Turkic dialect. Abstract: Turkic languages

TURKIC LANGUAGES, i.e. the system of Turkic (Turkic Tatar or Turkish Tatar) languages, occupy a very vast territory in the USSR (from Yakutia to the Crimea and the Caucasus) and much smaller territory abroad (the languages of the Anatolian-Balkan Turks, Gagauz and ... ... Literary encyclopedia

A group of closely related languages. Presumably, it is part of the hypothetical Altaic macrofamily of languages. It is divided into western (Western Xiongnu) and eastern (Eastern Xiongnu) branches. The Western branch includes: Bulgar group Bulgar... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

OR TURANIAN common name languages of different nationalities of the north. Asia and Europe, the original homeland of the cat. Altai; therefore they are also called Altai. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

TURKIC LANGUAGES, see Tatar language. Lermontov Encyclopedia / USSR Academy of Sciences. In t rus. lit. (Pushkin. House); Scientific ed. council of publishing house Sov. Encycl. ; Ch. ed. Manuilov V. A., Editorial Board: Andronikov I. L., Bazanov V. G., Bushmin A. S., Vatsuro V. E., Zhdanov V ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

A group of closely related languages. Presumably included in the hypothetical Altaic macrofamily of languages. It is divided into western (Western Xiongnu) and eastern (Eastern Xiongnu) branches. The Western branch includes: Bulgar group Bulgar (ancient ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (outdated names: Turkic Tatar, Turkish, Turkish Tatar languages) languages of numerous peoples and nationalities of the USSR and Turkey, as well as some of the population of Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

An extensive group (family) of languages spoken in the territories of Russia, Ukraine, and other countries Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Turkey, as well as Romania, Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia, Albania. Belong to Altai family.… … Handbook of Etymology and Historical Lexicology

Turkic languages- Turkic languages are a family of languages spoken numerous nations and the nationalities of the USSR, Turkey, part of the population of Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. The question of the genetic relationship of these languages to Altai... Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Turkic family languages). Languages that form a number of groups, which include the languages Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kara-Kalpak, Uyghur, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Balkar, Karachay,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Turkic languages- (Turkic languages), see Altai languages... Peoples and cultures

Books

Languages of the peoples of the USSR. In 5 volumes (set), . The collective work LANGUAGES OF THE PEOPLES OF THE USSR is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution socialist revolution. This work summarizes the main results of the study (in a synchronous manner)…
Turkic conversions and serialization. Syntax, semantics, grammaticalization, Pavel Valerievich Grashchenkov. The monograph is devoted to converbs starting with -p and their place in grammatical system Turkic languages. The question is raised about the nature of the connection (coordinating, subordinating) between parts of complex predications with...

TURKIC LANGUAGES- a group of closely related languages. Presumably, it is part of the hypothetical Altaic macrofamily of languages. It is divided into western (Western Xiongnu) and eastern (Eastern Xiongnu) branches. The Western branch includes: Bulgar group Bulgar... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

TURKIC LANGUAGES- OR TURANIAN is the general name for the languages of different nationalities of the North. Asia and Europe, the original homeland of the cat. Altai; therefore they are also called Altai. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Turkic languages- TURKIC LANGUAGES, see Tatar language. Lermontov Encyclopedia / USSR Academy of Sciences. In t rus. lit. (Pushkin. House); Scientific ed. council of publishing house Sov. Encycl. ; Ch. ed. Manuilov V. A., Editorial Board: Andronikov I. L., Bazanov V. G., Bushmin A. S., Vatsuro V. E., Zhdanov V ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

Turkic languages- a group of closely related languages. Presumably included in the hypothetical Altaic macrofamily of languages. It is divided into western (Western Xiongnu) and eastern (Eastern Xiongnu) branches. The Western branch includes: Bulgar group Bulgar (ancient ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Turkic languages- (outdated names: Turkic-Tatar, Turkish, Turkish-Tatar languages) languages of numerous peoples and nationalities of the USSR and Turkey, as well as some of the population of Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Turkic languages- An extensive group (family) of languages spoken in the territories of Russia, Ukraine, the countries of Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Turkey, as well as Romania, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, Albania. Belongs to an Altai family.… … Handbook of Etymology and Historical Lexicology

Turkic languages- Turkic languages are a family of languages spoken by numerous peoples and nationalities of the USSR, Turkey, part of the population of Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. The question of the genetic relationship of these languages to Altai... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Turkic languages- (Turkic family of languages). Languages that form a number of groups, which include the languages Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kara-Kalpak, Uyghur, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Balkar, Karachay,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Turkic languages- (Turkic languages), see Altai languages... Peoples and cultures

Books

Languages of the peoples of the USSR. In 5 volumes (set), . The collective work LANGUAGES OF THE PEOPLES OF THE USSR is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. This work summarizes the main results of the study (in a synchronous manner)... Buy for 11,600 rubles
Turkic conversions and serialization. Syntax, semantics, grammaticalization, Pavel Valerievich Grashchenkov. The monograph is devoted to converbs starting with -p and their place in the grammatical system of the Turkic languages. The question is raised about the nature of the connection (coordinating, subordinating) between parts of complex predications with...

Turkic languages– languages of the Altai macrofamily; several dozen living and dead languages Central and South-West Asia, of Eastern Europe.
There are 4 groups of Turkic languages: northern, western, eastern, southern.
According to the classification of Alexander Samoilovich, Turkic languages are divided into 6 groups:
p-group or Bulgarian (with Chuvash language);
d-group or Uyghur (north-eastern) inclusive of Uzbek;
Tau group or Kipchak, or Polovtsian (northwestern): Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Crimean Tatar;
Tag-lik group or Chagatai (southeastern);
Tag-li group or Kipchak-Turkmen;
ol-group or Oguz languages (southwestern) Turkish (Osmanli), Azerbaijani, Turkmen, as well as the southern coastal dialects of the Crimean Tatar language.
About 157 million speakers (2005). Main languages: Turkish, Tatar, Turkmen, Uzbek, Uyghur, Chuvash.
Writing
The most ancient monuments writing in Turkic languages - from the VI-VII centuries. Ancient Turkic runic writing - Tur. Orhun Yaz?tlar?, whale. ? ? ? ?? - writing used in Central Asia for records in Turkic languages in the VIII-XII centuries. From the 13th century. – On an Arabic graphic basis: in the 20th century. The graphics of most Turkic languages underwent Latinization, and subsequently Russification. Writing of the Turkish language from 1928 on Latin based: from the 1990s, Latinized writing of other Turkic languages: Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Crimean Tatar.
Agglutinative system
Turkic languages belong to the so-called agglutinative languages. Inflection in such languages occurs by adding affixes to the original form of the word, clarifying or changing the meaning of the word. Turkic languages do not have prefixes or endings. Let's compare Turkish: dost"Friend", dostum"my friend" (where um– indicator of first person ownership singular: "my"), dotumda"at my friend's place" (where da– case indicator), dostlar"friends" (where lar- index plural), dostlar?mdan "from my friends" (where lar– plural indicator, ?m– indicator of belonging to the first person singular: “my”, dan– indicator of separable case). The same system of affixes is applied to verbs, which can ultimately lead to the creation of such compound words How gorusturulmek"to be forced to communicate with each other." The inflection of nouns in almost all Turkic languages has 6 cases (except Yakut), the plurality is conveyed by the suffix lar / ler. Affiliation is expressed through a system of personal affixes attached to the stem.
Synharmonism
Another feature of the Turkic languages is synharmonism, which manifests itself in the fact that the affixes attached to the root have several variants of the loudness - depending on the vowel of the root. In the root itself, if it consists of more than one vowel, there may also be vowels of only one back or front rise). Thus we have (examples from Turkish): friend dost, speech dil, day gun; My friend dost um my speech dil im, my day gun um; Friends dost lar, language dil ler, days gun ler.
In the Uzbek language synharmonism is lost: friend do"st, speech til, day kun; My friend do"st im my speech til im, my day kun im; Friends do"st lar, language til lar, days kun lar.
Other character traits
A feature of the Turkic languages is the absence of stress in words, that is, words are pronounced syllable by syllable.
System demonstrative pronouns– three-term: closer, further, distant (Turkish bu – su – o). There are two types of personal endings in the conjugation system: the first - phonetically modified personal pronouns - appears in most tense forms: the second type - associated with possessive affixes - is used only in the past tense on di and in subjunctive mood. Denial has various indicators for verb (ma/ba) and names (degil).
The formation of syntactic combinations - both attributive and predicative - is the same in type: dependent word precedes the main thing. A characteristic syntactic phenomenon is the Turkic izafet: kibrit kutu-su – letters“Match box it”, i.e. " matchbox"or "box of matches."
Turkic languages in Ukraine
Several Turkic languages are represented in Ukraine: Crimean Tatar (with the trans-Crimean diaspora - about 700 thousand), Gagauz (together with the Moldovan Gagauz - about 170 thousand people), as well as the Urum language - a variant of the Crimean Tatar language of the Azov Greeks.
By historical conditions formation of the Turkic population, the Crimean Tatar language emerged as a typologically heterogeneous language: its three main dialects (steppe, middle, southern) belong, respectively, to the Kipchak-Nogai, Kipchak-Polovtsian and Oguz types of Turkic languages.
The ancestors of modern Gagauzes moved to early XIX V. from Mon.-Shu. Bulgaria in what was then Bessarabia; time has tested their tongue strong influence neighboring Romanian and Slavic languages(the appearance of softened consonants, a specific back vowel of the middle rise, b, which correlates in the system of vowel harmony with the front vowels E).
The dictionary contains numerous borrowings from Greek, Italian (in Crimean Tatar), Persian, Arabic, and Slavic languages.
Borrowings to the Ukrainian language
Many borrowings from Turkic languages came many centuries before Ukrainian language: Cossack, tobacco, bag, banner, horde, herd, shepherd, sausage, gang, yasyr, whip, ataman, esaul, horse (komoni), boyar, horse, bargaining, trade, chumak (already in the dictionary of Mahmud Kashgar, 1074 g.), pumpkin, square, kosh, koshevoy, kobza, ravine, Bakai, cone, bunchuk, ochkur, beshmet, bashlyk, watermelon, bull, cauldron, dun, pale, damask steel, whip, cap, trump card, plague, ravine, turban, goods, comrade, balyk, lasso, yogurt: later whole designs came: I have one - probably with Turk. bende var (cf., however, Finnish), let's go instead of “let's go” (via Russian), etc.
Many Turkic geographical names preserved in the steppe Ukraine and in the Crimea: Crimea, Bakhchisarai, Sasyk, Kagarlyk, Tokmak, historical names Odessa - Hadzhibey, Simferopol - Akmescit, Berislav - Kizikermen, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky - Akkerman. Kyiv also had a Turkic name – Mankermen “Tinomisto”. Typical surnames of Turkic origin are Kochubey, Sheremeta, Bagalei, Krymsky.
From the language of the Cumans alone (whose state existed for more than 200 years in the Middle Dnieper region), the following words were borrowed: mace, mound, koschey (member of the koshu, servant). The names of settlements like (G) Uman, Kumancha remind us of the Cumans-Polovtsians: the numerous Pechenizhins remind us of the Pechenegs.

It must be distinguished from the modern Khorezm dialect and the Iranian Khorezm language. Khorezm Turkic language Regions: Central Asia, Khorezm and oases along the lower reaches of the river. Cheese Yes... Wikipedia

Self-name: Or Turkic Countries: Chinese People's Republic... Wikipedia

Self-name: Khorasani Turks Countries: Iran, Uzbekistan ... Wikipedia

Sonkor Turkic (Songor Turkic) Countries: Iran Regions: Kermanshah ... Wikipedia

Avar language Self-name: unknown Countries ... Wikipedia

Chulym-Turkic language- Chulym Turkic language is one of the Turkic languages. Distributed along the banks of the Chulym River, the right tributary of the Ob. The number of speakers is about 500 people. It is divided into 2 dialects: Lower Chulym and Middle Chulym. For Ch. I. characterized by the presence of etymologically long...

Turkic Khaganate (Kaganate) 552,603 ... Wikipedia

The Turkic proto-language is the common predecessor of the modern Turkic languages, reconstructed with the help of comparatively historical method. Presumably arose from a common Altaic proto-language on the basis of a hypothetical Nostratic family in... ... Wikipedia

Language of fiction- Language fiction 1) the language in which they are created works of art(its vocabulary, grammar, phonetics), in some societies completely different from everyday, everyday (“practical”) language; In this sense… … Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Books

Turks or Mongols? The era of Genghis Khan. , Olovintsov Anatoly Grigorievich. How small people conquered multi-million China, all of Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga region, the principalities of Rus' and another half of Europe? Who are they - Turks or Mongols? ...It's difficult...
Turks or Mongols? The Age of Genghis Khan, Olovintsov Anatoly Grigorievich. How did a small people conquer a multimillion-dollar China, all of Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga region, the principalities of Rus' and half of Europe? Who are they - Turks or Mongols? ...It's difficult...

a family of languages spoken by numerous peoples and nationalities of the USSR, Turkey, part of the population of Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. The question of the genetic relationship of these languages to the Altai languages is at the level of a hypothesis, which involves the unification of the Turkic, Tungus-Manchu and Mongolian languages. According to a number of scientists (E. D. Polivanov, G. J. Ramstedt and others), the scope of this family is expanding to include the Korean and Japanese languages. There is also the Ural-Altaic hypothesis (M. A. Kastren, O. Bötlingk, G. Winkler, O. Donner, Z. Gombots and others), according to which T. Ya., as well as other Altai languages, together with the Finno-Ugric languages, constitute languages of the Ural-Altai macrofamily. In Altaic literature, the typological similarity of the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu languages is sometimes mistaken for genetic kinship. The contradictions of the Altai hypothesis are associated, firstly, with the unclear use of the comparative historical method in the reconstruction of the Altai archetype and, secondly, with the lack of precise methods and criteria for differentiating original and borrowed roots.

The formation of individual national T. i. preceded by numerous and complex migrations of their carriers. In the 5th century the movement of Gur tribes from Asia to the Kama region began; from 5-6 centuries Turkic tribes from Central Asia (Oguz and others) began to move into Central Asia; in the 10th-12th centuries. the range of settlement of the ancient Uyghur and Oghuz tribes expanded (from Central Asia to East Turkestan, Central and Asia Minor); the consolidation of the ancestors of the Tuvinians, Khakassians, and Mountain Altaians took place; at the beginning of the 2nd millennium, Kyrgyz tribes moved from the Yenisei to the current territory of Kyrgyzstan; in the 15th century Kazakh tribes consolidated.

[Classification]

By modern geography distributions stand out T. i. the following areas: Middle and South-East Asia, South and Western Siberia, Volgo-Kama, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Black Sea region. There are several classification schemes in Turkology.

V. A. Bogoroditsky shared T. I. into 7 groups: northeastern(Yakut, Karagas and Tuvan languages); Khakass (Abakan), which included the Sagai, Beltir, Koibal, Kachin and Kyzyl dialects of the Khakass population of the region; Altai with a southern branch (Altai and Teleut languages) and a northern branch (dialects of the so-called Chernev Tatars and some others); West Siberian, which includes all dialects of the Siberian Tatars; Volga-Ural region(Tatar and Bashkir languages); Central Asian(Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Karakalpak languages); southwestern(Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Kumyk, Gagauz and Turkish languages).

The linguistic criteria of this classification were not sufficiently complete and convincing, as well as the purely phonetic features that formed the basis for the classification of V.V. Radlov, who distinguished 4 groups: eastern(languages and dialects of the Altai, Ob, Yenisei Turks and Chulym Tatars, Karagas, Khakass, Shor and Tuvan languages); western(adverbs of the Tatars of Western Siberia, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Bashkir, Tatar and, conditionally, Karakalpak languages); Central Asian(Uyghur and Uzbek languages) And southern(Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish languages, some southern coastal dialects of the Crimean Tatar language); Radlov especially singled out the Yakut language.

F.E. Korsh, who was the first to use morphological characteristics as the basis for classification, admitted that T. i. originally divided into northern and southern groups; later southern group split into eastern and western.

In the refined scheme proposed by A. N. Samoilovich (1922), T. i. divided into 6 groups: p-group, or Bulgarian (the Chuvash language was also included in it); d-group, or Uyghur, otherwise northeastern (in addition to Old Uyghur, it included Tuvan, Tofalar, Yakut, Khakass languages); Tau group, or Kipchak, otherwise northwestern (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz languages, Altai language and its dialects, Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Crimean Tatar languages); tag-lyk-group, or Chagatai, otherwise south-eastern (modern Uyghur language, Uzbek language without its Kipchak dialects); tag-ly group, or Kipchak-Turkmen (intermediate dialects - Khiva-Uzbek and Khiva-Sart, which have lost their independent meaning); Ol‑group, otherwise southwestern, or Oghuz (Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, southern coastal Crimean Tatar dialects).

Subsequently, new schemes were proposed, each of which attempted to clarify the distribution of languages into groups, as well as to include ancient Turkic languages. For example, Ramstedt identifies 6 main groups: Chuvash language; Yakut language; northern group (according to A.M.O. Ryasyanen - northeastern), to which all T. I are assigned. and dialects of Altai and surrounding areas; western group(according to Ryasyanen - northwestern) - Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Nogai, Kumyk, Karachay, Balkar, Karaite, Tatar and Bashkir languages, the dead Cuman and Kipchak languages are also included in this group; eastern group(according to Räsänen - southeastern) - New Uyghur and Uzbek languages; southern group (according to Räsänen - southwestern) - Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish and Gagauz languages. Some variations of this type of scheme are represented by the classification proposed by I. Benzing and K. G. Menges. The classification of S. E. Malov is based on a chronological feature: all languages are divided into “old”, “new” and “newest”.

The classification of N. A. Baskakov is fundamentally different from the previous ones; according to his principles, the classification of T. i. is nothing more than a periodization of the history of development Turkic peoples and languages in all the diversity of small tribal associations of the primitive system that arose and collapsed, and then large tribal associations, which, having the same origin, created communities that were different in the composition of the tribes, and, consequently, in the composition of the tribal languages.

The considered classifications, with all their shortcomings, helped to identify groups of T. i., genetically related most closely. The special allocation of the Chuvash and Yakut languages is justified. To develop a more accurate classification, it is necessary to expand the set of differential features, taking into account the extremely complex dialect division of T. i. The most generally accepted classification scheme when describing individual T. i. The scheme proposed by Samoilovich remains.

[Typology]

Typologically T. I. belong to agglutinative languages. The root (base) of the word, without being burdened with class indicators (there is no class division of nouns in T. Ya.), in nominative case can perform in pure form, thanks to which it becomes the organizing center of the entire declension paradigm. The axial structure of the paradigm, i.e., one that is based on one structural core, influenced the nature of phonetic processes (the tendency to maintain clear boundaries between morphemes, an obstacle to deformation of the paradigm axis itself, to deformation of the base of the word, etc.) . A companion to agglutination in T. i. is synharmonism.

[Phonetics]

It manifests itself more consistently in T. I. harmony on the basis of palatality - non-palatality, cf. tour. evler-in-de ‘in their houses’, Karachay-Balk. bar-ai-ym ‘I’ll go’, etc. Labial synharmonism in different T. i. developed to varying degrees.

There is a hypothesis about the presence of 8 vowel phonemes for the early common Turkic state, which could be short and long: a, ә, o, u, ө, ү, ы, и. The question is whether there was I in T. closed /e/. Characteristic feature further change ancient Turkic vocalism is the loss of long vowels, which affected the majority of T. i. They are mainly preserved in the Yakut, Turkmen, Khalaj languages; in other T. I. Only their individual relics have survived.

In the Tatar, Bashkir and ancient Chuvash languages, there was a transition from /a/ in the first syllables of many words to labialized, pushed back /a°/, cf. *kara ‘black’, ancient Turkic, Kazakh. kara, but tat. ka°ra; *at ‘horse’, ancient Turkic, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh. at, but tat., bashk. a°t, etc. There was also a transition from /a/ to labialized /o/, typical for the Uzbek language, cf. *bash ‘head’, Uzbek. Bosch There is an umlaut /a/ under the influence of /i/ of the next syllable in the Uyghur language (eti ‘his horse’ instead of ata); the short ә is preserved in the Azerbaijani and New Uyghur languages (cf. kәl‑ ‘come’, Azerbaijani gәl′‑, Uyghur. kәl‑), while ә > e in most T. i. (cf. Tur. gel‑, Nogai, Alt., Kirg. kel‑, etc.). The Tatar, Bashkir, Khakass and partly Chuvash languages are characterized by the transition ә > and, cf. *әт ‘meat’, Tat. it. In the Kazakh, Karakalpak, Nogai and Karachay-Balkar languages, diphthongoid pronunciation of some vowels at the beginning of a word is noted, in the Tuvan and Tofalar languages - the presence of pharyngealized vowels.

The most common form of the present tense is -a, which sometimes also has the meaning of the future tense (in the Tatar, Bashkir, Kumyk, Crimean Tatar languages, in the T. Ya. of Central Asia, dialects of the Tatars of Siberia). In all T. I. there is a present-future form in ‑ar/‑yr. The Turkish language is characterized by the present tense form in ‑yor, the Turkmen language - in ‑yar. Present form at this moment in ‑makta/‑makhta/‑mokda is found in Turkish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Crimean Tatar, Turkmen, Uyghur, Karakalpak languages. In T. I. there is a tendency to create special forms present tense of a given moment, formed according to the model “gerund participle in a‑ or ‑ып + present tense form certain group auxiliary verbs."

The common Turkic form of the past tense on -dy is distinguished by its semantic capacity and aspectual neutrality. In the development of T. i. There has been a constant tendency to create the past tense with aspectual meanings, especially those denoting duration. action in the past (cf. indefinite imperfect type of Karaite alyr eat ‘I took’). In many T. I. (mainly Kypchak) there is a perfect formed by attaching personal endings of the first type (phonetically modified personal pronouns) to the participle in ‑kan/‑gan. An etymologically related form in ‑an exists in the Turkmen language and in ‑ny in the Chuvash language. In the languages of the Oguz group, the perfect for -mouse is common, and in the Yakut language there is an etymologically related form for -byt. The plusquaperfect has the same stem as the perfect, combined with the past tense stem forms of the auxiliary verb 'to be'.

In all T. languages, except for the Chuvash language, for the future tense (present-future) there is an indicator ‑yr/‑ar. The Oghuz languages are characterized by the form of the future categorical tense in ‑adzhak/‑achak; it is also common in some languages of the southern area (Uzbek, Uyghur).

In addition to the indicative in T. i. available desired mood with the most common indicators - gai (for Kipchak languages), -a (for Oguz languages), imperative with its own paradigm, where the pure stem of the verb expresses a command addressed to the 2nd letter. units h., conditional, having 3 models of education with special indicators: -sa (for most languages), -sar (in Orkhon, ancient Uyghur monuments, as well as in Turkic texts of the 10-13th centuries from East Turkestan, from modern languages in phonetically transformed form preserved only in the Yakut), ‑san (in Chuvash language); The obligatory mood is found mainly in the languages of the Oghuz group (cf. Azerbaijani ҝәлмәлјәм ‘I must come’).

T. I. have a real (coinciding with the stem), passive (indicator ‑l, attached to the stem), reflexive (indicator ‑n), reciprocal (indicator ‑ш) and forced (indicators are varied, the most common are ‑holes/‑tyr, ‑t, ‑ yz, -gyz) pledges.

Verb stem in T. i. indifferent to the expression of aspect. Aspectual shades can have separate tense forms, as well as special complex verbs, the aspectual characteristics of which are given by auxiliary verbs.

Melioransky P. M., Arab philologist Turkish, St. Petersburg, 1900;
Bogoroditsky V. A., Introduction to Tatar linguistics, Kazan, 1934; 2nd ed., Kazan, 1953;
Malov S. E., Monuments of ancient Turkic writing, M.-L., 1951;
Studies on comparative grammar of Turkic languages, parts 1-4, M., 1955-62;
Baskakov N. A., Introduction to the study of Turkic languages, M., 1962; 2nd ed., M., 1969;
his, Historical-typological phonology of Turkic languages, M., 1988;
Shcherbak A. M., Comparative phonetics of Turkic languages, Leningrad, 1970;
Sevortyan E.V., Etymological dictionary Turkic languages, [ie. 1-3], M., 1974-80;
Serebrennikov B.A., Gadzhieva N.Z., Comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages, Baku, 1979; 2nd ed., M., 1986;
Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Phonetics. Rep. ed. E. R. Tenishev, M., 1984;
Same, Morphology, M., 1988;
Grønbech K., Der Türkische Sprachbau, v. 1, Kph., 1936;
Gabain A., Alttürkische Grammatik, Lpz., 1941; 2. Aufl., Lpz., 1950;
Brockelmann C., Osttürkische Grammatik der islamischen Literatursprachen Mittelasiens, Leiden, 1954;
Räsänen M. R., Materialien zur Morphologie der türkischen Sprachen, Hels., 1957 (Studia Orientalia, XXI);
Philologiae Turcicae fundamenta, t. 1-2, , 1959-64.