, G G Social science in tables and diagrams [Text] / G. G. Sazonova. - M.: Victoria
Human, which consists in collecting data about the world around us, then in their systematization and analysis and, based on the above, synthesis of new knowledge. Also in the field of science is the formulation of hypotheses and theories, as well as their further confirmation or refutation through experiments.
Science appeared when writing appeared. When five thousand years ago some ancient Sumerian carved out pictograms on the stone, where he depicted how his leader attacked the tribe of ancient Jews, and how many cows he stole - a story was born.
Then he knocked out more and more useful facts about livestock, about the stars and the moon, about the construction of a cart and a hut; and newborn biology, astronomy, physics and architecture, medicine and mathematics appeared.
IN modern form sciences began to be distinguished after the 17th century. Before that, as soon as they were not called - craft, writing, being, life and other pseudo-scientific terms. And the sciences themselves were more different types technician and technology. The main engine of the development of science is scientific and industrial revolutions. For example, invention steam engine gave a powerful impetus to the development of science in the 18th century and caused the first scientific and technological revolution.
Classification of sciences.
There have been many attempts to classify sciences. Aristotle, if not the first, then one of the first, divided the sciences into theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge and creative. Modern classification Sciences also divides them into three types:
- Natural Sciences, that is, the science of natural phenomena, objects and processes (biology, geography, astronomy, physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology, etc.). For the most part, the natural sciences are responsible for accumulating experience and knowledge about nature and man. The scientists who collected the primary data were called naturalists.
- Technical science - sciences responsible for the development of engineering and technology, as well as for the practical application of knowledge accumulated by the natural sciences (agronomy, computer science, architecture, mechanics, electrical engineering).
- Social Sciences and Humanities- sciences about man and society (psychology, philology, sociology, political science, history, cultural studies, linguistics, as well as social studies, etc.).
Functions of science.
Researchers identify four social functions of science:
- Cognitive. It consists of knowing the world, its laws and phenomena.
- Educational. It lies not only in training, but also in social motivation and the development of values.
- Cultural. Science is a public domain and a key element of human culture.
- Practical. The function of producing material and social goods, as well as applying knowledge in practice.
Speaking about science, it is also worth mentioning the term “pseudoscience” (or “pseudoscience”).
Pseudoscience - is an activity that depicts scientific activity, but is not one. Pseudoscience can arise as:
- fight against official science(ufology);
- misconceptions due to lack scientific knowledge(graphology, for example. And yes: it’s still not a science!);
- element of creativity (humor). (See Discovery show “Brainheads”).
Learning goal : reveal the subject of social science as a synthesis of social sciences, the specifics of the object of study, significance social knowledge for a person.
Lecture outline:
1. Social science and its subject. Fundamentals of social sciences included in social science.
2. The importance of social knowledge.
Social studies is a strange word!
It's not clear, but it seems familiar.
Society is everything people of the earth,
People of the country and people of the family.
But here's an interesting strange thing:
How Man was born -
Biology will give you the exact answer.
Social science. Why is it important?
What does social science study?
What is secret knowledge?
We are starting to study a new subject called “social studies”. What kind of discipline is this? To begin with, let us note that this is not science in in every sense words. Scientists do not study social science, but sociology, philosophy, history, economics, political science, law and many other sciences that study human life and society. Therefore, strictly speaking, social studies is an academic discipline, the main task of which is to introduce you to the basics public life. The above-mentioned sciences are the sources from which social science draws its material. But it is a science in the sense that the knowledge it provides is obtained, systematized and proven using methods used only by science.
What does social science study? To answer this question, let us introduce the concepts an object And item studying. Object The study of social studies is society as a whole. What does this mean?
Society is studied a lot different sciences: history, sociology, philosophy, political science, jurisprudence. They are also called humanities Unlike natural sciences. But they all explore separate spheres social life, for example, economic or spiritual life. Social science is interested in all aspects of social life. It is also important for him how people enter into relationships with nature, and how they connect with each other, how they learn, experience, and act. Therefore, to embrace society as a whole means to consider the economic life of society, social relations, relations of power and management, spiritual life, as well as the relationships between them.
Thus, by introducing the concept of “object of study,” we separated, on the one hand, the sphere of interests of social science from the sphere of interests of natural sciences sciences, and, on the other hand, they drew a line between social science and other humanities.
You already have experience in studying the humanities and at least know one discipline that also studies not nature, but society, and studies not individual parts of society, but society as a whole. This is history. This is why the division into subject and object can be useful to us. After all, several sciences can study the same object. But each science, according to its interests, highlights in it those aspects that it considers essential. The set of essential properties, identified according to the goals of a particular science, is usually called the subject of science.
It is possible to establish what is the subject of social science by comparing it with the science of “history”. Let's remember what she is studying. Usually historians study the area that is called "past". In addition, it is not difficult to notice that those aspects of social life that historians study are always tied to specific place And time. So they are not interested in spiritual life in general, but in the spiritual life of the Greek polis or the Roman Empire.
Now we can talk about subject of social studies. If its object is society as a whole, and not its individual parts, then its subject is the general properties of social life, preserved in space and time among diverse human associations. Figuratively speaking, historians study differences in society, and social scientists - similarities.
It is necessary to distinguish philosophical and sociological approach to the study of society. Sociology interested in what is denoted by the term “ social structure», those. way of organizing and connecting individual elements social system into a single whole, driving forces, meaning and direction of development of society. She studies issues of personality formation, its interaction with other people within large and small groups. The subject of sociology is the general and specific social patterns of organization, functioning and development of society. Philosophical view of society is inseparable from philosophical problems person. He is interested in connections and patterns that unite people into a single whole, into a social organism. The subject of philosophy is a multi-problematic relationship "the world is man" those. she studies: 1) general principles world order; 2) a person’s attitude to the world. She is looking for answers to the following questions: How does the world in general work? How does a person relate to the world? What is his place in it? How does he know it and how does he act in this world?
IN mass consciousness philosophy seems to be something very far from real life. But that's not true. And before the philosopher and before a simple person the same questions and problems still exist. These problems are not “invented” by philosophers; they are posed by life itself. Philosophical thought is a thought about the eternal, about the meaning of life. And if life were only fun and celebration, if there was no place in it for worries, anxieties, or sorrows, philosophy, most likely, simply would not exist. People would not have problems, and philosophy always solves problems.
Social studies is an academic discipline that studies the development human society and the place of man in it. As we have already said, it includes knowledge from other branches of science, such as philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics, history, economics and law.
Political science deals with issues political system society, power, state structure.
Economy examines the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of produced goods and services, production (economic) relations in society, economic systems, problems of the state's influence on the economy. It is well known that people's needs are limitless - they are constantly changing and increasing. Their limitlessness is due to the desire of people to increase consumption and make them more attractive own life. Unfortunately, economic resources limited, therefore the most important problem economic life is to distribute them in such a way as to best and most fully satisfy people's needs.
Thus, subject economic science is the rationale for ways to distribute limited resources to ensure the fullest satisfaction of the needs of society.
Jurisprudence studies the rules of behavior, problems of lawful behavior, offenses and punishments for them.
IN modern society the need and importance of social science are quite obvious and realized. WITH scientific point From our point of view, the need for social science lies in the fact that no science can replace it, because it gives a holistic view of society. By forming a holistic idea of society, social science creates new knowledge, a new worldview. It absorbs the most important, fundamental and valuable of the social sciences, but is not a simple sum of them. It is thanks to social science that we have the opportunity to acquire knowledge about society and man, in which the diversity of information leads to ideological changes in consciousness associated with an understanding of society, which means social studies has scientific meaning.
In modern society, the need and importance of social science is realized, perhaps, by everyone. Let's take a closer look at what they are. Three aspects of need can be distinguished: scientific, humanitarian and civil.
From a scientific point of view, the need for social science lies in the fact that no science can replace it, that only it can give a holistic picture of society, not divided into dozens of sciences that have detailed information necessary only for narrow specialists. At the same time, social science is not a “hodgepodge”, not some kind of computer that simply collects information from all the humanities. By forming a holistic idea of society, taking the most important, fundamental and valuable of the social sciences, social science creates new knowledge, because the whole is always larger, more complex than the simple sum of its parts and cannot be reduced to it.
Thus, thanks to social science, our knowledge about society increases. And in this sense, social science has scientific meaning.
From a humanitarian point of view, social science is necessary for formation of a highly moral personality. This is facilitated by the study of the spiritual sphere of society: culture in general, philosophy, religion, art and morality. By becoming familiar with spiritual values and knowledge, a person expands and deepens his worldview horizon. Social studies, therefore, is personally significant, because it gives young people necessary knowledge, both in the sphere of morality and in relation to the society in which they live. And in this sense, social science is necessary for everyone, regardless of the chosen specialty, because There is no individual without morality, just as there is no real citizen without knowledge of society.. Social studies contributes to the socialization of the individual and helps young people adapt to difficult social reality.
A modern democratic society cannot but be civil, i.e. it must be a collection having rights and having responsibilities citizens. A person who is not only endowed with legal rights and responsibilities, but also having a sufficient level of self-awareness, i.e. conscious of himself, his place and role in society, actively participating in political life. Social studies contributes to the formation of a progressive civic position that reflects the needs of modern society. Conscious attitude to one’s civic duty and a true understanding of what it consists of is impossible without the body of knowledge about society that only the study of social science can provide. Democracy is impossible without high level citizens' self-awareness.
Related information.
And many other sciences that study human life and society. Therefore, strictly speaking, social studies is an academic discipline whose main task is to acquaint the reader with the basics of social life. The above-mentioned sciences are the sources from which it draws its material. But social science is a science in the sense that the knowledge it provides is obtained, systematized and proven using special methods used only by science. Therefore, further, when speaking about social science, we will use the term “science”.
So what is she studying? To answer this question, let us introduce a division into an object and a subject of study. The object of research will be a part of reality, identified according to the goals of a particular science. Thus, the object of study of natural sciences is nature. The object of study of social science is society as a whole. What does this mean?
Society is studied by many different sciences: political science, sociology, history, jurisprudence. They are also called social or human sciences in contrast to natural sciences. But they explore certain areas of social life, for example, economic or spiritual life. Social science is interested in all the most important aspects of social life. It is also important for him how people enter into relationships with nature, and how they connect with each other, how they know, experience, act, etc. Therefore, to embrace society as a whole means to consider the economic life of society, social relationships, relationships of power and control, spiritual life, as well as the relationships between them.
So, by introducing such a concept as “object of study,” we separated, on the one hand, the sphere of interests of social science from the sphere of interests of the natural sciences, and, on the other hand, drew a boundary between social science and other humanities disciplines.
You already have experience in studying the humanities and therefore have the right to say that you know at least one discipline that also studies not nature, but society, and does not study individual parts of society. and society as a whole. This is history. This is why the division into subject and object can be useful to us. After all, several sciences can study the same object. But each science, according to its interests, highlights in it those aspects that it considers essential. The set of essential properties, identified according to the goals of a particular science, is usually called the subject of study.
It is possible to establish what is the subject of social science through comparison with the science of history. Let's remember what she is studying. Usually historians are engaged in the study of the area that is called the word “past”. In addition, it is not difficult to notice that those aspects of social life that historians study are always tied to a specific place and time. So they are not interested in spiritual life in general, but in the spiritual life of the Greek polis or the Roman Empire, if they consider the economy, then this is the economy of the ancient Slavs or Germans, etc. And if we dig even deeper, we will notice that the connection between the interests of historians and place and time is even closer, because an important aspect of their research is the study of events and connections between these individual events.
Now we have come closer to identifying the subject of the discipline called “social studies”. If its object is society as a whole, and not its individual parts, then its subject is the general properties of social life, preserved in space and the flow of time among diverse human associations. Figuratively speaking, historians study differences in society, and social scientists study similarities.
Science has long established the designation of such general properties or connections between properties. They are otherwise called “laws.” IN in this case these will be the laws of social life or social laws. What are laws? Laws will be called universal and necessary properties or connections between the properties of any objects. Now we can clarify our idea of the subject of social science. It is a discipline that seeks to gain knowledge about the laws of social life.
One should not think that the same laws will immediately apply in all societies, i.e. everywhere at the same time there will be slavery or feudalism. Laws will only apply if the appropriate conditions exist. For example, if life in society has become more complicated, if relations of inequality have begun to develop between people, then the conditions for the emergence of a state are present. And since we are talking about general properties, we can say that similar processes will occur in any society, in any place and at any time, if certain conditions arise. (For the sake of rigor, we add that all other things being equal). This reasoning allows us to understand why social world so diverse and why it is still possible to identify typical features in it. IN different societies different laws apply because they evolve different conditions. On the other hand, similar conditions lead to similar consequences, albeit at different times.
You can ask another question: why is social science better than history? A historian studies the life of a specific state, and the society of the state in general. But only concrete things exist. The state did not exist at all. It's right. However, we must remember: in order to recognize the features of Kievan Rus or the barbarian states in Western Europe, you must first have an idea of what a state is and how it differs from other forms of exercise of power and control. This is how science studying things that, at first glance, are very abstract, can help a scientist who studies concrete things.
Now let’s try to define in more detail what the laws of social life are. Three types of laws can be distinguished: structure, functioning and change (development). What is a structure? This specific set elements and relationships between them. And changes in the economy, we can find them in the features of spiritual life. We know that one of key concepts economics - the concept of “labor productivity”, i.e. the amount of goods produced per unit of time. The modern economy strives to increase labor productivity.
However, when we take a closer look at the life of rural communities in ancient times, we will not find a desire to increase labor productivity. The reasons for this phenomenon should be established. And we will have to look for them in the psychology of the peasants, their relationships with other groups of society, the peculiarities of spiritual life, etc., i.e. outside the economy itself. And finally, not all components of society interest us. Therefore, the laws of structure are such elements and connections between elements that are necessary for the existence of society.
The next type of laws are laws of functioning. Functioning can be understood as the performance of repeated (reversible) actions, thanks to which the existence, stability, sustainability of any element of social life or society as a whole is ensured. So the function of the state can be called the regulation of relationships between various social groups. While the state performs this function, it guarantees both the stability of society and its own stability.
The third type of laws are laws of change. Changes will be understood as irreversible actions, as a result of which any element of social life or society as a whole acquires properties that it did not previously possess. Then common reasons the emergence of a state in any society can be considered a typical case of the laws of change or development. With the formation of a state, society naturally acquires features that it did not previously possess.
Let us summarize our reasoning. The object of study for us was society as a whole. The subject is the general features of social life. We called these features laws. We have grouped all the laws that describe the social world into the laws of structure, functioning and change. Thus, we have received a definition of the subject of social science, which we will continue to be guided by. Social science is a discipline, the object of study of which is society as a whole, and the subject of study is the laws of structure, functioning and changes in social life.
Social science is a science that studies society and the processes occurring in it. In its arsenal, social science has many tools related to different branches of knowledge. Everything that concerns interaction in society, trends in the development of the human collective, is the object of study of this academic discipline.
The place of social science in the system of sciences
“Social science is a science that studies society” - this is precisely the definition that was formed in the philistine consciousness, and it is partly true, but still does not fully reflect the essence of this scientific discipline. To understand what this branch of knowledge is, let’s first talk about science in general. So, science as a term denotes a system of studying the world around us.
Branches of knowledge from the point of view of the object under study can be divided into several groups:
- Fundamental. Sciences, which are a help and a tool, the basis for all others. This group includes not only the sciences themselves, such as mathematics, but also those branches that form the basis - for example, nuclear chemistry.
- Technical. Disciplines that study the technosphere, as well as auxiliary ones for this. This group includes architecture, cybernetics, computer science, systems engineering, mechanics, and so on.
- Humanities. Sciences that study human activity in certain areas. Literary criticism, art criticism, psychology.
- Applied. Those disciplines that may have direct practical use In human life.
- Public. Layer of sciences that engage in research social processes. This group includes sciences that study man - social science, sociology, as well as disciplines that study the activities of communities of people: history, political science, economics, jurisprudence.
Related Sciences
So, having studied the classification of sciences in general, we come to the question of what sciences study social science. To begin with, it should be noted that humanities, which are often identified with public ones, are not necessarily so. So, they explore creativity or activity individuals without their direct connection with society.
The group of social sciences is focused specifically on human activity in the context of his interaction with other people. Below are the sciences that study social studies. The table contains a list of disciplines and a description of research objects.
Name of discipline | Object of study |
Economy | Economic activity of society, laws of production, distribution, consumption, exchange |
Sociology | Patterns of functioning of society, relationships and communities of people, social institutions |
Cultural studies | Achievements of humanity in art and spiritual life |
Political science | Political organization and social life |
Life and activities of society in the past |
Thus, by studying the table, you can understand what sciences study social science. In addition to the above, some experts also include psychology, anthropology, philosophy and pedagogy in this group.
Dwelling on every aspect human activity and after analyzing the overall picture, we can conclude that this scientific discipline is fundamental and necessary.
Economics as a science related to social science
When describing the sciences that help to study social science, the first step is to dwell on the discipline, which is of great practical importance, and in modern world is one of the fundamental ones. This is economics. Let us consider further how it collaborates with other social sciences.
As already mentioned, social science is a science that studies society. A fundamental component of the life of society is economic activity, without which there would simply be no need to think about other types of activities. Production, distribution, exchange - all these stages imply both a directly economic component and human factor. And it is at the junction of these two interconnected components relationships in society and there is a need for a comprehensive study of them. In such cases we're talking about about the emergence of economics in the arsenal of social sciences, and the discipline acts as a research tool.
Sociology is a central element of social science
Sociology occupies almost central place in the totality of sciences about the human collective. The discipline examines in detail the structure of society, the characteristics of relationships between people, and trends in society.
Combining the qualities of fundamental and applied science, sociology, on the one hand, studies social phenomena, and on the other hand, can predict them and thus influence them.
The scientific discipline has several difficult dilemmas associated with the heterogeneity of approaches of scientists to certain issues. For example, the attitude of scientists from different schools sociology to the question of the initial environment of society: whether it is initially conflicting or favorable. It is in solving this issue that others help social disciplines. Social science is a science that studies the possibility of applying applied knowledge from one branch of knowledge to another.
Cultural studies
From the time when the first people began to unite into tribes and live in communities, they began to engage in the first creativity. Surprisingly, rock art, found today in some places on the planet, can say a lot about the people of that time. art, oral folk art, vocals - all this was developed even thousands of years ago.
What it is - the spiritual heritage of humanity, what it contains and what it can give to the generations that come after - this is what cultural studies studies.
Social science is a science that studies society with all its facets, and in Western taxonomy, cultural studies is not independent discipline, but only a section of social science. In the domestic classification, it is customary to distinguish this science as an independent one, with its own subject and method of study.
Political science in the system of social sciences
Political science is the science of relations between power and man, the functioning of state institute, about the place of man in this structure. Since the formation of the first management apparatus, the need for this discipline has become clear. Its connection with social science is obvious: the state exists only where society exists, and at the same time, there is now no civilized society in which there would be no state.
Story
The most important role in the system of sciences that study society is assigned to the discipline of history. Covering thousands of years, leading the biography of all previous generations, it is able to provide answers to many questions of our time. How individual civilizations developed, what was the apogee of their evolution and why they fell - all this gives to modern man opportunity to avoid the same mistakes in the future.
History shows how, at one time or another, people and the state, the state and the state, interacted with each other.
Social studies as an academic discipline uses various tools and methods to study society. Being combined with other social sciences, this branch of knowledge allows a person to become one step closer to understanding the secrets of society.