Physics Information Project

"Physics in living nature."

Completed by: 7th grade student Chulin Maxim

Head: physics teacher

2012

1. Introduction.

2. Physical patterns in living nature:

a) Natural barometers.

b) Sounds in living nature (ultrasounds, infrasounds).

c) Birds and physics.

d) Friction in the life of animals and plants.

e) Jet movement.

f) Glowing animals.

g) “Living electricity.

3. Literature.

Introduction.

When we started studying physics, I had many questions, one of them was the question of what helps a person create more and more new devices and mechanisms. One of man’s assistants in this is nature itself. I decided to create a project that would help me and my friends see that if you carefully observe nature, you can make amazing discoveries.

Physical patterns in living nature.

The study of natural phenomena by physicists allows one to successfully solve various technical problems. Man has long learned from nature. Nowadays, a person, armed with modern scientific knowledge and excellent measuring instruments and devices, is able to look into the most intimate “secrets” of nature and is able to learn a lot from it.

Physics is the basic science of natural science about the forms of motion of matter, its properties and phenomena of inorganic nature, consisting of a number of disciplines (mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, acoustics, electromagnetism, etc.).

Physics originated a very long time ago. Even before our era, scientists of Ancient Greece tried to explain observed natural phenomena - the rising and setting of the Sun and stars, the navigation of small objects and ships, and much more. In the writings of one of the ancient Greek scientists, Aristotle, the word “physics” first appeared (from the Greek “fuzis” - nature). This word was introduced into the Russian language in the 18th century by a Russian scientist, when he published the first physics textbook translated from German. What does physics study?

In the world around us, various changes or, as they say, phenomena occur all the time. Melting ice, thunder, the glow of hot objects, the formation of a shadow or echo - all these are examples of physical phenomena in inanimate nature.

In living nature, physical phenomena also constantly occur. Moisture rises from the ground to the leaves along the stem of the plant, blood flows through the vessels in the body of the animal, the stingray fish delivers noticeable electric shocks, the body temperature of a bird is higher than the body temperature of a fish, the chameleon animal is able to change the color of its body, and some bacteria or insects they may even glow. Physics studies all these phenomena.

But how is physics related to biology? It turns out there is even a separate science that studies biological phenomena, which is called biophysics.

This branch of science dates back 800 years. It can be said that the origins of biophysics as a science were Erwin Schrödinger’s work “What is life from the point of view of physics” (1945), which examined several important problems, such as the thermodynamic foundations of life, general structural features of living organisms, and the correspondence of biological phenomena to the laws of quantum mechanics and etc.

Already at the initial stages of its development, biophysics was closely connected with the ideas and methods of physics, chemistry, physical chemistry and mathematics and used precise experimental methods (spectral, isotope, diffraction, radio spectroscopic) in the study of biological objects.

The main result of this period of development of biophysics is experimental evidence of the applicability of the basic laws of physics to biological objects.

The living world surrounds us. From this world we draw ideas and embody them in our lives. How does this world work? How do the laws of physics work in it? These questions have always worried us. Therefore, I chose the topic of the project “Physics in Wildlife”. The presentation I created for the project can be used in natural history lessons in grades 3-5 and biology and physics lessons in grades 6-9. When constructing the training presentation, we used the following structure:

1. Definition of a physical phenomenon.

2. Examples of its manifestation in nature.

3. Explanation of examples of the manifestation of natural phenomena from the point of view of physical concepts.

Project goals and objectives

· give an idea of ​​physics as one of the basic sciences of nature;

· emphasize the interconnection of all sciences that study nature;

· consider the physical laws underlying living nature;

· illustrate these laws with examples from physics and biology, thereby proving the universality of these laws and principles;

· create a presentation for lectures on the relationship between physics and biology as natural sciences.

Leeches and medicine, as well as the action of suction cups.

Let us consider the action of suction cups possessed by leeches, cephalopods and others.

Leech is an annelid worm, the length of which reaches an average of 12 to 15 cm. It has a greenish color on the back with orange stripes and black dots.

Consider the structure of a leech- The leech is a digestive tube covered with sensitive skin. The leech breathes through the skin, and the skin protects it from external irritants. The skin performs another function - it is the sense organ of the leech. The leech has five pairs of eyes on its head. The leech's entire body consists of circular muscles that form its suckers.

Physical explanation.

Their edges stick to the prey or to a support, then the volume of the sucker with the help of muscles increases, and the pressure inside it drops, as a result of which atmospheric pressure (or water pressure) strongly presses the sucker to the surface - leeches are used in medicine.

Abu Ali Ibn Sina, known under the name Avicenna (), in his classic work “The Canons of Medical Science”, justifying the effect of leeches and cups on the body as “means of extracting bad blood”, wrote: “If the body is clean, then only the diseased organ should be cleansed with the help of cups or suction of leeches."

The fish stuck for example, it is attached so tightly that it is easier to tear it apart than to unhook it. In these examples the determining effect belongs to the pressure difference inside and outside the suction cups.

All these observations led to the creation of medical cups in medicine.

Natural barometers.

Meteorologists work hard to improve instruments and apparatus that operate on the principles of physics and mechanics. They widely use computers and use sophisticated optical equipment on satellites. And although we often hear weather forecasts on radio and television, in reality it is more of a calculation or calculation.

It is known that some representatives of the animal world are able to predict the weather .

Scientists now name about 600 species of animals and 400 species of plants that can act as barometers, indicators of humidity and temperature, predictors of storms, storms or good cloudless weather.

It is known, for example, that bacteria respond to solar activity. The more active the sun, the more prominences rage on it, the faster bacteria multiply. Hence sometimes outbreaks of epidemics.
Before a change in weather, especially before a thunderstorm, changes occur in electromagnetic oscillations in the atmosphere. Some protozoa, such as Chlamydomonas, respond to these changes. Catching radio waves from electrical discharges, chlamydomonas are located perpendicular to the moving waves. By looking at chlamydomonas through a microscope, you can not only judge the approach of a thunderstorm, but also approximately determine where the thunderclouds are moving from, although the sky may still be clear.

Fish perceive stray currents caused by the electrification of the air (this is evidenced by the fish moving to depths before a thunderstorm.

In our fresh water bodies, crayfish crawl ashore before the rain. A similar picture can be seen at sea. If small crabs, hermit crabs, and amphipods have gone ashore, it means there is a storm.
Even when the sky is clear, the ants quickly close all the entrances to the anthill.

The bees stop flying to the flowers for nectar, sit in the hive and buzz. Butterflies also try to take cover before a thunderstorm. If they are not visible above the flowers, it means that it will start raining in a few hours.
The flight of dragonflies can say a lot about the state of the weather. If a dragonfly flies smoothly high above the bushes, sometimes stopping in place, you can be calm - the weather will be good. If you look at the barometer, the needle shows "clear".

And now, near the same bush, there are not solitary dragonflies flying, but small flocks, flying nervously, in leaps and bounds. The barometer needle stopped at the inscription “variably.” The sky is almost clear, and the flocks of dragonflies have increased, their wings rustle strongly when flying, and they fly very low. Don't even look at the barometer - it will rain soon. And indeed, after an hour or two it begins.
Grasshoppers can tell you about good weather. If they chirp loudly in the evening, the morning will be sunny.
Spiders know as well as insects that rain is approaching or dry weather is setting in.

If a spider sits huddled in the middle of the web and does not come out, wait for the rain. When the weather is good, he leaves the nest and spins new webs. When dampness just begins to accumulate in the air, we don’t even feel it; for us the weather is still clear. It's already raining for the spider. And even earlier, he apparently notices changes in atmospheric pressure and an increase in atmospheric electrostatic electricity before a thunderstorm.

Frogs are very sensitive to weather changes.

If in the evening a loud croaking sound comes from a small swamp or pond - a real frog concert, the weather will be good the next day.

In bad weather, frogs also croak, but not with a deep trill, but dully.

If the frogs were croaking loudly before, and then suddenly fell silent, then you need to wait for cold weather.

In frogs, according to many observations, even the color of the skin changes depending on the approaching weather: before the rain, they acquire a grayish tint, and before settling down, they turn a little yellow. This is a completely understandable sign, because frogs prepare in advance for bad weather or sunny days and, according to the future light spectrum, move the necessary pigment grains in the skin cells closer to its surface.

How they learn about weather changes several hours in advance also remains a mystery.

Apparently, there are sensitive points on their body with the help of which frogs detect changes in the charges of atmospheric electricity.

How does a jellyfish know when a storm is coming?

At the edge of the jellyfish's dome are primitive eyes, statocysts and auditory cones. Their sizes are comparable to the size of a pin head.

This is the so-called infra-ear, which picks up infrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 8-13 Hz, inaccessible to human hearing.

The slamming of water on the crest of a wave generatesacoustic boom, infrasonic vibrations are created, diverging over hundreds of kilometers, and the jellyfish picks them up. The dome of the jellyfish amplifies infrasound vibrations like a megaphone and transmits them to the auditory cones.

These vibrations travel well in the water and appear 10–15 hours before the storm. Having perceived this signal, the jellyfish go to the bottom several hours before the start of a storm in the area.

Scientists have created a technique that predicts storms, the work of which is based on the principle of the jellyfish's infraear. Such a device can warn of an impending storm 15 hours in advance, and not two, like a conventional one.marine barometer.

Before the frost, the cat rests its nose on the central heating radiator.

Even her posture during sleep is a meteorological indicator. Curled up - to the cold; sleeps soundly, belly up - towards warmth. Plants are not inferior to animals in the accuracy of their forecasts.

Marigolds and hollyhocks planted in front of the house can serve as a barometer. They fold flower petals tightly before the rain. Various weeds behave in a similar way, for example, celandine with its yellow flowers, wood lice and meadow core.

The trees of our forests give a forecast not only for summer, but also for winter. It has been noted that before the cold winter, the yields of berries, apples and seeds increase sharply. For example, a bountiful harvest of rowan promises a harsh winter, and if a lot of acorns appear on an oak tree, expect especially severe frosts.
Here's a forecast you can make at home:Take a few onions, remove a piece of the skin and tear it. If the peel is thin, the winter will be with frequent thaws and don’t expect severe frosts, but a rough and difficult-to-tear peel means a harsh winter.
For an experienced beekeeper, bees will provide the most accurate information. They seal the entrance to the hive with wax for the winter. If they leave a large hole, there will be a warm winter, but if there is only a small hole, severe frosts will not be avoided.
In autumn, it is useful to pay attention to anthills in the forest. The higher they are, the harsher the winter will be. Living organisms accurately determine future weather changes, which no human-made device is capable of.

In the meantime, centuries-old experience teaches us to use biological indicators.They will reliably tell you when to do what agricultural work. It is more advisable to sow and plant vegetables not according to numbers, but according to nature’s living calendar. Snowdrops have appeared - it's time to start plowing. The aspen has bloomed - sow carrots early. The fragrant flowers of white bird cherry indicate that the time has come to plant potatoes. In folk agronomy, you can collect several hundred such signs. They should not be neglected.

Sounds in living nature.

Mosquitoes move along closed routes within an artificial magnetic field. Some animals sense infra- and ultrasonic vibrations well. Bats emit ultrasonic vibrations in the range of 45-90 kHz, the moths they feed on have organs sensitive to these waves. Owls also have an "ultrasound receiver" to detect bats.

It is known that sea turtles swim several thousand kilometers out to sea and always return to the same place on the shore to lay eggs. It is believed that they have two systems: long-range orientation by stars and short-range orientation by smell. The male night peacock butterfly searches for a female at a distance of up to 10 km. Bees and wasps navigate well by the sun.

Research into these many and varied detection systems has much to offer technology.

It is probably promising to design not only technical analogues of animal sense organs, but also technical systems with biologically sensitive elements (for example, the eyes of a bee for detecting ultraviolet rays and the eyes of a cockroach for detecting infrared rays). Devices are being created for reading and recognizing text, drawings, analyzing oscillograms, and radiographs.

Diptera insects have appendages - halteres, which continuously vibrate along with the wings. When the direction of flight changes, the direction of movement of the halteres does not change, the petiole connecting them to the body is stretched, and the insect receives a signal to change the direction of flight. A gyrotron is built on this principle - a fork vibrator that provides high stabilization of the aircraft's flight direction at high speeds. An aircraft with a gyrotron can be automatically recovered from a spin. The flight of insects is accompanied by low energy consumption. One of the reasons for this is the special form of wing movement, which looks like a figure eight.

Mormirus or the Nile long-nosed fish has a “radar” that ensures its safety in the muddy bottom waters. Its “radar” located at the tail emits electrical signals with an amplitude of several volts.

As soon as a foreign body appears near the fish, the electric field around it changes, and the nerve endings of a special organ located at the base of the dorsal fin detect these minute changes. In addition, reflected pulses and changes in the magnetic field appear to be detected.

Based on the study of “radar” in fish, devices were created - echo sounders.

Physics of birds.

The concepts of “physics” and “bird” are closely interrelated - on the one hand, the processes in the body of a bird, the behavior of birds are explained by the laws of physics, and on the other hand, birds help people solve scientific and technical issues.

How to explain the fact that waterfowl rarely dive into water? What law of physics describes this phenomenon?

This is a manifestation of Archimedes' law.

The buoyancy effect of a liquid (the magnitude of the Archimedes force) depends on the volume of the body - the larger the volume of the body, the greater the buoyancy force.

Waterfowl have a thick, waterproof layer of feathers and down that contains a significant amount of air. Thanks to this peculiar air bubble surrounding the entire body of the bird, its volume increases, and the average density turns out to be very low.

Waterfowl emerge from the water almost dry. How is this phenomenon explained? Remember the saying about this.

The saying “Water is off a duck’s back.” This is the phenomenon of non-wetting. The feathers and down of waterfowl are always richly lubricated with fatty secretions of special glands. Fat and water molecules do not interact, so the fatty surface remains dry.

Why do ducks and geese walk, swaying from foot to foot?

Geese and ducks have legs that are spaced wide apart, so in order to maintain balance when walking, they have to shift their body so that the vertical line passing through the center of gravity passes through the fulcrum, that is, the paw.

Why don’t we perceive as sound those air vibrations created by the wings of a flying bird?

The frequency of vibration created by the wings of a bird is below our threshold of hearing, so we do not perceive the flight of a bird as sound.

Why do birds have very acute vision, superior to that of animals? Why can a falcon see at great distances?

Each eye has a focusing apparatus (lens) and a light-isolating apparatus. Birds have a very large eyeball with a unique structure, which increases the field of vision. Birds with especially acute vision (vultures, eagles) have an elongated “telescopic” eyeball. The falcon's eye is designed in such a way that the lens can become almost flat, as a result of which the image of distant objects falls on the retina.

Why ducks and other waterfowl can stay in cold water for a long time without becoming hypothermic?

The duck's chest and abdomen, i.e., parts of the body that are immersed in water, are covered in thick down, which is tightly covered on top with feathers that protect the down from water.

Down has low thermal conductivity and is not wetted by water.

In severe frost, birds are more likely to freeze while flying than sitting still. How can this be explained??

When flying, the bird's plumage is compressed and contains little air, and due to rapid movement in cold air, increased heat transfer occurs to the surrounding space. This heat loss can be so great that the bird freezes in flight.

Birds know the laws of physics.

Question answer

Why do partridge, hazel grouse, and black grouse spend the night in the snow? These birds “know” the laws of molecular physics well. Snow has low thermal conductivity, so it serves as a kind of blanket for birds. The heat generated by the bird's body does not escape into the surrounding space. Why does the ptarmigan suddenly change its plumage color in the spring? The partridge “knows” the laws of optics. Bodies acquire the color which component of white light is reflected by the substance of the given body. This is determined by the properties of atoms and molecules. By changing the color of its plumage, the partridge “merges” with the environment and creates safe conditions for itself. As you know, some birds fly in a chain or school during long flights. What is the reason for this arrangement? Answer. Migratory birds “know” the dependence of resistance on body shape and “know how” to use the phenomenon of resonance. The strongest bird flies in front. The air flows around her body like water flows around the bow and keel of a ship. This flow explains the sharp angle of the jamb. Within this angle, birds move forward easily. They instinctively guess the minimum resistance and feel whether each of them is in the right position relative to the leading bird. The arrangement of the birds in a chain, in addition, is explained by another important reason. The flapping of the wings of the leading bird creates an air wave, which transfers some energy and facilitates the movement of the wings of the weakest birds, usually flying behind. Thus, birds flying in a school or chain are connected by an air wave and the work of their wings occurs in resonance. This is confirmed by the fact that if you connect the ends of the wings of birds at a certain point in time with an imaginary line, you get a sinusoid.

Some large seabirds often “escort” ships, chasing them for hours, or even days. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that these birds cover the path together with the ship with little energy consumption, flying for the most part with fixed wings.

Due to what energy do the birds move in this case?

Answer. When clarifying this phenomenon, it was discovered that in calm conditions soaring birds stay somewhat behind the ship, and in windy conditions - closer to the leeward side. It was also noticed that if the birds lagged behind the ship, for example, while hunting for fish, then, when catching up with the steamer, they mostly had to vigorously flap their wings. These mysteries have a simple explanation: above the ship, from the operation of the machines, currents of rising warm air are formed, which perfectly hold the birds at a certain height. Birds unmistakably choose for themselves, relative to the ship and the wind, the location where the updrafts from steam engines are greatest. This gives the birds the ability to travel using the ship's energy. These birds perfectly “know” the phenomenon of convection

Why do swallows fly low before it rains?

Answer. Before rain, air humidity increases, causing midges, moths and other insects, their wings become covered with small droplets of moisture and become heavier. Therefore, insects fall down, and birds that feed on them, for example, swallows, fly after them.. We can say that swallows know the dependence of gravity on body mass: F=mg

Why do birds land on high-voltage transmission wires with impunity? Answer. Birds “know” the features of parallel connection of conductors and Ohm’s law for a section of a circuit. The body of a bird sitting on a wire is a branch of a circuit connected parallel to the section of the conductor between the bird’s legs. When two sections of a circuit are connected in parallel, the magnitude of the currents in them is inversely proportional to the resistance. The resistance of the bird's body is huge compared to the resistance of a short length of conductor, so the amount of current in the bird's body is negligible and harmless. It should also be added that the potential difference in the area between the bird’s legs is small.

Why do birds fly off high voltage wires when the current is turned on?

Answer. When high voltage is turned on, a static electric charge appears on the bird's feathers, due to which the bird's feathers diverge, like the tassels of a paper plume connected to an electrostatic machine. This static charge causes the bird to fly off the wire.

During severe frosts, birds become ruffled. Why do they tolerate cold more easily?

Answer . “Knowing” that the air has low thermal conductivity, the birds ruffle their feathers. The layer of air between the feathers increases and, due to poor thermal conductivity, delays the transfer of heat from the bird’s body to the surrounding space.

Many legends about winged heroes were left to us by poets and storytellers of the distant past. The most famous myth is about Icarus, the son of Daedalus. This myth is familiar to you from history lessons. Exploring nature, man could not help but pay attention to a unique phenomenon - the flight of a bird. Therefore, it is no coincidence that he first chose wings as a possible means of flight. The impact of a living example on human consciousness turned out to be so powerful that for many centuries all thoughts about air flight were inextricably linked with flapping wings.

Leonardo da Vinci's long-term observations of the flight of birds and the structure of their wings allowed him to substantiate the principle of aerodynamic control. Leonardo came up with a number of wonderful constructive ideas. For example, creating a fuselage (aircraft body) in the shape of a boat, using a rotating tail unit and retractable landing gear.

Californian textile specialists came up with a unique solution to the problem of clothing design. Based on research into the feather cover of birds, they created a two-layer material, the outer layer of which is made of synthetic feathers.

Why can clothes made from this material be worn in summer and winter?

Answer. Clothes made from this material are suitable for any time of year. The fact is that the inner layer of the material is electrified to a greater or lesser extent depending on body temperature, and this affects the position of the feathers. In winter, clothes become fluffy, and in summer they become smooth.

Friction in the life of animals and plants.

Friction plays a positive role in the life of many plants.

For example, vines, hops, peas, beans and other climbing plants, thanks to friction, can cling to nearby supports, stay on them and stretch towards the light. Quite a lot of friction arises between the support and the stem, since the stems wrap around the supports many times and fit very tightly to them.

What, for example, is a wind-driven tumbleweed plant? The wheel, although quite complex. Proponents of this view even argue that on other planets where life could have originated, the wheel-shaped structure could well have been created during evolution.

Insects do not have a vocal apparatus; they usually use friction to produce sounds. The locust moves its paw along its hard wings. Grasshoppers produce sound by rubbing their elytra against each other.

Crickets have about 150 triangular prisms and four membranes on the rubbing surface of their wings, the vibration of which amplifies sound. It is not surprising that insects’ ears are not on their heads. In the cricket, the sound-receiving apparatus is located on the knee, in the locust - at the base of the leg.

During the action of organs of movement in animals and humans, friction manifests itself as a useful force.

Designers' study of the movement of insects on vertical surfaces contributed to the creation of multi-legged robots walking along walls. Devices of this type are supposed to be used when inspecting nuclear reactors and skyscrapers.

After numerous attempts to create so-called plantigrade machines, a different option was chosen, but also suggested by nature. The most suitable “model” turned out to be six-legged insects, such as cockroaches, or eight-legged spiders.

Alternating movement of the cockroach’s legs “in threes” allows the limbs resting on the ground to maintain the necessary balance.

It is precisely the creation of such multi-legged human-controlled or autonomous robotic machines that designers are working on today. One of them, quite successful and very necessary, was a model of a robot capable of moving inside nuclear installations or pipelines. Another area of ​​application for multi-legged devices is their use instead of sappers to neutralize a huge number of mines remaining in zones of military conflicts.

Fish produce sounds by rubbing their gill plates.

Cyprinids grind their pharyngeal teeth. The sound apparatus of perches is very interesting, especially developed in singing fish and the sea cock - trigly. Sounds are produced using the swim bladder, thanks to the contraction of special drum muscles, which cause vibrations of its walls. Animals make many sounds while moving.

The bleating sound of a snipe, rushing from the sky, arises from the vibration of the tail feathers during flight. The squeak of a mosquito, from which you involuntarily freeze, expecting a bite, is not a warning at all. The squeak of a mosquito arises from the movement of its wings, and, apparently, at some moments the mosquito would be happy to shut up, but it cannot.

Some mollusks, when buried in the ground, pump blood into the leg and this gives it the hardness that is needed when burying mollusks in the ground. This idea, borrowed from nature, led to the creation of a hydraulic model of leg joints, and then their prostheses.

It is known that short-distance runners used to start running with a so-called “high” start. However, when observing kangaroos, it was discovered that they “start”, bending low to the ground - and the initial speed becomes much higher. Soon, athletes began to use this technique.

Some single-celled animals use the “bacterial” principle of moving many bacteria “on their backs” and using their motor flagella.

Scientists compare this situation to the movement of an ocean liner, floating due to the propellers of motor boats clinging to it.

A clear understanding of the operation of the laws of mechanics made it possible to understand why land animals do not reach “giant” sizes.

Because of their slowness, they would be unviable. Calculations by modern scientists say that an animal weighing more than 100 tons cannot exist in the conditions of earth’s gravity. We see that the largest land animal is not such a huge elephant.
But what about a whale, whose mass is many times greater than the mass of an elephant?

The fact is that a buoyant (Archimedean) force acts on a body immersed in water. That is, water seems to weaken the effect of earth's gravity, allowing the whale and other inhabitants of the seas and oceans to reach enormous dimensions with relatively thin skeletal bones.
Among the many inventions Leonardo da Vinci, whose ideas he borrowed from nature, There are also “swimming gloves,” that is, flippers for the hands. He was inspired to think about them by observing geese and ducks..

Designers' study of the movement of insects on vertical surfaces contributed to the creation of multi-legged robots walking along walls.

Devices of this type are supposed to be used when inspecting nuclear reactors and skyscrapers.

Once upon a time, physicist Robert Wood stuck a cat into the long tube of his spectroscope so that it crawled along it and cleared its inner surface of cobwebs. Even now, in the age of the Internet, animal abilities are being used in equally unexpected ways.

For example, to stretch computer network cables through narrow shafts, they use trained rats, which, following the smell of food, drag the wires along with them.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, reflecting on ensuring the safety and comfort of the inhabitants of interplanetary ships, proposed placing them in liquid. “Nature has long used this technique,” ​​he wrote, “by immersing animal embryos, their brains and other weak parts in liquid. This way it protects them from any damage.”
Of course, in a liquid, an astronaut will be able to withstand significantly greater overloads than in a special chair.

It is known how much engineers once struggled with the problem of the mysterious vibration of airplane wings, which often led to accidents.

And when the problem was solved, it was discovered that for millions of years such vibration has been eliminated in dragonflies with the help of a special thickening in the wing.

To increase traction with the ground, tree trunks, there are a number of different devices on the limbs of animals: claws, sharp edges of hooves, horseshoe spikes.

Studying the ways of moving different animals helped create new useful mechanisms (For example, the Penguin snowmobile embodies the principle of moving swimming birds.

Moving on its “belly”, pushing off the snow cover with its flippers, it reaches a speed of 50 km/h).

The principle of movement of a wheelless jumping car is copied from kangaroos (these mammals move in jumps up to 3 m high and up to 10 m long).A jumping car is at the same time a tractor, a car, a tractor, it does not need a road.

The creation of a number of earth-moving machines can be based on ideas suggested by living nature.

The fact is that the larvae that live in the soil have excellent adaptations for making tunnels in the soil, loosening and pushing apart soil particles.

In some insect species, the organs are located in the front and work like a wedge or a jackhammer, while in others, the loosening and raking apparatuses are combined into a complex scraper system.

Careful study of these devices and their modeling may be useful.

Thus, an underground passage was created, which can be called the “iron crab”, since its design reflects the structural features and movement of a living crab.

In Japan, for example, they built a ship that resembles a whale in shape.It turned out that it is about 15% more economical than ships of the same displacement, but of a conventional shape. The hull of one of the submarines is similar to the body of a fast-moving fish - tuna.The vessel is well streamlined and maneuverable.

Body reptiles are covered with tubercles and scales.

After all, an object or living creature will be grasped more firmly, the greater the friction between it and the organ of grasping. The magnitude of the friction force is directly dependent on the pressing force.

Therefore, the prehensile organs are designed in such a way that they can either embrace the prey from both sides and squeeze it, or wrap it around several times and thereby pull it with great force.

Escaping from predators flying fish rises to the surface of the water at high speed. At this time, she swims - her pectoral fins are pressed to her body, and her tail works vigorously. Jumping sharply out of the water, the fish opens its pectoral fins, which turn into wings. Picked up by air currents, it, like an arrow fired from a bow, sometimes flies 150-200 meters.

By listening to nature, man eventually found effective solutions.

Let's give just one example:
It was believed that it was impossible to keep up with a sports boat on a pedal boat. However, thanks to a skillful combination of movements in water and in the air and the use of hydrofoils with a shape borrowed from animals, it was possible to cover the distance on a pedal boat faster than when setting a world record in rowing!

Dolphins are known to move at high speeds. Its achievement is facilitated by the special structure of animal skin.

Scientists have recently learned how dolphins' skin works and why they change their skin every 2 hours. Dolphin skin has a special damping effect that helps dampen turbulence. This hypothesis was expressed in 1957 by the German engineer Kramer and has now been confirmed experimentally. The front part of the dolphin's body flows laminarly, and behind the dorsal fin the boundary layer becomes turbulent.

The German engineer M. Kramer created a special coating for ships - “lominflo”, similar to whale skin, which reduces resistance to movement. The use of this coating makes it possible to almost double the speed of ships.

D In order to carry out any work underwater at great depths, the operator located inside the underwater vehicle needs manipulators placed outside the “hands”. Creating them is quite a tricky task. An analogue of such manipulators is squid, having two long tentacles with suction cups, with the help of which it hunts for fish.

Jet propulsion.

Of great interest to scientists is the squid's jet engine, which is a unique and extremely economical water jet that allows this marine mollusk to make 1000-mile journeys and reach speeds of up to 70 km/h.

The squid is capable of rising to the surface with such speed from the depths of the sea that it can fly over waves over 50m in length, rising to a height of 7-10m. The speed and maneuverability of the squid is explained by the excellent hydrodynamic shape of the animal’s body, for which it was nicknamed the “living torpedo.”

It turns out that during movement, the pressure of the water flowing around the squid’s body changes in such a way that in the area separating the head from the body, where suction occurs, it is lower than at the tail. And the water seems to be drawn in by itself. This helped in the design of underwater vehicles.

In the fight against such harmful phenomena in aviation as flutter(wing vibrations in flight), the designers were helped by studying the structure of a dragonfly’s wing.It showed that on the front part of the wing there is a chitinous thickening that “destroys” flutter.Similar weighting of the aircraft wing made it possible to eliminate dangerous vibrations in flight.

Using a special microscope, it is possible to see how the flagella of some bacteria, for example, E. coli, are arranged, which help them move. One of the ends of the flagellum seems to be inserted into the membrane - the membrane of the bacterium. The electric charges of the rings located at the end of the flagellum and on the membrane interact with each other so that the flagellum begins to rotate around its longitudinal axis, resembling a conventional electric motor.
The torsion of the flagellum provides several types of its movements, and the rotation speed of the “motor” reaches tens of revolutions per second.
Of course, such a discovery in itself was extremely interesting.

Glowing animals.

Many organisms of the plant and animal world are capable of emitting light. The fairy-tale Tsar Berendey, having learned about the existence of the Firebird, wanted to have this wonder at home. It has been a custom to use living light for one’s own needs since ancient times.

Deep sea squid "Wonderful lamp".

Lives at a depth of meters. It is literally dotted with photophores of various sizes, most of which are located on the eyes (on the eyelids and even in the eyeball). Sometimes they merge into solid luminous stripes that surround the eye. He can adjust the intensity of his "headlights". It feeds on fish and various vertebrates. Has an ink sac.

Shrimps. Their photophores are located on the body and in special areas of the liver, which are visible through the integument of the body. These shrimp are capable of throwing out a luminous liquid that scares away opponents. Each species of these shrimp has certain luminous areas. This helps them differentiate between each other.

Idiocant or black dragon fish.

Idiacanth, along with anglers, is a deep-sea fish and swims at depths from 500 to 2000 meters. Habitats are tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. She has a long snake-like body. The length of females is several times greater than the length of males. Not only the scales of the idiotanth glow, but also its long, sharp teeth.

On the seabed, among the stones and algae, glowing worms and mollusks swarm. Their naked bodies are dotted with shiny stripes, spots or specks, like diamond dust; on the ledges of underwater rocks there are starfish flooded with light; The crayfish immediately dives into all corners of its hunting territory, illuminating the path in front of it with huge, spyglass-like eyes.

Local residents have long used them instead of flashlights. Although the light is not very bright, it is sufficient to prevent you from stumbling on forest paths at night. Sea lanterns were used by the Japanese army during the war. Each officer carried a box with these crustaceans. Dry crustaceans do not glow, but just moisten them with water and the lantern is ready. Wherever the soldiers are: on a submarine floating silently in the silence of the night, in the dense wilds of a tropical jungle or on the endless steppe plains, it may always be necessary to turn on a light in order to examine a map or write a report. But this cannot be done. At night, the light of an electric flashlight or even a lit match is visible from afar, and the weak light of a flashlight made from sea crustaceans cannot be distinguished even after several dozen steps. This is very convenient and does not interfere with camouflage at all.

Luminous organisms can also be used to illuminate houses. For this purpose, special bacterial lamps were invented. The design of the lamps is simple: a glass flask with sea water, and in it a suspension of microorganisms. For a lamp to produce light equal to one candle, there must be at least 000 microorganisms in the flask. In 1935, during an international congress, the large hall of the Paris Oceanographic Institute was illuminated with such lamps.

"Living Electricity".

The ancient Egyptians were familiar with electrical phenomena four and a half thousand years ago. This is evidenced by the tombstone in Sokkar, which depicts an electric catfish living in the upper Nile.

In Europe, they became familiar with electricity thanks to the observations of Thales of Miletus as early as 600 BC. He discovered that a piece of amber, if rubbed, acquires the ability to attract and then repel various small objects.

Bolognese anatomy professor Luigi Galvani conducted many experiments with frogs.

The form of the experiment was simple. The nerve of one frog leg was cut off and bent into an arc. The nerve of the second leg was separated along with the muscle and superimposed on the first so as to touch it in two places: at the site of transection and somewhere in the undamaged part. At the moment the nerves touched, the muscle contracted. The existence of "animal electricity" has been proven. His experiments were continued by other scientists, and the frog in the hands of physicists very soon turned into a convenient source of current and into the most sensitive measuring device. Alexander Volta, having created a galvanic battery, called it an artificial electric organ. Many fish have special electrical organs, a kind of battery that “generates” voltage. Voltage values ​​vary among fish. So eel emits impulses with a frequency of 25 Hz, mormyrus - with a frequency of about 100 Hz, gympark - about 300 Hz . The force of the electric shock is so great that the fish can stun even large animals. Small animals die instantly. South American Indians know dangerous fish very well and do not risk wading the rivers where they live. Many outstanding doctors of the Roman state, such as Claudius Galen, treated people with electricity, using the living power plants of the inhabitants of the deep sea - fish.

Quite large stingrays are found in the Mediterranean and other seas of the globe. The Romans knew how amazingly they got their food. These fish do not chase prey and do not ambush it. Calmly, slowly, they swim in the water column, but as soon as small fish, crabs or octopuses are nearby, something happens to them: convulsions begin, a moment or two, and the careless animal is dead. The stingray picks up its prey and slowly moves on.

Dangerous predators turned out to be a living powerhouse, capable of causing a discharge of such force that small animals nearby die. Another underwater power plant is located in the body of a rather large fish - a freshwater electric eel. These fish have impressive sizes - 1.5–2 meters in length and weigh up to 15–20 kilograms.

Electric eels are nocturnal animals. The force of the electric shock is so great that the fish can stun even large animals.

Gimpark is a predatory African river fish; at the moment of generating an electrical impulse, it charges itself: its tail becomes negatively charged in relation to its head, and an electric field similar to a dipole field is formed.

Gimpark is capable of perceiving a field change of 0.03 μV/cm, he has a well-developed brain (its mass is 1/50 of the total body mass) and the cerebellum, which apparently are the natural computing device of the locator.

Observations of this fish served as the basis for the development of a locator device.

In the age of giant power plants on a planet covered with a thick web of high-voltage transmission lines, they somehow completely forgot that electricity entered our lives thanks to animals.

Sources and literature used:

(biologist) book - Glowing animals.

Great Children's Encyclopedia.

Introduction Physics is the science of understanding nature. Nature is diverse. This is our planet and everything living and inanimate that is on it. There are a lot of interesting things around: sunrises and sunsets, precipitation and a variety of colors, numerous populations of animals, birds and insects... All this is full of secrets, riddles and questions. Today we want to reveal at least a few of them.

Objectives of the work: 1. Expand your horizons in the sciences of nature and the interdisciplinary connections of these sciences. 2. Find information about physical phenomena in the surrounding world. 3. Select interesting facts from the life of animals, birds and insects that confirm that everything in nature is interconnected. 4.Show the application of these facts to a more complete understanding of living nature.

Relevance of the study Nature is diverse and interesting. If we learn to understand it, find connections with other sciences and apply knowledge in everyday life, then we can learn a lot from nature. If we are interested, then we can interest others and make any lesson in physics, biology and geography interesting, educational and informative.

MECHANICAL PHENOMENA Movement is the main property of living matter. Molecules and atoms move, insects and animals move, our planet Earth and almost everything on it moves. MOVEMENT SPEED IN THE ANIMAL WORLD, KM/H Shark - 40 Salmon - 27 Swordfish - 80 Tuna - 80 May beetle - 11 Fly - 18 Bee - 25 Dragonfly - 36 Cheetah - 112 Giraffe - 51 Kangaroo - 48 Lion - 65 Elk - 47 rook-41 Crow sparrow-35 Turtle-0.5 snail-0.00504

Will the wolf catch up with the hare? In 10 minutes, a brown hare runs 10 kilometers, and a wolf runs 20 kilometers in 30 minutes. From here the wolf can catch up with the hare. The average speed of a wolf is km/h, and that of a hare is 60 km/h. And yet the hare has the opportunity to ESCAPE from the wolf.

And hair grows. In humans, 95% of the surface of the skin is covered with hair. On the head there are from 90 thousand hairs for redheads to 140 thousand for blondes. There are about 700 hairs on each eyebrow, and about 80 eyelashes on each eyelid. In a day, 35 m of hair grows on the head of an adult (each hair is 0.35 mm). A hair 1 m long should grow for 8 years. World record for hair length m.

Thermal phenomena Everything that happens in nature is somehow connected with heat. The ambient temperature changes, each body has its own temperature. The sun gives off its heat to our planet. Icicles melt and fog forms. These are all thermal phenomena.

House made of snow A polar bear makes a den in a snowdrift in the middle of an icy desert. With powerful paws, she digs a tunnel up to 12 meters long in a hard layer of snow, where she gives birth to cubs and hides with them from the cold until spring. Outside, the temperature can drop to degrees Celsius, and in the den it is not lower than 20 degrees Celsius.

Alessandro Volta, a professor of physics from the city of Pavia, concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with a liquid will form "title=" Electrical phenomena On September 26, 1786, the Italian doctor Luigi Galvani made an important discovery about the existence of >.Pro - Alessandro Volta, a professor of physics from the city of Pavia, concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with a liquid results in" class="link_thumb"> 19 !} Electrical phenomena September 26, 1786 The Italian doctor Luigi Galvani made an important discovery about the existence of >. Physics professor from the city of Pavia Alessandro Volta concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with the liquid in a frog's leg is a source of electricity. .Professor of physics from the city of Pavia Alessandro Volta concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with the liquid in the frog "> .Professor of physics from the city of Pavia Alessandro Volta concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with the liquid in the frog foot, is a source of electricity."> .Professor of physics from the city of Pavia Alessandro Volta concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with liquid in the foot" title=" Electrical phenomena September 26, 1786 Italian doctor - Luigi Galvani made an important discovery about the existence of >. Professor of physics from the city of Pavia Alessandro Volta concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with a liquid results in"> title="Electrical phenomena September 26, 1786 The Italian doctor Luigi Galvani made an important discovery about the existence of >. Professor of physics from the city of Pavia Alessandro Volta concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with a liquid results in"> !}

Living Power Plants Stingrays are living power plants, producing a voltage of about volts and delivering a discharge current of 10 amperes. All fish that produce electrical discharges use special electrical organs for this.

Electric fish The most powerful discharges are produced by the South American electric eel. They reach volts. This kind of tension can knock a horse off its feet.

The eyes perceive light. There are two types of eyes: simple and complex (faceted), consisting of thousands of individual visual units. The dragonfly has about

SOUND PHENOMENA The world is full of sounds. Birds sing and the radio plays, the grass rustles and the dog barks. We hear only a small part of all sounds (the human ear perceives sounds with a frequency from 16 to 20,000 Hertz). We do not hear infrasound and ultrasound. The same cannot be said about others. The dolphin is able to perceive very weak echo signals. For example, he perfectly “Notices” a small fish that appears at a distance of 50m.

Living Compasses Female blue sharks mate off the east coast of the United States and produce offspring off the coast of Europe. They navigate underwater using the Earth's magnetic field and geomagnetic information. The so-called ampullae of Lorenzini, located on the snout, detect electromagnetic vibrations and determine the direction of the magnetic field of bottom rocks. Sharks use this as a compass.

Attention! A magnetic field! The magnetic field affects all living things. It can delay the development of living organisms, slow down cell growth, and change the composition of the blood. The field in Oersted is safe for humans. A strong non-uniform magnetic field (about 10 kilooersted) can kill young living organisms. Changes in the magnetic field affect weather-sensitive people. Magnetic storms are known to many.

CONCLUSION Our hypothesis is correct. All physical phenomena are reflected in living nature. The world of these phenomena is interesting, mysterious, and diverse. Study and learn more about it. Be surprised, love life and everything in it. Be surprised, be amazed at the sky, thunder and rain, the worm and the hippopotamus, the stars, the snow and the cat! Be surprised and fall in love With a world like crystal. He is fragile, the Mountains, the sea and the flower need care. Love life and be surprised - Interesting things are all around! Remain human, and goodness will enter your home!

REFERENCES 1. Berkenblit M. B., Glagoleva E. G. Electricity in living organisms. M., Science, Tarasov L.V., Physics in nature. M. Verboom - M., 2002 3. Semke A. I. Physics and Wildlife (M. Chistye Prudy) 2008 4. Internet sites:

IntroductionPhysics is the science of understanding nature.
Nature is diverse. This is our planet and
everything living and inanimate that is on it.
There are a lot of interesting things around: sunrises and
sunsets, precipitation and variety of colors,
numerous populations of animals, birds and
insects...
All this is full of secrets, riddles and questions.
We will open at least a few of them
we want today.

Goal of the work

Conduct physical research
phenomena in living nature and their possibilities
use in everyday life.

Job Objectives

1. Broaden your horizons in natural sciences and
interdisciplinary connections of these sciences.
2.Find information about physical phenomena in
the surrounding world.
3.Pick up interesting facts from life
animals, birds and insects,
confirming that everything in nature
interconnected.
4.Show the application of these facts for more
full understanding of living nature.

Possibility of use

1.As additional material
in physics, biology, geography lessons.
2.Material for extracurricular activities,
holding competitions, quizzes,
olympiads
3.To broaden the horizons of students
of all ages.

The relevance of research

Nature is diverse and interesting. If we
let's learn to understand it, find connections with
other sciences and apply knowledge in
everyday life, then a lot
we can learn from nature.
If we are interested, we can
interest others and make any lesson
physics, biology and geography interesting,
educational and informative.

Hypothesis put forward

You can find everything in living nature
physical phenomena: mechanical,
optical, sound, electrical,
magnetic and thermal.
If you watch carefully, you can
a lot to learn and use.

10. MECHANICAL PHENOMENA

Movement is the main thing
property alive
matter. Moving
molecules and atoms,
insects are moving
and animals,
ours is moving
planet earth and
almost everything on
her.
MOVEMENT SPEED IN AN ANIMAL
WORLD, KM/H
Shark-40
Salmon-27
Swordfish-80
Tuna-80
Maybug-11
fly-18
Bee-25
dragonfly-36
Gepard-112
giraffe-51
Kangaroo-48
Lev-65
Los-47
rach-41
Crow-25-32
sparrow-35
Turtle-0.5
snail-0.00504 First impression
in life a giraffe fall with
two-meter
height. In one hour
baby giraffe
able to run and
able to follow
for mom with
speed 50 km/h

12. These faces are familiar to everyone

13. Will the wolf catch up with the hare?

In 10 minutes the brown hare runs the distance
10 kilometers, and the wolf runs for 30 minutes
20 kilometers. From here
the wolf can catch up
hare
average speed
wolf - 55-60 km/h, and
hare 60km/h. And yet the hare has
opportunity to ESCAPE
from the wolf.

14. And the hair grows

In humans 95%
the surface of the skin is covered
hair. On the head - from 90
thousand hairs for redheads up to 140
thousand for blondes. On each
eyebrows about 700 hairs,
there are about 80 eyelashes on the eyelid.
On the day of an adult's head
a person grows 35m
hair (each hair is 0.35
mm).Hair 1m long
must grow for 8 years. World
hair length record - 7.93 m.

15. Thermal phenomena

Everything that happens in
nature, one way or another
associated with heat.
Temperature changes
environment,
every body has its own
temperature. Sun
gives off its warmth
our planet. Melting
icicles are formed
fog. All this
thermal phenomena.

16.

Crocodiles being
on land, open
mouth to enlarge
heat transfer by
evaporation. If
it's getting very hot
they go into the water.
At night they dive into
water in order to
avoid exposure
cooler
now air.

17. House made of snow

Polar bear
makes a den in
snowdrift among the icy
deserts. With powerful paws
she digs into the hard
layer of snow tunnel length
up to 12 meters, where she gives birth
cubs and hides with
them from cold until spring.
Outside temperature
can drop to -30-40
degrees Celsius, and in
den not lower than 20
degrees Celcius.

18.

In conditions of the strongest
frost penguins keep warm and
egg, and chicks on their paws
under the fat fold.

19. Electrical phenomena

September 26, 1786
Italian doctor Luigi Galvani
did something important
discovery about
existence
<<животного
electricity>>.Professor of physics from
city ​​of Pavia
Alessandro Volta
concluded that
contact of two different
metals
,in contact with
liquid in
frog's leg,
is the source
electricity.

20. Living power plants

Stingrays are
alive
power plants,
producing
voltage is about 50-60
volts and giving
discharge current 10
ampere.
All the fish that give
electric
ranks, use
there are special ones for this
electrical organs.

21. Electric fish

The strongest
produces discharges
south american
electric eel.
They reach 500600 volts. This
voltage is capable
knock you down
horse.

22. COLORS OF NATURE - THE RESULT OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA

23. OPTICAL PHENOMENA

There is very
many examples
optical phenomena
in nature: glow
sea(glow
living organisms in
him), fireflies,
mosquito larvae,
mushrooms, jellyfish also
glow in the dark.

24. Eyes perceive light

There are two eyes
types: simple and
complex
(faceted),
consisting of thousands
individual
visual
units.In the dragonfly
there are about 30,000 of them.

25. Eyes are different

26. SOUND PHENOMENA

The world is full of sounds. Sing
birds and the radio is on,
The grass rustles and the dog barks.
We only hear a little
part of all sounds (ear
a person perceives sounds
frequency from 16 to
20000Hertz).Infrasound and
We don’t hear ultrasound. Why
you can't say about others. Dolphin
able to perceive very
weak echoes. For example
,he perfectly “Notices”
a small fish that appeared
at a distance of 50m.

27. Living echolocators

Bats are hunting
at night, listening to
darkness. Sending
ultrasonic
signals, frequency
which are up to 200 Hertz,
they define
size, speed and
flight direction
production

28. Live direction finders

European water striders
find food by exploring
ripples on the water,
created by someone falling into
her to insects.
Sperm whales make sounds
and, analyzing the echo,
find prey. They
stun prey
with your signals.

29. Magnetic phenomena

30. Birds always know where to fly

Birds don't have a compass
needed. They are very
clearly
navigate by
magnetic field
Earth.

31. Living compasses

Female blue sharks
mate at the eastern
coast of the USA, but produce
offspring off the coast of Europe.
They navigate underwater
according to the Earth's magnetic field
geomagnetic information. So
called ampoules of Lorenzini,
located on the snout,
pick up electromagnetic
vibrations and determine
magnetic field direction
bottom rocks. Sharks
They use it as a compass.

32. Attention! A magnetic field!

The magnetic field affects
everything is alive. It can
retard the development of living things
organisms, slow down growth
cells, change composition
blood. For man
safe field at 300-700
oersted. Strong
inhomogeneous magnetic
field (about 10 kilooersted)
can kill young individuals
living organisms.
Magnetic field change
affects
weather sensitive
of people. Magnetic storms
known to many.

33. The weather will be good

34. It will be bad weather

35.

36. CONCLUSION

Our hypothesis
true. All physical
phenomena have found their
reflection in living nature.
The world of these phenomena is interesting,
mysterious, diverse.
Study and learn about it
more. Be surprised
love life and everything in it.
Be surprised, be surprised
Sky, thunder and rain,
Worm and hippopotamus
Stars, snow and cat!
Be surprised and fall in love
Into a world like crystal.
He is fragile and needs care
Mountains, sea and flowers.
Love life and be surprised. Interesting things are all around!
Stay human
And goodness will enter your home!

37. LITERATURE

1. Berkenblit M. B., Glagoleva E. G.
Electricity in living organisms.
M., Nauka, 1988
2. Tarasov L.V., Physics in nature.
M. Verboom - M., 2002
3. Syomke A. I. Physics and Wildlife (M.
Chistye Prudy) 2008
4. Internet sites:
http://www.floranimal.ru;
http://www.zooeco.com.

PHYSICS IN LIVING NATURE

MOU BSOSH Physics in living nature The physics project was completed by students of grade 7b Pilchenkov Andrey and Korolev Alexey. Head-teacher of physics Filipchenkova S.V. Bely. 2010

Physics is the science of nature, and there are so many interesting things in it!

Introduction Physics is the science of understanding nature. Nature is diverse. This is our planet and everything living and inanimate that is on it. There are a lot of interesting things around: sunrises and sunsets, precipitation and a variety of colors, numerous populations of animals, birds and insects... All this is full of secrets, riddles and questions. Today we want to reveal at least a few of them.

Purpose of the work: To conduct a study of physical phenomena in living nature and the possibility of their use in everyday life.

Objectives of the work: 1. Expand your horizons in the sciences of nature and the interdisciplinary connections of these sciences. 2. Find information about physical phenomena in the surrounding world. 3. Select interesting facts from the life of animals, birds and insects that confirm that everything in nature is interconnected. 4.Show the application of these facts to a more complete understanding of living nature.

Possibility of use 1. As additional material in physics, biology, geography lessons. 2. Material for extracurricular activities, competitions, quizzes, olympiads 3. To broaden the horizons of students of all ages.

Relevance of the study Nature is diverse and interesting. If we learn to understand it, find connections with other sciences and apply knowledge in everyday life, then we can learn a lot from nature. If we are interested, then we can interest others and make any lesson in physics, biology and geography interesting, educational and informative.

Hypothesis put forward All physical phenomena can be found in living nature: mechanical, optical, sound, electrical, magnetic and thermal. There is a lot that can be learned and used by careful observation.

MECHANICAL PHENOMENA Movement is the main property of living matter. Molecules and atoms move, insects and animals move, our planet Earth and almost everything on it moves. MOVEMENT SPEED IN THE ANIMAL WORLD, KM/H Shark - 40 Salmon - 27 Swordfish - 80 Tuna - 80 May beetle - 11 Fly - 18 Bee - 25 Dragonfly - 36 Cheetah - 112 Giraffe - 51 Kangaroo - 48 Lion - 65 Elk - 47 rook-41 Crow-25-32 sparrow-35 Turtle-0.5 snail-0.00504

Interesting The first impression in the life of a giraffe is a fall from a two-meter height. After an hour, the baby giraffe is able to run and is able to follow its mother at a speed of 50 km/h

Everyone knows these faces

Will the wolf catch up with the hare? In 10 minutes, a brown hare runs 10 kilometers, and a wolf runs 20 kilometers in 30 minutes. From here the wolf can catch up with the hare. The average speed of a wolf is 55-60 km/h, and a hare is 60 km/h. And yet the hare has the opportunity to ESCAPE from the wolf.

And hair grows. In humans, 95% of the surface of the skin is covered with hair. On the head there are from 90 thousand hairs for redheads to 140 thousand for blondes. There are about 700 hairs on each eyebrow, and about 80 eyelashes on each eyelid. In a day, 35 m of hair grows on the head of an adult (each hair is 0.35 mm). A hair 1 m long should grow for 8 years. The world record for hair length is 7.93 m.

Thermal phenomena Everything that happens in nature is somehow connected with heat. The ambient temperature changes, each body has its own temperature. The sun gives off its heat to our planet. Icicles melt and fog forms. These are all thermal phenomena.

Crocodiles, when on land, open their mouths to increase heat transfer through evaporation. If it gets very hot, they go into the water. At night they immerse themselves in water to avoid exposure to the now cooler air.

House made of snow A polar bear makes a den in a snowdrift in the middle of an icy desert. With powerful paws, she digs a tunnel up to 12 meters long in a hard layer of snow, where she gives birth to cubs and hides with them from the cold until spring. Outside, the temperature can drop to -30-40 degrees Celsius, and in the den no lower than 20 degrees Celsius.

In severe frost conditions, penguins warm both the egg and the chicks on their paws under the fat fold.

Electrical phenomena September 26, 1786 The Italian doctor Luigi Galvani made an important discovery about the existence<<животного электричества>>. Alessandro Volta, a professor of physics from the city of Pavia, concluded that the contact of two different metals in contact with the liquid in a frog's leg is a source of electricity.

Living Power Plants Stingrays are living power plants, producing a voltage of about 50-60 volts and delivering a discharge current of 10 amperes. All fish that produce electrical discharges use special electrical organs for this.

Electric fish The most powerful discharges are produced by the South American electric eel. They reach 500-600 volts. This kind of tension can knock a horse off its feet.

COLORS OF NATURE - THE RESULT OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA

OPTICAL PHENOMENA There are many examples of optical phenomena in nature: the glow of the sea (the glow of living organisms in it), fireflies, mosquito larvae, mushrooms, jellyfish also glow in the dark.

Eyes perceive light There are two types of eyes: simple and complex (faceted), consisting of thousands of individual visual units. The dragonfly has about 30,000 of them.

Eyes are different

SOUND PHENOMENA The world is full of sounds. Birds sing and the radio plays, the grass rustles and the dog barks. We hear only a small part of all sounds (the human ear perceives sounds with a frequency from 16 to 20,000 Hertz). We do not hear infrasound and ultrasound. The same cannot be said about others. The dolphin is able to perceive very weak echo signals. For example, he perfectly “Notices” a small fish that appears at a distance of 50m.

Living echolocators Bats hunt at night by listening into the darkness. By sending ultrasonic signals with a frequency of up to 200 Hertz, they determine the size, speed and direction of flight of the prey.

Living direction finders European water striders find food by examining ripples in the water created by insects that have fallen into it. Sperm whales make sounds and, analyzing the echo, find prey. They stun their prey with their signals.

Magnetic phenomena

Birds always know where to fly. Birds don't need a compass. They are very clearly oriented according to the Earth's magnetic field.

Living Compasses Female blue sharks mate off the east coast of the United States and produce offspring off the coast of Europe. They navigate underwater using the Earth's magnetic field and geomagnetic information. The so-called ampullae of Lorenzini, located on the snout, detect electromagnetic vibrations and determine the direction of the magnetic field of bottom rocks. Sharks use this as a compass.

Attention! A magnetic field! The magnetic field affects all living things. It can delay the development of living organisms, slow down cell growth, and change the composition of the blood. A field of 300-700 oersted is safe for humans. A strong non-uniform magnetic field (about 10 kilooersted) can kill young living organisms. Changes in the magnetic field affect weather-sensitive people. Magnetic storms are known to many.

The weather will be good

There will be bad weather

CONCLUSION Our hypothesis is correct. All physical phenomena are reflected in living nature. The world of these phenomena is interesting, mysterious, and diverse. Study and learn more about it. Be surprised, love life and everything in it. Be surprised, be amazed at the sky, thunder and rain, the worm and the hippopotamus, the stars, the snow and the cat! Be surprised and fall in love With a world like crystal. He is fragile, the Mountains, the sea and the flower need care. Love life and be surprised - Interesting things are all around! Remain human, and goodness will enter your home!

REFERENCES 1. Berkenblit M. B., Glagoleva E. G. Electricity in living organisms. M., Nauka, 1988 2. Tarasov L.V., Physics in nature. M. Verboom - M., 2002 3. Semke A. I. Physics and Wildlife (M. Chistye Prudy) 2008 4. Internet sites: http://www.floranimal.ru; http://www.zooeco.com.

As a rule, few people like physics. Indeed: boring formulas, tasks in which nothing is clear... In general, sheer boredom. If you think so, then this article is definitely for you. Here we will tell you some interesting facts about physics that will help you take a different look at your least favorite subject. After all, physics is very interesting, and there are a lot of interesting facts related to it.

Why does the sun appear red in the evenings?

A perfect example of a fact about physics in nature. Actually, the light of the sun is white. White light, in its spectral decomposition, is the sum of all the colors of the rainbow. In the evening and morning, the rays pass through the low surface and dense layers of the atmosphere. Dust particles and air molecules thus act as a red filter, best transmitting the red component of the spectrum.

Where do atoms come from?

When the Universe was formed, there were no atoms - there were only elementary particles, and even then not all of them. The atoms of the elements of almost the entire periodic table were formed during nuclear reactions in the interior of stars, when lighter nuclei turn into heavier ones. Actually, you and I also consist of atoms formed in deep space.

How much “dark” matter is there in the world?

We live in a material world, and everything that is around is matter. You can touch it, sell it, buy it, you can build something. But in the world there is not only matter, but also dark matter - this is a type of matter that does not emit electromagnetic radiation (as is known, light is also electromagnetic radiation) and does not interact with it. Dark matter, for obvious reasons, has not been touched or seen by anyone. Scientists decided that it exists by observing some indirect signs. It is believed that dark matter makes up about 22% of the Universe. For comparison: the good old matter we are used to takes up only 5%.

Dark matter

What is the temperature of lightning?

And it’s clear that it’s very high. According to science, it can reach 25,000 degrees Celsius. And this is many times more than on the surface of the Sun - there are only about 5000). We strongly do not recommend trying to check what the temperature of the lightning is. There are specially trained people in the world for this.

Eat! Considering the scale of the Universe, the probability of this had previously been assessed quite high. But it was only relatively recently that people began to discover such planets, called exoplanets. Exoplanets are planets orbiting their stars in the so-called “life zone”. More than 3,500 exoplanets are now known, and they are being discovered more and more often.

Exoplanet

How old is the Earth?

The earth is about four billion years old. In the context of this, one fact is interesting: the largest unit of time is the kalpa. Kalpa (otherwise known as the day of Brahma) is a concept from Hinduism. According to him, day gives way to night, equal in duration. At the same time, the length of Brahma’s day coincides with the age of the Earth to within 5%.

Where do the aurora come from?

The polar or northern lights are the result of the interaction of the solar wind (cosmic radiation) with the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Charged particles arriving from space collide with atoms in the atmosphere, causing them to become excited and emit radiation in the visible range. This phenomenon is observed at the poles, as the earth's magnetic field "captures" cosmic particles, protecting the planet from "bombardment"

Polar Lights

Is it true that the water in the sink swirls in different directions in the northern and southern hemispheres?

Actually this is not true. Indeed, there is a Coriolis force acting on the flow of fluid in a rotating reference frame. On the scale of the Earth, however, the effect of this force is so small that it is possible to observe the swirling of water as it flows in different directions only under very carefully selected conditions.

swirling water

How is water different from other substances?

One of the fundamental properties of water is its density in solid and liquid states. Thus, ice is always lighter than liquid water, so it is always on the surface and does not sink. Also, hot water freezes faster than cold water. This paradox, called the Mpemba effect, has not yet been fully explained.

How does speed affect time?

This also seems paradoxical, but the faster an object moves, the slower time will pass for it. Here we can recall the paradox of twins, one of whom traveled on an ultra-fast spaceship, and the second remained on earth. When the space traveler returned home, he found his brother an old man. The answer to the question of why this happens is provided by the theory of relativity.

Time and speed

We hope our 10 facts about physics helped you to see that these are not just boring formulas, but the whole world around us. Physics is constantly evolving, and who knows what other amazing facts will become known to us in the future. However, formulas and problems can be a hassle. If you are tired of strict teachers and endless problem solving, turn to them, who will help you crack even the most complex physical problem like a nut.