Topic: Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow
Kadyrova R.K.
Questions:
The concept of needs.
Various theories and classifications of needs.
Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow.
Characteristics of basic human needs.
Basic needs for daily human activities.
Conditions and factors influencing the method and effectiveness of meeting needs.
Possible reasons for the need for care (illness, injury, age).
The role of the nurse in restoring and maintaining the patient's independence in meeting his basic needs
The role of the nurse in improving the lifestyle of the patient and his family.
Concept of needs
The normal functioning of a person, as a social being, representing an integral, dynamic, self-regulating biological system, is ensured by a set of biological, psychosocial and spiritual needs. The satisfaction of these needs determines the growth, development, and harmony of a person with the environment.
Human life activity depends on many factors that are ordered in time and space and are supported by the life support systems of the human body in environmental conditions.
Need- this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person, which he experiences throughout his life. (MANGO Glossary edited by G.I. Perfileva).
Basic theories and classifications of needs
The authors of the need-information theory, which explains the causes and driving forces of human behavior, are domestic scientists Simonov and Ershov. The essence of the theory is that needs are stimulated by the conditions of existence of the organism in a constantly changing environment.
The transition of needs into actions and actions is accompanied by emotions.
Emotions are indicators of needs. They can be positive and negative for satisfying needs. Simonov and Ershov divided all needs into three groups:
Group – vital (The need to live and provide for one’s life).
group – social (the need to take a certain place in society)
group – cognitive (the need to understand the external and internal world).
American psychophysiologist A. Maslow, of Russian origin, in 1943 identified 14 basic human needs and arranged them according to five stages (see diagram)
Physiological needs are lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, and the need for self-defense.
Reliability needs - the desire for material security, health, security for old age, etc.
Social needs - the satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to describe. One person is satisfied by very few contacts with other people; in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.
The need for respect, awareness of one’s own dignity is here we're talking about about respect, prestige, social success. These needs are unlikely to be met by an individual; groups are required.
V. The need for personal development, for self-realization, self-realization, self-actualization, for understanding one’s purpose in the world.
Hierarchy of needs (stages of development) according to a. Maslow. The essence of the theory of needs a. Maslow. Characteristics of Basic Human Needs
Life, health, happiness, of a person depends on meeting the needs for food, air, sleep, etc. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life. They are provided by the function of various organs and systems of the body. The disease causes dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs, and leads to discomfort.
In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed one of the theories of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some needs are more significant for a person than others. This allowed them to be classified according to a hierarchical system; from physiological to needs for self-expression.
Currently, in countries with a high level of social economic development, where priorities in meeting basic needs have changed significantly, it is not so popular. For our conditions today, this theory remains popular.
To live, a person needs to satisfy physiological needs for air, food, water, sleep, excretion of waste products, the ability to move, communicate, with others, feel touch and satisfy their sexual interests.
Oxygen requirement- normal breathing, one of the basic physiological needs of humans. Breath and life are inseparable concepts.
With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and shallow, shortness of breath and coughing appear. A prolonged decrease in oxygen concentration in tissues leads to cyanosis, the skin and visible mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the healthcare professional. A person, satisfying this need, maintains the blood gas composition necessary for life.
NeedV food also has important to maintain health and well-being. Rational and adequate nutrition helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by regular consumption of foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol. Diet containing a large number of cereals and plant fibers, reduces the risk of developing colon cancer. High content Protein in food promotes wound healing.
The health care professional should educate the patient and provide recommendations on rational and adequate nutrition to meet the person's nutritional needs.
Limit: consumption of egg yolks, sugar, sweet foods, salt, alcoholic beverages.
It is better to cook or bake food, but not to fry it.
It must be remembered that an unmet need for food leads to poor health.
Fluid requirement– this is drinking liquid, 1.5-2 liters daily - water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, fruits, vegetables. This amount replenishes losses in the form of urine, feces, sweat, and evaporation during breathing. To save water balance, a person must consume more fluid than he excretes, otherwise signs of dehydration appear, but no more than 2 liters, so as not to cause dysfunction of many organs and systems. The ability of the nurse to foresee the danger of dehydration or the formation of edema determines the patient’s ability to avoid many complications.
The need for excretion of waste products. The undigested part of food is excreted from the body in the form of urine and feces. Each person's excretion patterns are individual. Satisfaction of other needs can be postponed, but the release of waste products cannot be postponed until for a long time. Many patients consider the process of excreting waste products to be intimate and prefer not to discuss these issues. When satisfying a violated need, the nurse must provide him with the opportunity for privacy, respect the patient’s right to confidentiality,
Need for sleep and rest– with lack of sleep, the level of glucose in the blood decreases, brain nutrition deteriorates and thought processes slow down; attention is lost and short-term memory deteriorates. Research conducted by American experts shows that a person who has not slept half the night has a halved number of blood cells responsible for phagocytosis. For a free person, sleep is more necessary because it helps improve his well-being. Despite the fact that a person’s sensitivity to external stimuli during sleep is reduced, this is a fairly active state. As a result of research, several stages of sleep have been identified.
Stage 1- slow-wave sleep. Light sleep and last only a few minutes. At this stage, there is a decline in the physiological activity of the organism, a gradual decrease in the activity of vital organs and metabolism. A person can be easily woken up, but if sleep is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.
Stage 2– slow sleep Shallow sleep lasts 10-20 minutes. Vital functions continue to weaken, and complete relaxation sets in. It is difficult to wake a person.
Stage 3– slow sleep The stage of deepest sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, makes it difficult to wake up the sleeper. The weakening of vital functions continues,
Stage 4– slow sleep Deep sleep lasting 15-30 minutes makes it very difficult to wake up the sleeper. During this phase, recovery occurs physical strength. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Following stage 4, the 3rd and 2nd stages begin again, after which the sleeper moves into the 5th stage of sleep.
Stage 5- REM sleep. Vivid, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after the first stage. Rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate and breathing rates, and increases or fluctuations in blood pressure are observed. The tone of skeletal muscles decreases. During this phase, a person’s mental functions are restored; it is very difficult to wake up a sleeping person. The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.
After stage 5 sleep on a short time the 4th, 3rd, 2nd stages begin, then again the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages, i.e. the next sleep cycle.
Several factors can influence a person's sleep; physical illness, medications and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and exercise. Any disease that is accompanied by pain, physical illness, anxiety and depression leads to sleep disturbances. The nurse should familiarize the patient with the effect of the prescribed medicines and their effect on sleep.
Rest- a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only by lying on the sofa, but also by taking a long walk, reading books or doing special relaxation exercises. In a medical facility, rest may be disrupted by loud noise, bright lights, and the presence of other people.
The need for rest and sleep for human life, knowledge of its stages and possible causes that cause disruption of the usual functions of the human body will enable the nurse to provide assistance to the patient and satisfy his need for sleep with the means available to her.
Need in movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. This condition can be long or short, temporary or permanent. It can be caused by trauma followed by the application of a splint, traction of the limbs using special devices. Pain in the presence of chronic diseases, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident.
Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of bedsores, dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system, and the functioning of the heart and lungs. With prolonged immobility, changes in the digestive system, dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation are observed. Intense straining during defecation, which the patient must resort to, can lead to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. Immobility, especially when lying down, interferes with urination and can lead to bladder infections and the formation of bladder and kidney stones.
And the main problem of the patient is that he cannot communicate with environment, which has a significant impact on the formation of a person’s personality. Depending on the degree and duration of the state of immobility, the patient may develop certain problems in the psychosocial sphere, the ability to learn, motivation, feelings and emotions may change.
Nursing care aimed at maximizing the restoration of mobility and independence in movement using crutches, sticks, and prostheses is of great importance for improving the patient’s quality of life.
Sexual need. It does not stop even with illness or old age.
A person’s sexual health can be directly or indirectly affected by illness or developmental defects. But nevertheless, many people are reluctant to talk about this topic, even if they have serious sexual problems.
Addressing actual or potential sexual problems can help the patient achieve harmony in all aspects of health.
It is necessary when talking with a patient:
develop a solid scientific basis to understand healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;
understand how sexuality is affected by a person’s sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs;
learn to identify problems that are beyond the scope of nursing competence and recommend the help of an appropriate specialist to the patient.
Need for security. For most people, security means reliability and convenience. Each of us needs shelter, clothing and someone who can help. The patient feels safe if the bed, wheelchair, gurney are fixed, the flooring in the room and in the corridor is dry and there are no foreign objects on it, the room is sufficiently lit at night; at poor eyesight there are glasses. The person dresses appropriately for the weather, and the home is warm enough to receive help if necessary. The patient must be confident that he is able not only to ensure his own safety, but also not to cause harm to others. Avoid stressful situations.
Social needs– these are the needs for family, friends, their communication, approval, affection, love, etc.
People want to be loved and understood. No one wants to be abandoned, unloved and alone. If this happens, it means that the person’s social needs are not satisfied.
For severe illness, disability or old age often arises vacuum, social contacts are disrupted. Unfortunately, in such cases the need for communication is not satisfied, especially among older and lonely people. You should always remember about a person's social needs, even in cases where he prefers not to talk about it.
Helping the patient decide social problem, you can significantly improve his quality of life.
The need for self-esteem and esteem. When communicating with people, we cannot be indifferent to the assessment of our success by others.
A person develops a need for respect and self-esteem. But for this it is necessary that the work brings satisfaction to him, and the rest is rich and interesting; the higher the level of socio-economic development of society, the more fully the needs for self-esteem are satisfied. Disabled and elderly patients lose this feeling, since they are no longer of interest to anyone, there is no one to rejoice in their success, and therefore they have no opportunity to satisfy their need for respect.
Need for self-expression This is the highest level of human need. By satisfying their need for self-expression, everyone believes that they are doing better than others. For one, self-expression is writing a book, for another it is growing a garden, for another it is raising children, etc.
So, at each level of the hierarchy, the patient may have one or more unmet needs; the nurse, when drawing up a care plan for the patient, must help him realize at least some of them.
The states and needs of people that arise when they need something underlie their motives. That is, it is the needs that are the source of activity of each individual. Man is a desiring creature, so in reality it is unlikely that his needs will be fully satisfied. The nature of human needs is such that as soon as one need is satisfied, the next one comes first.
Maslow's pyramid of needs
Abraham Maslow's concept of needs is perhaps the most famous of all. The psychologist not only classified people's needs, but also made an interesting assumption. Maslow noted that each person has an individual hierarchy of needs. That is, there are basic human needs - they are also called basic, and additional.
According to the concept of a psychologist, absolutely all people on earth experience needs at all levels. Moreover, there is the following law: basic human needs are dominant. However, high-level needs can also remind you of themselves and become motivators of behavior, but this happens only when the basic ones are satisfied.
The basic needs of people are those aimed at survival. At the base of Maslow's pyramid are the basic needs. Biological needs people are the most important. Next comes the need for security. Satisfying a person's needs for security ensures survival, as well as a sense of permanence in living conditions.
A person feels needs of a higher level only when he has done everything to ensure his physical well-being. The social needs of a person are that he feels the need to unite with other people, to love and recognition. After satisfying this need, the following come to the fore. Human spiritual needs include self-esteem, protection from loneliness, and feeling worthy of respect.
Further, at the very top of the pyramid of needs is the need to reveal one’s potential, to self-actualize. Maslow explained this human need for activity as the desire to become who he originally was.
Maslow assumed that this need is innate and, most importantly, common to every individual. However, at the same time, it is obvious that people differ dramatically from each other in their motivation. For various reasons, not everyone manages to reach the pinnacle of necessity. Throughout life, people's needs can vary between physical and social, so they are not always aware of needs, for example, for self-actualization, because they are extremely busy satisfying lower desires.
The needs of man and society are divided into natural and unnatural. In addition, they are constantly expanding. The development of human needs occurs through the development of society.
Thus, we can conclude that the higher the needs a person satisfies, the more clearly his individuality manifests itself.
Are hierarchy violations possible?
Examples of violation of hierarchy in satisfying needs are known to everyone. Probably, if only those who are well-fed and healthy experienced human spiritual needs, then the very concept of such needs would have long since sunk into oblivion. Therefore, the organization of needs is replete with exceptions.
Satisfying needs
The extremely important fact is that satisfying a need can never be an all-or-nothing process. After all, if this were so, then physiological needs would be satisfied once and for life, and then a transition to social needs person without the possibility of return. There is no need to prove otherwise.
Biological needs of man
The bottom level of Maslow's pyramid is those needs that ensure human survival. Of course, they are the most urgent and have the most powerful motivating force. In order for an individual to feel the needs of higher levels, biological needs must be satisfied at least minimally.
Safety and protection needs
This level of vital or vital needs is the need for safety and protection. We can safely say that if physiological needs are closely related to the survival of the organism, then the need for safety ensures its long life.
Needs for love and belonging
This is the next level of Maslow's pyramid. The need for love is closely related to the individual’s desire to avoid loneliness and be accepted in human society. When the needs at the previous two levels are satisfied, motives of this kind occupy a dominant position.
Almost everything in our behavior is determined by the need for love. It is important for any person to be included in relationships, be it family, work team or something else. The baby needs love, and no less than the satisfaction of physical needs and the need for security.
The need for love is especially pronounced during the teenage period of human development. At this time, it is the motives that grow out of this need that become leading.
Psychologists often say that typical behavior patterns appear during adolescence. For example, the main activity of a teenager is communication with peers. Also typical is the search for an authoritative adult - a teacher and mentor. All teenagers subconsciously strive to be different - to stand out from the crowd. This is where the desire to follow comes from fashion trends or belong to any subculture.
The need for love and acceptance in adulthood
As a person matures, love needs begin to focus on more selective and deeper relationships. Now needs are pushing people to start families. In addition, it is not the quantity of friendships that becomes more important, but their quality and depth. It is easy to notice that adults have far fewer friends than teenagers, but these friendships are necessary for the mental well-being of the individual.
Despite the large number of different means of communication, people in modern society very scattered. Today, a person does not feel part of a community, except perhaps as part of a family that has three generations, but many lack even that. In addition, children who experienced a lack of intimacy experience fear of it in later life. On the one hand, they neurotically avoid close relationships, because they are afraid of losing themselves as individuals, and on the other hand, they really need them.
Maslow identified two main types of relationships. They are not necessarily marital, but may well be friendly, between children and parents, and so on. What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?
Scarce love
This type of love is aimed at the desire to make up for the lack of something vital. Scarce love has a specific source - unmet needs. The person may lack self-esteem, protection, or acceptance. This type of love is a feeling born of selfishness. It is motivated by the individual’s desire to fill his inner world. A person is not able to give anything, he only takes.
Alas, in most cases the basis long term relationship, including marital ones, is precisely scarce love. The parties to such a union can live together all their lives, but much in their relationship is determined by the internal hunger of one of the participants in the couple.
Deficient love is the source of dependence, fear of losing, jealousy and constant attempts to pull the blanket over oneself, suppressing and subjugating the partner in order to tie him more closely to oneself.
Being love
This feeling is based on recognition of the unconditional value of a loved one, but not for any qualities or special merits, but simply for the fact that he exists. Of course, existential love is also designed to satisfy human needs for acceptance, but its striking difference is that there is no element of possessiveness in it. There is also no desire to take away from your neighbor what you yourself need.
The person who is able to experience existential love does not seek to remake his partner or somehow change him, but encourages everything in him best qualities and supports the desire to grow and develop spiritually.
Maslow himself described this type of love as healthy relationships between people who are based on mutual trust, respect and admiration.
Self-esteem needs
Despite the fact that this level of needs is designated as the need for self-esteem, Maslow divided it into two types: self-esteem and respect from other people. Although they are closely related to each other, it is often extremely difficult to separate them.
A person's need for self-esteem is that he must know that he is capable of much. For example, that he can successfully cope with the tasks and requirements assigned to him, and that he feels like a full-fledged person.
If this type of need is not satisfied, then a feeling of weakness, dependence and inferiority appears. Moreover, the stronger such experiences are, the less effective human activity becomes.
It should be noted that self-respect is healthy only when it is based on respect from other people, and not status in society, flattery, etc. Only in this case will satisfaction of such a need contribute to psychological stability.
Interestingly, the need for self-esteem in different periods life manifests itself in different ways. Psychologists have noticed that young people who are just starting to start a family and look for their professional niche need respect from others more than others.
Self-actualization needs
The highest level in the pyramid of needs is the need for self-actualization. Abraham Maslow defined this need as a person’s desire to become what he can become. For example, musicians write music, poets write poetry, artists paint. Why? Because they want to be themselves in this world. They need to follow their nature.
For whom is self-actualization important?
It should be noted that not only those who have any talent need self-actualization. Your personal or creative potential Every person without exception has it. Each person has his own calling. The need for self-actualization is to find your life's work. Shapes and possible ways self-actualizations are very diverse, and it is precisely on this spiritual level needs, the motives and behavior of people are the most unique and individual.
Psychologists say that the desire to achieve maximum self-realization is inherent in every person. However, there are very few people whom Maslow called self-actualizers. No more than 1% of the population. Why do those incentives that should encourage a person to act do not always work?
Maslow in his works indicated the following three reasons for such unfavorable behavior.
Firstly, a person’s ignorance of his capabilities, as well as a lack of understanding of the benefits of self-improvement. In addition, there are common doubts about own strength or fear of failure.
Secondly, the pressure of prejudice - cultural or social. That is, a person’s abilities may run counter to the stereotypes that society imposes. For example, stereotypes of femininity and masculinity can prevent a boy from becoming a talented makeup artist or dancer, or a girl from achieving success, for example, in military affairs.
Third, the need for self-actualization may conflict with the need for security. For example, if self-realization requires a person to take risky or dangerous actions or actions that do not guarantee success.
Personal needs(need) is the so-called source of personal activity, because it is a person’s needs that are his motivation for acting in a certain way, forcing him to move in the right direction. Thus, need or need is a personal state in which the dependence of subjects on certain situations or conditions of existence.
Personal activity manifests itself only in the process of satisfying its needs, which are formed during the upbringing of the individual and his introduction to public culture. In its primary biological manifestation the need is nothing more than certain state organism, expressing its objective need (desire) for something. Thus, the system of individual needs directly depends on the individual’s lifestyle, the interaction between the environment and the sphere of its use. From the perspective of neurophysiology, need means the formation of some kind of dominant, i.e. the appearance of excitation of special brain cells, characterized by stability and regulating required behavioral actions.
Types of personality needs
Human needs are quite diverse and today there is huge variety their classifications. However, in modern psychology there are two main classifications of types of needs. In the first classification, needs (needs) are divided into material (biological), spiritual (ideal) and social.
The realization of material or biological needs is associated with the individual-species existence of the individual. These include the need for food, sleep, clothing, safety, home, intimate desires. Those. need (need), which is determined by biological need.
Spiritual or ideal needs are expressed in knowledge of the world around us, the meaning of existence, self-realization and self-esteem.
The desire of an individual to belong to any social group, as well as the need for human recognition, leadership, dominance, self-affirmation, affection of others in love and respect is reflected in social needs. All these needs are divided into important types of activity:
- labor, work - the need for knowledge, creation and creation;
- development – the need for training, self-realization;
- social communication – spiritual and moral needs.
The needs or needs described above have a social orientation, and therefore are called sociogenic or social.
In another type of classification, all needs are divided into two types: need or need for growth (development) and conservation.
The need for conservation combines the following physiological needs (needs): sleep, intimate desires, hunger, etc. This basic needs personality. Without their satisfaction, the individual is simply unable to survive. Next is the need for security and preservation; abundance - comprehensiveness of satisfaction natural needs; material needs and biological.
The need for growth combines the following: the desire for love and respect; self-actualization; self-esteem; knowledge, including life meaning; needs for sensory (emotional) contact; social and spiritual (ideal) needs. The above classifications make it possible to highlight the more significant needs of the subject’s practical behavior.
OH. Maslow put forward the concept systematic approach to research into the psychology of personality of subjects, based on the model of personality needs in the form of a pyramid. Hierarchy of personality needs according to A.Kh. Maslow represents the behavior of an individual that directly depends on the satisfaction of his any needs. This means that the needs at the top of the hierarchy (realization of goals, self-development) direct the individual’s behavior to the extent that his needs at the very bottom of the pyramid (thirst, hunger, intimate desires, etc.) are satisfied.
They also distinguish between potential (non-actualized) needs and actualized ones. The main driver of personal activity is the internal conflict (contradiction) between internal conditions existence and external.
All types of individual needs located at the upper levels of the hierarchy have different levels expression in different people, but without society, not a single person can exist. A full-fledged personality a subject can only become when he satisfies his need for self-actualization.
Social needs of the individual
This is a special kind of human need. It lies in the need to have everything necessary for the existence and functioning of an individual, a social group, or society as a whole. This is an internal motivating factor for activity.
Social needs are the need of people for work, social activity, culture, and spiritual life. The needs created by society are those needs that are the basis public life. Without motivating factors to satisfy needs, production and progress in general are impossible.
Social needs also include those associated with the desire to form a family, joining various social groups, teams, various areas of production (non-production) activity, and the existence of society as a whole. Conditions, factors external environment, which surround an individual in the process of his life, not only contribute to the emergence of needs, but also create opportunities to satisfy them. In human life and the hierarchy of needs, social needs play one of the determining roles. The existence of an individual in society and through it is the central area of manifestation of the essence of man, the main condition for the realization of all other needs - biological and spiritual.
Social needs are classified according to three criteria: the needs of others, their own needs, and joint needs.
The needs of others (needs for others) are needs that express the generic basis of the individual. It lies in the need for communication, protection of the weak. Altruism is one of the expressed needs for others, the need to sacrifice one's interests for others. Altruism is realized only through victory over egoism. That is, the need “for oneself” must be transformed into a need “for others.”
One’s own need (need for oneself) is expressed in self-affirmation in society, self-realization, self-identification, the need to take one’s place in society and the team, the desire for power, etc. Such needs are therefore social, because they cannot exist without needs “for others.” " Only through doing something for others is it possible to realize your desires. Take some position in society, i.e. It is much easier to achieve recognition for oneself without affecting the interests and claims of other members of society. The most effective way to realize your egoistic desires will be a path along which a share of compensation is contained to satisfy the claims of other people, those who can claim the same role or the same place, but can be satisfied with less.
Joint needs (needs “together with others”) - express the motivating power of many people at the same time or society as a whole. For example, the need for security, freedom, peace, a change in the existing political system, etc.
Needs and motives of the individual
The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity manifests itself in instincts. But human behavior is much more complex and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.
The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main characteristics. If need is need (scarcity), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in abundance, then the motive is a pusher. Those. need creates a state of activity, and motive gives it direction, pushes activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as thoughts, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for an item of need, but does not give direction to the activity to satisfy it.
Motive, in turn, is an incentive to achieve the desired or, conversely, to avoid it, to carry out an activity or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfying needs always leads to a release of tension; the need disappears, but after a while it can arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The stated goal and the immediate motive do not coincide. Because a goal is where or what a person strives for, and a motive is the reason why he strives.
You can set a goal for yourself following different motives. But an option is also possible in which the motive shifts to the goal. This means transforming the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student initially learns his homework because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of learning itself. Those. It turns out that a motive is an internal psychological motivator of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages an individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. And need is an internal state of feeling need, which expresses the dependence of a person or animals on certain conditions of existence.
Needs and interests of the individual
The category of need is inextricably linked with the category of interests. The origin of interests is always based on needs. Interest is an expression of an individual’s purposeful attitude towards some type of his needs.
A person’s interest is not so much directed specifically at the subject of need, but rather directed at such social factors that make this subject more accessible, mainly the various benefits of civilization (material or spiritual), which ensure the satisfaction of such needs. Interests are also determined by the specific position of people in society, the position of social groups and are the most powerful incentives for any activity.
Interests can also be classified depending on the focus or the carrier of these interests. The first group includes social, spiritual and political interests. The second includes the interests of society as a whole, group and individual interests.
The interests of an individual express his orientation, which largely determines his path and the nature of any activity.
In its general manifestation, interest can be called the true reason for public and personal actions, events, which stands directly behind the motives of individuals taking part in these very actions. Interest can be objective and objective social, conscious, realizable.
The objectively effective and optimal way to satisfy needs is called objective interest. Such interest is of an objective nature and does not depend on the consciousness of the individual.
Objectively effective and optimal way to meet the needs for public space called objective social interest. For example, there are a lot of stalls and shops in the market and there is definitely an optimal path to the best and cheapest product. This will be a manifestation of objective social interest. There are many ways to make various purchases, but among them there will definitely be one that is objectively optimal for a particular situation.
The subject's ideas about how best to satisfy his needs are called conscious interest. Such interest may coincide with the objective one or be slightly different, or may have a completely opposite direction. The immediate cause of almost all actions of subjects is precisely the interest of a conscious nature. Such interest is based on a person’s personal experience. The way that a man is walking to satisfy the needs of the individual is called realized interest. It can completely coincide with the interest of a conscious nature, or absolutely contradict it.
There is another type of interest - this is a product. This variety represents both the path to satisfying needs and the way to satisfy them. The product may be in the best possible way satisfaction of needs and may seem so.
Spiritual needs of the individual
The spiritual needs of the individual are a directed aspiration for self-realization, expressed through creativity or through other activities.
There are 3 aspects of the term spiritual needs of the individual:
- The first aspect includes the desire to master the results of spiritual productivity. This includes exposure to art, culture, and science.
- The second aspect lies in the forms of expression of needs in the material order and social relations in current society.
- The third aspect is the harmonious development of the individual.
Any spiritual needs are represented by a person’s internal motivations for his spiritual manifestation, creativity, creation, creation of spiritual values and their consumption, for spiritual communications (communication). They are conditioned inner world the individual, the desire to withdraw into himself, to focus on what is not related to social and physiological needs. These needs encourage people to engage in art, religion, and culture not in order to satisfy their physiological and social needs, but in order to understand the meaning of existence. Their distinctive feature is unsaturation. Since the more internal needs are satisfied, the more intense and stable they become.
There are no limits to the progressive growth of spiritual needs. Such growth and development can only be limited by the amount of wealth previously accumulated by humanity spiritual nature, the strength of the individual’s desires to participate in their work and its capabilities. The main features that distinguish spiritual needs from material ones:
- needs of a spiritual nature arise in the consciousness of the individual;
- needs of a spiritual nature are inherently necessary, and the level of freedom in choosing ways and means to satisfy such needs is much higher than that of material ones;
- satisfaction of most spiritual needs is mainly related to the amount of free time;
- in such needs, the connection between the object of need and the subject is characterized by a certain degree of unselfishness;
- the process of satisfying spiritual needs has no boundaries.
Yu. Sharov identified a detailed classification of spiritual needs: necessity labor activity; the need for communication; aesthetic and moral needs; scientific and educational needs; need for health improvement; the need of military duty. One of the most important spiritual needs of a person is knowledge. The future of any society depends on the spiritual foundation that will be developed among modern youth.
Psychological needs of the individual
The psychological needs of an individual are those needs that are not limited to bodily needs, but also do not reach the level of spiritual ones. Such needs usually include the need for affiliation, communication, etc.
The need for communication in children is not an innate need. It is formed through the activity of surrounding adults. Usually it begins to actively manifest itself by two months of life. Adolescents are convinced that their need for communication brings them the opportunity to actively use adults. For adults, insufficient satisfaction of the need for communication has a detrimental effect. They become immersed in negative emotions. The need for acceptance is the desire of an individual to be accepted by another person, a group of people or society as a whole. Such a need often pushes a person to violate generally accepted norms and can lead to antisocial behavior.
Among the psychological needs, basic needs of the individual are distinguished. These are needs that, if not met, young children will not be able to fully develop. They seem to stop in their development and become more susceptible to certain diseases than their peers who have such needs met. For example, if a baby is regularly fed but grows without proper communication with his parents, his development may be delayed.
Basic personality needs of adults psychological nature are divided into 4 groups: autonomy - the need for independence, independence; need for competence; the need for interpersonal relationships that are significant for the individual; the need to be a member of a social group and to feel loved. This also includes a sense of self-worth and the need to be recognized by others. In cases of unsatisfaction of basic physiological needs, the physical health of the individual suffers, and in cases of unsatisfaction of basic psychological needs, the spirit (psychological health) suffers.
Motivation and personality needs
The motivational processes of an individual are aimed at achieving or, conversely, avoiding set goals, implementing certain activities or not. Such processes are accompanied by various emotions, both positive and negative character, for example, joy, fear. Also, during such processes some psychophysiological tension appears. This means that motivational processes are accompanied by a state of excitement or agitation, and a feeling of decline or surge of strength may also appear.
On the one hand, the regulation of mental processes that affect the direction of activity and the amount of energy needed to perform this very activity is called motivation. On the other hand, motivation is still a certain set of motives that gives direction to the activity itself. internal process motives. Motivational processes directly explain the choice between different options actions, but which have equally attractive goals. It is motivation that influences the perseverance and perseverance with which an individual achieves his goals and overcomes obstacles.
A logical explanation of the reasons for actions or behavior is called motivation. Motivation may differ from real motives or be deliberately used to disguise them.
Motivation is quite closely related to the needs and requirements of the individual, because it appears when desires (needs) or a lack of something arise. Motivation is initial stage physical and mental activity of the individual. Those. it represents a certain incentive to perform actions by a certain motive or process of choosing reasons for a particular direction of activity.
It should always be taken into account that behind completely similar, at first glance, actions or actions of a subject there may be absolutely different reasons, i.e. Their motivation may be completely different.
Motivation can be external (extrinsic) or internal (intrinsic). The first is not related to the content specific activity, but is determined by external conditions relative to the subject. The second is directly related to the content of the activity process. There is also a distinction between negative and positive motivation. Motivation based on positive messages is called positive. And motivation, the basis of which is negative messages, is called negative. For example, a positive motivation would be “if I behave well, they will buy me ice cream,” a negative motivation would be “if I behave well, they will not punish me.”
Motivation can be individual, i.e. aimed at maintaining consistency internal environment of your body. For example, avoidance of pain, thirst, desire to maintain optimal temperature, hunger, etc. It can also be a group one. This includes caring for children, searching and choosing one’s place in the social hierarchy, etc. Cognitive motivational processes include various play activity and research.
Basic needs of the individual
The basic (leading) needs of an individual can differ not only in content, but also in the level of conditioning by society. Regardless of gender or age, as well as social class, every person has basic needs. A. Maslow described them in more detail in his work. He proposed a theory based on the principle hierarchical structure(“Hierarchy of Personal Needs” according to Maslow). Those. Some personal needs are primary in relation to others. For example, if a person is thirsty or hungry, he will not really care whether his neighbor respects him or not. Maslow called the absence of an object of need scarcity or deficiency needs. Those. in the absence of food (an item of need), a person will strive by any means to make up for such a deficiency in any way possible for him.
Basic needs are divided into 6 groups:
1. These include primarily physical needs, which include the need for food, drink, air, and sleep. This also includes the individual’s need for close communication with subjects of the opposite sex (intimate relationships).
2. The need for praise, trust, love, etc. is called emotional needs.
3. Need for friendly relations, in respect in a team or other social group is called a social need.
4. The need to obtain answers to questions posed, to satisfy curiosity are called intellectual needs.
5. Belief in divine authority or simply the need to believe is called a spiritual need. Such needs help people find peace of mind, experience troubles, etc.
6. The need for self-expression through creativity is called creative need (needs).
All of the listed personality needs are part of every person. Satisfaction of all basic needs, desires, and requirements of a person contributes to his health and positive attitude in all actions. All basic needs necessarily have cyclical processes, direction and intensity. All needs are fixed in the processes of their satisfaction. At first, the satisfied basic need temporarily subsides (fades away) in order to arise over time with even greater intensity.
Needs that are expressed more weakly, but are repeatedly satisfied, gradually become more stable. There is a certain pattern in the consolidation of needs - the more diverse the means used to consolidate the needs, the more firmly they are consolidated. In this case, needs become the basis of behavioral actions.
Need determines the entire adaptive mechanism of the psyche. Objects of reality are reflected as probable obstacles or conditions for satisfying needs. Therefore, any basic need is equipped with peculiar effectors and detectors. The emergence of basic needs and their actualization directs the psyche to determine appropriate goals.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students must KNOW:
Basic theories and classifications of needs
Basic vital needs of the patient (definition and main characteristics)
Examples of patient problems related to disruption of basic human needs, such as sleep disturbance
Identify a way to meet the patient's needs during a nursing assessment and evaluate it
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-PREPARATION
1. Definition of the concept of “need”.
2. Basic vital needs according to A. Maslow.
3. Characteristics I, II, III, IV, V stages of Maslow's pyramid.
4. Definition of the concepts “lifestyle”, “risk factor”.
5. Characteristics healthy image life.
6. Conditions affecting the way and efficiency of satisfying basic needs.
7. The nurse’s actions to improve the patient’s lifestyle.
8. Characteristics of each of the basic human needs.
THEORETICAL PART
According to the nursing reform, four levels of nursing activity are defined in Russia:
1) improving the patient’s health;
2) prevention of diseases and injuries;
3) rehabilitation of lost or impaired body functions;
4) alleviation of the patient's suffering.
Thus, a nurse in her professional activity deals not only with a sick person, but also with a practically healthy one. The main goal of nursing care is to provide the patient with required quality life in illness or health, in other words, creating the maximum possible comfort for the patient under given conditions.
In this regard, there is a need to provide a clear definition of health and comfort conditions that the nurse can understand. It is also necessary to clarify the concept of care: where to start, what is its sequence.
So, health is a dynamic balance of the individual with the environment, achieved through adaptation. This balance is achieved by satisfying human needs.
A need is a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person experiences throughout his life and must constantly be replenished for harmonious growth and development. Moreover, it is very important that he must do this on his own, only then will he experience a state of complete comfort. If the satisfaction of at least one of the needs is violated, a state of discomfort develops. For example, during the course of his life, a person constantly experiences a shortage of food and must make up for it by satisfying the need to EAT. A seriously ill patient cannot feed himself, which leads him to a state of discomfort. Even if we feed him, the discomfort will continue, since independence in satisfying this need has been lost.
Comfort is a state in which a person independently satisfies all his needs. Since nursing care is about creating comfort for the patient, then, in other words, it is about creating conditions under which he can independently satisfy his needs.
CARE -» COMFORT -> MEETING YOUR NEEDS
The satisfaction of any need is ensured in the body by the functioning of organs and systems. Any disease disrupts the function of organs, therefore it manifests itself externally as a violation of satisfaction.
meeting any need. For example, gastrointestinal tract ensures satisfaction of the needs: EAT, DRINK and EXCRETE. Gastric ulcer is manifested by a violation in satisfying these needs: the patient experiences heartburn, abdominal pain after eating, unstable stool, and so on. A nurse, due to her knowledge and skills, is able to determine not the patient’s illness and influence it (only a doctor can do this), but to identify a violation in meeting needs and create conditions to satisfy these needs.
To do this, the nurse must collect complete information about her patient: how he meets his needs, that is, carry out the first stage of the nursing process. Only by clearly and distinctly imagining the satisfaction of what needs is disturbed in the patient can a nurse formulate the problems of nursing care, set goals of care, think through and draw up an individual care plan, implement it and evaluate the results. Only by imagining the patient as an individual, as a single physiological and psychosocial whole, can a nurse count on understanding and supporting the patient in organizing his care and effectively guiding him towards improving his condition.
Now we must define specifically what needs we have in mind. A person has a lot of them, they are different, depending on age, health and external environment. They identify a group of needs that every person always has, regardless of any conditions. These needs are called BASIC VITAL, or UNIVERSAL. They must be satisfied by each person first.
There are several classifications of human needs. For example, the classification of Orem, Roy, Maslow.
The simplest and most convenient for us, in these conditions, is the classification of the main vital needs according to A. Maslow.
Of all human needs, psychologist A. Maslow identified 14 basic vital needs. These include needs:
2. EAT. DRINK
4. HIGHLIGHT
5. SLEEP, REST
6. BE CLEAN
7. DRESS, UNDRESS
8. MAINTAIN THE TEMPERATURE
10. AVOID HAZARD
11. MOVE
12. COMMUNICATE
13. HAVE LIFE VALUES
14. PLAY, STUDY, WORK
Maslow arranged 14 basic vital human needs in order of priority for their satisfaction from the lowest physiological innate to the highest psychosocial, acquired in the process of growth and development, in the form of a pyramid.
The pyramid was not chosen by chance, since it is a building with a very large and strong foundation. Maslow placed the lower physiological needs at the base of the pyramid, since they are the basis, the foundation of human life.
The first stage of A. Maslow's pyramid is represented by the lower physiological needs, without which life in the biological sense of the word is impossible. If a person does not satisfy these needs, then he will simply die, like anyone else. Living being on the ground. These are survival needs. These include needs:
4. HIGHLIGHT
Throughout his life, a person grows, develops, and is constantly in contact with his environment. In this regard, he has such vital needs that he needs to satisfy for harmonious growth and development in this environment. These are needs that ensure a person’s own safety: protection from natural elements, diseases, social phenomena, life failures, stress. They form the second stage of Maslow's pyramid. These are the needs:
5. SLEEP, REST
6. BE CLEAN
7. DRESS, UNDRESS
8. MAINTAIN THE TEMPERATURE
9. MAINTAIN YOUR CONDITION, or BE HEALTHY
10. AVOID HAZARD
11. MOVE
Both of these steps form the foundation (base, support) of Maslow’s pyramid.
The third stage of A. Maslow's pyramid includes the need for belonging. Throughout his life, a person needs to have support, belong to society, and be accepted and understood by this society. He needs to have information about his environment. He achieves this by satisfying his need:
12. COMMUNICATE
Life in society has led to the emergence of needs for ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS: in work, life, family, the desire for harmony, beauty, order. These needs make up the 4th stage of Maslow's pyramid and are represented by the need to HAVE LIFE VALUES.
And finally, the top of the pyramid, the 5th stage, consists of the needs for SERVICE, which ensure a person’s self-realization and development as an individual. It is the need to LEARN, WORK AND PLAY. See below for a detailed description of each need.
Let's look at Maslow's pyramid as a whole (see Figure No. 1), and we will see that until a person satisfies the needs that make up its lower steps, he will not be able to satisfy higher psychosocial needs.
All these needs must be satisfied by a person constantly in the course of his life in order to achieve physical, social and creative well-being.
If we analyze the life of each of us, we will see that despite the fact that the needs of each person and all people are the same, the way they are satisfied is different for everyone. The way to satisfy needs is called a way of life, so each person has his own way of life. Lifestyle depends on:
1) the age of the person;
2) the sociocultural environment of a person; 3) ecology;
4) knowledge, skills, desires and human health.
Let's consider each point in detail.
1) A person goes through several periods in his development from infancy to old age, and in each period the way he meets his needs will be different. For example: an infant satisfies the need to EAT by eating mother’s milk at certain intervals, and in a person in adulthood, the frequency of food intake and high-quality composition the food will be completely different.
2) The sociocultural environment is understood as the society in which a person lives (family, team at work, at school, etc.), with its traditions, laws, and culture. This society teaches a person a way of life, it has a huge impact on the way of life, which can be both negative and positive. For example: in one school sports activities are given great attention, and in the other they treat this formally. Therefore, the students of these schools will develop an appropriate attitude towards sports. Another example: at many enterprises there is an active fight against smoking and alcohol, while at other enterprises they do not pay any attention to this, and a person, entering a particular society, gains experience in meeting the basic vital needs inherent in this society.
3) The environmental situation surrounding a person also influences the way his needs are met, i.e. on his way of life. For example, the need to BREATHE: one person lives in rural areas and breathes clean air, and the other is in a large industrial city, where the inhaled air contains many substances harmful to health.
The way these people satisfy the need to BREATHE will be different due to the environmental situation.
4) The person himself also has a huge influence on his lifestyle.
Only with knowledge, skills, and desires will a person lead a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle is a standard by which a person achieves harmony with the environment.
There are many factors in the human environment that negatively affect his lifestyle. These factors are called risk factors. There are two groups of risk factors. Group 1 - genetic risk factors: gender, age, heredity. It is impossible to eliminate them; they are always present in a person’s life. Group 2 - selective risk factors, they can be eliminated, they may or may not be present in a person’s life. This includes risk factors: physical inactivity, overweight or poor nutrition, stress, bad habits, unfavorable environmental conditions.
Risk factors not only negatively affect need satisfaction, but can even lead to disruption of need satisfaction.
For example: many city residents have a risk factor - physical inactivity. This is due to the frequent use of transport, a small proportion of physical labor, and so on. This risk factor negatively affects the satisfaction of the need to move. But one person tries to walk more, physically works at his dacha, does exercises in the morning, rides a bike, goes skiing. The other is all his free time spends watching TV, actively uses transport. Both have a risk factor - physical inactivity. But the first one has adapted (adapted) to living conditions with risk factors and they have less impact on him bad influence, than on the second. Therefore, if it is impossible to eliminate risk factors, then it is necessary to adapt (adapt) as much as possible to life in an environment with risk factors.
The ability to adapt will be higher if a person:
a) know about risk factors and their impact on health;
b) have the desire and will to adapt.
1. The method of satisfying a person’s basic vital needs depends on his sociocultural environment, age and environment and the state of human health.
2. What better person adapted to living conditions with risk factors, the closer he is to health and the further away from illness.
3. A person’s lifestyle and sociocultural environment can be actively influenced to bring him closer to health, and the nurse plays a significant role in this.
To do this, the nurse needs:
1. Assess the patient’s lifestyle - the way to satisfy 14 basic needs;
2. Assess the patient’s sociocultural environment, its influence on meeting needs, determine risk factors for this patient, the degree of adaptation to living conditions with risk factors;
3. Determine the need for lifestyle correction in order to achieve health;
4. Motivate and convince the patient of the need for a healthy lifestyle;
5. Assist the patient in his actions aimed at maintaining health or recovery (or a peaceful death), which he would have performed himself if he had enough strength, will, and knowledge.
This help can be:
^a) direct assistance from the nurse in satisfying the impaired need: for example, the patient has a fracture of the upper limb, the nurse will feed the patient, perform personal hygiene, and so on;
b) restoration of satisfaction of a disturbed need: in our example, restoration of movement in the upper extremities, using exercise therapy, massage, and simple methods of physiotherapy;
c) training the patient and his environment in conditions of a changed stereotype in skills Everyday life at home, for example, teaching a patient with a fracture of the lower limb to walk on crutches.
d) creating conditions for a peaceful death if all possibilities have been exhausted.
DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH NEED Need to BREATHE:
Concept of need
The need to BREATHE ensures constant gas exchange between the body and the environment
Some characteristic features during nursing examination: The nurse learns about the violation of the need by conducting an objective and subjective examination of the patient.
(carried out during a conversation with the patient, identifying his complaints).
If the need to breathe is impaired, the patient may have COMPLAINTS of:
Pain in chest
In a conversation with the patient, the nurse also identifies RISK FACTORS that affect the need to breathe:
Smoking;
Working or living in a polluted or dusty atmosphere.
2. Objective examination:
(the nurse carries out a general examination of the patient). An objective examination may reveal:
Change in skin color - cyanosis (cyanosis)
Difficulty breathing through the nose
Changes in the frequency, rhythm, or depth of breathing
Fever
1) shortness of breath;
2) cough;
3) chest pain associated with breathing;
4) suffocation;
5) the risk of breathing problems due to smoking;
6) high risk from suffocation.
1) the nurse will provide a flow of fresh air into the room where the patient is;
2) the nurse will give the patient a forced position that makes breathing easier for the patient (if necessary, drainage);
3) the nurse will provide oxygen therapy to the patient;
4) the nurse will take measures to clear the respiratory tract;
5) the nurse will perform simple physical procedures in the absence of contraindications.
THE NEED IS:
Concept of need
By satisfying the need to EAT, a person delivers food to the body - the main source of energy and nutrients necessary for normal life. Food is one of the main resources for health.
Some characteristic signs during nursing examination: 1. Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Appetite disturbance
Belching
Nausea
Stomach ache
RISK FACTORS influencing the need to eat:
Error in diet
Eating disorder
Binge eating
Alcohol abuse
Missing teeth, carious teeth
2. Objective examination:
Smell from the mouth
Presence of carious teeth
Vomiting during examination
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
1) abdominal pain;
2) nausea;
4) loss of appetite;
5) excessive nutrition, exceeding the needs of the body;
6) obesity.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will ensure compliance with the prescribed diet;
2) the nurse will create a forced position for the patient;
3) the nurse will assist the patient with vomiting;
4) the nurse will teach the patient techniques to combat nausea and belching;
5) the nurse will conduct a conversation with the patient and his relatives about the nature of the diet prescribed to him and the need to comply with it.
Concept of DRINK:
Concept of need
Satisfying the need to DRINK, a person delivers water to the body. Without water, life is impossible, since all vital chemical reactions in cells occur only in aqueous solutions.
1. Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Dry mouth
RISK FACTORS influencing the need to DRINK:
Drinking poor quality water
Consuming insufficient or excess water
2. Objective examination:
Dry skin and mucous membranes
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
2) dry mouth;
3) dehydration.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will provide the patient with rational drinking regime;
2) the nurse will talk with the patient about the need to drink good-quality water.
Need to highlight:
Concept of need
Satisfying the need to excrete, a person removes from the body food substances that are formed in the process of life, >wasted food residues.
This need is provided by the function of the urinary and digestive systems, skin and respiratory organs.
The most characteristic signs during a nursing examination: 1. Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Bloating
Disorders of urination and urine formation
Lack of urine
Small amount of urine
Increased amount of urine
Frequent painful urination
RISK FACTORS influencing the need to excrete:
Diet disorders
Sedentary lifestyle
Hypothermia
2. Objective examination:
- obvious swelling;
Hidden edema;
Change in stool character;
Dry skin, decreased firmness and elasticity of the skin, skin coloring;
Change in the amount of urine;
Visual change in urine.
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
3) lack of urine (anuria);
4) acute urinary retention;
5) the risk of diaper rash in the area of the crotch folds.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will provide the patient with the prescribed diet and drinking regimen;
2) the nurse will provide the patient with an individual bedpan and urinal;
3) the nurse will train the patient and, if necessary, carry out hygienic measures herself after physiological functions;
4) the nurse will teach the patient the skills of exercise therapy and self-massage of the abdominal area;
5) the nurse will talk with the patient and relatives about the nature of the prescribed diet and the need to comply with it.
Need to SLEEP:
Concept of need
The burden of everyday worries and affairs weighs down a person, causing concern, anxiety, and stress throughout the day. This leads to depletion of the nervous system, and therefore to disruption of the functions of various organs.
By satisfying the need to SLEEP, a person overcomes these harmful effects and restores the body’s strength.
1.Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Insomnia
Sleep disturbance
Intermittent sleep
Drowsiness
Falling asleep in the morning
RISK FACTORS AFFECTING THE NEED TO SLEEP AND REST:
No rest during the day
Excessive workload
No vacations or days off
2.Objective examination:
- facial expression (fatigue, tiredness, dull look, poor facial expressions);
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses: 1) lack of sleep; 2)J sleep disturbance.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will provide the patient with the prescribed regimen;
2) the nurse will teach the patient skills that help regulate sleep;
For example: a glass of warm milk with a spoon of honey at night, a walk on fresh air before bed, auto-training skills
3) the nurse will talk with the patient about the need for daily rest;
4) the nurse will teach the patient how to create a daily routine: frequent change activities, rest.
The need to MAINTAIN A CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE:
Concept of need
The normal functioning of organs and tissues is impossible without the temperature constancy of the human internal environment. This is ensured:
1) through complex regulation of heat production and heat transfer from the body;
2) clothes for the season;
3) maintaining the microclimate of the premises where a person is located.
The most characteristic signs during a nursing examination:
1.Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Sweating
Feeling hot
Headache
Aches in the body, joints
Dry mouth
2.Objective examination:
Facial hyperemia
The appearance of goose bumps
Skin that is hot to the touch
Dry skin and mucous membranes
Cracks on lips
Change in body temperature
Increased heart rate and respiratory rate
Wet skin
Deviation in temperature conditions premises
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
1) low-grade fever in the second period;
2) pyretic fever first period;
3) hypothermia.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in satisfaction e research needs:
1) the nurse will provide the patient with peace;
2) the nurse will provide care for the patient’s skin and mucous membranes;
3) the nurse will provide the patient with plenty of fortified drinks;
4) the nurse will warm or cool the patient if necessary;
5) the nurse will ensure that you take easily digestible food;
6) the nurse will ensure that the patient’s body temperature profile is measured;
7) the nurse will constantly monitor the patient’s condition;
8) the nurse will control the temperature of the room.
The need to BE CLEAN:
The concept of need.
Human skin and mucous membranes participate in thermoregulation of the body, remove toxins from the body, and perform a protective function. Therefore, in order to function normally, the skin and mucous membranes must be clean.
In addition, maintaining a clean body contributes to a person’s psychological comfort.
The most characteristic signs during a nursing examination:
1.Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Itchy skin
Pain and burning in the area of natural folds
2.Objective examination:
Skin changes in the area of natural folds
Hyperemia
Integrity violation
Unpleasant smell
Bad breath
Dirty laundry
Ungroomed nails
Greasy hair
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
1) lack of knowledge about personal hygiene;
2) high risk of infection associated with violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes;
3) lack of self-hygiene;
4) violation of the integrity of the skin in the area of natural folds.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will carry out a set of hygiene measures for the patient;
2) the nurse will teach the patient personal hygiene skills;
3) the nurse will talk with the patient about the need for personal hygiene;
4) the nurse will monitor the patient’s hygiene skills on a daily basis.
Need to MOVE:
Concept of need
Movement is life! Movement strengthens muscles, improves blood circulation, nutrition of cells and tissues, excretion harmful substances from the body.
Improves performance internal organs, supports the mood.
The most characteristic signs during a nursing examination:
1.Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Impossibility or limitation of physical activity due to: " - pain
Weakness
Lack of a limb
Presence of paralysis
Disorder mental activity
RISK FACTORS influencing the need to MOVE:
Physical inactivity
Sedentary work
Constant driving
2.Objective examination:
- pain when moving
Changes in the joint area
Hyperemia
Local temperature rise
Changing the configuration
Passive position in bed
Missing limb
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
1) limitation physical activity;
2) lack of physical activity;
3) the risk of bedsores;
4) bedsores.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) in the absence of movement or its sharp limitation, the nurse will carry out a set of measures to care for the patient;
2) the nurse will carry out simple exercise therapy and massage as prescribed;
3) the nurse will teach the patient the necessary simple complex of exercise therapy and self-massage and monitor its implementation;
4) the nurse will talk with the patient about physical inactivity and its consequences.
Need to get dressed or undressed:
Concept of need
To ensure a constant body temperature, it is not enough just to regulate heat production and heat transfer by the body itself. A person also has to regulate body temperature with clothing, depending on climatic conditions. Clothing selected according to age, gender, season, and environment provides the patient with moral satisfaction.
The most characteristic signs during a nursing examination: 1. Subjective examination: COMPLAINTS -
Inability to undress or dress independently
Pain when moving
Paralysis of limbs
Sharp weakness
2. Objective examination:
The patient cannot dress or undress independently
The patient's clothing does not fit correctly (small or large), making it difficult to move
Clothes are not appropriate for the season (lack of warm clothes in winter)
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses:
1) inability to dress and undress independently;
2) high risk of hypothermia;
3) high risk of overheating;
i 4) violation of a comfortable state due to incorrectly selected clothing.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will help the patient undress and dress;
2) the nurse will dress the patient in clothing appropriate for the patient;
3) the nurse will talk with the patient about the need to dress according to the season.
NEED TO BE HEALTHY:
Concept of need
This need reflects the desire of every person for health, reflects the patient’s independence in meeting his basic vital needs. Failure to satisfy the need to be healthy occurs when a person loses independence in care. For example, the patient is limited in physical activity (bed rest or strict bed rest). In this state, he cannot independently satisfy his needs, which leads to a violation of the need to be healthy. Another example is when the patient is in an emergency condition (massive bleeding, collapse, etc.). At the same time, it is also impossible to satisfy needs independently.
The most characteristic signs during a nursing examination:
1. Subjective examination:
In the first case, the nurse determines which needs the patient can satisfy independently, that is, independently of anyone, and in meeting which needs he needs help and to what extent.
For example:
Can the patient independently carry out personal hygiene measures;
Does he need outside help with physiological functions (get him to the toilet, get him a bedpan);
Can the patient dress and undress independently?
Can the patient move without outside help;
Can he eat and drink on his own?
In the second case, the nurse constantly monitors the patient’s condition and, if it worsens, will call a doctor and provide emergency pre-medical care before he arrives.
Some examples of possible nursing diagnoses: 1. deficit of self-care.
Some examples of possible nurse involvement in meeting a need:
1) the nurse will provide direct assistance to the patient in activities of daily living:
Washing
Feeds. ...h
The ship delivers
Dresses, undresses
2) given that the main thing for a person is independence and freedom, the nurse the slightest possibility will create conditions for the patient to independently satisfy his violated needs. For example:
As the physical activity regime increases, the nurse does not wash him herself, but will provide him with toiletries in bed
3) the nurse will teach the patient skills of daily living in conditions of his disability.