And in basic needs. What is the difference between a need and a want?

a form of manifestation of the intentional nature of the psyche, according to which a living organism is encouraged to carry out qualitatively certain forms activities necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the species. The primary biological form of need is NEED. Instincts are aimed at replenishing it, in which both the properties of objects relevant to the need and the basic behavioral acts necessary to achieve them are specified. It is characteristic of man that even those of his needs that are related to the tasks of his physical existence are different from the similar needs of animals. Because of this, they can vary significantly depending on social forms his life activity. The development of human needs is carried out through the socially determined development of their objects. Needs are divided according to the nature of the activity (defensive activity, food, sexual, cognitive, communicative, gaming). Subjectively, needs are represented in the form of emotionally charged DESIRES, DRIVES, ASPIRATIONS, and their implementation - in the form of evaluative emotions.

NEED

NEED). In Rotter's theory, a set of different behaviors that have in common the way they acquire similar reinforcers (for example, recognition, love and affection). (J. Frager, J. Fadyman, p. 705)

NEED

the initial form of activity of living beings is a form of manifestation of the intentional nature of the psyche, according to which a living organism is encouraged to carry out qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the species. Dynamic education that organizes and directs cognitive processes, imagination and behavior. Main driving force human development. Irritation of attraction. Thanks to needs, life acquires purposefulness, and either the satisfaction of the need is achieved or an unpleasant collision with the environment is prevented.

The primary biological form of need is need. Certain states of tension periodically arise in the body; they are associated with a lack of substances (objects) required to continue life. These states of the organism’s objective need for something that lies outside of it and constitutes necessary condition its normal functioning are called needs. This is the state of the individual, created by the need he experiences for objects necessary for his existence and development, and which serves as a source of his activity. Instincts are aimed at filling needs, in which both the properties of objects relevant to the need and the basic behavioral acts necessary to achieve them are specified.

Need is a dynamic force emanating from the body. Neither pressure nor need exists in isolation: satisfying a need involves interaction with social situations and their transformation to achieve adaptation; at the same time, both the situations themselves and the needs of other people can act both as an incentive (need) and as an obstacle (pressure).

Needs do not remain unchanged, but change and improve depending on growth general culture a person, his knowledge about reality and his relationship to it. It is better to start analyzing needs with their organic forms.

To a set of basic biological needs, innate to humans and higher animals, we must also add the need for communication - the need for contacts with their own kind, primarily with adult individuals, and the cognitive need. Regarding these two needs, two things need to be noted important points: at first they are closely intertwined with each other, and both constitute a necessary condition for the formation of personality at all stages of development. They are necessary in the same way as organic needs, but if the latter only ensure biological existence, then contact with people and knowledge are necessary for the formation of the subject as a person.

Needs are divided according to the nature of the activity (defensive, nutritional, sexual, cognitive, communicative, play activities). When considering the connection between needs and activity, it is necessary to immediately distinguish two stages in the life of each need: the period before the first meeting with an object that satisfies the need, and the period after this meeting.

At the first stage, the need, as a rule, is not revealed to the subject: he may experience a state of some kind of tension, dissatisfaction, but not know what caused it. On the behavioral side, the state of need is expressed in anxiety, searching, and sorting through various objects. During the search, a need usually meets its object, which ends the first stage of the need’s life. The process of “recognition” by a need of its object is called the objectification of the need (-> need: objectification). By the very act of objectification, the need is transformed - it becomes a specific need for a given object.

A need can be understood as a certain hypothetical variable, which, depending on the circumstances, manifests itself either as a motive or as a trait. IN the latter case needs are stable and become character qualities.

According to H. Murray, the list of needs is as follows: 1) dominance - the desire to control, influence, direct, convince, hinder, limit;

2) aggression - the desire to shame, condemn, mock, humiliate in word or deed;

3) search for friendships - the desire for friendship, love; good will, sympathy for others; suffering in the absence of friendly relations; the desire to bring people together and remove obstacles;

4) rejection of others - the desire to reject attempts at rapprochement;

5) autonomy - the desire to free yourself from any restrictions: from guardianship, regime, order, etc.;

6) passive obedience - submission to force, acceptance of fate, intrapunitivity, recognition of one’s own inferiority;

7) the need for respect and support;

8) the need for achievement - the desire to overcome something, surpass others, do something better, reach the highest level in a certain matter, be consistent and purposeful;

9) the need to be the center of attention;

10) the need for play - preference for play over any serious activity, desire for entertainment, love of witticisms; sometimes combined with carelessness, irresponsibility;

11) egoism (narcissism) - the desire to put one’s own interests above all else, self-satisfaction, auto-eroticism, painful sensitivity to humiliation, shyness; a tendency towards subjectivity when perceiving the outside world; often merges with the need for aggression or rejection;

12) sociality (sociophilia) - oblivion own interests in the name of the group, altruistic orientation, nobility, compliance, concern for others;

13) the need to search for a patron - expectation of advice, help; helplessness, seeking consolation, gentle treatment;

14) need for assistance;

15) the need to avoid punishment - restraining one’s own impulses in order to avoid punishment and condemnation; the need to take into account public opinion;

16) need for self-defense - difficulties with recognition own mistakes, the desire to justify oneself by citing circumstances, to defend one’s rights; refusal to analyze your mistakes;

17) the need to overcome defeat, failure - differs from the need to achieve with an emphasis on independence in actions;

18) the need to avoid danger;

19) the need for order - the desire for neatness, orderliness, accuracy, beauty;

20) the need for judgment - the desire to pose general questions or answer them; penchant for abstract formulas, generalizations, enthusiasm " eternal questions", etc.

Since the process of satisfying needs acts as a purposeful activity, needs are a source of individual activity. Realizing the goal subjectively as a need, a person is convinced that satisfying the latter is possible only through achieving the goal. This allows him to correlate his subjective ideas about the need with its objective content, looking for means of mastering the goal as an object.

It is characteristic of man that even those needs that are associated with the tasks of his physical existence are different from the similar needs of animals. Because of this, they are capable of significantly changing depending on the social forms of his life. The development of human needs is realized through the socially determined development of their objects.

Subjectively, needs are represented in the form of emotionally charged desires, drives, and aspirations, and their satisfaction is represented in the form of evaluative emotions. Needs are found in motives, drives, desires, etc. that motivate a person to activity and become a form of manifestation of needs. If in need activity is essentially dependent on its objective-social content, then in motives this dependence manifests itself as own activity subject. Therefore, the system of motives revealed in a person’s behavior is richer in characteristics and more mobile than the need that constitutes its essence. Nurturing needs is one of the central tasks of personality formation.

NEEDS

English needs) - a form of communication between living organisms and outside world, the source of their activity (behavior, activity). P., as the internal essential forces of the organism, encourage it to carry out qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the species.

In their primary biological forms, P. act as a need experienced by the body for something located outside of it and necessary for its life. Biological P. is characterized by a homeostatic character: the activity they stimulate is always aimed at achieving the optimal level of functioning of the basic life processes, resumes when deviating from this level and stops when it is reached (see Homeostasis, Organic sensations). Animal nutrition comes down to the preservation of the individual and procreation, metabolism with environment, development and improvement of vital orientation and executive reactions. Most animal behavior takes the form of instincts, in which not only the properties of objects relevant to needs are “recorded” from birth (see Motive), but also the basic sequence of behavioral acts necessary to master them.

P. of humans and animals are not the same. Even the P. of a person’s physical existence, determined by the characteristics of his body, are different from similar P. of animals, since in a person they do not determine the forms of his life activity, but, on the contrary, are able to transform depending on the higher, specifically human forms of life activity, to which they come into subordination .

The specificity of human personality is due to the fact that he confronts the world not as an isolated individual, but as an element of various social systems, including humanity as a whole as a tribal community. The higher P. of a person therefore reflect, first of all, his connections with social communities different levels, as well as the conditions of existence and development of the social systems themselves. This applies both to the P. of social groups and society as a whole, and to the P. of each individual, in which its social essence is expressed.

Nevertheless, the question of the nature of human P. remains controversial. Some researchers consider them to be innate (see, for example, A. Maslow, 3. Freud). Others believe that the sociality of all human P. without exception is manifested in their content, origin, and methods of implementation (satisfaction). From this view. A person’s abilities are not innate; they are formed in the process of his mastering social reality and the formation of his personality. The development of human P. occurs through the expansion and change of the range of their objects. The social production of material goods and spiritual values ​​determines the development of social values, which are appropriated by individuals in the process of their socialization and entry into the world public relations, mastering the material and spiritual culture of humanity.

The main basis for distinguishing types of P. is the nature of the activity to which P. encourage the subject. On this basis, defensive, nutritional, sexual, cognitive, communicative, gaming, creative, etc. P. are distinguished. Among them, substantial P. are distinguished, the vital significance of which is determined by the need for one or another form of interaction with the object of P. (for example, food, cognitive ), and functional exercises that encourage activity, the main point of which is the process itself (recreational, gaming exercise). There are several dozen other bases for classifying human P. The most significant and widespread of these classifications are: by origin (biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic P.), by subject (individual, group, social, universal), by object (material and spiritual), by function (P. physical and social existence; P. conservation and P. development), etc. However, many P. are difficult to unambiguously classify on these grounds; Thus, there are P. that combine the features of material and spiritual or aesthetic and cognitive P. (see Problem-based learning).

Human functions are formed in ontogenesis on the basis of innate prerequisites that create the possibility of certain interactions with the world, and the need for certain forms of activity determined by biological and social program life activity. Required condition formation of P. in a particular activity is the experience of this activity, which is early stages development is carried out jointly with an adult and/or can act as a means of realizing other P. So, for example, P. in alcohol develops in the process of its consumption, initially acting as a means of realizing P. in communication, self-affirmation, belonging to a group, or as a consequence of an example and direct persuasion of elders.

P. manifest themselves in human behavior, influencing the choice of motives that determine the direction of behavior in each specific situation. Human positions represent a dynamic hierarchy, leading position in which either one or another P. occupies, depending on the implementation of some and the actualization of others. In this case, the choice of motive is determined not only by the dominant P. in a given situation, but also by others, which are comparatively less urgent. Subjectively, goals are experienced in the form of emotionally charged desires, drives, and aspirations, and the success of their implementation is in the form of evaluative emotions; P. themselves may not be aware of this. Topical P. also organize the course cognitive processes, increasing the subject’s readiness to perceive relevant information. (D. A. Leontyev.)

Needs

Needs). In Rotter's terminology, it is practically synonymous with goals. When Rotter focuses on the environment, he talks about goals when we're talking about about personality, uses the word “needs,” sometimes meaning by them behavior or a set of behavior options that, in a person’s opinion, bring him closer to his goal. The six categories of needs that Rotter considers are recognition/status, dominance, independence, protection/dependence, love/affection, and physical comfort. The complex of needs includes three components - the potential of the need, freedom of movement and the value of the need.

NEED

in the Gestalt approach, interest is aimed rather at the need for in a broad sense words rather than desire. Needs can be organic (for food, sleep), psychological, social (eg, the need to be included in a group) or spiritual (eg, the need to give meaning to one's life), etc. (A. Maslow). They are not always easy to detect and clearly formulate. The "need satisfaction cycle" (or "contact cycle" or "Gestalt") is often broken or disrupted. Finding these gaps, blockages or distortions is one of the goals of therapeutic work.

Needs

Specificity. In accordance with them, a living organism is encouraged to carry out qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the species. The primary biological form of need is need. Instincts are aimed at replenishing it, in which both the properties of objects relevant to the need and the basic behavioral acts necessary to achieve them are specified. It is characteristic of humans that even those needs that are associated with the tasks of physical existence are different from the similar needs of animals. Because of this, they are capable of significantly changing depending on social forms of life. The development of human needs is carried out through the socially determined development of their objects. Subjectively, needs are represented in the form of emotionally charged desires, drives, aspirations, and their implementation - in the form of evaluative emotions.

Kinds. Needs are divided according to the nature of the activity (defensive activity, food, sexual, cognitive, communicative, gaming).

NEED

A requirement, an urgent need. Often used in this sense to refer to internal or external states, which have motivating properties; for example, the need for food or the need for family.

NEED

1. Some thing or some state of affairs which, if present, would improve the well-being of an organism. A need, in this sense, may be something basic and biological (food), or it may involve social and personal factors and come from complex shapes learning (achievement, prestige). 2. The internal state of an organism that needs a thing or state of affairs. Note that a value of 1 refers to what is needed, while a value of 2 refers to the body's hypothetical state of deprivation. These two definitions are simple, although they may hide some important subtleties of usage, which are reflected in specialized literature. For example, some people have a tendency to view need as equivalent to drive. This usage extends the above meanings in theoretically interesting but sometimes confusing directions. Equating it with a drive endows the state of need with motivational properties that are not explicitly represented in value 1, although they are contained implicitly in meaning 2. To appreciate the problem, it should be understood that there are needs for which there are no drives, for example, the need for oxygen, since the tension you feel when you hold your breath is not a craving for oxygen, but a desire to reduce oxygen levels carbon dioxide. In the behaviorist tradition, attempts have been made to subject the concept of need to a strictly operationalist analysis. That is this need characterized in terms of procedures. The body's "need" for food, for example, is determined in any of several ways, such as comparing body weight with what it would be under normal nutrition (for example), or establishing how much time has passed since eating. Although this lexicographical device helps clarify some issues, it does not help to understand the complex relationships between biological needs, social needs and the problem of motivation. There are other uses, but they are neither as common nor as inevitable as these. For example, need is sometimes used as a synonym for such terms as motive, incentive, desire, desire, etc. An excess of quasi-synonyms is characteristic feature for concepts whose main characteristics are essential for theoretical basis psychology, but whose connotations are so varied that it is impossible to establish the boundaries of these concepts. In general, most authors use qualifying phrases in order to outline the exact meaning of the term, as shown in the following articles.

Need

experienced state internal tension, arising as a result of the reflection of need (need, desirability of something) in consciousness and stimulating mental activity associated with goal setting.

Needs. Everyone knows in general what it is - what each of us wants to have and receive. In principle, that's true. But let's scientific language Let us outline the essence of this topic: what are needs and what they are.

What are needs?

Needs- this is a person’s perceived need for something, something that is necessary for him to maintain the vital functions of the body and the development of his personality. In my opinion, this is a fairly simple and easy to remember definition.

However, not all needs benefit a person. Therefore, from the point of view of necessity and benefit, the needs are:

• genuine (reasonable, true)- these are the needs without which a person either simply cannot live (food, housing, society, because it is among people that he becomes an individual), or are necessary for his improvement and development (spiritual).
• False (unreasonable, imaginary)- these are needs without which it is not only possible, but also necessary to live, they lead to the destruction of personality, and a person degrades both physically and mentally (alcoholism, drug addiction, parasitism)

Types of needs

There are several classifications of needs. The most common ones are the following: types of needs:

American psychologist A. Maslow built needs in the form of a kind of pyramid: the closer the need is to the base of the pyramid, the more necessary it is. All subsequent ones are needed when the previous ones are satisfied.

Pyramid of needs Maslow A.H.

• Primary needs:
• Physiological(satisfaction of natural instincts, these are: thirst, hunger, rest, reproduction, breathing, clothing, housing, physical activity)
• Existential( from lat. existence is the need for security, safety, confidence in the future, insurance, comfort, job security)
• Secondary needs:

• Social(the need to live in society, to belong to a certain social group: communication, affection, attention to oneself, caring for others, participation in joint activities)
• Prestigious(need for respect, recognition, career growth. It is no coincidence that A. Maslow special kind highlight your needs prestigious, since the opinion of society and others is very important to a person. Any praise is pleasant to people, and there is a desire to do something even better.
• Spiritual(self-expression, self-realization through creativity, knowledge, learning, self-affirmation, etc.)

Human needs have a number of features:

• all needs are interconnected
• it is impossible to satisfy all needs
• limitlessness of needs
• needs should not contradict the moral principles of society.

A person changes - some of his needs become different. Even in a single society, at a certain stage of development, there may be its own needs. Needs are determined by both natural and social essence person.

Yes, human activity and actions are driven by the desire to satisfy their needs. It is important to set priorities for yourself, to clearly know what a person wants and why he needs it. And we must not forget that a person’s needs are limitless; it will not be enough to satisfy everything 100% throughout one’s life. So the choice depends on everyone, on the level of his upbringing, development, on the environment in which he lives, on those values ​​that are important for his environment. It's important that the needs are genuine, don't let it guys imaginary needs take possession of your soul and consciousness. Live enjoying life, giving joy to your loved ones.

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

The human needs necessary for life are water, air, nutrition and protection from environmental hazards. These needs are called basic because they are necessary for the body.

Basic needs differ from other needs in that their deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome - dysfunction or death. In other words, this is what is necessary for safe and healthy life(eg food, water, shelter).

In addition to this, people have social needs: communication in a family or group. Needs can be psychological and subjective, such as the need for self-esteem and respect.

Needs are a need experienced and perceived by a person. When this need is supported by purchasing power, it can become economic requirement.

Types and description of needs

As it is written in the 6th grade social studies textbook, needs are divided into biological, which are necessary for anyone to live, and spiritual, which are needed to understand the world around us, gain knowledge and skills, achieve harmony and beauty.

For most psychologists, need is psychological function, which encourages action by giving purpose and direction to behavior. This is an experienced and perceived need or necessity.

Basic needs and human development (determined by the human condition) are few, finite, and classified as different from generally accepted concept ordinary economic “desires” that are endless and insatiable.

They are also constant in all human cultures, and throughout historical periods time can be understood as a system, that is, they are interconnected and interactive. In this system there is no hierarchy of needs (beyond the basic need for existence or survival), since simultaneity, complementarity and compromise are features of the satisfaction process.

Needs and desires are the subject of interest and form the common substrate for the sections:

• philosophy;
• biology;
• psychology;
• social sciences;
• economics;
• marketing and politics.

The famous academic needs model was proposed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. His theory suggests that people have a hierarchy of psychological desires that range from basic physiological or lower needs such as food, water and safety to higher ones such as self-actualization. People tend to spend most of their resources (time, energy and finances) trying to satisfy basic needs before more desires. high order.

Maslow's approach is a generalizable model for understanding motivation in a wide variety of contexts, but can be adapted to specific contexts. One of the difficulties with his theory is that concepts of "necessities" can change radically among different cultures or between various parts the same society.

The second idea of ​​necessity is presented in the work of Professor political economy Jana Gow, which published information on human needs in the context of social assistance provided by the welfare state. He also published A Theory of Human Need with medical ethics professor Len Doyle.

Their view goes beyond the emphasis on psychology, it can be said that the needs of the individual represent a "cost" in society. Someone who cannot meet their needs will function poorly in society.

According to Gow and Doyle, everyone has an objective interest in preventing serious harm that prevents him from pursuing his vision of what is good. This drive requires the ability to participate in a social setting.

In particular, each individual must have physical health and personal autonomy. The latter includes the ability to do conscious choice what should be done and how to implement it. This requires mental health, cognitive skills and the ability to participate in society and make collective decisions.

Need Satisfaction Issues

Researchers identify twelve broad categories of “intermediate needs” that define how the needs for physical health and personal autonomy are met:

• adequate food and water;
• adequate housing;
• safe working environment;
• cloth;
• safe physical environment;
• appropriate medical service;
• safety in childhood;
• meaningful primary relationships with others;
• physical security;
• economic security;
• safe birth control and childbirth;
• appropriate basic and intercultural education.

How are the details of satisfaction determined?

Psychologists point to the rational identification of needs using modern scientific knowledge, consideration of people's actual experiences in their Everyday life and democratic decision making. Satisfaction of human needs cannot be imposed “from above.”

Individuals with large domestic assets (e.g. education, mental health, physical strength, etc.) have more opportunities to satisfy their desires and needs.

Other types

In his works Karl Marx defined human beings as "needy beings" who experienced suffering in the process of learning and working to satisfy their needs, which were both physical and moral, emotional and intellectual needs.

According to Marx, the development of people is characterized by the process of satisfying their needs; they develop new desires, implying that to some extent they create and remake their own nature. If people satisfy their nutritional needs through crop and animal husbandry, then more is required to satisfy spiritual thirst. high level public self-knowledge.

People differ from other animals because their life activity and work is dictated by the satisfaction of needs. They are universal natural beings, capable of turning all of nature into the subject of their needs and their activities.

Conditions for people like social creatures, are given by work, but not only by work, since it is impossible to live without relationships with others. Work is a social activity because people work with each other. People are also free beings, capable during their lives of achieving objective possibilities generated by social evolution, based on their conscious decisions.

Freedom should be understood both in negative terms (freedom to decide and establish relationships) and in in a positive sense(dominance over natural forces and development human creativity basic human forces).

To summarize, it should be noted that the main interrelated traits of people are as follows:

• people are conscious beings;
• people are social creatures.

Humans are prone to universality, which manifests itself in the three previous traits and makes them natural-historical, universal conscious entities.

Rosenberg's Necessity Model

Model Marshall Rosenberg“Compassionate Communication,” known as “Hateful Communication,” distinguishes between universal needs (what sustains and motivates human life) and specific strategies used to satisfy one's needs. Feelings are perceived neither as good nor bad, nor right or wrong, but as indicators of whether human needs are being met or not. Particularly highlighted vital needs.

People also talk about the needs of the community or organization. These may include demand for a particular type of business, for a particular government program or organization, or for people with specific skills. This example represents the logical problem of reification.

Personal needs(need) is the so-called source of personal activity, because it is a person’s needs that are his motivation for acting in a certain way, forcing him to move in the right direction. Thus, need or need is a personal state in which the dependence of subjects on certain situations or conditions of existence.

Personal activity manifests itself only in the process of satisfying its needs, which are formed during the upbringing of the individual and his introduction to public culture. In its primary biological manifestation the need is nothing more than certain state organism, expressing its objective need (desire) for something. Thus, the system of individual needs directly depends on the individual’s lifestyle, the interaction between the environment and the sphere of its use. From the perspective of neurophysiology, need means the formation of some kind of dominant, i.e. the appearance of excitation of special brain cells, characterized by stability and regulating required behavioral actions.

Types of personality needs

Human needs are quite diverse and today there are a huge variety of their classifications. However, in modern psychology there are two main classifications of types of needs. In the first classification, needs (needs) are divided into material (biological), spiritual (ideal) and social.

The realization of material or biological needs is associated with the individual-species existence of the individual. These include the need for food, sleep, clothing, safety, home, intimate desires. Those. need (need), which is determined by biological need.

Spiritual or ideal needs are expressed in knowledge of the world around us, the meaning of existence, self-realization and self-esteem.

The desire of an individual to belong to any social group, as well as the need for human recognition, leadership, dominance, self-affirmation, affection of others in love and respect is reflected in social needs. All these needs are shared by important species activities:

• labor, work - the need for knowledge, creation and creation;

• development – ​​the need for training, self-realization;

• social communication – spiritual and moral needs.

The needs or needs described above have a social orientation, and therefore are called sociogenic or social.

In another type of classification, all needs are divided into two types: need or need for growth (development) and conservation.

The need for conservation combines the following physiological needs (needs): sleep, intimate desires, hunger, etc. This basic needs personality. Without their satisfaction, the individual is simply unable to survive. Next is the need for security and preservation; abundance – comprehensive satisfaction of natural needs; material needs and biological.

The need for growth combines the following: the desire for love and respect; self-actualization; self-esteem; cognition, including life meaning; needs for sensory (emotional) contact; social and spiritual (ideal) needs. The above classifications allow us to highlight more significant needs practical behavior subject.

OH. Maslow put forward the concept systematic approach to research into the psychology of personality of subjects, based on the model of personality needs in the form of a pyramid. Hierarchy of personality needs according to A.Kh. Maslow represents the behavior of an individual that directly depends on the satisfaction of his any needs. This means that the needs at the top of the hierarchy (realization of goals, self-development) direct the individual’s behavior to the extent that his needs at the very bottom of the pyramid (thirst, hunger, intimate desires, etc.) are satisfied.

They also distinguish between potential (non-actualized) needs and actualized ones. The main driver of personal activity is internal conflict(contradiction) between internal conditions of existence and external ones.

All types of individual needs located at the upper levels of the hierarchy have different levels severity in different people, but without society, not a single person can exist. A full-fledged personality a subject can only become when he satisfies his need for self-actualization.

Social needs of the individual

This is a special kind of human need. It lies in the need to have everything necessary for the existence and functioning of an individual, a social group, or society as a whole. This is an internal motivating factor for activity.

Social needs are the need of people to work, social activity, culture, spiritual life. The needs created by society are those needs that are the basis public life. Without motivating factors to satisfy needs, production and progress in general are impossible.

Social needs also include those associated with the desire to form a family, joining various social groups, teams, various areas of production (non-production) activity, and the existence of society as a whole. Conditions, factors external environment, which surround an individual in the process of his life, not only contribute to the emergence of needs, but also create opportunities to satisfy them. In human life and the hierarchy of needs, social needs play one of the determining roles. The existence of an individual in society and through it is the central area of ​​manifestation of the essence of man, the main condition for the realization of all other needs - biological and spiritual.

Classify social needs according to three criteria: the needs of others, one’s own needs, and common needs.

The needs of others (needs for others) are needs that express the generic basis of the individual. It lies in the need for communication, protection of the weak. Altruism is one of the expressed needs for others, the need to sacrifice one's interests for others. Altruism is realized only through victory over egoism. That is, the need “for oneself” must be transformed into a need “for others.”

One’s own need (need for oneself) is expressed in self-affirmation in society, self-realization, self-identification, the need to take one’s place in society and the team, the desire for power, etc. Such needs are therefore social, because they cannot exist without needs “for others.” " Only through doing something for others is it possible to realize your desires. Take some position in society, i.e. It is much easier to achieve recognition for oneself without affecting the interests and claims of other members of society. The most effective way to realize your egoistic desires will be a path along which a share of compensation is contained to satisfy the claims of other people, those who can claim the same role or the same place, but can be satisfied with less.

Joint needs (needs “together with others”) - express the motivating power of many people at the same time or society as a whole. For example, the need for security, for freedom, for peace, for a change in the existing political system and etc.

Needs and motives of the individual

The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity manifests itself in instincts. But human behavior is much more complex and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.

The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main characteristics. If need is need (scarcity), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in abundance, then the motive is a pusher. Those. need creates a state of activity, and motive gives it direction, pushes activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as thoughts, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for an item of need, but does not give direction to the activity to satisfy it.

Motive, in turn, is an incentive to achieve the desired or, conversely, to avoid it, to carry out an activity or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfying needs always leads to a release of tension; the need disappears, but after a while it can arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The stated goal and the immediate motive do not coincide. Because a goal is where or what a person strives for, and a motive is the reason why he strives.

You can set a goal for yourself following different motives. But an option is also possible in which the motive shifts to the goal. This means transforming the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student initially learns his homework because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of learning itself. Those. It turns out that a motive is an internal psychological motivator of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages an individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. And the need is internal state a feeling of need that expresses the dependence of humans or animals on certain conditions of existence.

Needs and interests of the individual

The category of need is inextricably linked with the category of interests. The origin of interests is always based on needs. Interest is an expression of an individual’s purposeful attitude towards some type of his needs.

A person’s interest is not so much directed specifically at the subject of need, but rather directed at such social factors, which make this subject more accessible, are mainly various benefits of civilization (material or spiritual), which ensure the satisfaction of such needs. Interests are also determined by the specific position of people in society, the position of social groups and are the most powerful incentives for any activity.

Interests can also be classified depending on the focus or the carrier of these interests. The first group includes social, spiritual and political interests. The second includes the interests of society as a whole, group and individual interests.

The interests of an individual express his orientation, which largely determines his path and the nature of any activity.

In its general manifestation, interest can be called the real reason social and personal actions, events, which stands directly behind the motivations - the motives of individuals taking part in these very actions. Interest can be objective and objective social, conscious, realizable.

The objectively effective and optimal way to satisfy needs is called objective interest. Such interest is of an objective nature and does not depend on the consciousness of the individual.

Objectively effective and optimal way to meet the needs for public space called objective social interest. For example, there are a lot of stalls and shops in the market and there is definitely an optimal path to the best and cheapest product. This will be a manifestation of objective social interest. There are many ways to make various purchases, but among them there will definitely be one that is objectively optimal for a particular situation.

The subject's ideas about how best to satisfy his needs are called conscious interest. Such interest may coincide with the objective one or be slightly different, or may have a completely opposite direction. Immediate cause Almost all actions of subjects are precisely the interest of a conscious nature. Such interest is based on a person’s personal experience. The way that a man is walking to satisfy the needs of the individual is called realized interest. It can completely coincide with the interest of a conscious nature, or absolutely contradict it.

There is another type of interest - this is a product. This variety represents both the path to satisfying needs and the way to satisfy them. The product may be in the best possible way satisfaction of needs and may seem so.

Spiritual needs of the individual

The spiritual needs of the individual are a directed aspiration for self-realization, expressed through creativity or through other activities.

There are 3 aspects of the term spiritual needs of the individual:

• The first aspect includes the desire to master the results of spiritual productivity. This includes exposure to art, culture, and science.

• The second aspect lies in the forms of expression of needs in the material order and social relations in current society.

• The third aspect is harmonious development individual.

Any spiritual needs are represented by a person’s internal motivations for his spiritual manifestation, creativity, creation, creation of spiritual values ​​and their consumption, for spiritual communications (communication). They are conditioned inner world individual, the desire to withdraw into oneself, to focus on what is not related to social and physiological needs. These needs encourage people to engage in art, religion, and culture not in order to satisfy their physiological and social needs, but in order to understand the meaning of existence. Their distinguishing feature is their insaturability. Since the more internal needs are satisfied, the more intense and stable they become.

There are no limits to the progressive growth of spiritual needs. Such growth and development can only be limited by the amount of wealth previously accumulated by humanity spiritual nature, the strength of the individual’s desires to participate in their work and its capabilities. The main features that distinguish spiritual needs from material ones:

• needs of a spiritual nature arise in the consciousness of the individual;

• needs of a spiritual nature are inherently necessary, and the level of freedom in choosing ways and means to satisfy such needs is much higher than that of material ones;

• satisfaction of most spiritual needs is mainly related to the amount of free time;

• in such needs, the connection between the object of need and the subject is characterized by a certain degree of unselfishness;

• the process of satisfying spiritual needs has no boundaries.

Yu. Sharov identified a detailed classification of spiritual needs: necessity labor activity; the need for communication; aesthetic and moral needs; scientific and educational needs; need for health improvement; the need of military duty. One of the most important spiritual needs of a person is knowledge. The future of any society depends on the spiritual foundation that will be developed among modern youth.

Psychological needs of the individual

The psychological needs of an individual are those needs that are not limited to bodily needs, but also do not reach the level of spiritual ones. Such needs usually include the need for affiliation, communication, etc.

The need for communication in children is not an innate need. It is formed through the activity of surrounding adults. Usually it begins to actively manifest itself by two months of life. Adolescents are convinced that their need for communication brings them the opportunity to actively use adults. For adults, insufficient satisfaction of the need for communication has a detrimental effect. They dive into negative emotions. The need for acceptance is the desire of an individual to be accepted by another person, a group of people or society as a whole. Such a need often pushes a person to violate generally accepted norms and can lead to antisocial behavior.

Among the psychological needs, basic needs of the individual are distinguished. These are needs that, if not met, young children will not be able to fully develop. They seem to stop in their development and become more susceptible to certain diseases than their peers who have such needs met. For example, if a baby is regularly fed but grows without proper communication with his parents, his development may be delayed.

Basic personality needs of adults psychological nature are divided into 4 groups: autonomy - the need for independence, independence; need for competence; the need for interpersonal relationships that are significant for the individual; the need to be a member of a social group and to feel loved. This also includes the feeling self-importance, and the need for recognition by others. In cases of unsatisfaction of basic physiological needs, the physical health of the individual suffers, and in cases of unsatisfaction of basic psychological needs, the spirit (psychological health) suffers.

Motivation and personality needs

The motivational processes of an individual are aimed at achieving or, conversely, avoiding set goals, realizing certain activities or not. Such processes are accompanied by various emotions, both positive and negative character, for example, joy, fear. Also, during such processes some psychophysiological tension appears. This means that motivational processes are accompanied by a state of excitement or agitation, and a feeling of decline or surge of strength may also appear.

On the one hand, the regulation of mental processes that affect the direction of activity and the amount of energy needed to perform this very activity is called motivation. On the other hand, motivation is still a certain set of motives that gives direction to the activity itself. internal process motives. Motivational processes directly explain the choice between different options actions, but which have equally attractive goals. It is motivation that influences the perseverance and perseverance with which an individual achieves his goals and overcomes obstacles.

A logical explanation of the reasons for actions or behavior is called motivation. Motivation may differ from real motives or be deliberately used to disguise them.

Motivation is quite closely related to the needs and requirements of the individual, because it appears when desires (needs) or a lack of something arise. Motivation is initial stage physical and mental activity of the individual. Those. it represents a certain incentive to perform actions by a certain motive or process of choosing reasons for a particular direction of activity.

It should always be taken into account that completely different reasons may lie behind completely similar, at first glance, actions or actions of a subject, i.e. Their motivation may be completely different.

Motivation can be external (extrinsic) or internal (intrinsic). The first is not related to the content of a specific activity, but is determined by external conditions relative to the subject. The second is directly related to the content of the activity process. There is also a distinction between negative and positive motivation. Motivation based on positive messages is called positive. And motivation, the basis of which is negative messages, is called negative. For example, a positive motivation would be “if I behave well, they will buy me ice cream,” a negative motivation would be “if I behave well, they will not punish me.”

Motivation can be individual, i.e. aimed at maintaining consistency internal environment of your body. For example, avoidance pain, thirst, desire to maintain optimal temperature, hunger, etc. It can also be group. This includes caring for children, searching and choosing one’s place in the social hierarchy, etc. Cognitive motivational processes include various play activity and research.

Basic needs of the individual

The basic (leading) needs of an individual can differ not only in content, but also in the level of conditioning by society. Regardless of gender or age, as well as social class, every person has basic needs. A. Maslow described them in more detail in his work. He proposed a theory based on the principle hierarchical structure(“Hierarchy of Personal Needs” according to Maslow). Those. Some personal needs are primary in relation to others. For example, if a person is thirsty or hungry, he will not really care whether his neighbor respects him or not. Maslow called the absence of an object of need scarcity or deficiency needs. Those. in the absence of food (an item of need), a person will strive by any means to make up for such a deficiency in any way possible for him.

Basic needs are divided into 6 groups:

1. These include primarily physical needs, which include the need for food, drink, air, and sleep. This also includes the individual’s need for close communication with subjects of the opposite sex (intimate relationships).

2. The need for praise, trust, love, etc. is called emotional needs.

3. The need for friendly relations, respect in a team or other social group is called a social need.

4. The need to obtain answers to questions posed, to satisfy curiosity are called intellectual needs.

5. Belief in divine authority or simply the need to believe is called a spiritual need. Such needs help people find peace of mind, experience troubles, etc.

6. The need for self-expression through creativity is called creative need (needs).

All of the listed personality needs are part of every person. Satisfaction of all basic needs, desires, and requirements of a person contributes to his health and positive attitude in all actions. All basic needs necessarily have cyclical processes, direction and intensity. All needs are fixed in the processes of their satisfaction. At first, the satisfied basic need temporarily subsides (fades away) in order to arise over time with even greater intensity.

Needs that are expressed more weakly, but are repeatedly satisfied, gradually become more stable. There is a certain pattern in the consolidation of needs - the more diverse the means used to consolidate the needs, the more firmly they are consolidated. In this case, needs become the basis of behavioral actions.

Need determines the entire adaptive mechanism of the psyche. Objects of reality are reflected as probable obstacles or conditions for satisfying needs. Therefore, any basic need is equipped with peculiar effectors and detectors. The emergence of basic needs and their actualization directs the psyche to determine appropriate goals.

a state of need for something without which the organism cannot remain in a stable (“self-identical” and preserved) state. Needs are a consequence of the demorphologization of a part functional structure body.

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NEED

a state of lack of tsp, a state that stimulates activity aimed at replenishing this deficiency, one of distinctive features every life activity. P. can be experienced by organisms, individuals, and social groups. groups, organizations, enterprises, institutions, society as a whole. Human impulses can be unconscious (they are called drives) and conscious. P. lie at the basis of the formation of values. Awareness of P. serves to form interest, motive, orientation, attitude, goal, decision, action. P. make up unified system and are classified according to various criteria: material and spiritual (or cultural), individual and group, production and non-production, rational and irrational, current and expected, real and ideal, vital and secondary, traditional and new, permanent and temporary, self-sufficient and prestigious, elementary and complex , elevated and lowland, etc. According to the criterion of origin, P. are divided into natural or biogenic, primary (in self-preservation - food, water, rest, sleep, warmth, preservation of health, reproduction, sexual, etc.) and sociogenic, secondary (in self-affirmation, communication, various achievements, friendship, love, etc.; in knowledge, self-development; in creativity, self-expression). Not only secondary, but also primary P. of people, unlike animals, are social, and not just biological. character. They are mediated by societies. production, production, type determines specific forms their expressions of satisfaction. Sociology studies social life. P. people: P. in the beating of self-preservation, self-affirmation, self-development, self-expression; sociogenesis of secondary P.; features of societies. the formation of specific manifestations and methods of satisfying primary P. Psychology P. are studied as a source of activity, the root cause of individual or social behavior. groups and are considered as a special psychological. phenomenon. P. of a person are generated in the process of social-historical. development. The starting point in understanding P. is the idea of ​​them as originally driving force, the source and cause of human activity. It is impossible to imagine activity without P., and vice versa, the more diverse a person’s activities, the richer his P. In psychology there are a number of definitions of P. Analysis of them allows us to identify three categories of P., which are understood as needs, as requirements of the body, and as relationships. The first definition is traditional and most common. It is quite enough for external description P., but not to express their essence. In the second definition, the reason for the development of activity is hidden in the organism itself, and not in environmental objects. According to the third definition, P. is not just a need and not just demands, motivations of the body, but a certain relationship of a person to objective reality. This definition allows us to take into account the role of both the subject and the object in the deployment of P. The original and deepest meaning this definition is a contradiction between subject and object. Behind P. as ideal phenomena there is a certain objective reality, in which a person is not looking for the truth, but for the measure of use of this or that class of things in his life. He is placed in in this case V value attitude to things that are reflected in the human psyche in the form of P. When experiencing P., a person feels dependent on an object that can satisfy it. In this respect, he turns out to be a suffering, dependent creature. But he strives to get out of such dependence. In his experiences, a kind of internal restlessness arises and he seeks ways and objects to satisfy this P. The experience of P. is expressed in the desire to relieve internal conflict, defuse tension, obtain satisfaction and relative calm. Therefore, P. can be considered as a way of developing human activity. This is why P. turn out to be a source of human activity. Lit.: Leontiev A.N. Needs, motives, emotions. M., 1971; Mikhailov N.N. Needs as a sociological category. Chelyabinsk, 1974; Problems of formation of sociogenic needs. T. 1, 2. Tbilisi, 1974-1981; Magun B.C. Needs and psychology social activities personality. L., 1983; Aseev V.G. Structure of behavioral motivation//Motivational regulation of individual activity and behavior. M., 1988. I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, N.V. Kuchevskaya.

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