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brief information
The Republic of Chad is often called the “Dead Heart of Africa” due to its geographical location. This name quite accurately reflects the character of this country, but the people living there (who are representatives of 200 different ethnic groups) consider it very beautiful. Unfortunately, due to political conflicts that have not been able to end in Chad for many decades in a row, tourists have the opportunity to visit almost only N'Djamena and the surrounding villages.
Geography of Chad
Chad is located in Central Africa. Chad is bordered to the north by Libya, to the west by Niger, to the east by Sudan, to the south by the Central African Republic, and to the southwest by Nigeria and Cameroon. There is no access to the sea. The total area of this state is 1,284,000 square meters. km., and the total length of the state border is 5,968 km.
Most of Chad's territory is flat. To the north is a small area of the Sahara Desert. The mountains are located in the north and northeast. The highest local peak is the extinct volcano Emi Koussi in the Tibesti Mountains, whose height reaches 3,415 meters.
Capital
N'Djamena is the capital of Chad. The population of this city is now more than 1 million people. N'Djamena was founded by the French in 1900 (then the city was called Fort Lamy).
Official language of Chad
The country has two official languages – French and Arabic.
Religion
About 54% of residents are Muslims, and 34% are Christians (of which 20% are Catholics and 14% are Protestants).
Government of Chad
According to the Constitution, Chad is a presidential republic. Its head is the President, who is elected by universal secret ballot for a term of 5 years (and the President can be re-elected many times in a row).
The unicameral Chadian parliament is called the National Assembly, it consists of 155 deputies elected by universal secret ballot for 4 years.
The main political parties are the Patriotic Salvation Movement, the National Rally for Development and Progress, the National Rally for Democracy in Chad and the Popular Movement for Democracy in Chad.
Administratively, the country is divided into 22 regions. Each region is headed by a governor appointed by the president.
Climate and weather
Chad's climate is tropical and hot, but temperatures vary greatly by region. In the south of the country the rainy season occurs from May to October, and in the central regions from June to September. In the north there is very little rain throughout the year. During the dry season it is often quite windy and cool in the evening.
The best time to visit Chad is winter and spring (November to May), when the air temperature is not very hot and there is almost no rain. During these months, the average air temperature ranges from +20C to +25C.
Rivers and lakes of Chad
In the southwest of the country, on the border with Nigeria and Cameron, there is the relict Lake Chad, the area of which is now 26 thousand square meters. km. Three rivers flow into Lake Chad - Chari, Komadougou-Waube and Bar el-Ghazal. By the way, the Chari River is the longest Chadian river.
Culture
Customs and culture in Chad vary depending on the religious and tribal backgrounds of the population. However, respect for elders and reserved behavior in public places are common. Smoking in public places is discouraged. Women should dress conservatively with their shoulders and legs covered.
Almost all local holidays are religious in nature and are associated with Islam. The most popular religious holiday is Eid al-Kabir, and the secular holiday is African Liberation Day.
Very interesting are the tribal festivals held annually in honor of the harvest, the initiation of young men into men, and, of course, local weddings. Thus, in October and November in the north of the country, the Harvest Festival is celebrated on a large scale, timed to coincide with the end of the rainy season.
Kitchen
The main foods in Chad are cassava, legumes, sorghum, millet, rice, potatoes, peanuts, corn, fish, meat (especially chicken).
Tourists are recommended to try thick bean soup, stuffed zucchini, fried lamb, homemade cheese, lemon pancakes, French toast, sorghum or millet porridge with meat, dried fish, spices, tomatoes and onions. In the south of the country, a rice dish with peanut sauce is popular.
Traditional soft drinks - “Karkanji” made from hibiscus (hibiscus), fruit juices.
The traditional alcoholic drink is beer.
Sights of Chad
In Chad, several very interesting medieval sights have been preserved to this day, which give an extraordinary flavor to this country.
In the middle of the desert, closer to the Sudanese border, is the ancient city of Abeshe, which once upon a time was the capital of the influential Kudan Sultanate. This city still retains its oriental charm - there are interesting mosques, narrow cobbled streets and old markets.
The Tibesti region hosts annual camel races organized by the warlike Tubu tribe. However, this part of Chad is rarely visited by non-Muslims, so it is better to watch camel racing from afar.
The Zakouma National Park located in the south of the country is of great interest to tourists. Visitors to this park can see large herds of elephants, giraffes and lions.
Cities and resorts
The largest cities are N'Djamena (more than 1 million people), Mundu (160 thousand people), Sarkh (120 thousand people), Abeche (90 thousand people) and Kelo (50 thousand people).
There are still few tourists coming to Chad to see the unique relict lake of the same name, get acquainted with the way of life of the local residents, and, of course, watch, at least from afar, elephants, giraffes and lions.
Souvenirs/shopping
People bring handicrafts, camel carpets, leather clothes, shoes, embroidered cotton clothes, decorated pumpkins, jewelry, ceramics, knives, and small camel figurines as souvenirs from Chad.
Office hours
Banks: Mon-Thu: 07:00-13:00
Fri: 07:00-10:30
Sat: 07:00-13:00
The shops:
08:00-12:00 and 16:00-19:00
Visa
Ukrainians need a visa to visit Chad.
Currency of Chad
The CFA franc is the official currency in Chad. Its international designation is XAF. One CFA franc = 100 centimes. Credit cards are not common (they are only accepted in two hotels in N'Djamena).
Customs restrictions
The national parks Zakuma and Manza are located on the territory of the republic. Most of the country's territory is occupied by plains and plateaus, alternating with flat depressions, one of which contains Lake Chad of the same name. In the north lies the massive ancient Tibesti highlands with the Emi-Kousi volcano (3415 m) - the highest point in the country. To the east are the plateaus of Erdi, Ennedi and Vadai. In the north, which is part of the Sahara Desert, sand dunes and outlier hills (kagas) are common. The south is occupied by semi-deserts and savannas, and there are swamps that occupy quite large areas. Area: total - 1,284,000 km2, land - 1,289,200 km, water bodies - 24,800 km2.
The length of the borders with Cameroon is 1,094 km, the Central African Republic - 1,197 km, Libya - 1,055 km, Niger - 1,175 km, Nigeria - 87 km, Sudan - 1,360 km. The Gweni Fada meteorite crater is located in Chad. It owes its name to Lake Chad (in the language of the Kanuri people - “big water”). Area 1284 thousand sq. km.
Most of the territory is occupied by plains and plateaus, alternating with flat depressions. At the bottom of the largest of them lies the shallow Lake Chad. In the far north rises the ancient Tibesti highlands, stretching from northwest to southeast for almost 1000 km, with the Emi-Kousi volcano (3415 m) - the highest point of the country and the entire Sahara. It is a huge crater with a diameter of 13 km and a depth of 300 m. Hot springs and the release of gases on the slopes indicate recent volcanic activity. In the east are the Erdi plateau, Ennedi, cut by dry ancient valleys, and Vadai with island mountains 500-1000 m high.
Located on the very edge of the Sahara Desert, the volcanic Tibesti Highlands (altitude up to 3415 m) forms a fairly vast mountainous region, whose spurs literally drown in the sands of the Great Desert. The lifeless, sun-scorched slopes of the highlands are composed of metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian basement, highly dissected volcanic cones, gorges and temporary watercourses. The highest point of the country is the dormant volcano Emi-Kusi (3415 m), located in the northern part of the highlands. At its top there is a crater with a diameter of 15 km and a depth of about 700 m, with a dry lake at the bottom. In the western part of the highlands there are several active volcanoes, the highest of which, Tuside (3265 m), erupts quite regularly. Intermountain regions are replete with salt marshes and rocky deserts, among which one can find many tectonic depressions (Shiede, Ain Galakka, Tekro, Egri, Brulku, etc.) occupied by the same salt marshes. The lowest point of the country is also located here - the Jurab depression (160 m).
In the north-eastern part of Chad, the Erdi (1115 m) and Ennedi (1450 m) plateaus rise, in the center is the Vadai massif with Mount Gera (1790 m), and in the east is the Ouaddan mountainous area (up to 1340 m). The sparse human populations here are usually represented by nomadic camps, and the living world is mostly sparse.
The flat territory causes a change in landscapes from north to south. The northern half of the country is part of the sandy and partly rocky deserts of the Sahara, the southern half is the semi-deserts and desert savannahs of the Sahel (Sahel in Arabic means edge, i.e. edge of the desert) with thorny bushes. There are already baobabs and a doum palm with a forked trunk at the top, and in the extreme south typical tall-grass savanna and park forests dominate. But even after rains, sun-scorched grass does not acquire a rich green color, remaining yellowish-brown. Vast areas in the south and southeast are occupied by swamps. Closed forests cover less than 0.5% of the country's area. 2.5% of its territory is plowed, 36% is occupied by pastures.
Water resources of Chad
Chad's water resources are scarce: there are few rivers, but there are many temporary watercourses - oueds that appear after rain. The only real river is the navigable Shari (Chari) with its tributary Logone, which flows into Lake Chad, located on the western borders of the country.
Lake Chad is the fourth largest and one of the most interesting lakes in Africa. Its area changes annually from 10 to 26 thousand square meters. km, and the average depth is from 4 to 7 m, depending on fluctuations in the flow of the rivers feeding it.
Lake Chad is Central Africa's largest body of water and the only permanent source of fresh water for the entire country. Once the area of the water surface was about 25,000 square meters. km, however, due to droughts that regularly strike this region, as well as due to the colossal water intake for the needs of the population, its area has decreased almost 5 times over the past 10 years (however, regular rises in water levels and its almost complete disappearance are noted by scientists at least 8 times over the last millennium). Around the lake there is a series of dense forests, and to the south and southeast there is a strip of marshy riverine areas that are home to 120 species of fish and 200 species of birds. Along the valleys of the Chari and Logon (Logone) rivers, which flow into Chad from the south, there is a strip of forests and agricultural areas that are the only major supplier of food in the country. It is also the only region of the country with more or less significant fauna (mainly birds, rodents and various antelopes).
Meanwhile, over the past 50 years, the area of Lake Chad - one of Africa's largest bodies of water, whose waters play a key role in the lives of more than 30 million people in Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger and Chad - has shrunk by 90%. According to scientists, at this rate the lake will dry up completely in 20 years.
In 1963, the area of the lake was 25 thousand square kilometers. To date, it occupies only 2.5 thousand square kilometers, ITAR-TASS reports. One of the main reasons is climate change, which has led to the shallowing of the main waterways feeding the reservoir - the Central African rivers Chari and Logon. The uncontrolled use of water resources for agricultural needs also contributes.
Previously, to prevent a catastrophe, a number of hydraulic engineering projects were put forward, the essence of which was to “turn the rivers,” and specialists from the USSR were among the first to propose such an idea in the 1970s. However, until now scientists have not come to a consensus on this issue.
Now an interstate commission, which includes representatives of Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic and Libya, has prepared a new project aimed at saving the reservoir. It involves transferring water using a giant canal from the Ubangi River, the largest tributary of the Congo, the deepest water artery in Africa, towards the Shari River, which flows into Chad.
Climate Chad
There are three climatic regions in Chad. In the north of the country, the climate is tropical desert, with average monthly temperatures ranging from +15 C in January to +35 C in July. At the same time, maximum temperatures in the period from April to September sometimes reach +56 C, and at night, especially from December to February, it can be quite cool (+4-6 C). Precipitation usually falls from 100 to 250 mm, often in the form of heavy short-term downpours, sometimes even leading to floods. And at the same time, there are years when not a drop of rain falls here. There are frequent sandstorms consisting of a continuous flow of dust and sand, obscuring the sun.
In the center of the country, climatic conditions are more consistent with the subequatorial type - the temperature all year round is about +22-28 C, precipitation falls up to 700 mm per year, and its distribution depends entirely on the nature of the passage of air masses - in the period from May to October, southern winds are common, bringing rainy weather, and in winter northerly winds prevail, which carry virtually no moisture.
The climate of the extreme southern part is equatorial monsoon with temperatures from +21 C to +24 C in winter and from +30 C to +35 C in summer. The annual precipitation here is about 800-1200 mm, and it falls mainly during the monsoon period (from May to October).
In N'Djamena, summer temperatures fluctuate around +35 C, while daytime temperatures of +46 C are not uncommon even in the shade. Air masses coming from the oceans and the equatorial zone often bring with them cloudy weather, which, however, has little effect on the thermometer. In winter here it is usually from +18 C to +28 C with a clear sky. Precipitation falls from 350 to 600 mm per year, but its nature is very uneven (in some years the capital region receives no more than 250 mm of rain). Dust storms coming from the north are frequent.
Flora and fauna of Chad
The flora is typical of desert areas; rare acacia and camel thorn grow; in a few oases - date palms and grapes. In the savannas there are baobab and doum palms.
The savannas are home to a large number of large mammals - elephants, rhinoceroses, buffalos, antelopes, giraffes, lions, leopards, jackals, hyenas. Hippos and crocodiles live in the lakes. Snakes, lizards, and insects are found in large quantities. Typical birds are ostriches, various swamp and water birds found along the banks of rivers and lakes. The river banks abound with ibises, flamingos, pelicans, storks, in the rivers and lakes there are hippos and crocodiles, and in the upper reaches of the Shari there are monkeys.
Population of Chad
Population - 9.3 million people (2003). Chad has long been a place of contact between the peoples of North Africa, the Sahara and Sudan - carriers of different cultures and religions, therefore the ethnic composition of the population of this small country is unusually diverse. More than 200 peoples live: in the desert regions of the north - the nomadic Bedouin Arabs, Tuaregs and Tuba; in the south - farmers and fishermen Sara (the most numerous), Bagirmi, Hausa, Masa. The official languages are French and Arabic, and more than 100 local languages are also spoken. Almost 50% of the population is Muslim, 35% is Christian (Catholic and Protestant) and 7% adheres to local beliefs. The most populated valley is the upper reaches of the river. Shari in the savannah zone and the Lake Chad region. About 20% of the population are nomads and semi-nomads. Sara women's jewelry is unusual - plates with a diameter of up to 30-40 cm inserted into the lips - a custom that arose during the slave trade, when women's faces were disfigured to save them from slavery; or scars applied to the forehead and temples as decoration.
In the north of Central Africa, covering an area of more than 1.2 million square meters. km, the Republic of Chad is located. This landlocked state borders Niger, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Sudan, Libya and Cameroon.
Plains and plateaus (Vadai, Erdi, Ennedi), interspersed with flat depressions, occupy the bulk of the country's territory. Sandy and rocky deserts lie in the north of the republic. The Emi-Kusi volcano, reaching 3415 m and considered the highest point in the country, is located in the northwest, where the Tibetsi mountain range rises. Savannas, semi-deserts and swamps - this is the south of Chad. The lake, which shares the same name with the republic, flows into the Shari (Chari) and Logon, the largest rivers in the country.
More than 200 ethnic groups inhabit the Republic of Chad: Kanuri, Maba, Fulbe, Mubi, etc. Arabs and Sara are the most numerous among them. The country is also home to the French. The country has two official languages – Arabic and French. However, among the local population, the more common languages are Sara, Hausa and another 120 different dialects.
More than half of the residents profess Islam. The bulk of the Muslim population will live in the northern regions of the republic. Most Christians are Catholics. Fetishism, animalism, cult of the forces of nature or ancestors - these beliefs are close to 20% of the population. You can also meet fans of Baha'iism in the country.
Chad is a republic headed by a president. He also commands the country's armed forces. The term of his reign is calculated at five years. However, there are no quantitative restrictions on his re-election. A bicameral parliament, consisting of the Senate and the National Assembly, exercises legislative power. A third of its composition is renewed after two years. The country has its own constitution. Chad is a member of many international organizations - the UN, the OAU, etc. The CFA franc is in circulation on the territory of the republic.
Chad was densely populated in ancient times. The rulers of the kingdom of Kanem, which arose in the 9th century, converted to Islam in the 11th century. Two sultanates, Ouadai and Bagurmi, appeared in the south of the country in the 16th century. The country came under the rule of the Emperor of Sudan at the end of the 19th century. Chad became part of French Equatorial Africa in 1910. The country gained independence in August 1960. The civil war is still raging in the republic. In February 2008, martial law was introduced in the country and the constitution was suspended.
The desert, hot and dry tropical climate in the north of the country, with average monthly temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 degrees Celsius, gives way to subequatorial climate in the southern regions. Here the air warms up to +26–30° C, and the amount of precipitation per year is 1000–1400 mm. In the north it barely reaches 100 mm, and the hot northeast wind, Hartmann, carries with it clouds of dust. There are no rivers in the northern regions. They are concentrated mainly in the southern regions. Among the country's rivers (Mayo-Kebi, Shari, Logon, Mbere, Batha, etc.), two are navigable - Logon and Shari. There are several large lakes on the territory of the republic - Chad (freshwater), Iro and Fitri.
Jujube, ascar, ephedra, drin - these and other low-growing trees and shrubs grow in the north of Chad. Date palms, acacias, baobabs and the doum palm grow in the south. There are several National Parks in the republic, including Manza and Zakuma.
The country's fauna is very diverse: hippos, cheetahs, rhinoceroses, giraffes, zebras, crocodiles, etc. The feathered inhabitants also amaze with the variety of species: flamingos, bustards, ostriches, etc. There are many insects, including tsetse flies and termites. There are lizards and snakes.
Political instability and weak infrastructure hamper the development of the tourism industry. However, the country has no shortage of foreign tourists who are attracted by the distinctive culture of the local population, diverse natural landscapes, rich fauna and flora of the country and much more. There are not many attractions in the country. Particularly worth noting: the Siniaka-Minia reserve, the National Museum of the capital, the Manza and Zakouma national parks, the picturesque coast of Lake Chad, monuments of the ancient culture of Sao, dating back to the 5th century BC. e.
Country description plan.
1) In what part of the continent is the country located? What is the name of its capital?
2) Features of the relief (general character of the surface, main forms of relief and distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country.
3) Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by season.
4) Large rivers and lakes.
5) Natural areas and their main features.
6) The peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities.
Description of the country according to the plan: 1. What maps should be used when describing a country?2. In what part of the continent is the country located? What is the name of its capital?3. Features of the relief (general character of the surface, main forms of relief). Mineral resources of the country.4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by season.5. Large rivers and lakes.6. Natural areas and their main features.7. The peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities. Description of the country "Laos" according to the 7th grade plan.
Country description plan
1. What maps should be used when describing a country?
2. In what part of the continent is the country located? What is the name of its capital?
3. Features of the relief (general character of the surface, main forms of relief and distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country.
4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by season.
5. Large rivers and lakes.
Plan for describing the country of Peru 1. What maps should be used to describe the country? 2. In what part of the continent is the country located? What is the name of its capital? 3. Features of the relief (general character of the surface, main forms of relief and distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country. 4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by season. 5. Large rivers and lakes. 6. Natural areas and their main features. 7. Peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities. Thanks in advance))^^
Please help, I need it very urgently! We need a description of the country Iceland! Exactly according to this plan!Country description plan!
1.What maps should be used when describing a country?
2. In what part of the continent is the country located? 7 What is the name of its capital?
3. Features of the relief (general character of the surface, main forms of relief and distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country.
4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by season.
5.Large rivers and lakes.
6.Natural areas and their main features.
7. Peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities.
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9.-
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The majority of Chad's self-employed population is concentrated in the south. Subsistence farming predominates. Chad's economic development has been hampered by years of persistent political instability. The emergence of commodity production began only after the Second World War. The main commercial crop is cotton; its seeds and fiber are exported. Livestock farming is also an important sector of the economy. 85% of the country's working population is employed in agriculture. In 1995, GDP was estimated at $3.3 billion, or $600 per capita. Agriculture, livestock breeding and fishing account for about half of GNP, industry - 18%, transport and services - 34%. The rate of economic growth lags behind the rate of population growth (approx. 2.6%), and the share of GNP per capita is steadily declining.
The main pastoral areas are the northern and central regions of Chad. Mainly cattle, goats, sheep, camels, donkeys, and horses are bred. In terms of livestock size, Chad ranks second among African countries (after Mali). Agriculture is widely developed in the southern regions of the country. The main food crops are millet and sorghum; peanuts, cassava, date palm, corn and rice are also grown. Cotton production is controlled by a French company, part of its shares belongs to the Chadian government. Large livestock farms, slaughterhouses and meat-packing plants are owned by foreign capital. Trade in live cattle is developed. Industry is poorly developed and is represented mainly by cotton gin plants (more than 20), enterprises for processing livestock products and peanuts. A textile mill has been operating in Sarkh since 1967. Soda production has been established in Lake Chad. In 1996, an agreement was reached between Chad and one of the international oil companies to produce oil for export. Electricity for industrial needs is generated at thermal power plants running on oil. The road network is poorly developed. The total length of roads is 32 thousand km, of which approx. 1 thousand km. There is an international airport in N'Djamena, which is served by the national airline.
Until the mid-1990s, Chad faced a chronic trade deficit. However, in 1995, export earnings ($226 million) exceeded import costs ($225 million). The main trading partners are France, Portugal, Germany, Nigeria, Cameroon and South Africa. The share of cotton in exports is at least 50%, livestock products - 30%.
Chad is part of the French franc zone and is a member of the Monetary Union of Central Africa and Cameroon. Together with four other French-speaking countries, it has a common Central Bank and a common currency, the CFA franc.
Since the 1970s, Chad's budget has consistently run deficits. Until recently, a significant share of the budget expenditures was made up of military expenditures. After the end of the border conflict with Libya, the main budget item was the cost of implementing economic programs. Government expenditures in 1994 amounted to $222 million (half of which was spent on investment in the economy), and budget revenues amounted to $136 million. France and other EU countries provide financial assistance to Chad.