Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book
Paradigm
(from Greek paradeigma example, sample)
in philosophy, political science, sociology - the initial conceptual scheme, a model for posing problems and their solutions, research methods that prevailed during a certain historical period in the scientific community. A paradigm shift represents a scientific revolution.
Paradigm
(Greek paradeigma - example, sample).
1) A system of inflectional changes that is a model of formation for a given part of speech. The paradigm of the first declension of nouns. The paradigm of soft declension of adjectives. Paradigm of the second conjugation of the verb.
2) A set of inflection forms for the same word. Paradigm of the noun table.
The beginnings of modern natural science. Thesaurus
Paradigm
(from Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - the original conceptual scheme, recognized by all scientific achievements, a way of organizing scientific knowledge that, over a certain period of time, gives the scientific community a certain vision of the world, a model for posing problems and solving them. Paradigm changes occur during scientific revolutions. The concept of paradigm was introduced into science by the positivist philosopher G. Bergman and was widely used American physicist Thomas Kuhn (creator of the theory of scientific revolutions) to designate the leading representatives and methods of obtaining new data during periods of extensive development of knowledge. Sometimes it is replaced by the concept picture of the world.
Culturology. Dictionary-reference book
Paradigm
Greek paradeigma - example, sample.
a set of theoretical and methodological prerequisites that determine a specific scientific research, which is embodied in scientific practice on this historical stage.
☼ sample or model. The concept of P. was introduced by the Amer. as a special term. methodologist of science T. om in the book. "Structure of scientific revolutions" (1962) to designate the prevailing definitions in the activities. scientific communication of problems and solutions.
P. is a classic. scientific development, which is perceived by representatives of the discipline as a model and becomes the basis scientific tradition. The work of a scientist is work within the framework of P. It consists of supplementing, clarifying, deepening the principles formulated in P., and extending them to new ones. subject areas. The formation of a new P. begins in conditions when problems (anomalies) arise that cannot be resolved and explained within the framework of the existing P. The transition from one P. to another can last for tens or even hundreds of years. Kuhn called this period a scientific revolution - a time of collapse of authorities, models, methodologies, theories, worldviews, and images of the world.
P. is a representative culture of scientists operating within its framework, and as long as they recognize the underlying theory, they will find the theory. arguments in its favor, and experimental confirmation.
P.'s change is something more than the alternation of theories and concepts put forward by certain authors. A change in P. is a change in attitudes towards the object of research, implying a change in the research. methods and goals, and sometimes a change in the very subject of research. The primary philosophy of the cultural sciences can be called empirical. This is a collection of information about different peoples, their morals, customs, and way of life during the period usually designated as prehistory or prehistory of science. The next, already fully scientific P., became evolutionist. Its most important representatives: G. Spencer, A. Bastian, Yu., C. Letourneau, L. G. Morgan. The main developments of evolutionist P. are the idea of human unity. kind, uniformity and unilinearity of cultural development, psychol. justification of social phenomena. building and culture.
Evolutionary P. introduced creatures. contribution to the knowledge of the cultural reality of human history, to the understanding of people. nature, functions of culture, patterns of its development; thanks to it, culture acquired a certain integrity, was systematized and ordered, although it is precisely this systematicity, in def. degree imposed, became one of the chapters. reasons for P.'s change in the study of culture.
In the 20th century Researchers' attention has increasingly begun to shift from the study of cultural constants, existing in a more or less unchanged form in all cultures and thereby making it possible to talk about culture in general, to the diversity of a person’s cultural design of his existence and to the differences different cultures. The subject of cultural studies itself has changed. research: no culture humanity has become a subject, and conc. culture. This approach gradually led to the abandonment of global evolutionist constructions, although not to the abandonment of the idea of evolution in general; the latter began to be observed and captured in the department. cultures. Kulturphilos. the basis of this kind of research in empirical. cultural sciences became the so-called cyclical theories cultural development. By cultural cycles we mean def. a sequence of phases of change and development of culture, which follow naturally one after another and are at the same time thought of as returning and repeating. There is an analogy here with humans. life: childhood, youth, maturity, old age and death. The same thing happens with cultures: each culture completes its own cycle and declines.
The ancestor of the cyclic theories in modern historiography and science of culture became N.Ya. Danilevsky. They were already following him, L. Common to all supporters of the cyclic. view was the idea of "historical individualities", which are all cultural entities, and the presence life cycle each of these integrity.
If you're into cultural philosophy. level, the basis of the new P. became cyclical. teaching, then on methodol. level - . IN cultural anthropology This doctrine was developed by and. They proceeded from the fact that in culture, understood as integrity, there are no “extra” elements - they all have their own definition. function in the integrity of culture, understood as a special form of human adaptation. group to the conditions of its habitat.
Cyclic. theories in combination with functionalism gave ideas about culture a completely different look than within the framework of evolutionary P. Each culture began to be considered as a value in itself, regardless of what place it occupies on the evolutionary “ladder”. Since the work of the functionalists showed how complex education is every cultural organism, it has become impossible to divide cultures into “primitive” and “highly developed”. Cultures earlier, from the point of view. evolutionary development, considered primitive, standing on the lower steps of the evolutionary ladder, began to be perceived simply as different, having different characteristics from modern ones. culture structures and patterns of functioning. This was a strong blow to the Eurocentric worldview, the continuation and development of anthropology. revolution.
The possibility and necessity of theory arose. analysis of culture, the possibility and necessity of finding out why such a tool, such ideas, such an image of the world, myth or legend are characteristic of this particular culture, what function they perform in it, how they interface with the environment in which this culture arose.
This new scientific philosophy, which radically changed the view of culture, was called pluralistic, because its supporters proceeded from the idea of pluralism, plurality and diversity of cultures.
Lit.: Kuhn T. Structure, scientific. revolutions. M., 1977; Tokarev S.A. History of foreign countries ethnography. M., 1978; Ionin L. Sociology of culture. M., 1996.
L. G. Ionin.
Cultural studies of the twentieth century. Encyclopedia. M.1996
Pedagogical terminological dictionary
Paradigm
(Greek paradeigma - example, sample)
1. sample, type, model (for example, social relations).
2. In philosophy, sociology - the initial conceptual scheme, changing over time and characteristic of a certain stage in the development of science, a model for posing problems and solving them.
3. In rhetoric - an example taken from history for proof and comparison.
4. In grammar - a system of forms of a changing word, construction, for example a name, a verb.
(Bim-Bad B.M. Pedagogical encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 2002. P. 185)
a set of theoretical, methodological and other guidelines adopted by the scientific pedagogical community at each stage of the development of science, which are used as a model (model, standard when solving problems; specific set difficulties (regulations).
(Shmyreva N.A., Gubanova M.I., Kretsan Z.V. Pedagogical systems: scientific basis, management, development prospects. - Kemerovo, 2002. P. 99)
Dictionary of linguistic terms
Paradigm
(Old Greekπαράδειγμη example, sample)
A sample of declension or conjugation, a system of forms of the same word: I think you think he (she, it) thinks, we think, you think, they think. A paradigm is formed, for example, by a system of consonants, a set of word-formation models, etc.
1) P. (in in a broad sense): any collection linguistic units, united by relations of interconnection, opposition and conditionality (for example: the paradigm of childhood - a set of lexemes denoting children);
2) P. (in in the narrow sense): grammatical paradigm– a set of similar grammatical forms words; word formation paradigm– a set of words of the same type, given in a certain sequence, united by relations of interconnection, opposition and conditionality. By required quantity members in the paradigm are distinguished following types grammatical paradigms: 1 ) full– a paradigm in which all members are represented by word forms (for example, the case paradigm of noun. flower);
2) incomplete– a paradigm in which a set of word forms is missing or the word cannot take a form that is potentially possible (for example, the verb tense paradigm win- impossible to say I will win; verb face paradigm dawn- impossible to say I'm shining);
3) defective– a paradigm in which individual members are represented: pour the soup; bring some firewood;
4) redundant– a paradigm in which parallel variants of word forms are possible (for example, the case paradigm of noun. Mother: mom - mom).
Gasparov. Records and extracts
Paradigm
♦ I asked during the exam: who is Barbusse? - Imparfait du conjonctif. - Conjugate. - Que je barbusse, que tu barbusse, quil barbu... I didn’t stop: wouldn’t he make a mistake in the 3rd person?
Terms of Film Semiotics
PARADIGM
Philosophical Dictionary (Comte-Sponville)
Paradigm
Paradigm
♦ Paradigm
Especially shining example or a model that serves as a standard for thinking. This is how Plato and Aristotle understood the word “paradigm”; today this meaning is used in epistemology or the history of science. Paradigm is one of the main concepts used by Thomas Kuhn (***) (“The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”). This is a collection of theories techniques, values, problems, metaphors, etc., which in a given era are shared by representatives of one or another scientific discipline; this is the “subject matrix” that allows them to understand each other and move forward. It is this totality that is usually passed on to students, thanks to which they get the opportunity to join the modern world. scientific knowledge, find your place in science and work fruitfully in it. Normal condition science (“normal science”, in Kuhn’s words) implies the dominance of a paradigm. The field of research is thus marked by the milestones of previous discoveries, and scientists working in this field adhere to a certain consensus among themselves. They agree with each other not only in recognizing the value of the discoveries already made, but also in what should be discovered next, by what methods and for what purpose. On the contrary, a scientific revolution marks a period in which a new paradigm appears, refuting the previous one, offering solutions to questions previously considered unsolvable, sweeping aside some questions and posing new ones in their place. This is precisely the transition from classical (Newtonian) mechanics to relativistic physics (the theories of Einstein and his followers). It is accompanied not only by new solutions, but also by new problems, difficulties and procedures. The two competing paradigms, Kuhn notes, are incommensurable, and the transition from one to the other is possible only through a global conversion that cannot be reduced to a purely rational advancement. Therefore, it is impossible to judge one theory in terms of a paradigm to which it does not belong. This, of course, does not negate progress, but it warns against understanding it as linear and continuous process. Scientific progress does not in any way resemble the smooth and leisurely flow of a large river.
Word " paradigm"was borrowed from Greek language "paradeigma"and is translated as example, model, example. A set of achievements in science recognized in the scientific community in a specific period of time and serving as a model and basis for new scientific research. On the one hand, the paradigm discards all theories and concepts that do not agree and are not related to it; on the other hand, it indicates scientific world on the application of theory to study new things, which ultimately leads to the improvement of the paradigm itself."A paradigm is a method of perceiving the world, it is for us like air for a bird. A paradigm opens our eyes to the structure of the world and helps to predict its behavior"("Powers of the Mind" "Power of the Mind" philosopher and economist Adam Smith)
Paradigm examples:
In GameSuccess criterion, ability to solve a problem, clear rules;
In politics
Equality of all before the law, the predominance of individual rights over the rights of the state (false liberal concept);
In cosmogony:
The sun, planets and satellites appeared as a result of the concentration of cosmic dust;
In physics:
Movement electromagnetic waves in a vacuum it is a given, the impossibility of exceeding the speed of light in a vacuum;
In economics:
Market relations are the basis;
In art:
A combination of content, form, texture and harmony;
In cosmology:
The evolution and development of the Universe begins with time " big bang";
"The paradigm is main way understanding and understanding the surrounding reality. The paradigm is almost never formulated in an obvious form, it is only implied and transmitted to other generations through direct experience and culture, and not through direct teaching"(W. Harmon, scientist at Stanford Research Institute)
Paradigm change - scientific revolution
For some time now, there has been a crisis in science. This crisis gives rise to uncertainty in the paradigm. The end of the current crisis is marked by a scientific breakthrough, the meaning of which is the emergence of new paradigms.Examples of scientific breakthroughs
Aristotelian physics is working properly" worked", as a paradigm from antiquity to the late Middle Ages. Mathematical and physical discoveries The 16th - 17th centuries of Newton, Descartes and Galileo created a situation when a scientific breakthrough was made, and the paradigm of scientific research was Newtonian physics, which was quite complex for that time, which was later replaced by the theory of relativity, relativistic physics and Decentralization. The old dogmas required a very complex hierarchy, centralization For this reason, serious difficulties arose. And then it was discovered that there was another method to cope with pressing problems - to decentralize and simplify the structure of the organization.
In parallel with the paradigm, there is also a syntagma - for an oak tree, a syntagmatic group is those words with which it has common (or opposite) characteristics. For example, table, hare are also masculine nouns.
Some examples
- Rhetoric . Here the paradigm is an example taken from mythology or history. For example, "Waterloo" or " Augean stables" Here the concept of archetype is synonymous with paradigm.
- Programming . A programming paradigm is a set of ideas and concepts that a programmer uses when writing code. For example, object-oriented programming is one of the programming paradigms. Depends on the programming language, the task and the programmer himself.
- Sociology . Here, a paradigm is a system of the most general initial and important justifications of a fairly recognized sociological theory, which determines its approach to setting and solving problems. For example, the game theory paradigm, in which there is a non-zero-sum game, zero-sum game, etc...
- Political science . Dictionaries give too cumbersome a definition, so for greater clarity it is better to explain it this way - a paradigm is those principles, words, terms, and methods that describe something social phenomenon and its development. For example, the paradigm of democracy is universal suffrage, and the paradigm of communism is the dictatorship of the proletariat, and reptilians belong to the conspiracy theory paradigm.
That is, in the most general outline– the paradigm is “in one bottle” short dictionary, the direction of movement and the norm of behavior of a certain phenomenon. Naturally, this interpretation is also lame, like all the others." general theories Total". But maybe you can come up with this formulation?
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Our advanced age sometimes " throws up"we have many of the most various terms, the meaning of which we cannot always clearly interpret. An example would be such outdated, but now again gaining popularity, words as “courage” and “opportunity”, as well as quite rare word, “biryuk” or sometimes the expression “kamo khryadeshi” that pops up in conversation. Be sure to add our resource site to your bookmarks to always be aware of the most interesting and educational news. Today we will talk about a rather rare, but at the same time actively used word " Paradigm", which means you can find out a little below. Moreover, such a term sounds very beautiful, and shows your intelligence, and arouses admiration among girls.
So let's continue what does Paradigm mean?? This term was borrowed from the Greek language "παράδειγμα", and is translated into Russian as "sample", "example", "model".
Paradigm- this is a system of certain views within which a particular theory will be considered
Synonym Paradigm: sample, diagram, model.
Paradigm- is a system of means, methods, values and technical skills accepted among scientists, and is used within the specific framework of an established scientific tradition
Paradigm- is a special theory expressed in a system of concepts reflecting the most important features of reality
As you probably already realized, this concept is not one of the simplest, and clearly talks about something global, " sublime" and associated with a certain doctrine, teaching, concept of the world or theory about something.
It turns out that all our numerous Paradigms(models) make our further development, at some stage. We try our best to place our view of the world into a narrow one" Procrustean bed"the next model. For some time, we believe that we have managed to dot all the points" Y", but as time passes it turns out that we were in trouble again.
Our reality is much more complex than even the most powerful intellect can imagine, and to some extent this is wonderful, but at the same time sad. After all, we will never fully understand our surrounding reality, although now we know that we will always have something to strive for.
After reading this article, you learned meaning of Paradigm, and now you won’t get into predicament when you discover this word again.
A set of stable and generally valid norms, theories, methods, schemes scientific activity, presupposing unity in the interpretation of theory, in organization empirical research and interpretation of scientific research. The concept of science was introduced into modern philosophy of science by T. Kuhn to explain the functioning of “normal science.” According to Kuhn, the development of science goes through several stages. The pre-paradigm stage of the development of science is characterized by the presence of many theoretical directions, diversity methodological approaches. At this stage there is no single theoretical concept, guiding the activities of the scientific community. Stage so-called "normal science" is characterized by the adoption of a stable and universally accepted scientific community P. The main conceptual load of P. is that, on the one hand, it excludes all concepts, theories, and methods that are not related to P. and are not consistent with it; on the other hand, it orients the scientific community and research activities towards the use of theory to predict new phenomenal areas, as well as to improve P. itself through reinterpretation of existing theories. The guarantee of the stability of “normal science” is its conservatism: all research activities is carried out within the framework of the accepted P. But “normal science” over a certain time begins to experience a crisis. The latter is associated with the occurrence of scientific anomalies leading to scientific discoveries. Most scientific anomalies arise in strict accordance with paradigmatic rules and requirements. Happy opening anomalous phenomena the search for solutions begins, and the search is mainly carried out within the framework of a given P. with the aim of preserving it. “Any crisis begins with a doubt in the paradigm and the subsequent loosening of the rules of normal research” (Kuhn). The end of the crisis is marked by a scientific revolution, the essence of which lies in the emergence of new P. New P. are qualitatively incommensurate with the old ones and are non-cumulative. " Scientific revolutions are considered here as such non-cumulative episodes in the development of science, during which the old paradigm is replaced in whole or in part new paradigm, incompatible with the old one" (Kuhn). As a result of the adoption of the new P., the totality of norms, values and attitudes accepted by the scientific community changes significantly. Due to the uncertainty of the concept of P., associated, first of all, with the contradiction of the logical and psychological-historical connotations of the term, Kuhn further explicated the initial characteristics of P. through the disciplinary matrix. The disciplinary matrix includes several elements: first, a symbolic generalization of laws. Symbolic generalization helps the scientific community formalize the main theoretical principles. Secondly, Kuhn identifies the “metaphysical” component of P. - a system of methodological principles. , used to interpret these laws. Third, a set of standardized tools and methods for solving typical problems. Examples of P. include Aristotelian dynamics, Ptolemaic astronomy, Newtonian mechanics, Einstein's theory of relativity. The concept of P. is used in modern socio-philosophical theories to diagnose its current state and predict its prospects, although it is hardly possible to speak unambiguously about the applicability of P. as unified system norms, attitudes, values to social and philosophical theories. T. X. Kerimov
Definitions, meanings of words in other dictionaries:
Dictionary of Logic
Paradigm (from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) is a set of theoretical and methodological provisions adopted by the scientific community on at a certain stage development of science and used as a sample, model, standard for scientific research, interpretation, evaluation and...
Philosophical Dictionary
(from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of theoretical and methodological provisions adopted by the scientific community at a certain stage of the development of science and used as a sample, model, standard for scientific research, interpretations, evaluations and...
Philosophical Dictionary
(Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - 1) the concept of ancient and medieval philosophy, characterizing the sphere of eternal ideas as a prototype, a sample, according to which the demiurge god creates the world of existence; 2) in modern philosophy science - a system of theoretical, methodological and...
Philosophical Dictionary
1. The set of theoretical, methodological, value and other attitudes adopted at each stage of the development of science (the concept was introduced by the American scientist T. Kuhn); 2. In a broad sense, the original conceptual idea, value as a diagram or... a kind of map of the area that helps...
Philosophical Dictionary
One of key concepts modern philosophy of science. Introduced by Kuhn. Refers to a set of beliefs, values, practices and technical means, accepted by the scientific community and ensuring the existence of the scientific tradition. The concept of P. is correlative to the concept of the scientific community:...
Newest philosophical dictionary
PARADIGM (Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - 1) the concept of ancient and medieval philosophy, characterizing the sphere of eternal ideas as a prototype, a sample, in accordance with which the demiurge god creates the world of existence; 2) in modern philosophy of science - a system of theoretical,...