The Chukchi Sea is a relatively recently studied body of water. It first became known in the 17th century, but only in 1935 its current name was assigned to the sea. Due to its location, the Chukchi Sea can be considered special, because it separates the New and Old Worlds.
Boundaries of the Chukchi Sea
This body of water can be considered a maritime border, because it divides Russia and America, or rather, Chukotka and Alaska. The waters of the Chukchi Sea are part of the Arctic Ocean, but they also border on the south with the territory of the Pacific Ocean. The western part of the reservoir abuts one of the islands, and the eastern part merges with the Beaufort Sea.
This body of water can be called one of the compact ones in the category of northern seas - only 590 km 2. The depth here is not very great (the average is only 50-70 m), since scientists believe that there used to be a piece of land in place of the sea. The highest depth mark is a little more than 1250 meters. The seashores are steep and represent mountainous terrain.
For most of the year, the waters are covered with a layer of ice. Two large rivers flow into this reservoir - Amguema and Noatak, while the main current remains the Alaskan. There are a couple of canyons running along the bottom here - Barrow and Herald Canyon.
Fisheries of the Chukchi Sea
In the water area of the reservoir there are three Russian islands - Kolyuchin, Herald and Wrangel. Most of the territory is recognized as a protected area, therefore some fishing activities are prohibited. However, the indigenous people of this region - the Chukchi - are still engaged in fishing (grayling, char, navaga, cod breed here), whaling, and walrus hunting.
It is important to note that the sea shelf here is rich in oil reserves - about 30 billion barrels. The development of gas and oil products is currently taking place only on the American side. Also in the vicinity of the reservoir, gold and marble deposits, fragments of tin, ore and mercury were discovered. Unstable climatic conditions, however, do not allow frequent exploration and extraction of these minerals.
Russia is the owner of six seas of the Arctic Ocean. These include: Barents, Beloe, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka.
The Barents Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe and the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. 1424 thousand km2. Located on the shelf; depth is mainly from 360 to 400 m (maximum 600 m). Large island - Kolguev. Bays: Porsangerfjord, Varangerfjord, Motovsky, Kola, etc. The strong influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean determines the non-freezing of the southwestern part. Salinity 32-35‰. The Pechora River flows into the Barents Sea. Fishing (cod, herring, haddock, flounder). The environmental situation is unfavorable. It has great transport importance. Major ports: Murmansk (Russian Federation), Varde (Norway). The Barents Sea is named after the 16th century Dutch navigator. Willem Barents, who made three voyages across the Arctic Ocean, died and was buried on Novaya Zemlya. This sea is the warmest of the Arctic seas, because the warm Norwegian Current comes here from the Atlantic Ocean.
The White Sea is an inland sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northern coast of the European part of the Russian Federation. Area - 90 thousand km2. The average depth is 67 m, the maximum is 350 m. In the north it is connected to the Barents Sea by the Gorlo and Voronka straits. Large bays (lips): Mezensky, Dvinsky, Onega, Kandalaksha. Large islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. Salinity 24-34.5 ‰. Tides up to 10 m. The Northern Dvina, Onega, and Mezen flow into the White Sea. Fishing (herring, whitefish, navaga); seal fishing. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected to the Baltic Sea by the White Sea-Baltic Canal, and to the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic waterway.
The White Sea does not have a clear border with the Barents Sea; they are conventionally separated in a straight line from Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula to the northwestern tip of the Kanin Peninsula - Cape Kanin Nos. The outer part of the White Sea is called the Funnel, the inner part, fenced off by the Kola Peninsula, is called the Basin, and they are connected by a relatively narrow strait - the Throat of the White Sea. Although the White Sea is located south of the Barents Sea, it freezes. On the islands in the White Sea there is a historical monument - the Solovetsky Monastery.
Kara Sea marginal sea Northern. The Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. 883 thousand km2. It is located mainly on the shelf. The prevailing depths are 30-100 m, maximum 600 m. There are many islands. Large bays: Ob Bay and Yenisei Gulf. The Ob and Yenisei rivers flow into it. The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia; Only near river mouths in summer the water temperature is above 0C (up to 6C). Fogs and storms are frequent. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Rich in fish (whitefish, char, flounder, etc.). The main port is Dikson. Sea vessels enter the Yenisei to the ports of Dudinka and Igarka.
The main navigable strait (between the Barents and Kara seas) is the Kara Gate, its width is 45 km; Matochkin Shar (between the Northern and Southern islands of Novaya Zemlya), with a length of almost 100 km, is less than a kilometer wide in places, is clogged with ice most of the year and is therefore unnavigable.
The Laptev Sea (Siberian), a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya islands in the west and the Novosibirsk islands in the east. 662 thousand km2. The prevailing depths are up to 50 m, maximum 3385 m. Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Buor-Khaya. There are many islands in the western part of the sea. The rivers Khatanga, Lena, Yana and others flow into it. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Inhabited by walrus, bearded seal, and seal. The main port of Tiksi.
It is named after the Russian navigators of the 18th century, cousins Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokofievich Laptev, who explored the shores of this sea. The Lena River flows into the Laptev Sea, forming the largest delta in Russia.
Between the Laptev and East Siberian seas lie the New Siberian Islands. Although they are located east of Severnaya Zemlya, they were discovered a hundred years earlier. The New Siberian Islands are separated from the mainland by the Dmitry Laptev Strait.
East Siberian Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2. Located on the shelf. The average depth is 54 m, the maximum is 915 m. The coldest of the Arctic seas of Russia. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Salinity ranges from 5 ‰ near river mouths and up to 30 ‰ in the north. Bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakh Bay. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Aion. The rivers Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma flow into it. In the waters of the sea, walrus, seal and fishing are carried out. The main port is Pevek.
Between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas lies Wrangel Island. The island is named after the Russian navigator of the 19th century. Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who explored the East Siberian and Chukchi seas; he assumed the existence of the island based on many data known to him. On Wrangel Island there is a nature reserve where polar bears are especially protected.
The Chukchi Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northeastern coast of Asia and the northwestern coast of North America. It is connected by the Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean (in the south) and by the Long Strait to the East Siberian Sea (in the west). 595 thousand km2. 56% of the bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m. The greatest depth is 1256 m in the north. Large Wrangel Island. Bays: Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Kotzebue. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Fishing (char, polar cod). Fishing for harbor seals and seals. Large port of Uelen.
The ecological situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is far from favorable. Currently, the international community is faced with the problem of solving several environmental problems related to the Arctic Ocean. The first problem is the massive destruction of marine biological resources, the disappearance of some species of marine animals living in the Far North. The second problem on a global scale is the widespread melting of glaciers, thawing of the soil and its transition from the permafrost state to the unfrozen state. The third problem is the secret activities of some states related to nuclear weapons testing. It is the secretive nature of such events that makes it difficult to establish the true picture of the environmental situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
And if one of the environmental problems - the destruction of certain species of marine animals - was solved to a certain extent at the end of the 20th century by establishing bans and restrictions on their extermination, then other problems - radiation pollution, melting ice - still remain unresolved. In addition, to the existing environmental problems, another one may be added in the near future - pollution of ocean waters due to the development of the oil and gas industry in the ocean. The solution to these problems is only possible in their entirety, by changing their attitude towards the region of the entire world community, and in particular those countries that are currently busy dividing up the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
It is they, as the future owners of certain territories, who should first of all pay attention to the ecological state of the region. We observe on their part activities that are aimed only at studying the geological nature of the ocean floor in order to satisfy their economic interests.
In connection with the future economic development of the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the question of improving and stabilizing the ecological state of this region is currently being raised at the international level.
However, the solution to this problem is clearly complicated at present by the fact that some states, in pursuit of hydrocarbon deposits, are busy dividing continental shelves. At the same time, they imprudently postpone the solution of environmental problems in the waters of the Arctic Ocean for an indefinite period, limiting themselves only to stating the facts of the emergence of a threat of one or another environmental disaster.
In light of future economic activity, aimed mainly at the development of deep hydrocarbon deposits, another environmental problem for ocean waters is seen. After all, it has been established that ocean waters located near oil and gas production platforms are far from an ideal state in environmental terms. Moreover, such territories can be classified as environmentally hazardous. And if we take into account that by the time the process of international division of the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the level of technology will already make it possible to extract oil at any depth, one can imagine how many such platforms will be built simultaneously in ocean waters. At the same time, a positive solution to the environmental issue of the activities of such platforms will remain in great doubt, because by that time the continental reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials will be practically exhausted, prices for them will rise even more, and mining companies will be chasing production volumes above all.
Also, the question of eliminating the consequences of nuclear weapons tests remains open, which is also an important factor in characterizing the environmental situation in the Arctic Ocean. Currently, politicians are in no hurry to resolve these issues - after all, such events, in light of their implementation in permafrost conditions, are quite expensive. While these states spend all available funds on studying the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the nature of its bottom in order to provide evidence in the struggle for continental shelves. We can only hope that after the division of the territory of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the countries to which certain areas of the ocean already legally belong will take measures to eliminate these consequences and prevent such activities in the future.
The most dangerous phenomenon from an environmental point of view in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is the widespread melting of glaciers.
To highlight this environmental problem on a global scale, you can refer to the data of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. According to the ministry's report dated June 18, 2008. - by 2030, in the north of Russia, due to global warming, catastrophic destruction may begin. Already now in Western Siberia, permafrost is thawing by four centimeters per year, and in the next 20 years its border will shift by as much as 80 kilometers.
The data provided by the Ministry of Emergency Situations is truly amazing. Moreover, the content of the report was focused mainly not on the actual environmental aspects of global warming, but on those issues that are important for the socio-economic and industrial security of Russia. In particular, it was noted that in twenty years more than a quarter of the housing stock in the north of Russia may be destroyed. This is due to the fact that houses there were not built on a massive foundation, but on stilts driven into permafrost. When the average annual temperature increases by just one or two degrees, the bearing capacity of these piles immediately decreases by 50%. In addition, airports, roads, underground storage facilities, including oil tanks, warehouses and even industrial facilities may be damaged.
Another problem is the sharp increase in flood risk. By 2015, the water flow of northern rivers will increase by 90%. Freeze-up time will be reduced by more than 15 days. All this will lead to a doubling of the flood risk. This means that there will be twice as many transport accidents and flooding of coastal settlements. In addition, due to the melting of permafrost, the risk of methane release from the soil will increase. Methane is a greenhouse gas, its release causes an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere. But this is not the main thing - an increase in gas concentration will affect the health of northerners.
The situation with melting ice in the Arctic is also relevant. If in 1979 the ice area there was 7.2 million square kilometers, then in 2007 it decreased to 4.3 million. That is almost twice. The thickness of the ice has also almost halved. This has advantages for shipping, but it also increases other risks. In the future, countries with a low level of landscape will be forced to protect themselves from possible partial flooding. This applies directly to Russia, its northern territories and Siberia. The only good thing is that in the Arctic the ice is melting evenly, while at the south pole the ice moves irregularly and causes earthquakes.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations is so seriously concerned about the situation that it plans to equip two expeditions to the north of the country to study the changing climate and test equipment in new conditions. The expeditions are aimed at Novaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands and the mainland coast of the Arctic Ocean. In any case, the task of ensuring the safety of the population in the northern territories is now becoming one of the priorities for the Russian government.
Of all the seas surrounding Russia, the Chukchi Sea was one of the last to be explored. The exploration of this very northeastern sea of the country began with the explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who sailed from Kolyma to
The area of the sea is five hundred and ninety thousand square kilometers. More than half the area of the Chukchi Sea lies within the continental shelf, so the depths are no more than fifty meters, and in some places there are shallows up to thirteen meters. This is less than the height of a standard five-story building. According to geologists, ten to twelve thousand years ago there was land in this place, along which people settled the American continent. This fairly extensive landmass that existed in the past was named Beringia in the scientific literature. The maximum depth of the sea is 1256 meters.
The climate here is extremely harsh. The Chukchi Sea freezes in October, and the ice cover begins to disappear only in May. For more than six months the sea is unsuitable for navigation. In winter, the water temperature is negative, as due to the high salinity it freezes at a temperature slightly below zero degrees.
The sea coast in the west is the Chukotka Peninsula, and in the east is Alaska. The Chukchi, who are genetically closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of Alaska, have lived on the Chukchi Peninsula for a long time, at least five thousand years. Now the aborigines are the characters of numerous jokes, and yet these people, until the beginning of the twentieth century, were very warlike and repeatedly defeated the Russians who were actively developing Chukotka.
It is interesting that, recognizing the strength of the Russians, the Chukchi called people other than themselves, only them. All other nations did not receive such an honor from them. Bloody clashes between Russians and Chukchi continued from their first acquaintance in 1644 until the end of the eighteenth century, when a fortress was built on one of the tributaries of the Bolshoi Anyui, in which from now on military contacts were replaced by trade ones. However, minor military “misunderstandings” continued throughout the nineteenth century.
The life of the Chukchi is inseparable from the sea, to which they gave their name. Although, in fairness, it must be clarified that the way of life and even the self-name of the Chukchi living in the interior of the peninsula and on the coast are very different. The name “Chukchi” itself is a derivative of the Chukchi word meaning “rich in deer.” The coastal Chukchi, whose economy is based on fishing and hunting sea animals, are called differently - “ankalyn”, which means “dog breeders”.
Fishing in Chukotka, according to those who have visited this remote corner of Russia, is excellent. concerns mainly the rivers and lakes of the peninsula. Visiting fishermen rarely pay attention to the Chukchi Sea. This rich but harsh northern region, alas, cannot boast of an abundance of fish caught. Although... who knows, maybe due to global warming, the northern ice will retreat, and the local riches, including the sea, will become more accessible.
Martirosyan Artyom
Humanity is faced with the most severeenvironmental crisis. Planetary resourcesdo not multiply, but dry up. Catastrophicallywater and air are quickly polluted, while “Everythingwe are children of one ship called Earth,” which meansThere is simply nowhere to transfer from it.Humanity cannot survive without conservationnature, and in particular without preserving the seas.After all, every person has the right to live in a clean world. 2017 has been declared the year of ecology in Russia. Environmental problems of the seas are
relevant today.If you ignore them, it will get worsenot only the state of the waters of the World Ocean,but they can also disappear from the earthsome bodies of water.
The main purpose of creating the project wasthe desire to show the interconnection of all aspects of lifehuman community from an ecological point of view and
the impact of this relationship on the future of Russian seas.
Tasks: Determination of the main factors of pollution of the Russian seas.Familiarize yourself with environmental issuesproblematic seas of Russia
Find ways to solve environmental problems
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Completed by a student of grade 8 “A” of the State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School “TsO” in the village of Varlamovo Martirosyan Artyom Supervisor geography teacher Lisenkov S.A.
Humanity is faced with a severe environmental crisis. The planet's resources are not multiplied, but depleted. Water and air are being polluted catastrophically quickly, while “We are all children of one ship called Earth,” which means there is simply nowhere to transfer from it. Humanity cannot survive without preserving nature, and in particular without preserving the seas. After all, every person has the right to live in a clean world.
2017 has been declared the year of ecology in Russia. Environmental problems of the seas are relevant today. If you ignore them, not only will the condition of the waters of the World Ocean worsen, but some bodies of water may also disappear from the earth.
The main goal of creating my project was the desire to show the interconnection of all aspects of the life of the human community from an environmental point of view and the influence of this interrelation on the future of the seas of Russia Tasks: Determining the main factors of pollution of the seas of Russia Familiarization with the environmental problems of the most problematic seas of Russia Finding ways to solve environmental problems
The sea is a unique natural object in which the ocean, land and atmosphere interact, not excluding the influence of the anthropogenic factor. A special natural zone is developing on the sea coasts, which has an impact on the ecosystems located nearby. River waters flowing through various settlements flow into the seas and feed them.
Climate change Global warming and climate change also affects the state of the seas. As a result of an annual increase in temperature of +2 degrees Celsius, glaciers are melting, the level of the World Ocean is rising, and sea levels are correspondingly rising, which leads to flooding and erosion of coastlines. Over the 20th century, more than half of the world's sandy beaches were destroyed.
Density of land use Migration processes tend to move more actively not to the continental zone, but to the coast. As a result, the population on the shores increases, the resources of the sea and the coastal strip are more heavily used, and there is a greater load on the land. Tourism is booming in seaside resort towns, which increases people's activity. This increases the level of pollution of the water and the coast itself.
Causes of pollution of the seas of Russia ▊ Household waste and accidents (the danger of pollution during oil production and transportation, as well as waste from industrial enterprises, tanker accidents, accidents of oil pipelines laid along the bottom of the sea) ▊ Agrochemicals (excessive increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers applied to fields and ending up in seas from rivers) ▊ Acid rain ▊ Polluted atmosphere
Black Sea Sea of Azov Baltic Sea
The Black Sea is polluted by industrial and household waste. This includes garbage, chemical elements, heavy metals, and liquid substances. All this worsens the condition of the water. Various objects floating in the water are perceived by the inhabitants of the sea as food. They die by consuming them.
▊ control over harmful industrial and household emissions into the sea is necessary. ▊ regulation of fishing processes and creation of conditions for improving the lives of marine animals. ▊ use of technology to purify water and coastal areas. People themselves can take care of the ecology of the Black Sea by not throwing garbage into the water, demanding that government authorities improve the ecological situation in the water area. If we are not indifferent to environmental problems, everyone makes a small contribution, then we can save the Black Sea from environmental disaster.
The shallowest sea on the planet is the Sea of Azov and it is a unique natural object. The water area contains a rich world of flora and fauna, and the waters contain healing silt, which is used for medicinal purposes. However, at the moment, the ecosystem of the Azov Sea is being intensively depleted by human activity, which leads to environmental deterioration. First of all, people view the water area as a source of enrichment. They catch fish, develop health centers and tourism activities. In turn, the sea does not have time to self-purify itself, and the water loses its beneficial properties.
At the moment, there are many environmental problems of the sea: water pollution from industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater; oil spill on the water surface; unauthorized fishing in large quantities and during spawning seasons; construction of reservoirs; dumping pesticides into the sea; water pollution with chemicals; throwing garbage into the sea by people vacationing on the coast; construction of various structures along the shore of the water area, etc.
▊ control the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater; ▊ regulate maritime transport; reduce dangerous cargo transportation by sea; ▊ breed marine species of animals and fish; toughen penalties for poachers; ▊ constantly monitor the water area and the sea coast.
The Baltic Sea is an inland water area of Eurasia, which is located in northern Europe and belongs to the Atlantic basin. In addition to industrial and municipal pollution, there are also more serious factors of pollution in the Baltic. First of all, it is chemical. So, after the Second World War, about three tons of chemical weapons were dropped into the waters of this water area. It contains not just harmful substances, but extremely toxic ones that are deadly to marine flora and fauna.
The main ways of pollution of the Baltic Sea are: ▊ direct runoff into the sea; ▊ pipelines; ▊ dirty river waters; ▊ accidents at hydroelectric power stations; ▊ operation of ships; ▊ air from industrial enterprises
▊ Use of waste-free production along the coasts and river banks. ▊ Construction of modern and reliable treatment facilities ▊ Minimization of industrial production (closing or moving hazardous enterprises to other areas), ▊ Significant expansion of protected areas and water areas to preserve the eco-fund; ▊ Restoration of migration routes and fish spawning grounds ▊ Tightening legislation on the management and protection of the coastal zone, ▊ Constant monitoring of the state of the marine environment of coastal areas and the sea
What happens if these environmental actions succeed? The following will happen: reduction of anthropogenic pressure on marine ecosystems, primarily in the coastal zone; preventing further degradation of marine ecosystems, creating conditions for restoring their ability to recover and increasing their bioresource potential; creating conditions for the conservation of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, expanding the territories of environmental protection areas and the number of protected areas within the coastal zone and improving their conditions.
1. Every time after visiting the beach and the seashore, take all garbage with you 2. Try to conserve water so as not to overload the treatment systems. 3. Do not pour oil, paints or chemicals onto the ground or down drains, but dispose of them in an environmentally friendly manner. 4. Plant trees, shrubs and flowers around your home and in public places. 5. Limit the use of plastic bags and choose products with environmentally friendly packaging. 6. Follow the rules for disposal of solid household waste. Only with an active lifestyle can the growth of environmental problems be prevented. Protecting the environment is everyone's duty!
Any thoughtless interference in the natural systems of the seas can lead to an environmental disaster. Only a well-thought-out environmental policy of the state will preserve the unique natural ecosystem.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Main page https://ecoportal.info/ http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/RTG/6qB/RTG6qBakc.jpeg http://pptgeo.3dn.ru/ Templ/Prew/Global_City_M.jpg http://freekaliningrad.ru/upload/medialibrary/e66/oceans_impacts_seas_degradation_garbage_plastic_pollution_galapagos_q_48950.jpg http://1778.com.ua/uploads/all/image/Na_odin_raz/36/40.jpg http:/ /isabelkingsfordwildlifestyle.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/7656551586_3818789860_k-1440x1080.jpg https://im0-tub-ru.yandex.net/i?id=9c37a2af268f852246aeed4f1445aceb&n=33&h=2 15&w=323
The Arctic Ocean is the natural border of Russia from the north. The Arctic Ocean has several unofficial names: the Northern Polar Sea, the Arctic Sea, the Polar Basin, or the ancient Russian name - the Icy Sea.
Russia is the owner of six seas of the Arctic Ocean. These include: Barents, Beloe, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka.
Barencevo sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe and the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. 1424 thousand km2. Located on the shelf; depth is mainly from 360 to 400 m (maximum 600 m). Large island - Kolguev. Bays: Porsangerfjord, Varangerfjord, Motovsky, Kola, etc. The strong influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean determines the non-freezing of the southwestern part. Salinity 32-35‰. The Pechora River flows into the Barents Sea. Fishing (cod, herring, haddock, flounder). The environmental situation is unfavorable. It has great transport importance. Major ports: Murmansk (Russian Federation), Varde (Norway). The Barents Sea is named after the 16th century Dutch navigator. Willem Barents, who made three voyages across the Arctic Ocean, died and was buried on Novaya Zemlya. This sea is the warmest of the Arctic seas, because the warm Norwegian Current comes here from the Atlantic Ocean.
White Sea- the inland sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northern coast of the European part of the Russian Federation. Area - 90 thousand km2. The average depth is 67 m, the maximum is 350 m. In the north it is connected to the Barents Sea by the Gorlo and Voronka straits. Large bays (lips): Mezensky, Dvinsky, Onega, Kandalaksha. Large islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. Salinity 24-34.5 ‰. Tides up to 10 m. The Northern Dvina, Onega, and Mezen flow into the White Sea. Fishing (herring, whitefish, navaga); seal fishing. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected to the Baltic Sea by the White Sea-Baltic Canal, and to the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic waterway.
The White Sea does not have a clear border with the Barents Sea; they are conventionally separated in a straight line from Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula to the northwestern tip of the Kanin Peninsula - Cape Kanin Nos. The outer part of the White Sea is called the Funnel, the inner part, fenced off by the Kola Peninsula, is called the Basin, and they are connected by a relatively narrow strait - the Throat of the White Sea. Although the White Sea is located south of the Barents Sea, it freezes. On the islands in the White Sea there is a historical monument - the Solovetsky Monastery.
Kara Sea marginal sea of the North. The Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. 883 thousand km2. It is located mainly on the shelf. The prevailing depths are 30-100 m, maximum 600 m. There are many islands. Large bays: Ob Bay and Yenisei Gulf. The Ob and Yenisei rivers flow into it. The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia; Only near river mouths in summer the water temperature is above 0C (up to 6C). Fogs and storms are frequent. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Rich in fish (whitefish, char, flounder, etc.). The main port is Dikson. Sea vessels enter the Yenisei to the ports of Dudinka and Igarka.
The main navigable strait (between the Barents and Kara seas) is the Kara Gate, its width is 45 km; Matochkin Shar (between the Northern and Southern islands of Novaya Zemlya), with a length of almost 100 km, is less than a kilometer wide in places, is clogged with ice most of the year and is therefore unnavigable.
Laptev Sea(Siberian), marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya islands in the west and Novosibirsk in the east. 662 thousand km2. The prevailing depths are up to 50 m, maximum 3385 m. Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Buor-Khaya. There are many islands in the western part of the sea. The rivers Khatanga, Lena, Yana and others flow into it. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Inhabited by walrus, bearded seal, and seal. The main port of Tiksi.
It is named after the Russian navigators of the 18th century, cousins Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokofievich Laptev, who explored the shores of this sea. The Lena River flows into the Laptev Sea, forming the largest delta in Russia.
Between the Laptev and East Siberian seas lie the New Siberian Islands. Although they are located east of Severnaya Zemlya, they were discovered a hundred years earlier. The New Siberian Islands are separated from the mainland by the Dmitry Laptev Strait.
East-Siberian Sea, marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2. Located on the shelf. The average depth is 54 m, the maximum is 915 m. The coldest of the Arctic seas of Russia. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Salinity ranges from 5 ‰ near river mouths and up to 30 ‰ in the north. Bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakh Bay. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Aion. The rivers Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma flow into it. In the waters of the sea, walrus, seal and fishing are carried out. The main port is Pevek.
Between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas lies Wrangel Island. The island is named after the Russian navigator of the 19th century. Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who explored the East Siberian and Chukchi seas; he assumed the existence of the island based on many data known to him. On Wrangel Island there is a nature reserve where polar bears are especially protected.
Chukchi Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northeastern coast of Asia and the northwestern coast of North America. It is connected by the Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean (in the south) and by the Long Strait to the East Siberian Sea (in the west). 595 thousand km2. 56% of the bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m. The greatest depth is 1256 m in the north. Large Wrangel Island. Bays: Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Kotzebue. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Fishing (char, polar cod). Fishing for harbor seals and seals. Large port of Uelen.
The ecological situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is far from favorable. Currently, the international community is faced with the problem of solving several environmental problems related to the Arctic Ocean. The first problem is the massive destruction of marine biological resources, the disappearance of some species of marine animals living in the Far North. The second problem on a global scale is the widespread melting of glaciers, thawing of the soil and its transition from the permafrost state to the unfrozen state. The third problem is the secret activities of some states related to nuclear weapons testing. It is the secretive nature of such events that makes it difficult to establish the true picture of the environmental situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
And if one of the environmental problems - the destruction of certain species of marine animals - was solved to a certain extent at the end of the 20th century by establishing bans and restrictions on their extermination, then other problems - radiation pollution, melting ice - still remain unresolved. In addition, to the existing environmental problems, another one may be added in the near future - pollution of ocean waters due to the development of the oil and gas industry in the ocean. The solution to these problems is only possible in their entirety, by changing their attitude towards the region of the entire world community, and in particular those countries that are currently busy dividing up the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
It is they, as the future owners of certain territories, who should first of all pay attention to the ecological state of the region. We observe on their part activities that are aimed only at studying the geological nature of the ocean floor in order to satisfy their economic interests.
In connection with the future economic development of the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the question of improving and stabilizing the ecological state of this region is currently being raised at the international level.
However, the solution to this problem is clearly complicated at present by the fact that some states, in pursuit of hydrocarbon deposits, are busy dividing continental shelves. At the same time, they imprudently postpone the solution of environmental problems in the waters of the Arctic Ocean for an indefinite period, limiting themselves only to stating the facts of the emergence of a threat of one or another environmental disaster.
In light of future economic activity, aimed mainly at the development of deep hydrocarbon deposits, another environmental problem for ocean waters is seen. After all, it has been established that ocean waters located near oil and gas production platforms are far from an ideal state in environmental terms. Moreover, such territories can be classified as environmentally hazardous. And if we take into account that by the time the process of international division of the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the level of technology will already make it possible to extract oil at any depth, one can imagine how many such platforms will be built simultaneously in ocean waters. At the same time, a positive solution to the environmental issue of the activities of such platforms will remain in great doubt, because by that time the continental reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials will be practically exhausted, prices for them will rise even more, and mining companies will be chasing production volumes above all.
Also, the question of eliminating the consequences of nuclear weapons tests remains open, which is also an important factor in characterizing the environmental situation in the Arctic Ocean. Currently, politicians are in no hurry to resolve these issues - after all, such events, in light of their implementation in permafrost conditions, are quite expensive. While these states spend all available funds on studying the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the nature of its bottom in order to provide evidence in the struggle for continental shelves. We can only hope that after the division of the territory of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the countries to which certain areas of the ocean already legally belong will take measures to eliminate these consequences and prevent such activities in the future.
The most dangerous phenomenon from an environmental point of view in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is the widespread melting of glaciers.
To highlight this environmental problem on a global scale, you can refer to the data of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. According to the ministry's report dated June 18, 2008. - by 2030, in the north of Russia, due to global warming, catastrophic destruction may begin. Already now in Western Siberia, permafrost is thawing by four centimeters per year, and in the next 20 years its border will shift by as much as 80 kilometers.
The data provided by the Ministry of Emergency Situations is truly amazing. Moreover, the content of the report was focused mainly not on the actual environmental aspects of global warming, but on those issues that are important for the socio-economic and industrial security of Russia. In particular, it was noted that in twenty years more than a quarter of the housing stock in the north of Russia may be destroyed. This is due to the fact that houses there were not built on a massive foundation, but on stilts driven into permafrost. When the average annual temperature increases by just one or two degrees, the bearing capacity of these piles immediately decreases by 50%. In addition, airports, roads, underground storage facilities, including oil tanks, warehouses and even industrial facilities may be damaged.
Another problem is the sharp increase in flood risk. By 2015, the water flow of northern rivers will increase by 90%. Freeze-up time will be reduced by more than 15 days. All this will lead to a doubling of the flood risk. This means that there will be twice as many transport accidents and flooding of coastal settlements. In addition, due to the melting of permafrost, the risk of methane release from the soil will increase. Methane is a greenhouse gas, its release causes an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere. But this is not the main thing - an increase in gas concentration will affect the health of northerners.
The situation with melting ice in the Arctic is also relevant. If in 1979 the ice area there was 7.2 million square kilometers, then in 2007 it decreased to 4.3 million. That is almost twice. The thickness of the ice has also almost halved. This has advantages for shipping, but it also increases other risks. In the future, countries with a low level of landscape will be forced to protect themselves from possible partial flooding. This applies directly to Russia, its northern territories and Siberia. The only good thing is that in the Arctic the ice is melting evenly, while at the south pole the ice moves irregularly and causes earthquakes.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations is so seriously concerned about the situation that it plans to equip two expeditions to the north of the country to study the changing climate and test equipment in new conditions. The expeditions are aimed at Novaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands and the mainland coast of the Arctic Ocean. In any case, the task of ensuring the safety of the population in the northern territories is now becoming one of the priorities for the Russian government.