The main area in which the official business style of the Russian functions is literary language, is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies society's need for documentation various acts of state, public, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, instruction, contract, instruction, complaint, recipe, various kinds statements, as well as a variety of business genres (eg; explanatory letter, autobiography, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.). The expression of legal will in business documents determines the properties, main features business speech and socially organizing language use. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, and ascertaining functions in various fields activities. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.
Despite the differences in the content of individual genres and the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow the possibility of differences in interpretation; detail of presentation; stereotyping, standardization of presentation; the dutifully prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, rigor in the expression of thoughts, as well as objectivity and logic, which are characteristic of scientific speech.
The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role V official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. In this regard, each text should be characterized by such accuracy in the presentation of information that would not allow the possibility of different interpretations. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and language design flawless. It is this goal that determines the actual linguistic features of official business speech, as well as its composition, rubrication, paragraph selection, etc., i.e., the standardization of the design of many business documents. Remember the personnel registration sheet, the form filled out, for example, to obtain a visa, a receipt for payment of housing and communal services, etc.
The lexical composition of texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language, which have a pronounced functional and stylistic character. Coloring, for example plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, detention, passenger transportation, delivery, identity card, Researcher etc., among them a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, decree, oblige, assign, etc. It should be noted that in official business speech there is the most high percent the use of the infinitive among verb forms. This is also due to the imperative nature official business texts. Let's look at an example:
“When studying any international agreement, and in particular an agreement on the elimination of double taxation, it is first necessary to clearly define the scope of its action in two aspects
- taxes covered by the agreement,
- territories covered by the agreement” (Consultant. 1997. No. 24).
Even in this short passage there are words and phrases with an official legal connotation (international agreement, double taxation, taxes), the phrase expressing obligation must be determined, such features as the severity of expression of thought, impartial statement, complete impersonality of presentation.
The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words and simplify them semantic structure, to the unambiguity of lexical and superverbal designations, up to narrow terminology. Therefore, quite often in texts of this style are given precise definitions the words and concepts used, i.e. their semantic scope is clearly limited. Polysemy (ambiguity), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings, and synonyms are used to an insignificant extent and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidizing, etc.
Typical for business language are Difficult words, formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, material-technical, repair-operational, above-mentioned, below-named, etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, destination, higher educational institution, tax return, Joint-Stock Company, housing cooperative, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the ones used linguistic means, which gives formal business style texts a standardized character. Let's look at an example:
"A notary dealing private practice, must be a member of the notary chamber, perform all notarial acts provided for by law on behalf of the state, have the right to have an office, open current and other accounts, including foreign currency, have property and personal non-property rights and obligations, hire and fire employees, dispose of received income, act in court, arbitration court on your own behalf and perform other actions in accordance with the law Russian Federation and republics within the Russian Federation" (Consultant. 1997. No. 24).
This text has many typical features business style: stylistically marked words and phrases (notary, notary chamber, current account, arbitration court etc.); the “due-prescriptive” nature of the presentation, conveyed by infinitive constructions (must be, must do, has the right to have, etc.); compositional structure, subordinated to the main topic of this proposal - a statement of the rights and obligations of a notary engaged in private practice; an impartial statement of facts presented in accordance with their significance; complete absence any assessment.
Official business speech reflects not the individual, but social experience, as a result of which her vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, that is, everything that is sharply original, specific, and unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For official document important legal entity, therefore preference is given generic concepts, for example, to arrive (arrive, arrive, arrive, etc.), vehicle(bus, plane, Zhiguli, etc.), locality(village, city, village, etc.), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used that designate the person based on a characteristic determined by some attitude or action (teacher T. N. Sergeeva, witness T. P. Molotkov, rector University Starov E.I., etc.).
Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, of which there are more in the official business style than in other styles, and participles: arrival of a train, provision of living space, serving the population, replenishing the budget, taking measures; given, indicated, above-named, etc.; Complex denominative prepositions are widely used: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, etc.
Typically, a sentence contains a fairly large amount of information and is designed to be read again. Simple sentences are often complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; as in scientific speech, great place occupy complex sentences with subordinate clauses:
“Procedures for conducting meetings and research additional evidence, if they were presented in appellate authority, determined by the presiding officer. By general rule First, explanations from the persons participating in the case and their representatives are heard. First, the person who filed the appeal and his representative speak. In case of appeal of the decision by both parties, the plaintiff comes first” (Economy and Law. 1997. No. 1).
In this passage, the first sentence is a complex sentence with a subordinate clause. In the following sentences there are several participles (participating, submitting), passive verb(heard), complex denominative preposition (in case). Strict logic and precision of presentation determine the sequence of actions in the presented situation. This text acts as a regulation and establishes the procedure for considering an appeal.
Business speech, as already mentioned, is characterized by impersonality of presentation and lack of evaluation. Here there is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the 1st person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations between a private individual and an organization or state, for example, when drawing up various powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement, etc. So, a power of attorney has the form:
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, Alekseeva Anna Ivanovna, living at the address: St. Petersburg, Prazhskaya street, 35, apartment 127, USH-VI passport No. 964863, issued by the 12th department. police of St. Petersburg on January 26, 1992, I trust Olga Aleksandrovna Khitrova, residing at St. Petersburg, Korablestroiteley str., 65, apt. 98, concluding an agreement with the publishing house “Yurist” on my behalf.
29 05 98 Alekseeva
However, even in such situations, the form of writing of many documents is clichéd and focused on impersonality. Let us remind you how to write an application for leave:
Head of the Department of Physics
prof. And S Petrov
teacher S I Andreeva
STATEMENT
Please provide me another vacation for 1997/98 academic year from 15.06..98
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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1. Formal business style: scope of use, types of documents, language features
Formal business style is a whole variety Russian literary language. And this is an appropriate style, which has its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and is even expressive in its own way. The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.
The official business style is quite equal to other styles and plays an important role in the formation and development of the Russian literary language. Modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form writing. Oral form of official business speech - speeches at ceremonial meetings, sessions, receptions, reports of state and public figures etc. The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relationships: relations between state power and the population, between countries, between enterprises, institutions and organizations, between individuals and society. In fact, from birth to death, a person is within the scope of official business speech.
1.1 general characteristics and the scope of use of official business style
The official business style serves legal relations between citizens and the state and is used in various documents- from government acts and international treaties to business correspondence.
The most important functions of this style are message and impact. They are implemented in such official documents as laws, regulations, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, business correspondence, statements, receipts, etc. Its other name - business speech - indicates that this style is the most ancient of book styles, its origins are in the business speech of the era Kyiv State, in which legal documents (agreements, “Russian Truth”, various charters) were created already in the 10th century.
Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.
Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, three substyles are usually distinguished:
Diplomatic
Types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memoranda, notes, communiqués, etc.. This type of style serves the area international relations. The scope of documentation of the diplomatic substyle is law and to a greater extent than in other substyles. - politics, as it relates to the implementation international politics states;
Legislative
Types of documents: laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of national importance. Legal documents are distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other substyles. In these texts it can be noted wide use legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has originally been the basis of business speech.
Managerial
Types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, instructions, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms- report, speech, official phone conversation, oral order. The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology.
1.2 Signs of formal business style
The main features of the official business style are:
Predominantly written nature of the presentation, because This style is mainly implemented in official documents that have legal force;
Standardization: within each genre of official business style there is a special “model”, a template according to which the text is built, regardless of who is its author - the composition of the official business text does not undergo changes;
A high degree of regulation (a certain supply of means of expression and ways of combining them): turning to a limited set of linguistic means allows you to structure the text in such a way that there are no discrepancies in its interpretation;
Rigor and simplicity of presentation: use of words in their direct meanings, lack of figurativeness, preferential use of simple, unambiguously interpreted syntactic constructions;
Imperative (obligatory-prescriptive character): texts of this style are not characterized by the use of expressively colored words and syntactic constructions;
Impersonality: texts in an official business style are objective in nature, therefore they do not contain linguistic means indicating the author (for example, introductory modal constructions in my opinion).
1.3 Language features formal business style of speech
Lexical features. Lexical (dictionary) system of official business style, except for general books and neutral words, includes:
1) language stamps(clichés, clichés): raise a question, based on a decision, incoming and outgoing documents, assign control over execution, after the deadline.
2) professional terminology: arrears, alibi, black cash, shadow business;
3) archaisms: I certify this document.
It is unacceptable to use in official business style polysemantic words, as well as words with figurative meanings, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style. Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In the official document, preference is given to generic concepts, for example: settlement (instead of village, city, village, etc.), etc.
Morphological. TO morphological characteristics This style refers to the repeated (frequent) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). These include the following:
1) nouns - names people on the basis of the action (taxpayer, tenant, witness);
2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the form male(Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);
3) verbal nouns with the particle non- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);
4) derived prepositions (in connection with, due to, by virtue of, to the extent of, in relation to, on the basis of);
5) infinitive constructions: (conduct an inspection, provide assistance);
6) present tense verbs in the meaning of an action usually performed (a fine will be charged for non-payment...).
7) complex words formed from two or more bases (tenant, employer, material and technical, repair and maintenance, above, below, etc.).
The use of these forms is explained by the desire of business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation.
Syntactic features. The syntactic features of the official business style include:
1) consumption simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the series of these homogeneous members can be very common, for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty can be established in accordance with Russian legislation for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture;
2) availability passive structures(payments are made at the specified time);
3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. use of strings of nouns in genitive case: (results of the activities of the tax police...);
4) dominance complex sentences, especially complex subordination, with subordinate conditionals: If there is a dispute about the amount of amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee.
1.4 Textual norms in the field of business speech culture
In the process of composing a business text, the choice of its genre plays the role of a trigger mechanism, including the action of specific text norms: in the speech consciousness of the writer, a certain “sample” or standard appears, covering and general scheme the text of the document, and its constant and variable elements, and their order and arrangement. In this case, the textual norms of documents can be distinguished by the degree of rigidity:
1) sample matrix
It is characterized by the fixity of all three main parameters of text organization: a set of content elements (details), their sequence, and their spatial arrangement. An example is ready-made application forms, questionnaires, invoices, etc. They are characterized by the limitation of all parameters, the most complete unification and transparency of the document.
2) sample model
It demonstrates a greater (compared to the matrix sample) level of flexibility of the norm, greater freedom - while the two main parameters of the text are fixed: a set of basic content elements (details) and their sequence. This also includes texts of the sample-model type: most of types of business letters. In particular, they are characterized by placing the text of the letter on a form; Thus, such details as full and short title the addressee organization, its postal address, telephone and fax numbers, date of signing and sending the document. Tightening the sample model can lead to the transformation of the document text into a sample matrix.
3) sample diagram
This is the least rigid type of document organization, characterized by only one parameter: the fixation of a set of basic content elements (details), and most often the use of attributes as the initial element that determines the type of text itself takes place. An explanatory or memorandum or official letter is drawn up according to this type.
The form of a document is the sum of its details and the content-compositional scheme.
Every clerical document is a collection of permanent elements contents (details). Details are data:
1) about the addressee (to whom the document is addressed);
the name of the genre of the document, and in some documents this presence is mandatory (order, application, official letter, power of attorney, certificate). In some documents (for example, a business letter), the genre name is not indicated;
list of documents, if attached
Sample documents:
Power of attorney
I, Petrov Pavel Mikhailovich, a student of the Faculty of Mechanics of MarSTU, trust Anna Sergeevna Ivanova, who lives at the address: Yoshkar-Ola, st. Cherry, 6, apt. 9, passport: series 8009 No. 145676, issued by the Zarechny police department of Yoshkar-Ola on March 10, 2000, receive my scholarship for June 2008 in the amount of 850 (eight hundred fifty) rubles.
06/01/2008 _____________ P. M. Petrov
(The power of attorney is certified
in the HR department of the university)
To the Rector of MarSTU
Romanov E.M.
Vasilyeva Olga Gennadievna,
students of economics
faculty group FK-45
statement.
Please provide me academic leave for a period of 1 year from 02/01/2008 on the basis of a medical certificate dated 01/29/08 issued by clinic No. 2 in Yoshkar-Ola.
Help is attached.
1.5 Rules for writing a business letter
The image of any specialist includes not only such characteristics as appearance, actions, oral speech, but also the ability to express one’s thoughts in writing. In oral communication, you can quickly assess how speech is perceived, you can return to what was previously said, change, clarify, explain what was said, etc. IN written message no immediate Feedback: there is no way to change the message if the recipient does not understand something. He will perceive information to the extent of his understanding.
The author of a written text is faced with more than complex tasks: he must compose his message more clearly, more accurately than if he addressed it orally. The most difficult thing is when communication through written text turns out to be the first contact and, moreover, the only one. A written message reflects not only understanding and knowledge of some information. Written text can say a lot about the personality, character, and erudition of the author of the letter.
Let's consider the rules for composing the text?
1) The text of business papers must be written by the author himself.
2) The text must clearly highlight the ideas, thoughts of the addressee, his point of view, and the aspect of considering the problem.
3) The interests, goals and aspirations of the addressee, what matters to him, must be reflected.
4) The interests of the addressee, his language and ability to understand the message must be taken into account.
5) Language means must be carefully selected that would allow for a better understanding of ideas, thoughts, requests, etc. Two methods can be used here - inverted and conventional pyramid. In the case of an overturned pyramid, the first paragraph gives all the information, then the details; in the case of an ordinary pyramid, on the contrary, the presentation goes from the particular to the general.
6) Six questions must be used:
Who? (who writes, to whom they write),
What? (what needs to be said that the addressee must understand);
When? (when it happened, when it needs to be done, etc.);
Where? (where it happened, where the event will take place, etc.);
Why? (why is this necessary, etc.);
How? (how, by what means this can be accomplished, etc.).
7) The text must be understandable, correct, consistent, and convincing.
8) Remember that this message is not the only one for the recipient. Therefore, you should not use empty phrases, abstract concepts. The letter should be concise, but informatively rich. Better to use short sentences with active voice.
9) After the document has been compiled, it is necessary to check it, edit it and, if necessary, rewrite it again.
1.6 Rules for writing a resume
A resume is a document containing short autobiography with a description of business qualities provided by a candidate for a position, etc.
A typical resume includes:
personal data of applicants (full name, date and place
birth, marital status);
addresses and telephone numbers of the applicant indicating the time for
contacts;
the name of the vacancy for which the resume author is applying;
main text, including a list of places of work and (or) study in reverse chronological order, indicating the full (official) name of the organization, the period of time spent in them, the name of the position held (or educational specialty);
additional information (freelance work experience, social activity, professional retraining);
other information (related knowledge and skills: foreign languages, travel abroad, computer skills, driving);
honors and awards, academic degrees ( this information is optional);
interests, inclinations related to the profession proposed by the applicant (content - at the discretion of the applicant, this information is not mandatory);
other supporting information (content at the discretion of the applicant);
11) date of writing the resume;
12) signature of the applicant.
Resume sample:
ANTONOVA Bella Mikhailovna
born in Rostov-on-Don
Home address Educational institution address
Home phone (work place)
Work phone/fax
Position: guide-translator in summer
Education information
and work experience:
RSU (Moscow), faculty foreign languages, 3rd year student correspondence department Sep. 1998 - present.
Foreign language courses at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Moscow) - 1997-1998.
Secondary school No. 36, Rostov-on-Don - 1985-1995
Additional information:
Worked as a translator with a group of American tourists July-August 1997 (dream staff at the Intourist Hotel in Moscow).
Translator to international conference"Safety in big cities"(St. Petersburg, May 1998).
Other information:
I read, speak and translate from English. PC user (fluent Word programs 8.0, Exe1).
I have driver license to drive category A and B vehicles.
Interests, inclinations: I am interested in painting and theater.
Other supporting information: Sociable by nature. I approach the assigned work creatively and responsibly.
formal business style speech
Conclusion
The official business style stands out among other book styles for its stability and standardization. Despite the wide variety of business documents, their language strictly obeys the requirements of official business presentation. All business documents belong to this style, so it is important to know the features of this style and its patterns. Every literate person must appropriately use certain linguistic means and know the established norms of word usage. The person preparing the document needs to know the amount of details, their relationship and sequence of presentation.
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Official business style, scope of its functioning, genre diversity
The official business style serves the sphere of administrative and legal activities. It satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Official business style is implemented in texts of various genres: charter, law, order, complaint, recipe, statement, as well as in various kinds of business genres: explanatory note, autobiography, questionnaire, resume, etc. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive , stating functions in various fields of activity. In this regard, the main form of implementation of this style is written.
General style features official business speech are: 1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of other interpretations, detail of presentation; 2) stereotyping, standard presentation; 3) the properly prescriptive nature of the presentation. In addition, experts note such features of the official business style as formality, rigor in the expression of thoughts, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech. The named features of the official business style are reflected not only in the system of linguistic means, but also in non-linguistic ways of designing specific texts: in composition, rubrication, highlighting paragraphs, i.e. in the standardized design of many business documents.
The official business style system consists of three types of linguistic means: 1) having an appropriate functional and stylistic coloring (vocabulary and phraseology), for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, delivery, prepayment, identity card and etc.; 2) neutral, inter-style, as well as general book, language means; 3) linguistic means that are neutral in their stylistic coloring, but in terms of the degree of usage in the official business style, they have become its “sign”, for example: raise a question, express your disagreement.
Many verbs used in official business speech contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, permit, oblige, indicate, assign and under. There is a high percentage of the use of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also associated with the prescriptive function of official business texts. Verb form means not permanent or normal action, but an action that is prescribed by law to be carried out under certain conditions, for example: The accused is guaranteed the right to defense.
When naming a person in an official business style, nouns are most often used that designate a person on the basis of an action or relationship, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: plaintiff, defendant, applicant, tenant, tenant, executor, guardian, adoptive parent, witness etc. Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnova, defendant Proshina etc. Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns and participles: arrival of transport, filing claims, serving the population, replenishing the budget; given, indicated, assigned.
In an official business style, there is a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to make the words and phrases used unambiguous, and to strive for terminology of speech. Texts of this style provide precise definitions or explanations of the terms used (terminological combinations) if they are not commonly used, for example: The shortfall was caused by force majeure (the access roads were washed away by heavy rains).
Many of the words in formal business style have antonymous pairs, for example: rights-duties, action- inaction, acquittal-indictment, legal-illegal. Synonyms are used to a small extent and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply-provision; solvency= creditworthiness; depreciation = depreciation; appropriation = subsidy and etc.
Typical for business language are complex words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, logistics, repair and maintenance, the above, the above and so on. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation. Serves the same purpose stable combinations type: destination, tax return, joint stock company, housing cooperative and so on. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standardized character.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience. As a result, the vocabulary of this style is distinguished by its generalized meanings, i.e. the typical is brought to the fore to the detriment of the individual, original, and concrete. For an official document, the legal essence is important, so preference is given to generic concepts: for example: arrive (arrive, arrive, arrive), vehicle (bus, plane, train), locality (city, village, town) etc.
Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of an official business style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as combinations with the preposition by and prepositional case, expressing a temporary value: upon return, upon reaching.
Business speech is characterized by impersonality of presentation and lack of evaluativeness. There is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence. Therefore, the first person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations are established between a private individual and an organization or state, for example, when drawing up various types of powers of attorney, when concluding an employment agreement, etc.
So, accuracy, unambiguity and standardization of the means used are the main features of the official business style of speech.