In philosophical anthropology, the most important place in understanding the essence of man is occupied by the interpretation of man as a social being. Modern theory, based on the sociocentrism of the era of classicism, on the philosophy of Georg Hegel, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte, contrasts the traditional search for the natural or divine principles of human nature in previous philosophy with the idea of human belonging to a special form of reality: a social system in which a person acts as a product, the result of the processing of natural biological material by means of culture, and as a personified embodiment of this system, the subject of new transformations that stands out in it and, therefore, the driving force of self-development of society.
The content of social existence is embodied primarily in cultural objects. Indeed, the world of things, the artificial environment of man, is a world that “speaks,” even “screams” about man himself. Let's imagine a fantastic situation - such as in the story of the outstanding American writer Ray Bradbury "At the End of Times". People disappeared on Earth, but everything they created remained intact. At this moment, “little green men” from “flying saucers” land on the planet and find the entire objective world of human culture. Will they be able to restore the external image and internal appearance of the creators of this world?
I think so, and quite easily. Friedrich Engels wrote in his book “Anti-Dühring”: “Tell me what the main tool of labor people use, and I will tell you what kind of social system they have. If this is a stone ax and a bow and arrow, then this is a primitive society. If this is a wooden plow and a windmill, then this is feudalism. If it is a steam engine and an electric motor, then this is capitalism.”
By examining everyday objects - clothing, homes, furniture - the “little green men” reconstruct the proportions and appearance of the human body. Finding our food, fields and farms, food complexes and grocery stores, they will establish the chemistry and physiology of our body. By understanding our factories, transport, and energy sources, they will understand our technologies, which means they will establish the level of development of the productive forces and, consequently, the main types of social institutions, including the type of socio-economic formation. Finally, by deciphering our languages and reading our books, as we do with the writing of vanished cultures like the Egyptians or the Mayans, playing sound and video recordings, they will open our spiritual world, our logic and psychology, understand our aspirations, troubles and joys, fears and hopes .
True, Ray Bradbury's story ends unexpectedly. The aliens find a film projector and reels of film. Having set up the device, they look at the screen and are moved: this is what they were like - people! Meanwhile, the closing credits appear: a Walt Disney production. So that’s what they were like – people: Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck! But this is humor. In reality, things and people are mutually representative, that is, they mirror each other, because people create things for themselves and according to their own standards.
However, we must understand that objective culture itself is dead without human activity that sets it in motion. Therefore, social existence is reflected in the very structures and organizational forms of activity, in the attributes of work, communication, ways of life, which make up the characteristics of the lifestyle. This slice of social reality is expressed in the practical, functional organization of the system of social relations. Here, the reflection of social existence reaches the level of sign systems: along with objects and tools of activity, signs appear - artificial things, the special function of which is to replace objects of activity and which act as tools of communication, communication, and information processes. The most universal, flexible, comprehensive system of such signs is natural language, Speaking.
Ultimately, actions with objects, labor operations, together with systems of signs, figurative or symbolic, are introduced into the psyche of individuals, changing and shaping its content. A person included in the system of social relations, in the social sphere, develops the ability to think, radically restructuring his psyche. He has the opportunity, with the help of speech, to record, accumulate information, transfer it from the past to the present, connecting the experience stored in memory, or project it into the future, predicting the results of activities, anticipating future events. Thus, a person becomes a part and personified embodiment of the social system, acquires the quality of personality, and his activity becomes conscious.
The validity of this conclusion is confirmed by actual situations in which a person found himself isolated from the social environment. There are numerous cases where human babies were found fed by animals, most often wolves. The fabulous Mowgli from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book had many prototypes. One such example is given by the English missionary Dr. Singh in his book “Man’s Child Found among Wolves.” For sixteen years he tried to raise the girl Kamala, who was brought to him from the jungles of the Indian state of Uttar Pradezh by hunters. Alas! Unlike the fairy tale, it was not possible to raise a child as a human: she never learned to walk, live in a house, use clothes or household items, much less learn to speak, remaining a trained wolf cub. The missed first months and years, according to the famous American pediatrician Benjamin Spock, lay irreversible changes in the individual’s psyche.
Another example of a person’s isolation is being alone on a desert island, like the character in the novel by the English writer Daniel Defoe “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Sailor of York.” In the novel, the hero spent more than two decades on a desert island and remained an extraordinary person. However, this, unfortunately, is fiction. There are many dozens of actual discoveries of people abandoned in loneliness: the results are sad. Defoe himself took as the basis for his novel the case described in the book “A Voyage Around the World” by the famous traveler, captain of the French Royal Navy Dumont D'Urville, when the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk was found on the island of Juan Fernandez in the Pacific Ocean, having spent only four years. “When Captain Rogers took him onto his ship, he became so unaccustomed to speaking that at first he uttered only inarticulate sounds, refused the vodka offered to him, and for several weeks could not taste meat cooked in the European style on the ship.”
Let us add that for a long time Selkirk could not tell anything about himself: he forgot everything, and only a long time later “remembered everything.” Loss of speech, loss of memory are the surest signs of the destruction of personality, the savagery of a person who can be and remain a person only and exclusively in a society of his own kind, in a social environment. Isolation kills the individual and sooner or later the process of savagery becomes irreversible.
It should be emphasized that living individuals do not become conscious individuals due to purely natural properties. Their social quality is not inherent in the genotype, but is acquired in the process of socialization and upbringing in a cultural environment. Consequently, without an organic connection with things and signs, without a practical-objective connection with other people in the structures of social institutions, there can be no talk of conscious individuals.
Different eras present completely opposite opinions. L. Feuerbach argued that the essence of a person is predetermined in advance and depends on the inherent genes. After birth, a person cannot change biological data, so reason, feeling and will are constant indicators. K. Marx continues this thought, but correcting the concept, emphasizes the influence of the socio-historical era and reminds: “The manifestation of the behavior of each individual is affected by the totality of social relations.”
The closer we get to modern times, the clearer the conclusions of famous people about the essence of man become. Each of the philosophers emphasizes his main idea, which characterizes. Freedom of choice, thinking, spirituality, self-knowledge, will, reason, creative energy, work - all these concepts are significant and special, but only when they are united and consistent with internal aspirations for harmony. Separately, this is only a small part of life without further development. They, scientists, were not indifferent to the essence of existence, but by emphasizing one thought, they excluded another.
Initial findings
If we combine the thoughts of scientists together, we can derive a general formulation that gives initial concepts - what exactly is the inherent or acquired essence of a person. Creatures, i.e. people are endowed with natural and social qualities applicable to creative and free activity, which is imbued with a historical character characteristic of a specific time. Clear and confusing at the same time. Why are their preferred traits absent - wisdom, beauty, morality, justice? What is the fault of love - the primary need to affirm one’s “I”?
Love helps to express individuality in free directions. By contacting the object of sympathy, a person studies and understands its essence. The uniqueness of one and the opposition of the other. Social natural inner strength can change through communication, emphasizing the importance of reciprocal feelings. The dynamic development in the life of the population of any city or town is inextricably linked with the theme of love - family, work, society. They are impressed by everything they like.
By bringing people closer to other living beings, social philosophy simultaneously reveals difference. Subject to the laws of biological processes, man, as a higher being, has the same systems along with lower ones: nervous, circulatory, muscular. However, a social trait develops due to connection with society, adding to the existing natural properties readiness to work, freedom of choice, ethics and morality, responsibility for obligations, reason, etc.
Social social life can radically change biological data. Through step-by-step education, a new personality is formed in the right direction. In the modern interpretation, they adhere more to the unity of natural and social principles, when the ability to think and act in the form of inclinations turns into more cognitive processes that characterize later life. The social task of adaptation and instilling the necessary qualities is assigned to parents, educators and teachers.
Levels of Cognition
Using five levels, the depth of knowledge of an entity is qualified.
- First. Activity for the sake of need.
- Second. Activity through labor as a means of livelihood.
- Third. Development of public relations.
- Fourth. The emergence of conscious, purposeful actions aimed at understanding the world and finding one’s place in society.
- Fifth. Free and creative activity leads to changes in society.
Moving from level to level, a clear concept comes to the individual of what, more precisely, is the subsequent and conscious activity.
Activity for the sake of need
At the first level, existence is no different from the life of animals. There is also a need for food and sleep. If you limit your actions only to satisfying hunger and giving your body a break from movement, the desire to change and improve the existing order will not come to you. There is no one to blame, nothing to analyze. Completely primitive.
Activity through labor
F. Engels said that “labor created man.” The simple tools he received improved his life and living conditions. At the second level, gradually, through work, a person becomes independent of natural conditions. Biological needs take on a different connotation, not as an adaptation, but as a reliable means for play, study or work.
Development of public relations
It is known that a person manifests himself through activity. However, the work of one member of society involves the joint production of many other people in a team or family. At the third level, there is a consistent exchange of information, comprehension and transfer of experience, establishing connections, views, opinions, and moods are formed. Delving into the system of social relations, for them, men, women and children, an ordinary need becomes a necessity for an independent sphere in order to show development, achievement of results and the essence itself.
Understanding the world and finding your place
Social conditions made a person think. By doing work without much interest, productivity stagnated. Once you got satisfaction from the task, efficiency and productivity quickly increased. At the fourth level, a goal appears that you want to strive for. The goal was accumulated by experience, the social bar was raised, a high level was achieved, and this made life easier, more convenient, and more fun. The desire to have a structured plan emphasizes the human capacity for independence. On the one hand, the achieved result, on the other, the prerequisites for the next one.
Freedom and creativity changes society
The highest level, which is destined to lead only a select few. Conscious activity helps them pave new paths, destroy stereotypes and change not only themselves, but also external circumstances. Man, ensuring his existence, with complete creative freedom, creates beautiful masterpieces of art, develops technologies, lives with ideas and the future.
Social influence
Social communication, an attitude, occurs when a change in one person occurs under the influence of another. Each individual expresses the properties of society and brings change. Joint activity makes it possible to show peculiarities to the situation, to processes and phenomena. Different nations, classes, levels lead to different structures of society. You have to face, realize and find an acceptable judgment.
It should be understood, in a broad and narrow aspect, what, directly or indirectly, lies the awareness of the term “social essence” and the internal interactions of a person with the environment. Broad means public, narrow means the choice of a specific structure, group, collective. Because of this, the opinion, choice, essence changes.
Language plays a huge role in the communication process. Without disclosing the designation of objects, names, them, people, different or similar, it would be difficult to find a basis for vigorous activity that could lead to a fundamentally new and qualitative turn in the exchange of information, strengthening traditions.
A person's calling
The essence of a person implies satisfaction from life. They, the lucky ones, manage to choose their favorite specialty and make a choice among many professions. Such people are radiant, pure and friendly. They bring benefits from the work done and give you a good mood. How did it happen that they were lucky and did not encounter many obstacles along the way? Apparently the desire to have abilities reaches a climax and inclines the universe to help. Or simply, they were able to recognize their calling.
The social program of education does not imply finding, but rather proposing stereotypes along which one must navigate one’s path. By offering other people's findings and methods, thereby denying their own, which is unusual and non-standard, adults sometimes trample on the rising sprout of individuality at the initial stage. Therefore, it is difficult for them, modest and quiet, to persevere in order to express their essence.
For a person whose attempts end in failure, the essence becomes a heavy burden. The time spent is marked by emptiness and dissatisfaction. When it is realized that half the journey is devoted to an unloved task, a forgotten calling finally arrives, which must be turned into reality. Of course, the social community will not always accept eccentric proposals for change with a bang, but they cannot understand how they want to create their own separate world.
When getting lost in difficult turns, a person must have a path that provides a starting point, so that when he returns to his roots, he again gains strength and confidence for further progress. In order not to completely get confused in the labyrinth of life, determine for yourself what is amazing and non-standard about your essence and great calling as a person and citizen.
By thinking about and understanding what each day you live is about, you will certainly find harmony with yourself, with the outside world, and feel the point of contact between natural data and personal desires. The essence itself will force you to compare past feelings with new emotions that have come. People, cheerful and restless, will certainly want to lift their spirits and replace them with joy and success. Then you will be embarrassed for the lost time, but the acquired meaning of life will make you calm down.
Imagine a future where the essence of man lies in complete harmony. By realizing the goals that have come to the unity of soul and consciousness, social adaptation becomes unnecessary. By letting go of friction and reticence, people will become free from material dependence and freed from the responsibilities assigned by society.
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
1. Why is the question about the essence of man formulated “What is a person?”, and not “Who is a person?”
The question of the essence of man is formulated in this way in order to emphasize the philosophical aspect of the problem. The German philosopher I. Fichte (1762 - 1814) believed that the concept of “man” does not refer to an individual person, but only to a species: it is impossible to analyze the properties of an individual person, taken by himself, outside of relationships with other people, i.e. outside society.
2. What is the essence of man as a “culture-creating” being?
The essence of man as a “culture-creating” being is manifested in the fact that man is the bearer and creator of culture. Culture is focused on humanistic self-realization of a person, his creative self-expression. Man himself actively influences the environment and, as a result, shapes not only the history of society, but also himself.
3. What are the main (essential) distinctive features that characterize a person as a social being?
Man, as a social being, has:
Highly organized brain;
Thinking;
Articulate speech;
The ability to create tools and transform the conditions of one’s existence;
The ability to creatively modify the world around us and create cultural values;
Ability for self-knowledge and self-development;
The ability to develop spiritual guidelines for one’s own life.
4. How does self-realization reveal the social qualities of an individual?
Self-realization is the process of a person’s fullest realization of his capabilities, achieving his goals in solving personally significant problems, allowing him to fully realize the creative potential of the individual.
American scientist A. Maslow (1908 - 1970) attributed the need for self-realization to the highest human needs. He defined it as the fullest use of talents, abilities, and opportunities; this need is fulfilled through the individual’s purposeful influence on himself. An individual’s ability for self-realization is a synthesis of abilities for purposeful, personally significant activities, during which the individual maximizes his potential.
TASKS
1. How do you understand the meaning of the judgment of the ancient Greek philosopher Epictetus: “What am I? Human. If I look at myself as an object separate and independent from other objects, then it follows that I should live long, that I should be rich, happy, healthy; but if I look at myself as a person, as a part of a whole, then it may sometimes happen that in relation to this whole I must submit to illness, need, or even die a premature death. What right do I have to complain in this case? Don’t I know that when I complain, I cease to be a person, just as a leg ceases to be an organ of the body when it refuses to walk?”
In this judgment, the ancient Greek philosopher Epictetus shows us the duality of the human structure, namely his social and biological essence.
The ability to think, to create new things in the process of one’s life, although it distinguishes a person in relation to animals, does not separate him from nature.
Man is part of both society and nature.
2. What is the philosophical meaning of the statement of the Russian biologist I. I. Mechnikov: “A gardener or cattle breeder does not stop at the given nature of the plants or animals that occupy them, but modify them according to need. In the same way, a scientist-philosopher should not look at modern human nature as something unshakable, but should change it for the benefit of people”? What is your attitude to this point of view?
Today, man himself modifies nature, but in the recent past, man himself had to adapt to nature. Today we see that the development of economic activity has become one of the most basic factors that influence the development of nature. But the environmental problems of the Earth are obvious, people began to think about the need to anticipate the consequences of such changes and try to prevent them as quickly as possible. Thus, man must change nature, but not to the detriment of nature.
Man is a biosocial being.
In 1920, in India, Dr. Singh discovered two girls, 2 years old and 7-8 years old, in a wolf den. In one of the villages in the state of West Bengal, he heard a story about forest spirits that sometimes appear near peasant huts. Eyewitnesses seriously stated that these spirits are similar to people, but run on four legs. After listening to several dozen people, Sing, as an inquisitive and non-superstitious person, came to the conclusion that behind the stories about “spirits” lies a very real phenomenon. One of the peasants showed him the place where “forest spirits” appear most often. Sing organized an ambush there and saw the incredible: first three wolves and two wolf cubs appeared, and two humanoid creatures slowly walked behind them. Like wolves, they walked on four legs.
To find out everything completely, Sing decided to penetrate the wolf's lair where this unusual family lived. Frightened, the peasants accompanying the pastor refused to help him. And only a week later, having persuaded the hunters, Sing approached the lair. The two adult wolves immediately ran away, but the she-wolf remained to protect her children to the end. I had to shoot her. Two wolf cubs and two feral girls were found in the den. The eldest looked to be about seven or eight years old, and the youngest about two. The youngest, Amala, soon died, and Kamala lived to be 17 years old. Pastor Sing described her life in detail, day after day, for nine years. Here are just some facts.
Kamala was very afraid of sunlight and fire. She accepted only raw meat as food. She walked on all fours. The girl usually slept during the day and wandered around the house at night. In the first days of their stay among people, the “wolf sisters” constantly howled every night, and their howls were repeated at regular intervals - at about ten o’clock in the evening, at one o’clock in the morning and at four o’clock in the morning.
The “humanization” of Kamala took place with great difficulty. For a very long time she did not recognize any clothes, tearing off everything that they tried to put on her. She resisted washing with particular tenacity and fear. Only after two years of living among people, Kamala was taught to stand and walk on two legs, but when she wanted to move faster, she still got on all fours.
Gradually, Kamala got used to sleeping at night, eating with her hands rather than tearing food with her teeth, and drinking from a glass. The hardest thing was to teach the feral girl human speech. Even seven years after Kamala was taken from the wolf's den, she only understood about 45 words. By the age of 15, the mental development of the “wolf pupil” corresponded to the development of a two-year-old child, and by 17, a four-year-old child.
In total, science knows of 15 cases of human cubs being fed by wolves, 5 by bears, 1 by baboons, and other breeds of monkeys - at least 10 cases, 1 child was fed by a leopard, 1 by a sheep.
(material from Wikipedia)
The main differences between humans and animals
| Animal | Human |
| 1. Existence is guided only by instincts. | 1. Along with instincts, a person has thinking and articulate speech, which guide human activity. |
| 2. Subject to instinct, all actions are initially programmed. | 2. Can carry out conscious, purposeful creative activity. A person is able to curb his instincts. |
| 3. Adapts to the environment that determines its lifestyle. Cannot make fundamental changes to its existence. | 3. Transforms the world around us, creates material and spiritual benefits. |
| 4. Some animals can use improvised means, such as stones, sticks, but not a single animal can make tools. | 4. Can make tools and use them as means of producing material goods. |
| 5. Reproduces only its biological essence. | 5. Reproduces its not only biological, but also social essence; satisfies material and spiritual needs. |
Individual(from Latin individuum - indivisible, undivided) is a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of all the social and psychological traits of humanity: reason, will, needs, interests, etc.
The concept “individual” is used to designate a person as a separate individual among other people. The individual is not just one, but always “one of.”
Individuality- this is the unique originality of human manifestations, emphasizing the exclusivity, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease of his activities.
The concept of “individuality” is used to designate a person as one of many, but taking into account his personal characteristics: appearance, behavior, character, temperament, intelligence, abilities, etc.
Personality(from Latin persona - actor's mask) is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life.
The concept of “personality” is used to designate a person with socially significant qualities. Not every person is a person. People are born as individuals, they acquire individuality, and they become individuals through the process of socialization.
Socialization is the process of assimilation and further development by an individual of knowledge, cultural norms, traditions and social experience necessary for life in society.
The following are distinguished: stages of socialization:
elementary— family, preschool institutions;
average- school;
final- mastering new roles: spouse, parent, grandmother, etc.
The socialization process is influenced agents of socialization- various factors and specific people responsible for teaching other people cultural norms and helping them learn various social roles.
Agents of primary socialization- parents, close and distant relatives, friends, teachers, etc.
Agents of secondary socialization— mass media (media), educational institutions, manufacturing enterprises, etc.
Socialization institutions- these are social institutions that influence and guide the process of socialization. Socialization institutions are also divided into primary and secondary.
Primary institutions of socialization may be family, school, university, secondary- Media, army, church.
Primary socialization of the individual is carried out in the sphere of interpersonal relations, secondary - in the sphere of social relations.
Economic theory, including political economy, to clarify the role of a person resorts to various characteristics: subject of productive forces and economic relations (production), labor force, personal factor of production, human capital, economic person, and the like. The searches of scientists last for several centuries; various theories have been created about the place of man in economic and social progress.
In Marxist political economy, despite the proclaimed thesis about man as the main productive force, political and economic problems, the laws of human development and his role in relations of economic property (except for the position, it is the subject of such relations) were practically not considered. Disclosure of the socio-economic essence of man, the role of man as a worker and man as an owner, the importance of economic thinking and the law of increasing needs makes it possible to understand that it is man who is the decisive driving force of socio-economic progress.
Socio-economic essence of man
The social essence of man.
Each person is a very complex system that combines earthly and cosmic forces, the natural and spiritual worlds, the genes of her ancestors and the gene pool of future generations, and the like. So, back in the 17th century. the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629-1696) connected human activity with the Cosmos; This idea was developed by the domestic scientist Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945) in the concept of the noosphere. Various aspects of man are studied by natural and social sciences and special scientific institutions. Philosophy offers the simplest generalized characteristic of a person, defining it as a biosocial and spiritual being, that is, a being in which the biological and social sides are contradictory, mutually conditioning, mutually exclusive, interpenetrating, etc., i.e. interact with each other. Therefore, the Ukrainian philosopher Grigory Skovoroda (1722-1794) distinguished between the internal (spiritual) and external (material) nature in man. Characterizing the essence of man, M. Tugan-Baranovsky called the human personality the supreme goal in himself.
Social essence of man- a complex of social activities based on preserving the positive aspects of modern economic man (a new type of worker and owner) in combination with his biological side.
Man as a biological being is a creation of God, which has been constantly affected by the influence of nature. It is endowed primarily with natural forces that are formed and reproduced in the labor process. Therefore, work from a physical point of view is the implementation of certain functions of the human body, each of which requires the brain, nerves, muscles, sensory organs, etc. Human reproduction involves the preservation and maintenance of the individual as a biological phenomenon.
People must also meet their environmental needs. Nature both produces and directly satisfies them. It is the fundamental basis for the physical, mental and emotional health of the individual and society as a whole. Ignoring the laws of nature worsens the ecological environment and deforms the personality. Thus, according to American scientists, in the United States, up to 9% of the population's mortality is associated with an increase in the content of harmful substances in the air. Loud noise (over 66 decibels) accelerates aging and shortens life expectancy by 8-12 years.
The scientific and technological revolution places increased demands on the natural side of man (his nervous system, sensory organs, psychology, etc.). In particular, the intensity of labor (primarily mental), emotional, nervous, and psychological stress on the human body are increasing. Since man is part of nature, it is necessary to take into account additional criteria for the humanization and greening of technology with anticipation of the immediate and long-term consequences of its impact on nature (surrounding forests, ground and surface waters, field productivity, air, possible changes in background radiation, thermal effect, chemical background, etc. .). When determining the living standard of the population, the state of the environment and the ecological situation should be taken into account. It is also necessary to develop an ecological culture and ecological thinking. Expenditures on environmental protection should become an integral part of the state's social expenditures, and broad sections of the population and political parties should be involved in the development of environmental policy.
Man as a social being is the totality of all social relations, the structure of which is determined by the structure of the socio-economic formation. This set includes economic (in the dialectical unity of technical-economic, organizational-economic relations and property relations), social, political, legal, national, cultural, spiritual and other relations.
With the expansion of the sphere of human activity, its essence is enriched and essential forces are more fully revealed. Therefore, in addition to a human worker, it must be a human owner, a human politician, a bearer of culture, spirituality, national spirit and energy of the people. These types of activities largely coincide with various aspects of determining the essence of property.
To implement progressive transformations in Ukraine, it is necessary to overcome the deep alienation of workers from economic property (including intellectual property), the labor process, its results, from the management of production and property (which generally means overcoming economic alienation), from class and human community (social alienation ), from political, legal power, from culture, appropriation of spiritual benefits, from the use of a comprehensive information support system. It is also necessary to overcome the alienation of a person from history (one’s country, people). Only under such conditions is it possible to expand the possibilities of a person’s self-realization, the full and free development of his physical, organizational and spiritual abilities.
Human nature can be considered as the totality of its needs and hobbies. The individual, satisfying his needs, reproduces himself as a social entity. The determining factor for a person is the satisfaction of the most basic economic needs: food, clothing, housing. On this basis, cultural, spiritual and other needs can be satisfied. In turn, social needs actively influence economic ones. Needs arise in the form of an objective goal, a specific human goal. Therefore, she sets a task for herself and strives to complete it. The socio-economic progress of society largely depends on the timely awareness by the majority of the population of new needs and their inclusion in practical activities. Thus, after the declaration of independence of Ukraine, the development of a powerful, economically independent state is a national necessity. Only on this basis can the living standards of the population be raised, national culture developed, and the like.
Historians Mikhail Grushevsky, Ivan Kripyakevych and others spoke about such features of the Ukrainian nation as common sense, the ability for introspection and self-criticism, optimism, spiritual, moral and cultural potential, intelligence, energy and enterprise, extreme love of freedom, etc. Without them, revival is impossible to mobilize the energy of the nation, the spirit of patriotism, etc., and consequently, build a powerful national economy and state. To achieve this, it is necessary to form a modern economic person, which combines the traits of a worker and the traits of an owner.