Presentation of the initial stage of the Second World War. Beginning of World War II

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Initial stage of the war

On May 23, 1939, a meeting was held in Hitler's office in the presence of a number of senior officers. It was noted that “the Polish problem is closely connected with the inevitable conflict with England and France, a quick victory over which is problematic. At the same time, Poland is unlikely to be able to act as a barrier against Bolshevism. Currently, the task of German foreign policy is to expand living space to the East, ensure a guaranteed food supply and eliminate the threat from the East. Poland must be captured at the first opportunity."

Chronicle of events

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Initial stage of the war

On August 23, a non-aggression pact was signed between Germany and the USSR, in which the parties agreed not to attack each other. The secret additional protocol to the agreement between the USSR and Germany established the division of spheres of interest in Europe.

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On September 1, 1939, troops of Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, this provokes a declaration of war against them from England, France and other countries that had an alliance with Poland. On September 17, fearing that Germany would refuse to comply with the terms of the secret additional protocol to the non-aggression treaty, the USSR began sending troops into the eastern regions of Poland.

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On August 31, the German press reported: “...on Thursday at approximately 20 o’clock the premises of the radio station in Gleiwitz were captured by the Poles.” In fact, these were SS men dressed in Polish uniforms, led by Alfred Naujoks.

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On September 1, at 4:45 a.m., a German training ship, the obsolete battleship Schleswig-Holstein, which arrived in Danzig on a friendly visit and was enthusiastically greeted by the local population, opens fire on the Polish fortifications on Westerplatte. German armed forces invade Poland. Slovak troops are taking part in the fighting on the side of Germany.

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Initial stage of the war

On September 3 at 9 o'clock England, at 12:20 France, as well as Australia and New Zealand declared war on Germany. Within a few days they will be joined by Canada, Newfoundland, the Union of South Africa and Nepal. World War II has begun

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Summer - autumn 1940 - total bombing by the German Air Force of England.

On September 27, 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact (a treaty on the division of the world). During 1940 - 1941 it was joined by the satellite countries (allies) of Nazi Germany: Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia.

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Initial stage of the war

Early on Sunday morning, June 22, 1941, Germany, with the support of its allies - Italy, Hungary, Romania, Finland and Slovakia - suddenly and without warning attacked the USSR. The Soviet-German war began, in Soviet and Russian historiography called the Great Patriotic War.

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Already on the first day, German aviation bombed 66 airfields and destroyed 1,200 aircraft, gaining air supremacy by the summer of 1943.

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Initial stage of the war

By the end of the first ten days of July, German troops captured Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, a significant part of Ukraine, Moldova and Estonia. The main forces of the Soviet Western Front were defeated in the Battle of Bialystok-Minsk.

The Soviet Northwestern Front was defeated in a border battle and driven back.

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In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which became one of the main documents of the emerging anti-Hitler coalition. It spoke about the lack of desire in the United States and England for territorial conquests, about their respect for the right of peoples to self-determination. They pledged to restore the sovereign rights of enslaved peoples and create a more just and secure world after the war based on the renunciation of the use of force. On January 1, 1942, 26 states signed the Declaration of the United Nations, acceding to the purposes and principles set forth in the Atlantic Charter.

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Leningrad in mid-July 1941. The Finnish army’s attack from the north also did not reach its target. Stubborn fighting in the Baltic states and the heroic defense of the Hanko Peninsula played a big role in the struggle for Leningrad.

In the third strategic direction of their offensive - Leningrad - the fascist invaders also failed to achieve their goals. The advance of the German army was stopped at the distant approaches to

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In December 1941, Soviet troops struck the enemy near Tikhvin, liberated it and preserved the only communication for Leningrad - through Lake Ladoga. By decision of the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government, an ice “road of life” was laid here. Food and necessary cargo were delivered to the city along it. About 550 thousand people and equipment for the military industry were removed from besieged Leningrad.

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A radical turning point on the Soviet-German front - the Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943); Battle of Kursk (July 5 - August 23, 1943).

The Battle of Kursk occupies a special place in the Great Patriotic War. It lasted 50 days and nights, from July 5 to August 23, 1943. This battle has no equal in its ferocity and tenacity of struggle.

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July 24 - 25, 1943 - collapse of the fascist regime of Mussolini. Italy's withdrawal from the Tripartite Pact and the Badoglio government's declaration of war on Germany.

• Mussolini
• Badoglio

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November 28 - December 1, 1943 - Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USA, USSR and England (discussion of issues of the post-war world order, coordination of actions for 1944, determination of the date and place of the opening of the Second Front; agreement of the USSR to enter the war against Japan after the end of the war in Europe.

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The final stage of the war

Beginning of 1944 - the offensive of the Soviet army near Leningrad, on the Right Bank of Ukraine. In the summer, the Finnish army was attacked on the Karelian Isthmus. Armistice with Finland September 19, 1944.

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July 1944 - Operation Bagration in the Belarusian direction (liberation of almost the entire territory of the USSR).

End of 1944 - liberation of France.

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December 1944 - the situation in Germany became catastrophic. Allied troops stood at its borders. In December 1944, the German command organized the last counterattack against the Allies in the Ardennes.

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January 12, 1945 - the beginning of the offensive of Soviet troops along the entire length of the Soviet-German front.

February 4 - 11, 1945 - Crimean Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and England (it was decided to seek the surrender of Germany with its subsequent occupation; final recognition of the new borders of the USSR in the West; confirmation of the USSR government to enter the war with Japan in two to three months after the end of the war in Europe).

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The end of World War II.

November 20, 1945 - October 1, 1946 - Nuremberg trials of the main Nazi war criminals.

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Beginning of World War II. Military actions

THIS IS A WAR: Many blitzkriegs From distant fronts Technological innovations From mobilized economies Various ideological systems Huge losses (61 million dead) 12 times more damage than the First World War Many blitzkriegs From distant fronts Technological innovations From mobilized economies Different ideological systems About huge losses (61 million dead) 12 times more in damage than the First World War

Periodization of the Second World WarI September 1, 1939 – June 1942 The expanding scale of war while maintaining the superiority of the aggressor forces. II June 1942 – January 1944 A turning point in the course of the war, initiative and superiority in forces pass into the hands of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. III January 1944 – September 2, 1945 The superiority of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. Defeat enemy armies. Crisis and collapse of the ruling regimes of aggressor states.

Work in groups Group 1. 1 group. Draw a diagram of the main directions of military actions of Germany and its allies at the beginning of WW2. Draw a diagram of the main directions of military actions of Germany and its allies at the beginning of WW2. Group 2 Group 2 Determine the participation of individual countries in military operations (England, USA, France, Japan, Germany, Italy) using maps and the text of the textbook, create a chronological table. Group 3 Group 3 How did the “strange war” turn out for Poland? Write a story about the Weiss plan.

Work in groups Group 4 How did the “strange war” turn out for France? Write a story about the defeat of France. Group 4 How did the “strange war” turn out for France? Write a story about the defeat of France. Group 5 Group 5 Explain the basic concepts and terms “blitzkrieg”, “strange war”, occupation, the Dunkirk miracle, plans for operations “Weiss”, “Sea Lion”, “Barbarossa”. Group 6 Group 6 List the outstanding personalities of the Second World War. Create a historical portrait of your choice.

Problem task What are the reasons for Germany's victory over the European states and why were the European countries not ready for war with Germany? What are the reasons for Germany's victory over the European states and why were European countries not ready for war with Germany?

1 period of World War II date event September 1, 1939 German invasion of Poland April 9, 1940 German invasion of Denmark and Norway April 1940 Italian invasion of Greece May 10, 1940 Invasion of German troops into Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg June 1940 Invasion of German troops into French territory Summer 1940 Italy's attempt to seize British colonies in North Africa April 1941 German invasion of Yugoslavia June 22, 1941 Attack of German troops on the USSR December 7, 1941 Attack Japan to the US naval base on the Hawaiian Islands (Pearl Harbor) December 8, 1941 US declaration of war on Japan December 11, 1941 Declaration of war by Germany and Italy US

The beginning of the war. German military actions against Poland. September 1, 1939 German attack on Poland. The beginning of World War II on September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Beginning of World War II September 3, 1939 Great Britain and France declare war on Germany September 3, 1939 Great Britain and France declare war on Germany September 17, 1939 Red Army enters Poland September 17, 1939 Red Army enters Poland September 28 1939 Soviet-German Treaty “On Friendship and Border” September 28, 1939 Soviet-German Treaty “On Friendship and Border” November 30, 1939 March 12, 1940 Soviet-Finnish conflict “Winter War” November 30, 1939 March 12, 1940 Soviet-Finnish conflict “Winter War”

"Strange War". Defeat of France. "Strange War". Defeat of France. April 9, 1940 German attack on Denmark and Norway April 9, 1940 German attack on Denmark and Norway May 10, 1940 German attack on Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg May 10, 1940 German attack on Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg June 10 1940 Italy declares war on Great Britain and France. The emergence of the African theater of operations June 10, 1940 Italy declares war on Great Britain and France. The emergence of the African theater of operations June 22, 1940, the surrender of France June 22, 1940, the surrender of France August 8, 1940, the beginning of German raids on England August 8, 1940, the beginning of German raids on England, October 1940, the Italian attack on Greece, October 1940 . Italian attack on Greece April 6, 1941 German attack on Yugoslavia and Greece April 6, 1941 German attack on Yugoslavia and Greece

The defeat of the Allies In the spring of 1940, Hitler launched an offensive on the Western Front. In April, German troops invaded Denmark and Norway. Denmark capitulated without a fight, and the leader of local fascists, Quisling, came to power in Norway. In May, the Germans invaded the Low Countries and bypassed the Maginot Line on the French border. The Allies were trapped on the coast at Dunkirk.

Italian actions in East Africa Summer 1940 Italian troops stationed in Italian Somalia launched an offensive against the neighboring British colony of Somalia and against British troops stationed in Egypt. Spring 1941 In the spring of 1941, the British, with the support of Ethiopian partisans, expelled the Italians from British Somalia and Ethiopia, occupying all of East Africa.

Capture of the Balkans Autumn 1940 October 28, 1940 Italy attacked Greece. Italian troops faced stubborn resistance from the Greek army. At Mussolini's request, Germany came to the rescue. Spring 1941 On April 6, 1941, German troops attacked Greece and Yugoslavia. They quickly broke the resistance of the Greek and Yugoslav armies.

The fight with England Hitler was going to land troops on the British Isles. The English fleet prevented this attempt. German bomber over London Germany unleashed the full might of the Luftwaffe on England. The British Air Force and Air Defense fought back the Germans. W. Churchill in the ruins after the bombings Stubborn resistance from England prompted Hitler to begin preparations for war with the USSR.

Problem task What are the reasons for Germany's victory over the European states and why were the European countries not ready for war with Germany? What are the reasons for Germany's victory over the European states and why were European countries not ready for war with Germany? “New Order” Creation of puppet governments Creation of puppet governments Use of human, economic, natural resources Use of human, economic, natural resources Repressions against local peoples Repressions against local peoples Concentration camps Concentration camps Removal of the population for work in Germany Removal of the population for work in Germany

Let's consolidate Which states were responsible for the outbreak of World War II? Which states were responsible for the outbreak of World War II? What goals did these states pursue? What goals did these states pursue? What do you think about the possibility of preventing World War II? What do you think about the possibility of preventing World War II?

Your own teacher and psychologist 1. Your own teacher Choose one of the assessments and evaluate your work in the lesson Be your own psychologist Determine the degree of your satisfaction with the lesson in %. Rectangle 100% Circle 95-70% Square 69-50% Oval – less than 50%

• World War II (September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945) - a war of two world military-political coalitions, which became the largest war in human history.
• 61 states out of 73 existing at that time (80% of the world's population) participated in it.
• The fighting took place on the territory of three continents and in the waters of four oceans.
• This is the only conflict in which nuclear weapons were used.

• On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union (see Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45).
• Hungary, Romania, Finland, and Italy performed together with her. On the Soviet-German front there were from 62% to 70% of the active divisions of Nazi Germany.
• The defeat of the enemy in the Battle of Moscow 1941-42 meant the failure of Hitler’s “lightning war” plan. In the summer of 1941, the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition began.

• The victories of the Red Army in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942-43 and the Battle of Kursk in 1943 led to the final loss of the strategic initiative by the German command.
• By May 1943, North Africa was liberated by Anglo-American troops (see North African Campaign).
• In July - August 1943, Anglo-American troops landed on the island of Sicily.
• On September 3, 1943, Italy signed the instrument of surrender.
• The Tehran Conference of 1943 recognized the paramount importance of opening a 2nd Front in Europe by landing Anglo-French troops in Northern France.

• On May 2, 1945, Berlin was captured by the Red Army.
• At midnight on May 8, in the Berlin suburb of Karlshorst, representatives of the German High Command signed the Act of Unconditional Surrender.
• On May 11, the Red Army ended the Prague operation of 1945.

• VICTORY! VICTORY! VICTORY!

From left to right: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President of the U.S.A Franklin Roosevelt and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Joseph Stalin at the Livadia Palace in Yalta, Crimea, February 4, 1945. The leaders met to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe and the fate of Germany.

Eternal memory to the dead!

Eternal glory to Victory!

Leningrad blockade

Lasted almost 900 days.

Culture during WWII

Theater, music

Literature

Literature

The literature of war is extremely significant and varied; from month to month it gained strength as one of the types " Combat weapons"during the great battle against fascism.

Most mobile genres:

• journalism,
• poetry.

Articles, essays about war heroes, and propaganda poems began to appear on the pages of newspapers and magazines.

Literature

During the war, books such as “ Sacred Blood"(1943) and " Navoi"(1945) Aibek, " Vasily Terkin» A.T. Tvardovsky.

In 1942 one of the most significant works of wartime appeared in Pravda - a long essay by M.A. Sholokhov " The Science of Hate ».

In 1945 A novel by A.A. appeared Fadeeva " Young guard" etc.

The war years became an important stage in the development of Soviet spiritual culture.

Art expressed the hopes, feelings and thoughts of the entire people.

Soviet playwrights created works designed to express the will to win and inspire frontline soldiers and home front workers.

The struggle of the Soviet people against the conquerors during the war years was reflected in the work of composers from the first days, most quickly in song.

The symbol of the war became " Holy war"(June 1941) to poems by V.I. Lebedev-Kumach.

The following songs gained enormous popularity: « Katyusha"Blantera, sounded in different languages ​​of the world.;

« Let's smoke"(January 1942) to poems by N. Frenkel;

“Nightingales” (1942) based on poems by A. Fatyanov.

Ensembles with the participation of singers and musicians gave concerts for soldiers of the Soviet army: L.A. Ruslanova, L.O. Utesov, K.I. Shulzhenko, G.R. Ginsburg, D.F. Oistrakh, etc.

Musicians and singers showed heroism and courage, using their performances in front of the soldiers as a form of struggle, instilling confidence in the invincibility of the Motherland.

The activities of scientific institutions were based on the comprehensive development, first of all, of the problem of the fullest use of economic resources for the further development of the national economy and strengthening of defense capabilities.

In December 1941 mass evacuation of scientific institutions to the east of the country began.

Russians

Lithuanians

Latvians

Ukrainians

Belarusians

Kyrgyz

Udmurts

Tatars

Jews

Karelians

Kazakhs

Estonians

Georgian

Kalmyks

Kabardians

Armenians

Uzbeks

Adyghe people

Mordovians

Abkhazians

Buryats

Chuvash

Yakuts

Azerbaijanis

Bashkirs

Moldovans

Chechens

Ossetians

Tajiks

results

Turkmens

Many women, with small children to take care of, worked in factories and factories. Children and old people, standing at the machines day and night, made weapons for the soldiers, constantly without enough food, in the cold and overcoming the most difficult conditions. They did everything in their power to help survive the war and defeat the invaders. Many soldiers and officers were awarded orders and medals, many received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. We must remember the names of the heroes who gave their lives in the struggle for liberation: Alexander Matrosov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Nikolai Gastello and many others.

Already in the first days of the war, while defending the Brest Fortress, a student of the musical platoon, 14-year-old Petya Klypa, distinguished himself. Many pioneers participated in partisan detachments, where they were often used as scouts and saboteurs, as well as in carrying out underground activities; Among the young partisans, Marat Kazei, Volodya Dubinin, Lenya Golikov and Valya Kotik are especially famous (all of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who was blown up by a mine; and all of them, except for the older Lenya Golikov, were 13-14 years old at the time of their death) .

For military services, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals.

Lenya Golikova

In the Pskov region, in the village of Lukino, there lived a boy Lenya Golikov. He studied at school, helped his parents with housework, and was friends with the kids. But suddenly the Great Patriotic War began, and everything he dreamed of in a peaceful life suddenly ended. When the war began, he was only 15 years old.

After the Nazis captured his village, Leni had a lot of military affairs to deal with, the young partisan Leni Golikov. But one thing was special.

In August 1942, Lenya was ambushed not far from the road. Suddenly he saw a luxurious German car driving down the road. He knew that very important fascists were transported in such cars, and decided to stop this car at all costs. First he looked to see if there were any guards, let the car get closer, and then threw a grenade at it. The grenade exploded next to the car, and immediately two hefty Fritzes jumped out of it and ran towards Lena. But he was not afraid and began to shoot at them with a machine gun. He immediately killed one, and the second began to run away into the forest, but Lenin’s bullet caught up with him. One of the fascists turned out to be General Richard Witz. They found important documents on him and immediately sent them to Moscow. Soon, an order was received from the General Headquarters of the partisan movement to nominate all participants in the daring operation for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. But there was only one participant... Young Lenya Golikov! It turns out that Lenya obtained the most valuable information - drawings and descriptions of new types of German mines, inspection reports to higher command, minefield maps and other important military papers. He was awarded a medal, but did not have time to receive it because a traitor turned out to be in his village, who told the Nazis that everyone had fallen asleep and the Nazis had shot everyone, including Lenya!