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How many capitals European countries Can an adult name it? Without preliminary preparation perhaps no more than twenty. Not everyone can verbally provide a complete list of the capitals of European states. There are forty-four in total. This article presents the capitals of European countries in alphabetical order.
A short introduction
Before naming the capital of a European state, which ranks first in our list, it is worth saying that cities can be classified according to various signs. And by area, and by population, and by age. But in this article we will not give preference to any city. All of them will be named exclusively in alphabetical order. About capitals European cities There is a lot that can be said, but below is just a brief summary.
On "A"
Amsterdam is the capital of the European state of the Netherlands. Exact date its foundation is unknown, but the first information about the city dates back to the beginning of the 13th century. In the 14th century, Amsterdam became a major trading center.
Andorra la Vella- the main and most Big City country called Andorra. Just over 20 thousand people live here and there are interesting monuments architecture created in the Middle Ages.
Which city is the capital of Greece? Even a child can answer this question. Athens is the city where the government of the country sits, which, according to legend, has everything.
On "B"
Belgrade is the capital of a European state, founded earlier than Berlin, Paris and others. famous cities. Under modern name first mentioned in the ninth century.
There are many European states and their capitals. But there is a city in whose history there is incredible fact. For several decades it was divided into two parts by a high wall. This is the city of Berlin.
What is the name of the capital of the state that produces the best chocolate and cheese? Berne! And this is perhaps one of the most picturesque cities in the world. However, the one named below is not inferior to it in the beauty of city landscapes.
In the center of Europe is a city that was once the capital of Hungary, but today it leads Slovakia. This is Bratislava.
Capital of Belgium - Small town With difficult history— Brussels. About 150 thousand people live here. At the same time, in ethnically The population is quite diverse.
Budapest was founded in late XIX century. It is the largest city in Hungary.
Major cultural events take place in Bucharest economic life Romania. Its population is 180 thousand people.
On "B"
There is a very tiny country in Europe where they speak exclusively German. She gained independence in the sixties years XIX century. The capital of this state, Vaduz, is home to only five and a half thousand people.
Valletta is the economic and political center of Malta.
Warsaw is an ancient European city that was almost completely destroyed during the terrible war 20th century.
The name of which capital is similar to the name of the state in which it is located? Of course, the Vatican.
Which city hosts the most famous music festivals? Of course, in the Austrian capital - Vienna.
And finally, which Baltic city begins with "B"? There are many such people who can be named. But only one of them is the capital. This is Vilnius.
From "G" to "L"
The most big city One of those located on the island of Ireland is Dublin. And the largest in Croatia is Zagreb. The ancient and majestic Kyiv lies on the picturesque banks of the Dnieper. And on the Byk River, which flows into the Dniester, there is Chisinau. The cultural, governmental and economic center of Denmark is Copenhagen. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon.
Even schoolchildren, for whom geography is the most hated subject, know that the main city in the country, so often called Foggy Albion, is London. But they are unlikely to be able to answer the question of where the main political and economic institutions Slovenia. And they are all concentrated in Ljubljana. Another capital whose name coincides with the name of the state is Luxembourg.
From "M" to "O"
In the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, Madrid is located - the main city of the country of bullfighting and flamenco. And on southeastern slope of the Minsk Upland stands Minsk, founded in the tenth century. Next point in that long list the capital itself is coming big state in the world. It is sometimes called White Stone, although in architectural ensemble, located in the very center, completely different shades predominate. Like Rome, it stands on seven hills. Of course, this is Moscow. And after it on our list comes the largest Norwegian city— Oslo.
From "P" to "X"
The Eiffel Tower, the Champ de Mars, the Seine River - all these are symbols of Paris. What associations do people have when they hear the name of the Montenegrin capital? If he has been to Podgorica, he may remember the Cathedral Church or the palace complex of King Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos. But the symbols of Prague are considered to be St. Vitus Cathedral, Charles Bridge and the Powder Tower.
Among European capitals there is one whose name can be translated into Russian as “smoking bay”. This is Reykjavik, a city located on the Seltjadnarnes peninsula. Political center Latvia - Riga. And the capital of Italy bears the name once powerful empire, birthplace of Julius Caesar: Rome.
San Marino is the capital of the state of the same name. Sarajevo is the political and economic center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Skopje is the birthplace of the famous Mother Teresa and the capital of Macedonia. What can you say about the Swedish capital? Several decades ago most of residents of our country associated this city with the self-confident Carlson. Today Russian citizens own more than deep knowledge about the culture of Stockholm.
Our list has come to an end. There are only three cities left to name. It's about about the capitals of Estonia, Albania and Finland. Political, economic and cultural centers these states are Tallinn, Tirana and Helsinki respectively.
Union) have grown significantly in number in recent decades. Until the summer of 2011, this union was called Western European. List European countries is extensive, but not all countries on this list are members of the European Union.
Background and creation of the European Union
Today this community is very similar to the deceased USSR, and it was formed in 1948 as a counterweight to the “eastern monster”. The stated reason for the creation of a new entity is to prevent Germany from being reborn as an independent one state, preventing the revival of fascism after the end of the war.
A separate conversation could take place about the position of the Federal Republic of Germany within the European Union: it is a locomotive that pulls almost the entire economy of the community. The European Union, of course, has differences with the Soviet Union.
Similarities and differences
There is no single currency. But federal structure has common legislation, you can use a common cash register, a single central bank and customs space. Management is also akin to a planned economy, the government is command-administrative.
For example, all limits on sown areas for agricultural crops are approved at the top. This applies to every country in the European Union. The list of results is truly depressing.
Greeks in the sultry and fertile south buy Dutch vegetables and do not have the right to trade native Greek products in the European Union - olive oil. The Czech Republic has also stopped growing vegetables, but is growing rapeseed, the oil from which is even added to diesel fuel. There is almost no good oil in the Czech Republic now. But in this way, profitability among agricultural producers increases.
Foreign policy
This was solved more successfully than economic problems. List of European countries that have developed a single and integral foreign policy with almost complete absence There is no need to create disagreements, since Brussels unanimously decides who to pardon and who to execute.
Recent years, however, have shown some slippage; the global economic crisis has made governments less courageous and friendly. Of course: the loss of eastern markets due to sanctions against Russia may well lead the least wealthy owners to complete economic degradation.
Legislation and executive bodies
Here the most similarities are with the Soviet Union: only the parliament has a multi-party basis, but everything else is present: the European Commission, as an executive body, is headed by a chairman, and the European Council consists of the heads of EU member states. The European Parliament monitors the law (with its President) together with the Council of the European Union.
Here you have the Politburo with the CPSU Central Committee, and party congresses with Supreme Council, And Secretary General is present, and even the chairman of the presidium! But there is no constitution yet.
The borders between countries are arbitrary, customs points have been abolished, and all citizens have free movement within the community. But labor markets are regulated strict provisions and require permission from the authorities for employment. This is practiced by all countries of the European Community. List of amenities and inconveniences of living in modern Europe we can continue endlessly.
The list of European countries is constantly changing. IN this moment Europe has 44 states. Not only the quantity changes, but also the names. Recent metamorphoses: the Soviet Union, during its collapse, gave Europe Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. Yugoslavia, under the same circumstances, replenished the continent with Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. But the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany became a united Germany.
This process has not subsided. Not only is the list of unpleasant consequences of the global crisis boiling, it is extensive and eloquent. Separatism is strong in Catalonia and in the region where the Basques live (this is in Spain), in Scotland and northern Ireland (this is Great Britain), Flanders in Belgium is worried. They are trying in every possible way to recognize Kosovo as a separate state (this is Serbia). Borders of European countries, if you put maps next to them recent years, became unrecognizable. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to consider the list of European countries with capitals temporary.
Austria
Republic. 8.5 million population. The capital city of Austria is Vienna. Official language German.
Albania
Republic. Population 2.830 million. The capital of Albania is Tirana. The official language is Albanian.
Andorra
Principality. A dwarf European state. 700 thousand people population. Main city- Andorra la Vella. The official language is Catalan, but in fact it is replaced by Spanish and French.
Belarus
Republic of Belarus. 9.5 million people. The capital city of Belarus is Minsk. The official languages are Russian and Belarusian.
Belgium
Kingdom. 11.2 million people. The capital of Belgium is Brussels. Official languages are Dutch, German, French.
Bulgaria
Republic. 7.2 million people. The capital city of Bulgaria is Sofia. Administrative language Bulgarian.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Confederation, federation, republic. Population 3.7 million. The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo. State Serbian and Croatian.
Vatican
Absolute monarchy, theocracy. A dwarf enclave state associated with Italy. City within a city, 832 people. Latin, Italian.
Great Britain
United Kingdom, including Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Parliamentary monarchy. 63.4 million people. The main city of Great Britain is London. English.
Hungary
Parliamentary republic. Population 9.85 million. - Budapest. Official language Hungarian.
Germany
Federal Republic. Population 80 million. The main city of Germany is Berlin. The administrative language is German.
Greece
Republic. Population 11.3 million. The capital city of Greece is Athens. The official language is Greek.
Denmark
Kingdom. 5.7 million people. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen. The official language is Danish.
Ireland
Republic. Population 4.6 million. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. State and English.
Iceland
Parliamentary republic. 322 thousand people. The main city of Iceland is Reykjavik. The official language is Icelandic.
Spain
Kingdom. Population 47.3 million. The capital of Spain is Madrid. The official language is Spanish.
Italy
Republic. 60.8 million people. All roads in Italy lead to Rome. The official language is Italian.
Latvia
Republic. Population 1.9 million. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian.
Lithuania
Republic. 2.9 million people. The main city of Lithuania is Vilnius. The official language is Lithuanian.
Liechtenstein
Principality. A dwarf state associated with Switzerland. Population 37 thousand. The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz. The official language is German.
Luxembourg
Grand Duchy. 550 thousand people. The capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg. The official languages are Luxembourgish, French, and German.
Macedonia
Republic. Population 2 million. The capital of Macedonia is Skopje. The official language is Macedonian.
Malta
Republic. Population 452 thousand. The main city of Malta is Valletta. The official languages are Maltese and English.
Moldova
Republic. The capital is Chisinau. 3.5 million people. The administrative language is Moldovan.
Monaco
Principality. A dwarf state associated with France. 37.8 thousand people. The official language is French.
Netherlands
Kingdom. Population 16.8 million. The capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam. The official languages are West Frisian and Dutch.
Norway
Kingdom. Population 5.1 million people. The main city of Norway is Oslo. The official languages are Norwegian and Sami.
Poland
Republic. Population 38.3 million. The capital city of Poland is Warsaw. The official language is Polish.
Portugal
Republic. 10.7 million people. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon. The official languages are Portuguese and Miranda.
Russia
Federation. Population 146.3 million. The capital city of Russia is Moscow. National language - Russian.
Romania
Parliamentary republic. unitary state. 19 million people. The capital of Romania is Bucharest. Administrative
San Marino
Most Serene Republic. Population 32 thousand. The capital of San Marino is San Marino. The official language is Italian.
Serbia
Republic. 7.2 million people. The main one is Belgrade. The official language is Serbian.
Slovakia
Republic. 5.4 million people. The capital city of Slovakia is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak.
Slovenia
Republic. Population 2 million. The capital city of Slovenia is Ljubljana. The official language is Slovenian.
Ukraine
Unitary state plus parliamentary-presidential republic. Population 42 million. The main city of Ukraine is Kyiv. The official language is Ukrainian.
Finland
Republic. 5.5 million people. The capital of Finland is Helsinki. State and Swedish.
France
Republic. Population 66.2 million. The main city of France is Paris. The official language is French.
Croatia
Republic. Population 4.2 million. The capital is Zagreb. The official language is Croatian.
Montenegro
Republic. 622 thousand people. The capital city of Montenegro is Podgorica. The official language is Montenegrin.
Czech
Republic. Population 10.5 million. The capital city of the Czech Republic is Prague. The official language is Czech.
Switzerland
Confederation. 8 million people. The capital of Switzerland is Bern. Official languages are German, French, Italian, Swiss.
Sweden
Kingdom. Population 9.7 million. The capital of Sweden is Stockholm. The official language is Swedish.
Estonia
Republic. 1.3 million people. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian.
Today the list of European countries is exactly this.
Europe is conventionally divided into 5 parts. If you compile a detailed list of European countries, they will also be assigned to a specific territorial area.
Countries of Europe
It is known that Europe is conventionally divided into the following areas:
- Western;
- Eastern;
- Northern;
- Southern.
The list of European countries within this division is as follows.
IN Western region includes lands:
- Austria;
- France;
- the Netherlands;
- Monaco;
- Belgium;
- United Kingdom of Great Britain;
- Germany;
- Ireland;
- Liechtenstein;
- Luxembourg;
- Swiss Confederation.
The western part includes powers speaking Latin, Celtic and Germanic dialects. It is named one of the most developed in economic sphere world associations.
The eastern area belongs to the following possessions:
- Republic of Bulgaria;
- Republic of Poland;
- Hungary;
- Russian Federation;
- Republic of Moldova;
- Ukraine;
- The Republic of Belarus;
- Romania;
- Czech Republic;
- Slovakia.
The Eastern region is the largest in area among other European regions.
The northern part includes the territories:
- Denmark;
- Lithuania;
- Iceland;
- Finland;
- Kingdoms of Sweden;
- Republic of Latvia;
- Kingdoms of Norway;
- Estonia.
The Northern Dominions are a union of the Scandinavian and Baltic states.
The southern lands are a collection of possessions:
- Republic of Albania;
- Principalities of Andorra;
- Vatican;
- Greece;
- Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Republic of San Marino;
- Montenegro;
- Republic of Macedonia;
- Republic of Slovenia;
- Portuguese Republic;
- Italy;
- Republic of Croatia;
- Republic of Malta;
- Republic of Serbia;
- Kingdoms of Spain.
The southern European region is formed from South Slavic, Romance and Greek-speaking states.
Asian states, which are sometimes referred to as the northern part of the world, are formed by:
- Azerbaijan;
- Georgia;
- Republic of Cyprus;
- Armenia;
- Israel.
Main international associations in Europe
European powers have membership in various associations around the world.Such associations are:
- The Council of Europe was formed in 1949. It represents an international type of organization that connects its members in matters of legal norms, development in the field of culture and law, and also affects the standards of democratic development. There are currently 47 countries on the Council. The European Council was created to resolve contradictions arising in the field of civil human rights, protection environment, protection of freedoms of national minorities;
- The European Union was formed in 1992 and, according to the latest data, unites 28 powers. The countries of the European Union and their capitals have a single market system. This EU system consists of a customs union, a monetary union, general policy in the field Agriculture and the fishing industry. The European Union coordinates member decisions in political sphere, and also participates in resolving issues in defense and external activities when countries join;
- Commonwealth Independent States- the unification of 11 powers that were previously part of the former Soviet Union. Formed in 1991. The organization has a coordinating function between members of the Commonwealth. His main goal The CIS considers fruitful cooperation between its participants in matters of politics, economics, culture, as well as the resolution of disputes in the field of interstate integration and the protection of citizens' rights. The CIS plans to soon create a single market system, similar to the one created by EU membership;
- NATO - North Atlantic Alliance, consisting mainly of European countries, the United States of America and Canada. This organization was created in 1949 to protect against attack USSR. NATO initially included 12 states: France, Portugal, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Great Britain, Luxembourg, Belgium, Italy and others;
- The Organization for Security and Economic Cooperation is an alliance of 57 powers dedicated to security policy. The association is aimed at resolving conflicts and eliminating the consequences of the crisis situation in the participating countries;
- CEAST is an international entry into the association of allied countries on the development of trade, scientific and cooperation relations. The Union was created in 1992 on the basis of the Visegrad Group, which did not include the EU countries.
Geography
The territory of European countries is washed by the Atlantic and North Arctic Ocean, as well as their seas.
The terrain is represented mainly by plains, and mountains make up only 17%. The climate of the territory is mostly temperate, but there is glaciation on the islands.
The vegetation is quite diverse. Can be found as arctic deserts on the islands, and deciduous and mixed forests in the south.
The water reserves of this part of the world are large. On the territory you can meet largest lakes and rivers.
Story
European lands were first inhabited by Heidelberg man, and then by his descendant Neanderthal.
According to sources, the first people appeared in this area 35 thousand years ago.
In the 4th millennium European territory The first Proto-Indo-Europeans penetrated and gave birth to the Baden and Yamnaya cultures.
It is believed that the birth of European civilization took place in the eastern Mediterranean.
Europe is a part of the world that, together with another part of the world, Asia, forms a single continent - Eurasia. Its vast territory contains 44 independent states. But not all of them are part of Foreign Europe.
Foreign Europe
In 1991 it was created international organization CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). Today it includes the following states: Russia, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. In relation to them, the countries of Foreign Europe are distinguished. There are 40 of them. This figure does not include dependent states - possessions of a particular state that are not formally its territory: Akrotil and Dhekelia (Great Britain), Aland (Finland), Guernsey (Great Britain), Gibraltar (Great Britain), Jersey (Great Britain) ), Isle of Man (UK), Faroe islands(Denmark), Spitsbergen (Norway), Jan Mayen (Norway).
In addition, this list does not include unrecognized countries: Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand.
Rice. 1 Map of Foreign Europe
Geographical position
The countries of Foreign Europe occupy a relatively small area - 5.4 km2. The length of their lands from north to south is 5,000 km, and from west to east - more than 3,000 km. extreme point to the north is the island of Spitsbergen, and to the south is the island of Crete. This region surrounded by seas with three sides. In the west and south it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Geographically, Foreign Europe is divided into regions:
- Western : Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, France, Switzerland;
- Northern : Denmark, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Estonia;
- South : Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican City, Greece, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro;
- Eastern : Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic.
From ancient times to the present day, the development of Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and the Netherlands is inextricably linked with the sea. In the west it is difficult to find a place that would be more than 480 km away from the water, and in the east - 600 km.
general characteristics
Foreign European countries vary in size. Among them there are large, medium, small and “dwarf” states. The latter include the Vatican, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Malta. As for the population, you can mainly observe countries with a small number of citizens - about 10 million people. According to the form of government, the vast majority of countries are republics. In second place - constitutional monarchies: Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Monaco, Denmark, Spain, Great Britain, Andorra, Belgium. And at the last step in singular- theocratic monarchy: Vatican. The administrative-territorial structure is also heterogeneous. The majority are unitary states. Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, Montenegro, Germany, Austria, Belgium are countries with a federal structure.
Rice. 2 The developed countries Europe and their capitals
Socio-economic classification
In 1993, the idea of European unification received a new lease of life: that year the treaty establishing the European Union was signed. At the first stage, some countries opposed joining the ranks of such an association (Norway, Sweden, Austria, Finland). The total number of countries included in the modern EU is 28. They are united not only by their name. First of all, they "confess" general economy(single currency), common domestic and foreign policy, as well as security policy. But within this alliance, not everything is so smooth and homogeneous. It has its own leaders - Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy. They account for about 70% of the total GDP and more than half of the population of the European Union. The following are small countries, which are divided into subgroups:
TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this
- First : Austria, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden;
- Second : Greece, Spain, Ireland, Portugal, Malta, Cyprus;
- Third (developing countries ): Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.
In 2016, a referendum was held in Great Britain on whether the country should leave the EU. The majority (52%) were in favor. So, the state is on the threshold complex process coming from a large “European family”.
Rice. 3 Rome - the capital of Italy
Foreign Europe: countries and capitals
The following table provides a list of countries and capitals of Overseas Europe in alphabetical order:
|
A country |
Capital |
Territorial structure |
Political system |
|
|
Federation |
Republic |
|||
|
Andorra la Vella |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Brussels |
Federation |
A constitutional monarchy |
||
|
Bulgaria |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Theocratic monarchy |
||||
|
Budapest |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Great Britain |
Unitary |
A constitutional monarchy |
||
|
Germany |
Federation |
Republic |
||
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Copenhagen |
Unitary |
A constitutional monarchy |
||
|
Ireland |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Iceland |
Reykjavik |
Unitary |
Republic |
|
|
Unitary |
A constitutional monarchy |
|||
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Liechtenstein |
Unitary |
Constitutional monarchy |
||
|
Luxembourg |
Luxembourg |
Unitary |
Constitutional monarchy |
|
|
Macedonia |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Valletta |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Unitary |
Constitutional monarchy |
|||
|
Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
Unitary |
Constitutional monarchy |
|
|
Norway |
Unitary |
Constitutional monarchy |
||
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Portugal |
Lisbon |
Unitary |
Republic |
|
|
Bucharest |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
San Marino |
San Marino |
Unitary |
Republic |
|
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Unitary |
Republic |
|
|
Slovenia |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Finland |
Helsinki |
Unitary |
Republic |
|
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Montenegro |
Podgorica |
Unitary |
Republic |
|
|
Unitary |
Republic |
|||
|
Croatia |
Unitary |
Republic |
||
|
Switzerland |
Federation |
Republic |
||
|
Stockholm |
Unitary |
Constitutional monarchy |
||
|
Unitary |
Republic |
What have we learned?
In this article we talked about the countries and main cities of Foreign Europe. Overseas Europe is a region of Europe. What does it contain? It includes all countries located in the European part of Eurasia, except for states belonging to the CIS. The European Union operates on the territory of Foreign Europe, which has united 28 states under its roof.
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