A social system is a qualitatively defined phenomenon, the elements of which are interconnected and form a single whole.
Specifics of the social system:
1) The social system develops on the basis of a certain, one or another social community (social group, social organization).
2) The social system represents integrity and integration. The essential features of a social system are integrity and integration.
Integrity – fixes the objective form of existence of phenomena, that is, existence as a single whole.
Integration is the process and mechanism of combining parts.
Structure of the social system:
1. People (even one person, personality).
3. Norms of connections.
Signs of a social system.
1) Relative constancy and stability.
Forms a new, integrative quality, not reducible to the sum of the qualities of its elements.
3) Each system is unique in some way and retains its independence (“society” is each individual phenomenon of the social system).
4) Social systems can mutually regroup according to the types of synthesis (Japanese society, there is no harsh confrontation between traditions and innovations), symbiosis (like white and yolk; our country: something new was introduced, but its traditional roots are always preserved) or by force ( is also typical for us...).
5) Social systems develop according to certain patterns that develop within them.
6) An individual must obey the laws of the social system in which he is included.
7) The main form of development of social systems is innovation (that is, innovations).
8) Social systems have significant inertia (stability, lack of perception, the effect of “resistance” to innovation occurs).
9) Any social system consists of subsystems.
10) Social systems are the most complex formations, since their main element - man - has a wide range of choice of behavior.
11) Social systems have significant uncertainty in their functioning (they wanted the best, but it turned out as always).
12) Social systems have limits of controllability.
Types of social systems.
I. By system level:
1) Microsystems (a person is a complex social system; a small group - student, family; microsociology studies them).
2) Macrosystems (about society as a whole...).
3) Megasystems (planetary system).
II. By quality:
1. Open, that is, those that interact with other systems through multiple channels.
2. Closed, that is, those that interact with other systems through one or two channels. Let's say the USSR was a closed system.
3. Isolated social systems. This is a very rare occurrence because isolated systems are not viable. These are the ones that do not interact with others at all. Albania.
III. By structure:
1) Homogeneous (homogeneous).
2) Heterogeneous (dissimilar). They consist of elements of various kinds: environmental, technical and social elements (people).
Society as a sociocultural system.
Society is a historically established and developing set of relations between individuals in the process of their joint life activities.
Signs of society.
1. Community of territory.
2. Self-reproduction.
3. Self-sufficiency (general economy).
4. Self-regulation.
5. Availability of norms and values.
Structure of society.
1. Social communities and groups (people create themselves).
2. Social organizations and institutions.
3. Norms and values.
Source of development of society: innovative energy of people.
Functioning of society.
The functioning of society is its constant self-reproduction based on:
1) Socialization (based on the assimilation of the norms of society).
2) Institutionalization (when we enter into more and more new relationships).
3) Legitimation (when laws are already imposed on relations in society).
Algorithm for the development of society:
Innovation =>
Shock (equilibrium) =>
Bifurcation (separation) =>
Fluctuation (oscillation) =>
NEW SOCIETY.
Functions of society.
1. Creating conditions to satisfy the diverse needs of the individual.
2. Providing individuals with opportunities for self-realization.
Types of societies.
I. By method of production.
· Primitive society.
· Slave society.
· Feudal society.
· Capitalist society.
· Communist society.
II. According to civilizational criterion.
· Traditional societies (pre-industrial, agrarian).
· Industrial societies.
· Post-industrial societies.
III. According to political criteria:
· Totalitarian societies.
IV. Religious criterion.
· Christian societies: Catholic (most of them); Protestant; Orthodox.
· Muslim – Sunni and Shiite societies.
· Buddhist (Buryat).
· Jewish societies (Jews).
Patterns of development of social systems.
1. Acceleration of history. In fact, each subsequent society goes through its life cycle faster than the previous one (the primitive one takes the longest, the rest less...).
2. Consolidation of historical time. At each subsequent stage, comparable to the previous one, more events occur than at the previous stage.
3. The pattern of uneven development (unevenness of development).
4. Increasing role of the subjective factor. This means an increasing role for the individual, for each person.
Social organization.
In Russian, the concept of “organization” refers to the meaning “where a person works, in what organization”... We use the example of “organization of the educational process,” that is, “how to organize, streamline people’s lives.”
Social organization is a way of ordering and regulating the activities of people.
Signs (obligatory elements, structural analysis) of social organization:
1. Having common goals and interests.
2. System of statuses and roles (at the university there are three statuses: students, teaching staff and something like service personnel. Student roles: prefects, students, trade unionists... Faculty status, roles: associate professor, candidate of sciences...).
3. Relationship rules.
4. This is a relationship of public power. This is not political power, but rather the right to influence, the ability to influence (according to Max Weber).
Social properties of the organization.
1) The organization is created as tool solving public problems.
2) The organization develops as a specific human (that is, social) community.
3) The organization is objectified as an impersonal structure of connections and norms (there were students and teachers before us and there will be after us).
The effectiveness of social organization depends on cooperation (from synergy - synergy, the new science of synergetics - the science of cooperation), where the main thing is not the number, but the method of unification.
Scientists say that the most stable small groups are five people. Two people – extremely unstable. Three is more stable. But five is considered the best, optimal option.
Combination options: circle, snake, toy and steering wheel:
Circle Snake Igrek Steering wheel
It's better to have a group of an odd number of people so that it doesn't split in half.
In order for the energy of social organization to increase, it is necessary:
1. Simultaneity and unidirectionality of many efforts.
2. Division and combination of labor.
3. Consistent dependence of the participants on each other is necessary.
4. Psychological interaction (for those who will live for a long time in a confined space - such as space, a submarine...).
5. Group control.
Functions of social organization.
1) Coordination of people's actions.
2) Smoothing out conflicts between managers and subordinates.
3) Uniting group members.
4) Maintaining a sense of individuality.
Types of social organizations.
I. According to the size of the organization, it can be:
1) Large (states).
2) Medium (youth organization, trade union organizations).
3) Small (family, student group...).
II. For legal reasons.
1) Legitimate organizations and illegal organizations.
2) Formal (has statutory documents) and informal organizations.
Both legal and illegal organizations can be both formal and informal.
Formal organization was described by Max Weber in his theory of rationality and was called the “theory of bureaucracy.” According to Weber, a formal organization is an ideal type of bureaucracy. Management activities are carried out constantly, there is a ceiling of competence at each level, senior managers exercise control over subordinates (vertical of power), each official is separated from the ownership of management tools. Management work is becoming a special specialized profession (people must receive special knowledge. RAKS - Russian Academy... In general, 2/3 of officials never appeared there).
III. By historical types:
1) Estate-feudal organization. It still exists today. In this organization, statuses and roles are strictly fixed (it is impossible to change statuses and roles in it)
2) Command-administrative organization. The USSR survived it in full. This organization is characterized by so-called statism (large role of the state), parthenalism (large role of the first person).
3) Civil society as a type of social organization. This is, first of all, a legal, social state, democracy, mobility, pluralism, self-government, personal autonomy, plus broad rights and freedoms that are guaranteed.
Legal organization (as a separate organization).
It arose quite late - only in the 19th century.
A legal organization is a government agency or public organization specially created to professionally perform legal functions, that is, to establish legal facts and resolve conflicts on the basis of law.
Legal organizations include: all law enforcement agencies, these include the courts, the prosecutor's office, the police, the bar, the notary office and even administrative institutions.
But here is what does not apply to legal organizations: they do not include government bodies (including the Ministry of Justice) and the so-called penal institutions.
The essence of social organization is to ensure social (public) order in society.
Social institutions.
A social institution is form regulation of joint activities using a system of norms and rules.
Structure of a social institution:
1. A specific field of activity (political, economic, social, cultural).
2. This is a group of persons performing organizational and managerial functions.
3. These are norms and principles, rules of relations between people.
4. These are material resources.
Functions of social institutions:
1) Ensuring the development of society.
2) Implementation of socialization (the process of learning the rules of life in society).
3) Ensuring continuity in the use of values and the transfer of norms of social behavior.
4) Stabilization of social relations.
5) Integration of people's actions.
Types of social institutions (typology):
I. By type of activity:
1) Economic activity (economy) - the institution of production, property, exchange, trade, market, money, banks...
2) Socio-political institutions (politics as a social institution) - this includes the institution of the state, the institution of the presidency, parliament, government... In addition to the state, this is the institution of power (executive, legislative and judicial), the institution of political regimes and political parties. Institute of Law.
3) Socio-cultural institutions (cultural institutions) - these include religion, education and science. Now the institution of public leisure is beginning to enter this sphere.
4) Social institutions in the social sphere. This includes the institution of family (relationships between husband and wife, parents and other relatives), the institution of marriage (relationships between a man and a woman), the institution of education, the institute of medicine or health care, the institute of social care and social security.
II. Depending on the functions performed:
1) “Relational” social institutions (that is, determining the role structure of society).
2) Regulatory social institutions (determining the acceptable framework for independent actions of an individual in society).
3) Integrative social institutions (responsibility for ensuring the interests of the social community as a whole).
Changes in social institutions occur under the influence of objective and subjective, external and internal factors and reasons.
Institutionalization is the process of bringing norms and rules under a certain type of relationship between people.
Social processes.
1. The essence of social processes.
2. Social conflicts and crises.
3. Social reforms and revolutions.
Understanding society as an association of subjects of social action, within which more or less constant and stable mutual influence and interaction occurs, society seems to us already as a certain system. A system is understood as a set of interacting elements, within which a change in one element entails a change in others, and the system as a whole acquires a new (systemic) quality that is not reducible to the sum of the properties of its elements. Mechanical, physical, chemical, biological and social systems are known. The main features of any system are: integrity, structure, hierarchy, interdependence of elements.
Society is a highly complex system. At the level of society, individual actions, connections and relationships acquire a new quality - a systemic one, which no longer allows us to consider society as a simple sum of elements. This systemic quality is not present in any of the elements included in society separately.
The social system is a set of social phenomena and processes that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain social object.
Society (society) as a social system has the following characteristics:
1) society is an open system
2) it is a self-organizing system
3) it is a cumulative system (i.e. a system “with memory”, the role of which is culture)
4) this is an information system
The systematic approach to the analysis of society is complemented deterministic: society as an integral system consists of subsystems - demographic, environmental, economic, political, etc. Each of these subsystems can be considered separately as an independent system. The relationships between these subsystems are determined by cause-and-effect relationships. These subsystems form a hierarchical structure, i.e. are in a relationship of subordination (we can talk about environmental, technological, demographic, economic, etc. determinism).
The deterministic approach to society is complemented by functional. Basic principles of the functional approach formulated by G. Spencer:
Ø society is an integral, unified organism, consisting of many parts (economic, political, religious, military);
Ø each part can exist only within the framework of integrity, where it performs strictly defined functions;
Ø functions mean satisfying any social need, all together they are aimed at maintaining the sustainability of society;
Ø the more different the functions are, the more difficult it is for other parts to compensate for the dysfunction of any one part;
Ø The social system maintains stability largely due to elements of social control: governance, law enforcement, religious institutions and moral norms and values. The main condition for maintaining integrity is the agreement of the majority of society with the accepted value system.
R. Merton formulated a number of additional principles of functionalism:
Ø just as one element can have different functions, so the same function can be performed by different elements;
Ø the same elements can be functional in relation to some systems and dysfunctional in relation to others;
Ø there are differences between explicit and latent (hidden) functions. An overt function is an effect that is intentionally caused and recognized as such. A latent function is a consequence that it was not the intention of the actor to cause.
T. Parsons also added to the understanding of the functional approach: any social system performs 4 main functions (which are provided by the main subsystems): adaptation function (economic subsystem), goal achievement (political), integration (legal institutions and customs), structure reproduction (belief system , morality, agents of socialization).
As already noted, society, as a system, has its own structure (consists of interconnected subsystems), due to which it differs from a chaotic accumulation of people. The constituent elements of society (as a social system) are people, social connections, interactions and relationships, social groups and communities, social institutions and organizations, social norms and values. Each of these constituent elements in turn can be considered as an independent system. The set of connections and relationships between the named social systems is designated as a system of systems (or societal system). A systematic approach to society involves studying it from three interconnected and at the same time relatively independent perspectives - structural, functional and dynamic, which allows us to explain: how society is structured (what is its structure); how it functions as a whole and how its subsystems function (what functions they perform); how society develops.
Social system
Social system- this is a set of social phenomena and processes that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain social object. This object acts as a unity of interconnected parts (elements, components, subsystems), the interaction of which with each other and with the environment determines its existence, functioning and development as a whole. Any system presupposes the presence of internal order and the establishment of boundaries that separate it from other objects.
Structure – provides the internal order of connecting system elements.
Environment – sets the external boundaries of the system.
A social system is an integral unity, the main element of which is people, their interactions, relationships and connections. These connections, interactions and relationships are sustainable and are reproduced in the historical process based on the joint activities of people, passing from generation to generation.
Story
Structure of the social system
The structure of a social system is the way of interconnection of subsystems, components and elements interacting in it, ensuring its integrity. The main elements (social units) of the social structure of society are social communities, social groups and social organizations. The social system, according to T. Parsons, must satisfy certain requirements, namely:
- must be adapted to the environment (adaptation);
- she must have goals (goal achievement);
- all its elements must be coordinated (integration);
- the values in it must be preserved (maintaining the model).
T. Parsons believes that society is a special type of social system, highly specialized and self-sufficient. Its functional unity is ensured by social subsystems.
T. Parsons considers the following social subsystems of society as a system: economics (adaptation), politics (goal achievement), culture (maintaining a model). The function of integrating society is performed by the system of “societal community”, which contains mainly the structures of norms.
see also
Literature
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Specifics of social systems. Society as a system. Levels of systemic analysis of society.
Specifics of social systems.
A social system is a structural element of social reality, a certain holistic formation, the main elements of which are people, their connections and interactions.
There are two possible approaches to defining a social system.
In one of them, the social system is considered as the orderliness and integrity of many individuals and groups of individuals. With this approach, interaction turns into an adjective, which clearly does not take into account the specifics of social systems and the role of social relations in them.
But another approach is also possible, in which the starting point is to consider the social as one of the main forms of the movement of matter. In this case, the social form of the movement of matter appears before us as a global social system. What, then, are the characteristic features of a social system?
Firstly, from this definition it follows that there is a significant diversity of social systems, because the individual is included in various social groups, large and small (planetary community of people, society within a given country, class, nation, family, etc.). If this is so, then society as a whole as a system acquires a highly complex and hierarchical character.
Secondly, from this definition it follows that since we have integrity in the face of social systems, the main thing in systems is their integrative quality, which is not characteristic of the parts and components that form them, but inherent in the system as a whole. Thanks to this quality, the relatively independent, separate existence and functioning of the system is ensured.
Thirdly, from this definition it follows that a person is a universal component of social systems; he is certainly included in each of them, starting with society as a whole and ending with the family.
Fourthly, from this definition it follows that social systems belong to the category of self-governing ones. This feature characterizes only highly organized integral systems, both natural and natural history (biological and social) and artificial (automated machines). The role of this subsystem is extremely important - it is it that ensures the integration of all components of the system and their coordinated action.
Society as a system.
Society is heterogeneous and has its own internal structure and composition, which includes a large number of social phenomena and processes of different order and character.
The constituent elements of society are people, social connections and actions, social interactions and relationships, social institutions and organizations, social groups, communities, social norms and values, and others. Each of them is in a more or less close relationship with others, occupies a specific place and plays a unique role in society. The task of sociology in this regard is, first of all, to determine the structure of society, give a scientific classification of its most important elements, find out their relationship and interaction, place and role in society as a social system.
Some of the most significant systemic features of society for sociological analysis are: integrity (this internal quality coincides with social production); stability (relatively constant reproduction of the rhythm and mode of social interactions); dynamism (change of generations, change in the social substrate, continuity, slowdown, acceleration); openness (the social system preserves itself thanks to the exchange of substances with nature, which is only possible under the condition of balance with the environment and receiving a sufficient amount of matter and energy from the external environment); self-development (its source is within society, this is production, distribution, consumption, based on the interests and incentives of social communities); spatio-temporal forms and methods of social existence (masses of people are spatially connected by joint activities, goals, needs, norms of life; but the passage of time is inexorable, generations change, and each new one catches already established forms of life, reproduces and changes them).
Thus, society as a social system is understood as a large, ordered set of social phenomena and processes, more or less closely interconnected and interacting with each other and forming a single social whole.
Levels of systemic analysis of society.
The systemic analysis of society is differentiated into a number of relatively autonomous levels that complement but do not replace each other.
The most abstract level of its consideration is a philosophical analysis of the universal, invariant properties of social organization, expressing its generic, historically constant essence (the presence of which allows us to call both a tribe of savages and modern technocratic countries with the same word - “society”). It must be borne in mind that we are talking here about the most important level of social knowledge. It would be a serious mistake if science, having recognized the real existence of specific human societies, came to the conclusion that “society in general,” devoid of tangible bodily existence, is a fiction, a meaningless game of the human mind.
The analysis of society as an integral system is not limited to an extremely abstract level of consideration of the universal properties of “society in general.” Along with and in connection with it, the subject of a systematic consideration of society is much more specific objects. First of all, we are talking about those specific social organisms - countries and peoples that represent the real embodiment of society in human history, connecting the generic characteristics of sociality with the mechanisms of its constant reproduction in time and space.
For science, it is equally necessary to have both a systematic view of “society in general,” which gives the correct methodological orientation to scientists, and a systematic analysis of specific social organisms, which allows us to understand the specifics of their functioning and development.
It is important to understand, however, that these two levels of analysis do not exhaust the tasks of a full study of society in the real historical dynamics of its existence. In fact, between the level of extreme socio-philosophical abstractions and the analysis of specific social organisms, theories of middle rank generalization are necessarily built, which are designed to study not “society in general” and not specific countries and peoples, but special types of social organization found in real human history. We are talking about logical models that capture not universal and not individual, but special properties of the social structure inherent in groups of socioculturally related societies.
The social system is one of the most complex systems of living nature, representing a collection of people, the relationships between them, their knowledge, skills, and abilities. The main generic feature of a social system is its human nature and essence, since it is formed by people, is the sphere of their activity, the object of their influence. This is both the strength and vulnerability of social management, its creative nature and the possibility of manifestations of subjectivism and voluntarism.
The concept of a “social system” is based on a systematic approach to the study of ourselves and the world around us, and therefore this definition can be considered both in a “broad” and in a “narrow” sense. In accordance with this, a social system can be understood as either human society as a whole, or its individual components - groups of people (societies) united along some basis (territorial, temporary, professional, etc.). At the same time, it should be taken into account that the essential features of any system are: multiplicity of elements (at least two); existence of connections; holistic nature of this education.
Social systems, unlike others that received the program of their behavior from the outside, are self-regulated, which is internal to society at any stage of its development. As an integral totality, the social system has specific stable qualities that make it possible to distinguish social systems from each other. These characteristics are called systemic features.
It is necessary to distinguish the concept of “signs of a system” from the concept of “system signs”. The first characterizes the main features of the system, i.e. those features of society, a social group, or a collective that give us reason to call a given social entity a system. The second is the qualitative characteristics inherent in a particular system and distinguishing it from another.
The signs of a social system or, in other words, society, can be divided into two groups, the first of which characterizes the external conditions of life of a social organism, the second reveals the internal, most important moments of its existence.
External signs .
First a sign of society is usually called territory, on which the development of various social relations takes place. In this case, the territory can be called social space.
Second sign of society - chronological framework his existence. Any society exists as long as it is expedient to continue the social ties that constitute it, or as long as there are no external reasons that could liquidate this society.
Third a sign of society is relative isolation, which allows us to consider it as a system. Systematicity allows us to divide all individuals into members and non-members of a given society. This leads to a person's identification with a certain society and viewing other people as ″strangers″. Unlike the animal herd, where identification with society occurs on the basis of instinct, in the human collective the correlation of oneself with a given society is built primarily on the basis of reason.
Internal signs.
First the hallmark of society is its relative stability, achieved through the constant development and modification of social connections existing in it. Society, as a social system, can exist only through the constant development and modification of the social connections that exist in it. The stability of a social system is thus closely related to its ability to develop.
Second sign - presence internal public structures. In this case, structure refers to stable social formations (institutions), connections, relationships that exist on the basis of any principles and norms specific to this society.
Third the hallmark of a society is its ability to be self-sufficient self-regulating mechanism. Any society creates its own specialization and infrastructure, which allow it to have everything necessary for normal existence. Any society is multifunctional. Various social institutions and relationships ensure the satisfaction of the needs of members of society and the development of society as a whole.
Finally, ability to integrate, is seventh a sign of society. This feature lies in the ability of a society (social system) to include new generations (systems, subsystems), to modify the forms and principles of some of its institutions and connections on the basic principles that determine one or another character of social consciousness.
I would like to especially note that the main distinctive feature of social systems, resulting from their nature, is the presence goal setting. Social systems always strive to achieve certain goals. Here nothing is done without conscious intention, without a desired goal. People unite in various kinds of organizations, communities, classes, social groups and other types of systems, which necessarily have certain interests and common goals. There is a close connection between the concepts of “goal” and “interest”. Where there is no community of interests, there cannot be unity of goals, since unity of goals based on common interests creates the necessary prerequisites for the development and improvement of such a supersystem as society as a whole.
The same object (including the social system), depending on the goals of the study, can be considered both statically and dynamically. Moreover, in the first case we are talking about the structure of the object of study, and in the second - about its functions.
The entire diversity of social relations is grouped into certain areas, which make it possible to distinguish separate subsystems in the social system, each of which fulfills its own functional purpose. The relationships within each subsystem are functionally dependent, i.e. together acquire properties that they do not possess individually.
The social system can effectively implement its tasks when performing the following functions:
1) it must have the ability to adapt, adapt to changed conditions, be able to rationally organize and distribute internal resources;
2) it must be goal-oriented, capable of setting main goals, objectives and maintaining the process of achieving them;
3) it must remain stable on the basis of common norms and values that are internalized by individuals and relieve tension in the system;
4) it must have the ability to integrate, to include new generations in the system. As you can see, the above is not only a set of functions, but also distinctive features of social systems from others (biological, technical, etc.).
In the structure of society, the following main subsystems (spheres) are usually distinguished:
- economic- includes social relations of ownership, production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual goods;
- political- a set of social relations regarding the functioning of political power in society;
- social- a set of social relations (in the narrow sense of the term) between groups of people and individuals who occupy a certain position in society, have a corresponding status and social roles;
- spiritual and cultural- includes relationships between individuals and groups of individuals regarding spiritual and cultural benefits.
When studying any phenomenon, it is important to highlight not only its characteristic features that distinguish it from other social formations, but also to show the diversity of its manifestation and development in real life. Even a superficial glance allows you to capture a multicolored picture of the social systems that exist in the modern world. Chronological, territorial, economic, etc. are used as criteria for differentiating types of social systems. factors, depending on the goals and objectives of the study.
The most common and generalized is the differentiation of social systems in accordance with the structure of social activity and social relations, for example, in such spheres of social life as material and production, social (in the narrow sense), political, spiritual, family and everyday life. The listed main spheres of public life are divided into private areas and their corresponding systems. All of them form a multi-level hierarchy, the diversity of which is due to the complexity of society itself. Society itself is a social system of the highest complexity, which is in constant development.
Without dwelling in detail on the types of social systems and their characteristics (since this is not the scope of this course), we will only note that the system of internal affairs bodies is also one of the types of social systems. We will dwell on its features and structure below.