What linguistic means are used in the journalistic style. Linguistic characteristics of journalistic style

The journalistic style is considered to be particularly complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional (inter-style) influences. Its main substyles are newspaper-journalistic(newspaper language); propaganda(appeals, appeals, leaflets, proclamations, etc.); officialpolitical-ideological(party resolutions, etc.); massivelypolitical(speeches at meetings of a political nature).

In turn, each substyle has several varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are quite noticeable. To genres journalistic style relate:

-feature article– presentation and analysis of various facts and phenomena social life usually with their direct interpretation by the author (the style of the essay should be balanced, calm, without much expression of emotions; the volume is average);

article - a stylistically ambiguous genre, it can be a pamphlet, an essay, or the result of a combination of both ;

the note - a short message on a current topic;

essay- general or preliminary considerations on some subject, which the author sets out in conversational style, at ease, showing your individual position;

pamphlet - a work with topical socio-political exposure, with moments of satire;

proclamation – a printed appeal of a propaganda nature or in the form of a leaflet;

manifesto – appeal, declaration, appeal containing the program and principles of the organization, party;

program - a statement of the main provisions and goals of the activities of the party, organization, government;

feuilleton- an acutely critical genre that satirically or humorously depicts some phenomenon or person;

interview - a conversation between a journalist and one or more people on current topics;

report - a prompt report by a correspondent about any event that he is an eyewitness at the time of reporting.

The intra-style stratification of newspaper speech turns out to be very complex. The stylistic differences in it are due primarily to the predominance in a particular text of one of the main newspaper functions - informative or propaganda. In addition, some specific newspaper genres (editorial, report, interview, information, etc.) differ in style from all others. Some differences in style are also explained by the orientation of the publishing body, the specialization of the newspaper, the subject matter of the content and the author's style of presentation.

In newspaper genres, transitional, inter-style influences are very noticeable, for example, the influence of the artistic-fictional style on an essay, feuilleton, reportage. The essay itself is a synthetic artistic and journalistic genre, and this is reflected in its style, but a newspaper essay differs in style from the artistic style itself.

The newspaper, being a popularizer of knowledge in the field of science and technology, economics and culture, uses a special type of popular science or scientific journalistic style in a number of its materials. The influence of the scientific style is also manifested in problem articles, where an analytical and generalized presentation of the subject of speech is given.

Despite the diversity of newspaper materials (which is reflected in the style of speech), we can talk about the general principles of constructing newspaper speech, the commonality of its functions, structure and stylistic coloring, and therefore about the newspaper genre as a whole.

Journalism as a field mass communication has other varieties: radio journalism, film journalism, televisionjournalism. Each of them besides common features, characteristic of journalism, have their own linguistic and stylistic differences. This one also stands out special area, How oratory speech, is a special journalistic substyle, which represents a complex interaction of written journalistic and oral journalistic speech. The question of the status of oratory in the functional-style stratification of language has not yet been resolved. This oral form a thoughtful, usually pre-prepared speech, implying a special impact on listeners.

The oratorical form of speech is heterogeneous and gravitates towards functional styles, corresponding to the areas of their application: oratorical journalistic speech, academic eloquence, judicial eloquence. This is the one difficult case when functional styles and forms of speech intersect. All these internal varieties are united by a common goal - influencing listeners in order to achieve a predetermined effect.

The journalistic style is used in both written and oral forms, which, within the framework of this style, closely interact and come together, with the written form being the main one.

The main functions of the journalistic style are informational and influencing. It is used to express versatile and comprehensive information. The newspaper receives the broadest and regular reflection of events in the country and abroad, but under the indispensable condition that they are of public interest. The information function is inseparable from the influence function.

The information function is also characteristic of other styles, for example, artistic style, but the nature of the information here is different: in a work of art, reality appears not directly, not directly, but in an artistically generalized form, being the result of the artist’s creative imagination; journalism reflects life directly, its information is factual and documentary. This does not indicate that typification and generalization are alien to journalism, but they manifest themselves not so much in the reproduction of the facts themselves, but in their interpretation and coverage. The relationship between fiction and journalism, due to the different nature of the information they convey, resembles the relationship between feature and documentary films.

The influencing function not only unites journalism and fiction, but also separates them, since it is largely determined by the form of expression of the author’s position in artistic and journalistic works: the author-publicist usually expresses his position directly and openly, and the position of the author-artist is usually manifested in the complex speech and compositional structure of a work of art.

The genres of journalistic style are: speeches at political meetings, editorial, theoretical and political article, ideological consultation, international review, correspondence, reportage, feuilleton, pamphlet, moral and ethical article, essay, sports reviews, etc.

The journalistic style is most fully and widely represented in the entire variety of genres, as already noted, on newspaper pages - these are party resolutions and orders, political reports and speeches, ideological consultations, etc. Therefore, the concepts of “newspaper language” and “journalistic style” are often considered identical or close.

Not everything that is published on the pages of a newspaper belongs to the journalistic style. Thus, a poem or a story, no matter where it is published, belongs to the artistic style, and a resolution or order belongs to the official business style. Actually, newspaper genres should be considered such as editorial, correspondence, reportage, feuilleton, international review, sports review, information. The stylistic unity of the newspaper is also evidenced by the fact that not every genre and not every verbal form fit into the language of the newspaper.

The most important linguistic feature of the newspaper-journalistic substyle is the close interaction and interpenetration of expressive, emotionally affecting speech means and standard language means that are widely used in this particular style.

The expressiveness of newspaper journalism is due to its agitation and propaganda function and differs from the expressiveness of the language of fiction. The inherent orientation of the newspaper towards the mass reader, the breadth and variety of topics, the periodicity and one-day nature of the newspaper, the openness of its ideological positions - all these features of the newspaper require the use of catchy, instantly perceived expressive means.

The desire to standardize language means reflects the information function of the newspaper and, to an even greater extent, the conditions of its functioning. However, the term “standard” for the newspaper-journalistic substyle should be understood in a more in a broad sense, meaning not only specific newspaper, but also all linguistic means that are distinguished by stylistic and emotional neutrality. Associated with these factors is the constructive principle of journalistic style - a combination of standard and expression. Depending on the predominance of standard-informative or expressive-impacting meanings in the text, its substyles are distinguished.

1. Linguistic characteristics of journalistic style

1.1. Main features of the style

Journalistic style special place in the style system literary language, since in many cases it must process texts created within the second style. Scientific and business speech are focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech - on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist Ch. Bally wrote that scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings. To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of the topics covered by the media mass media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author's attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.

Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; usage special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive means language, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical at this moment public life ways of presenting the material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units characteristic of a given time and metaphorical uses of the word. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.

Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development language norm. Unfortunately, in cases of replication of careless, inaccurate speech, this influence turns out to be negative: people with low speech culture They perceive mistakes as normal.

A feature of the journalistic style is its wide coverage of the vocabulary of the literary language: from scientific and technical terms to everyday words colloquial speech. Sometimes a publicist goes beyond the literary language, using in his speech slang words However, this should be avoided.

Speaking about the journalistic style, it is necessary to immediately note that not all texts published in the media belong to the journalistic style. So, for example, in Rossiyskaya newspaper The texts of laws, decrees, and regulations are published; they refer to the official business style. Nezavisimaya Gazeta sometimes publishes science articles, written by experts, they belong to scientific style. Novels, novellas, and short stories are often read on the radio - These works belong to artistic speech. All this characterizes NOT the journalistic style, but the social functions of the media.

The situation is different when a journalist in a television report or newspaper article talks about scientific research according to geneticists and at the same time uses scientific terms, or reports the launch spaceship, rescue exercises, the opening of an air show, and includes technical terms in his speech, and in court chronicles he uses legal vocabulary. In THESE cases, other-style elements (words and figures of speech) are included in the expressive means of the journalistic style, included in the language of the mass media (as Prof. Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky calls the journalistic style). It is these cases that are meant when linguists talk about the interaction of different style units within the framework of newspaper and journalistic style. This interaction is also an important feature of the journalistic style.

1.2. Lexical features

Journalistic works are distinguished by an extraordinary breadth of topics; they can touch on any topic that has come to the center of public attention, for example, diving technology. This undoubtedly affects linguistic features of this style: there is a need to include special vocabulary, requiring explanations and sometimes detailed comments.

On the other hand, a number of topics are constantly in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Thus, a circle of lexical units characteristic of the journalistic style is formed as part of the language dictionary.

Among such constantly covered topics, first of all, one should name politics, information about the activities of the government and parliament, elections, party events, statements political leaders. Texts on this topic regularly contain words and phrases such as: Faction, coalition, candidate, leader, bill, democrats, opposition, federalism, conservatism, radicals, election campaign, Parliamentary hearings, lively discussion, second round, Election headquarters, politician rating , lower house, voter confidence, parliamentary inquiry, Parliamentary investigation, public consent. Economic topics are also important for journalistic style and its coverage is impossible without words such as budget, investment, inflation, auction, arbitration, audit, raw materials, licensing, bankruptcy, monopoly, Joint-Stock Company, natural monopolies, labor market, Customs duties, stock price.

In materials on the topics of education, healthcare, social protection of the population, a journalist may need the following phrases:

Variability of education, government support, teacher salaries, Remote education, unloading school curriculum, student exchange, agreement on scientific cooperation, Informatization of education;

Mandatory health insurance, medical insurance, benefits for medications, diagnostic center;

Living wage, child benefits, consumer basket, standard of living, pension calculation, working pensioner.

Status Information public order cannot be conveyed without such phrases as: fighting crime, protecting the rights of citizens, scene of an incident, prosecutor's check, Trial, recognizance not to leave, fight against drug trafficking. In incident reports, natural disasters, accidents often include the following words: hurricane, typhoon, earthquake, flood, hostage taking, terrorist attack, shooting on guard, collision of a car with a train, rescue operation, firefighting, environmental disaster.

Reports from war correspondents contain the words: militant, explosives, land mine, mining, sniper, shelling, bombing, combat sortie, seriously injured, civilian casualties, destruction of residential buildings.

Messages on international themes easy to distinguish by the following words and combinations: peace negotiations, official visit, multilateral consultations, Global community, tense situation, strategic partnership, European integration, peacekeeping forces, territorial integrity, global problems.

The vocabulary mentioned above is also used in other styles (scientific, official and business). In a journalistic style she acquires special function- create real picture events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of THESE events and attitude towards them. The same words sound differently in scientific monograph, police report and television report.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use evaluative vocabulary with a strong emotional connotation, for example: positive changes, Energetic start, irresponsible statement, firm position, behind-the-scenes struggle, breakthrough in negotiations, dirty Electoral technologies, villainous murder, vile fabrications, Dire crisis, unprecedented flood, Crazy adventure, brazen raid, political performance, biased press, galloping inflation, barracks communism , ideological bulldozer, moral cholera. The assessment is expressed either by the definition of a noun or by the metaphorical name of a phenomenon

Professor Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky identifies two groups of stylistic means in the language of the media and names what is recognized and what is rejected. The semantic sphere of what is recognized includes all objects of thought (i.e. persons, documents, organizations, events, etc.) that are considered positive from the point of view of the organ of information and the rhetorical position of the mass media text. The semantic sphere of the rejected includes all objects of thought that are considered negative.

1.3. The relationship between two groups of stylistic means - recognized and rejected

The ratio of THESE spheres, naturally, depends on information policy of this body information, i.e. Externally for the language of reasons, but this relationship is expressed in stylistic coloring linguistic means used in speech, including completely neutral lexemes outside the text.

For the culture of speech, this problem is interesting and important in the sense that the stylistic coloring of a journalistic text can create difficulties in its processing. The presentation of such a text by a person of second views, in a different situation, in a different political context, can, unnoticed by this person, lead to a violation of the stylistic unity of the text he generates. Of course, if an experienced journalist inserts into his text, for example, phrases characteristic of Soviet newspapers, then he will do it consciously, for example, to express irony about an event. But in the essays of schoolchildren, different styles of phrases may collide unnoticed by the author of the essay. Let's consider specific examples from school essays. Seeing nothing, sweeping away everything around them, they fought for the truth, writes the author of an essay about the revolutionary. By general content the essay shows that the author has a good attitude towards revolutionaries, which means this phrase not subtle irony, but stylistic error. Another author, expressing highly appreciated writes about Pushkin’s work: he correctly chose the path of life and walked along it, leaving indelible traces behind him. Another example of unconsciously confusing the accepted and the rejected is the phrase under the yoke of humanity.

The relationship between THESE two spheres - the accepted and the rejected - has changed in the history of our journalism.

In the texts of the Soviet press, radio and television in the 70s of the 20th century, the accepted sphere included: the socialist camp, labor shock workers, production innovators, decisions of the Plenum, labor enthusiasm, socialist competition, ideological conviction, achievements of science and technology, conquest of nature, national -liberation struggle, progressive forces, people's / genuine / socialist democracy, International friendship.

The sphere of what was rejected included: bourgeois propaganda, imperialist sharks, anti-Sovietists, reactionary forces, anti-communists, parasites, speculators, grabbers, spiteful people, the arms race, the aggressive NATO bloc, the world of capital, consumer society, revisionists of all stripes, critics, unprincipled ordinary people.

During the period of perestroika (the second half of the 80s of the 20th century), a number of stable combinations came to the fore, characterizing political ideas precisely this era.

Among the accepted ones were: self-financing, economic independence, renewal, consensus, initiative from below, openness, democratization, cooperatives.

The sphere of the rejected included: Apparatchik, bureaucracy, inertia, braking mechanisms, opponents of change, stagnation, dogmatism, confrontation, extremism, radicalism, administrative-command economy, militarization, hot spots, national conflicts.

It should be noted that here speech is coming only in words, and not in the realities of life - what was approved in words was not always actively supported in practice.

Now let us turn to the state and related media of the early 21st century.

Here the scope of acceptance includes the following words And stable combinations words: Economic recovery, revival of Russia, cabinet of ministers, Unity party, market reforms, state interests, global role Russia, executive vertical, irradiated nuclear fuel, tough / emergency / adequate measures, democracy, integration, budgetary discipline, clear policy, information security.

The sphere of the rejected includes: Wahhabis, Chechen fighters, separatists, extremists, NATO, Council of Europe, deputies, State Duma, communists, strikers, spies, environmentalists, human rights activists, parliamentary immunity, globalization, group egoism, empty election promises, forceful dictatorship, corruption, criminalization, dollarization. Here again it is necessary to emphasize that this is not about politics, but about the emotional connotation of words in journalistic texts. 16

1.4. Using words in a figurative meaning. Polysemy of words and metaphoricality

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of polysemy of words, while phenomena of three types:

Using the word figuratively

Development Polysemy,

Metaphorization as a means of expression and expression of evaluation. Use neutral word or a special term in a figurative meaning gives the word a journalistic connotation, for example:

A carton of milk - a package of proposals/laws

Quiet Steps - Practical Steps

Book format - negotiation format

Traffic lights are signals from places.

The development of polysemy is a general linguistic process, which is reflected and consolidated in the language of the mass media; moreover, in many cases this development originates in journalistic texts; it differs from transfer only in that the relationship between direct and figurative meanings. Let's look at examples:

A priority -

1) primacy, preemptive right;

2) main goal.

Model -

1) diagram, image;

2) fashion model.

Stylist -

1) stylist specialist;

2) master of literary speech;

3) hairdresser.

In some cases, ambiguity is formed due to the inaccurate use of a word, for example:

Ecology -

1) science of condition natural environment and Her protection,

2) state of the environment.

In other cases, polysemy develops under the influence

foreign languages, for example:

Control -

1) check;

2) influence, manage.

Metaphorization is the use of words in

figurative meanings in order to create a vivid image, expression

assessments, emotional attitude to the subject of speech; she is called

influence the addressee of the speech.

The Soviet press was characterized by its use in

figurative meanings of words related to direct meaning To

military vocabulary:

Battle for the harvest, Ideological armament, ideological sabotage,

Educational and creative training ground, pedagogical landing.

IN modern speech military lexemes are heard no less often:

Explosive situation, headquarters, raid, offensive, flank, attack, clip,

Force, maneuver, torpedo.

The comparison of the state structure with a building is actively used: corridors of power, the wall of mistrust, national apartments (typical for 1989-91), niche occupations, social block, Party building.

Since perestroika, comparisons have entered journalism social development with the movement of a train, a ship: the locomotive of reforms is slipping / crawling / stuck / derailed, the ship of reforms, Captains of domestic business.

Metaphorical interpretation of words related to medicine is widely used. Most of them express strong negative emotions: economic paralysis, microbes of philistinism, disease of society, allergy to contacts with the press, bacilli of feudal morality, virus of decay, disease of sovereignization, malignant tumor of nationalism.

Some medical metaphors are related to treatment and medicine: financial recovery, financial injections, shock therapy, industrial reanimation.

Decorate your speech according to form; metaphors often make it difficult to perceive the content, cover up demagoguery and pressure on the audience. When discussing economic and political topics, an excess of metaphors leads to the fact that logical reasoning is replaced by emotional argument; the addressee is affected not by the strength of the arguments, but by the brightness, freshness, and catchiness of words. Excessive use of metaphors confuses the reader, and sometimes even the author himself. It is especially inappropriate in Parliamentary speech when discussing laws.

The overuse of metaphors leads to the fact that the expressiveness of the text is detrimental to its accuracy. This tendency of journalism is reflected in the bookish and written speech of schoolchildren, who strive to make their writings more beautiful and in some cases use metaphors in such a way that the phrase becomes meaningless:

They stand in a row at the same level;

It is impossible to pass by such a huge state as RUSSIA with many victories and a glorious history;

What made it possible to put them at the level of a huge contribution to the development of Russian culture?;

He laughs at the situations that surround him tightly.

2. Development of the national journalistic language on the newspaper page

Publicists have always set the task of educating the people. This tradition has been developed and continued, and has been embodied in practice. best publications Russia. On the banner of a pre-revolutionary newspaper Russian word was inscribed: The Russian word, bringing not hatred, not discord, not the disintegration of the country into dozens of warring tribes, but calling for the revival of a great Russia.

The newspaper is one of the traditional areas of existence of political language, which played in Soviet times vital role in the political education of the people. Modern newspaper language is very different from the language of the Soviet press, primarily in the lexical and semantic aspect.

M.V. was the first to draw attention to changes in the language of the press, back at the beginning of the perestroika era. Panov. He noted the following main phenomena in the language of the press: dialogicality; strengthening of the personal principle; stylistic dynamism; phenomenon renaming (in a broad sense) a combination of sharply contrasting stylistic elements not only within the text, but also within the phrase (phrases are constructed as semantic and stylistic contrasts, which shifts and changes the meaning of the word. It becomes metaphorical, metonymic, narrows or expands Golden value) . Trends identified by M.V. Panov, were reflected in subsequent studies by second linguists. A.N. Baranov and E.G. Kazakevich note that political language is a special sign system, intended specifically for political communication: to develop public consensus, accept and justify the political and social interests of a truly pluralistic society, in which each person is not an object of ideological influence and manipulation, but a subject of political action. Thus, the situation that existed in Soviet times is contrasted with the current state of affairs.

A.N. Baranov and E.G. Kazakevich rightly points to the ritualization of political language in Soviet times. In their opinion, the ritualization of language is an indispensable condition for the functioning of political culture, based on what the super-ego of the people occupies in political discourse, i.e. in a situation of political communication, there are two places at the same time - both the subject (in whose name Everything is done) and the addressee (in whose name Everything is done). IN political culture of this type, reaching agreement is relegated to the background, or even disappears altogether; it is not possible to negotiate with. By whom . In other words, in pre-perestroika times, political language did NOT perform the above function as a means of communication.

E.V. points out the inflexibility and formality of Soviet political discourse. Kakorina. According to her observations, Soviet political discourse was an unnaturally stable system. The range of topics was predetermined, the assessments were not socially sanctioned, there was a system of phraseological means, and images - clichés - were used that were selected during the formation of the tradition.

For our further work, the following conclusions of Her work are especially interesting and useful, which the author comes to by exploring changes in political language newspapers.

General settings have changed stylistic norm.

1. The factor of the subject of the message loses its relevance, that is, the main style-forming center is eliminated from the content structure of the text. In Soviet times, it was the topic that set the method for generating texts in accordance with newspaper norms, that is, it determined the functional-communicative type of text (the main intention and language means Its incarnations).

The basis of the stylistic norm of the language of the Soviet press was formed by the distribution scheme of linguistic means (the paradigm of three styles: high - neutral - low). The top pole was the Editorial and all sorts of official information, and the lower one is Feuilleton with linguistic means attached to them, selected in the course of tradition. As noted by E.V. Kakorina, new system inherited from the destroyed only its lower pole. The features of the feuilleton are extended to all functional and communicative types of texts. The feuilleton as an independent genre almost completely disappears from the newspaper - the feuilleton rules for constructing texts apply to all types of texts.

2. Various factors(transition to a new code, communicative intention of the author) lead to the revival of such organic properties newspaper text as a stylistic multidimensionality (lost in Soviet times).

This stylistic phenomenon corresponds to pluralism (a variety of individual lexicons presented in the newspaper language without prior modification or editing).

I.P. Lysakova, in her sociolinguistic studies of the Soviet press, notes that the monopoly of one party on the press led to the predominance formal business style in all editions. By the end of the first decade Soviet power, as the command-administrative system strengthened, directive-imperative intonations appeared in all newspapers, and the style of different publications was leveled out. The press established an official language, which was not so much a consequence of the illiteracy of journalists, but rather a result of totalitarianization political system. Strict ideological censorship led to the predominance of the standard over expression in all types of publications, giving rise to the office - a special Soviet newspeak, reflecting the bureaucratic style of communication. The author, studying the question of what impact perestroika had on society, and therefore on the language of the press, comes to the following conclusions. Glasnost allowed in connection with perestroika led to the democratization of society, and as a consequence, to the democratization of language, i.e. liberated the Russian language. The language of the new press began to be distinguished by a relaxed style unprecedented in Soviet times. Especially clear, according to I.P. Lysakova, these changes took shape in 1987, when intellectual democratic publications began to open iron curtain disinformation; they began to deliberately destroy propaganda formulas Soviet era. So, against the backdrop of the destruction of the political system, the language of the press was destandardized.

It is known that vocabulary is the most dynamic tier of language, which reacts faster and more clearly than other tiers of language to political, social and economic changes in society. The direct appeal of vocabulary to extra-linguistic reality, writes D.N. in this regard. Shmelev, is its essential feature in comparison with other areas of language, and it is unlikely that a comprehensive study of vocabulary is feasible without taking into account this feature. . Indeed, the connection between vocabulary and extra-linguistic reality is even more obvious when we talk about political discourse. However, it should be noted that we consider not only extralinguistic factors to be the reasons for changes in the language of the newspaper; along with them, we, like other researchers, also take into account intralinguistic factors.

The interconnection and interdependence of THESE factors is very convincingly shown in the monograph edited by M.V. Panova. As the authors of the monograph note, language changes not only and not so much under the influence of intralinguistic needs, since the language system, like everything in nature and society, is subject to the basic law of dialectics and the unity of opposites. There are several such opposites (antinomies) in language; it is under the influence of social development that the mechanisms that stimulate the struggle within each Antinomy come into play. Outside influence social factors and set in motion the so-called Antinomies, as a result of which the principle that best meets the needs of society wins.

Currently, in the vocabulary of the newspaper language, the contradictions between the speaker and the listener, the informational and expressive functions of the language are especially noticeable. The contradiction between the speaker and the listener is usually resolved in favor of the speaker, who chooses linguistic means to fulfill his communicative mood. Consequently, the contradiction between the informational and expressive functions of language is resolved in favor of the expressive one. E.V. writes about this. Kakorina: In the field of mass communication, all types of texts, including prototypically informational genres of news, necessarily contain not only messages, but also axiological statements or their components. This is due to the impact orientation of any information in mass communication.

In order to influence the listener, metaphor is intensively used in newspapers, since what more figurative speech, the brighter it is, the stronger the impact on the one to whom it is addressed, i.e. metaphor is used not only as figurative device, but also as a means of assessment. IN modern period the entire arsenal of metaphors is used primarily to depict negative aspects politics, economics, social situation as a whole to expose, or rather, figuratively curse a political opponent

Predominance expressive function in the language of the newspaper are also clearly manifested in the speaker’s intensive use of reduced lexical means, since, according to the exact remarks of V.G. Kostomarov

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