Numerous sources indicate that, initially, like all Semites, the Phoenicians were not engaged in trade at all, but in cattle breeding. Narrow coastal strip, protected from the hot eastern winds, was convenient for the development of gardening. The Phoenicians grew olives, dates, and grapes in their gardens. They made wonderful olive oil and thick, unusual wine, highly valued throughout the world. The opportunity to engage in arable farming was limited due to the lack of good land.
Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Canaan have been engaged in fishing, which is natural for sea people. It is no coincidence that the name of one of the Phoenician cities is Sidon, which means “place of fishing.” They went out to sea in their small boats and soon became very skilled sailors. Boats usually moved with oars; sails were rarely used.
Gradually they learned to navigate by the stars and began to make quite long journeys. She especially helped them polar Star , located in the constellation Ursa Minor. It always pointed north, and the Phoenicians often used it as a landmark. In ancient times it was called Phoenician star.
The forests of mountain Lebanon, which abounded in cedar, spruce and other valuable wood species, were a great wealth for the country. The Phoenicians in ancient times began to trade timber with neighboring countries who were in great need of wood. The forest that grew on the slopes of the mountains was in particular demand. From thousand-year-old Lebanese cedar, the Egyptians built excellent ships, which were called “Byblos”, since the city of Byblos or Byblos was the main supplier of such ships.
The Phoenicians actively sold not only timber. One of their ships brought more goods than a caravan of donkeys or camels. Most of goods were created by the hands of skilled artisans of Phenicia - jewelers, woodcarvers and Ivory, weavers. They created beautiful jewelry, mostly from gold and silver. The Phoenicians kept the secrets of glass making and were the first to make it transparent. By heating a mixture of white sand and soda to enormous temperatures, a hot, pliable mass was obtained, from which they were molded various items. Phoenician glass vessels made using glassblowing technology were famous all over the world, when the master blew into the red-hot glass mass through a long hollow tube while simultaneously turning it from side to side, achieving perfect form. Such vessels were very expensive. But it was not the luxurious Jewelry and not glass, but fabric.
Brave divers, descending under water hundreds of times, searched for special small shells of a rare mollusk at the bottom of the sea. A few tiny drops of purple-red liquid were squeezed out of each shell. With this natural dye, experienced artisans evenly dyed white wool and linen fabrics into an unusually beautiful purple color. Such fabric cost thousands of times more than ordinary white fabric, because throughout the world the color purple was considered the color of power and only the richest and noble people in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor could afford to buy clothes made from purple Phoenician fabric. The ancient Romans would even call the Phoenicians “Punians,” which translated roughly means “people of purple.”
Large, fast ships with a good crew and strong slave oarsmen were always ready for the merchants' services. The Phoenicians were famous in ancient times as brave and brave sailors. They were skilled shipbuilders and experienced sailors, but they never sailed across the open sea, always adhering to coastline. The Phoenicians' ships easily capsized even in a light storm, so they barely rose strong wind, they moored to the shore in order to wait out the bad weather.
The inhabitants of Phenicia traded not only with the mighty neighboring states, their ships from the 3rd millennium BC. They also landed on the wild, then little-inhabited shores of Italy, Greece and the islands of the Aegean, Adriatic, Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas. (All these seas are parts Mediterranean Sea and wash the shores large peninsulas-Apennine, Balkan and Asia Minor). Here they exchanged their numerous goods with local cattle breeders - copper tools, jewelry, fabrics, bread from Egypt, wine and oil for wool, animal skins, various products. To the Phoenicians, these lands seemed like a gloomy, cold country. They called her Erebus(literally translated " lying at sunset"). It is believed that the name - Europe.
The Phoenicians were the first to sail to the north Atlantic, to the shores of modern England. From here they brought tin, which was so necessary for alloying with copper, and bright, unusual amber, which was highly valued in the countries of the East. Their ships even left through strait of Gibraltar V Atlantic Ocean . Brave sailors of Phenicia made the first voyage around Africa around 600 BC. Most Outstanding sea expeditions, the memory of which has been preserved ancient history, were committed by the Phoenicians.
The Phoenicians traded by barter, that is, one good was exchanged for a certain amount of another good. Usually when dealing with uncivilized peoples, they unloaded their goods and laid them out on the shore, then lit a fire so that a column of smoke rose, and retired to their ships. The natives went ashore, inspected the goods, placed as much gold near them as they considered fair, and retired to their shelters located nearby. If the Phoenicians were satisfied with the price offered, they swam to the shore, took the ashes and set off. If the payment seemed insufficient, then the Phoenicians returned to their ships and waited there until the natives put in as much gold as the Carthaginians wanted. “Neither side ever acted dishonestly towards the other, the Carthaginians did not touch the gold until it was worth the price of their goods, and the natives never took the goods until the gold was carried away,” wrote the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. However, he also talked about how the Phoenicians lured Greek women who wanted to buy fabrics from them for their ships and deceived them, depriving them of their freedom, and then sold them into slavery in Egypt. Indeed, the Phoenicians were known in the Ancient World as ruthless slave traders. Phoenician sailors were considered not only merchants, but also pirates - hunters of people.
Although the first money in history appeared in the country Lydia , on the shores of Asia Minor in the 8th century BC, it is believed that the Phoenicians were among the first to use coins. Before this, precious metals were often used in calculations, but they had to be weighed for a long time. The Phoenicians, following the inhabitants of Lydia, began to issue coins from precious metals with a certain weight. To avoid counterfeiting, a special stamp was placed on the coins indicating the city that minted the coin and its price.
Herodotus on the Phoenicians (Travels of the Phoenicians) ... Libya, apparently, is surrounded by the sea, except for the place where it adjoins in Asia; this, as far as I know, was first proved by Necho, king of Egypt. After the construction of the canal from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf was stopped, the king sent the Phoenicians on ships. He ordered them to make their way back through the Pillars of Hercules until they reached North Sea and thus they will not return to Egypt. The Phoenicians left the Red Sea and then sailed to the South. In the autumn they landed on the shore and, no matter where they ended up in Libya, they cultivated the land everywhere; then they waited for the harvest, and after the harvest they sailed on. Two years later, on the third, the Phoenicians rounded the Pillars of Hercules and arrived in Egypt. According to their stories (I don’t believe this, let anyone believe it), while sailing around Libya the sun turned out to be on them right side. This was the first time it was proven that Libya was surrounded by the sea. Subsequently, the Carthaginians claimed that they also managed to deceive Libya...
Phoenicians
The Phoenicians are a Semitic people inhabiting part of the eastern Mediterranean coast in 3 - 1 thousand BC. In 332 BC. Phenicia was captured by Alexander the Great and from that moment began to rapidly lose its cultural identity, falling into the orbit Greek influence. IN politically Phenicia was a conglomerate of independent cities - states, often at war with each other. The Phoenicians did not even have a single self-name and identified themselves with the names of the cities - states to which they belonged.
Nature
Ancient Phenicia was located on a coastal strip along the northern part of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and was surrounded on the east by the Lebanese Mountains. The relief of Phenicia was predominantly mountainous and hilly.
Classes
Due to the lack of good arable land, agriculture did not have widespread. Gardening was more widespread; olives (from which olive oil was made), dates, and grapes were grown. Big role Trade played a role in the life of the Phoenicians - and trade not only in local goods, but also in transit trade. The Phoenicians did not disdain piracy. Great successes were achieved in winemaking - the Phoenicians traded high-quality wine. Like all coastal peoples, the Phoenicians were engaged in fishing. The purple dye extracted from shellfish by the Phoenicians enjoyed great success in the ancient world. However, the extremely high price allowed only very rich people to purchase it. The Phoenicians also traded Lebanese cedar and oak, which grew in the Lebanese mountains. Among the crafts, jewelry and glassblowing achieved great success.
Means of transport
The Phoenicians were skilled sailors. Their ships were built from durable Lebanese cedar. On land, the Phoenicians equipped trade caravans from camels, and over time they managed (with the help of hired Indians) to tame African elephants.
Architecture
Data on Phoenician architecture is quite scarce. The actual Phoenician architectural style (if it existed) is unknown to us. The monumental Phoenician tombs (in which nobles were buried) bear the imprint of Egyptian and Mesopotamian influence.
Warfare
As traders, the Phoenicians were good diplomats and often successfully resolved conflicts through diplomacy. However, in case of a siege, the Phoenician city-states were well fortified. ABOUT ground army Little is known about the Phoenicians. The Phoenician fleet included not only merchant ships, but also warships. Many states of the ancient world used the Phoenicians as mercenaries during wars at sea.
Arts and literature
The art of the Phoenicians was of an applied nature. The Phoenicians were engaged in ivory carving and making enameled pottery. The Phoenicians invented the alphabet - but the actual Phoenician records are known to us mainly only from tombstone inscriptions. The Phoenicians used papyrus for writing, which humid climate was stored for a relatively short time. Even the mythical stories of the Phoenicians are known to us in the retellings of Greek scientists.
The science
The Phoenicians had developed navigation, astronomy and geography (in the sense of research expeditions). The Phoenicians also made a certain contribution to the development of ancient philosophy.
Religion
Because of political fragmentation a common Phoenician religion (as a system of myths) was never formed. The god of the sky was the main god in Phenicia and bore a common name, not a proper one. His name was “lord” (Baal), “king of the city” (Melqart), “power” (Moloch), or simply “god” (El). The wife of the sky god was called Astarte (options - Ashtart, Asherat). However, each city-state had its own priests, its own temples and its own gods. Human sacrifices took place.
“Speech development classes” - Cultural language environment. Educational situations Special classes Communication situations. Raising ZKR. Visual. Educational situations: Principles of development of coherent speech: “Preparation for public speaking an adult should begin with early age." Methods for developing coherent speech:
“Open lesson” - Test block. The ability to optimally organize children’s activities at all stages of the lesson. Interaction. Efficiency of the delivery form. Open lesson"Introduction to Additional educational program" Pedagogical. Watch the pace and time of the lesson. Prepare backup material.
“Extracurricular activity in mathematics” - Project activities. Consultation in 8th grade Working on errors in workbooks. In particular, to play, you need to know. 12 school students applied to participate in the competition. Kinds extracurricular activities mathematics. Graphic dictation Development analytical skills. Development of thinking. Tasks for moving matches.
“Lesson Objectives” - Developmental objectives. TDC reflects the main content training session, highlighting cognitive, educational, developmental aspects. Designing the objectives of the training session. Three types of tasks are solved in the lesson: Educational (aimed at mastering, assimilating and appropriating general cultural values, forming positive qualities personality).
“Physics classes” - Unified State Exam results (GPA). The programs “ Open Physics Part 1 and Part 2 ", " Live physics». Important role given to visualization physical processes; IN educational activities. Usage computer technology when conducting elective courses. The secret of success is not information, but people.
“Sports” - Shall we go in for sports? Today we see what is missing gyms for sports activities for everyone. Geologist Stadium. Adults. s/z "Atlant". But, unfortunately, our desire to play sports seriously and professionally cannot be fully realized in the conditions of our village.