Eastern Siberia. Economic characteristics of the region

3. Prospects for the development of the East Siberian region

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of considering Eastern Siberia as an economic region is due to the fact that Eastern Siberia, despite its still insufficient geological study, is distinguished by its exceptional wealth and wide variety of natural resources. Most of the hydropower resources and general geological reserves of coal are concentrated here, there are unique deposits of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals (copper, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, gold, platinum), many types of non-metallic raw materials (mica, asbestos, graphite, etc.) .d.), large reserves of oil and natural gas have been discovered. Eastern Siberia holds first place in the Russian Federation in terms of timber reserves.

In terms of the wealth of hydropower resources, Eastern Siberia ranks first in Russia. One of the greatest rivers in the world, the Yenisei, flows through the region. Together with its tributary the Angara, the river has huge reserves of hydropower resources.

The purpose of this work is to consider the East Siberian region (to give a description, to consider the natural resource potential, to consider the prospects for the development of the region).

1. General characteristics of the East Siberian region

Eastern Siberia is the second largest economic region of Russia (after the Far East). It occupies 1/3 of the territory of the Eastern zone and 24% of the territory of Russia.

The economic and geographical position of the region is unfavorable. A significant part of it is located beyond the Arctic Circle, and permafrost covers almost the entire territory. Eastern Siberia is significantly removed from other economically developed regions of the country, which makes it difficult to develop its natural resources. However, its proximity to Western Siberia, the Far East, Mongolia, China, the presence of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Northern Sea Route have a positive impact on the development of the region’s economy. The natural conditions of Eastern Siberia are unfavorable.

The East Siberian region includes: Irkutsk Region, Chita Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Aginsky Buryat, Taimyr (or Dolgano-Nenets), Ust-Ordynsky Buryat and Evenki Autonomous Okrugs, Republics: Buryatia, Tuva (Tuva) and Khakassia.

Eastern Siberia is located far from the most developed regions of the country, between the West Siberian and Far Eastern economic regions. Only in the south do the railways (Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur) pass, and the Yenisei provides short navigation with the Northern Sea Route. The peculiarities of the geographical location and natural and climatic conditions, as well as the poor development of the territory, complicate the conditions for the industrial development of the region.

Natural resources: thousands of kilometers of high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, low-lying tundra plains - this is the diverse nature of Eastern Siberia. The area of ​​the region is huge - 5.9 million km2.

The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very cold winters and hot summers). Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural zones change sequentially in the latitudinal direction: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south there are areas of forest-steppe and steppe. The region ranks first in the country in terms of forest reserves (forest surplus region).

Most of the territory is occupied by the East Siberian Plateau. The flat regions of Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (Yenisei Ridge, Sayan Mountains, Baikal Mountains).

Features of the geological structure (a combination of ancient and younger rocks) determine the diversity of minerals. The upper tier of the Siberian Platform located here is represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is associated with them.

Brown coal reserves of the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins are confined to the sedimentary rocks of the troughs on the outskirts of the Siberian platform. And the formation of the Angaro-Ilimsk and other large deposits of iron ore and gold is associated with the Precambrian rocks of the lower stage of the Siberian Platform. A large oil field was discovered in the middle reaches of the river. Podkamennaya Tunguska.

Eastern Siberia has huge reserves of various minerals (coal, copper-nickel and polymetallic ores, gold, mica, graphite). The conditions for their development are extremely difficult due to the harsh climate and permafrost, the thickness of which in some places exceeds 1000 m, and which is distributed throughout almost the entire region.

In Eastern Siberia there is Lake Baikal - a unique natural object that contains about 1/5 of the world's fresh water reserves. This is the deepest lake in the world.

The hydropower resources of Eastern Siberia are enormous. The deepest river is the Yenisei. The country's largest hydroelectric power stations (Krasnoyarsk, Sayano Shushenskaya, Bratsk and others) were built on this river and on one of its tributaries - the Angara.

2. Lake Baikal as the basis of the natural resource system of Eastern Siberia

As you know, Lake Baikal is a unique natural object, which is not only our national value, but also part of the world heritage, a repository of one fifth of the fresh water and 80 percent of the drinking water of the planet Earth.

Complexes of endemic organisms found nowhere else in the world, natural landscapes, and biological resources give Baikal special value.

Lake Baikal has long been called the “sacred sea”; people worship it, write legends and songs about it. Contact with this greatest creation of nature is a unique and indescribable feeling of merging with the universe and eternity.

Among the lakes of the globe, Lake Baikal ranks 1st in depth. On Earth, only 6 lakes have a depth of more than 500 meters. The greatest depth mark in the southern basin of Lake Baikal is 1423 m, in the middle basin - 1637 m, in the northern basin 890 m.

Comparative characteristics of lakes by depth are presented in Table.

Among all the beauties and riches of Siberia, Lake Baikal occupies a special place. This is the greatest mystery that nature has given, and which still cannot be solved. There are still ongoing debates about how Baikal arose - as a result of inevitable slow transformations or because of a monstrous catastrophe and failure in the earth's crust. For example, P.A. Kropotkin (1875) believed that the formation of the depression was associated with splits in the earth’s crust. I. D. Chersky, in turn, considered the genesis of Baikal as a trough of the earth's crust (in the Silurian). Currently, the “rift” theory (hypothesis) has become widespread.

Baikal contains 23 thousand cubic meters. km (22% of the world's reserves) of clean, transparent, fresh, low-mineralized, generously enriched with oxygen, water of unique quality. There are 22 islands on the lake. The largest of them is Olkhon. The coastline of Baikal stretches for 2100 km.

The boundaries of the region are determined by the Baikal mountain system. The region's territory is characterized by a significant elevation above sea level and predominantly mountainous terrain. In terms of the section (through the entire region), there will be a general decrease from east to west. The lowest point is the level of Lake Baikal (455 m), the highest is the top of Mount Munku-Sardyk (3491 m). High (up to 3500 m), with snow-capped mountains, like a jagged crown, crown the Siberian pearl. Their ridge crests either move away from Lake Baikal by 10-20 km or more, or come close to the shores.

The steep coastal cliffs go far into the depths of the lake, often leaving no room even for a walking trail. Streams and rivers rush down towards Baikal from great heights. In places where there are ledges of hard rock along their path, rivers form picturesque waterfalls. Baikal is especially beautiful on quiet, sunny days, when the surrounding high mountains with snow-capped peaks and mountain ridges sparkling in the sun are reflected in the vast blue space.

Mother Nature is wise. She hid this last living well of the planet away from her foolish children, in the very center of Siberia. Nature has been creating this miracle for several million years - a unique factory of clean water. Baikal is unique for its antiquity. It is about 25 million years old. Usually a lake 10-20 thousand years old is considered old, but Baikal is young, and there are no signs that it is starting to age and someday, in the foreseeable future, will disappear from the face of the Earth, as many lakes have disappeared and are disappearing. On the contrary, research in recent years has allowed geophysicists to hypothesize that Baikal is an emerging ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge at a speed of up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.

The formation of its banks has not yet ended; There are frequent earthquakes on the lake and vibrations of individual sections of the shore. From generation to generation, old-timers tell how in 1862 on Lake Baikal, north of the delta of the Selenga River, during an earthquake of magnitude 11, a land area of ​​209 square meters was destroyed. km per day sank under water to a depth of 2 meters. The new bay was called Proval, and its depth is now about 11 meters. In just one year, up to 2,000 small earthquake tremors are recorded on Lake Baikal.

3 AnnStar
Left a comment on 03/15/2017:

The natural conditions of Siberia are varied - from arctic tundras to dry steppes and semi-deserts. In most of the territory they are harsh and unfavorable for human life and economic activity due to the sharp continental climate and the inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses of the Arctic Ocean, and the widespread occurrence of permafrost. The region's topography is diverse: the southern part of the West Siberian Plain, the Altai Mountains, the Kuznetsk Alatau Mountains, the Salair Ridge are located here, a huge territory is occupied by the Central Siberian Plateau, which to the north is replaced by the North Siberian Lowland, and to the south by the system of mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayan , mountains of Transbaikalia. The basis of the region’s economic complex is its unique natural resource potential, and primarily the reserves of hard and brown coal, oil and gas, hydropower, and coniferous wood. A significant portion of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores and large reserves of chemical raw materials are also concentrated here.

Siberia, which seems so distant, harsh and cold, is, of course, in fact a completely inhabited region. To live here, you have to adapt to many things. Snow in Siberian cities lies from the beginning of November (sometimes October), becoming a familiar and integral part of the landscape until April. Summer seems successful if there have been at least a dozen hot days, which usually occur in July, and in September people already put on their hats.

2 Pilat

The most developed industries in Western Siberia are mining (oil, gas, coal) and forestry. Currently, Western Siberia produces over 70% of all-Russian oil and natural gas production, about 30% of coal production, and about 20% of timber harvested in the country.

A powerful oil and gas production complex currently operates in Western Siberia. The largest deposits of oil and natural gas are associated with the thick layer of sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian Plain. The area of ​​oil and gas bearing lands is about 2 million km2. Forest-swamp landscapes, completely untouched by industrial development and practically unexplored until the 60s, are dissected for hundreds of kilometers by pipelines, roads, power lines, dotted with drilling sites, oiled with oil and petroleum product spills, covered with burns and soaked forests resulting from the use of outdated technologies for oil and gas production and transportation.

It should be taken into account that Western Siberia, like no other region in the world, abounds in rivers, lakes and swamps. They contribute to the active migration of chemical pollutants entering the Ob River from numerous sources, which carries them into the Gulf of Ob and further into the Arctic Ocean, endangering the destruction of ecosystems remote from the areas of the oil and gas complex.

In contrast to the West Siberian Plain, the Kuznetsk mountain region is distinguished by its reserves of hard coal: the Kuznetsk coal basin accounts for 40% of the country's industrial coal reserves. The main production centers are the cities of Leninsk-Kuznetsky and Prokopyevsk.

1 Lussi
Left a comment on 03/29/2017:

The climate in Western Siberia is very harsh. Because the living conditions there are incredibly difficult. Also, the climate is not conducive to farming. Because of this, most products have to be imported from other regions of the Russian Federation. But at the same time, Western Siberia is rich in underground minerals, forests and valuable breeds of fur-bearing animals. And this makes it attractive and promising economically.

0 Tammy
Left a comment on 03/29/2017:

Even the southern part of Western Siberia, which is most suitable for human life, is a zone of risky agriculture.

You can live more or less comfortably in Western Siberia only in the very south of the region, along the border with Kazakhstan. The climate here is sharply continental - winters are cold, and summers are most often moderately hot. For Russian Siberians this is a familiar climate. In the southern part of Western Siberia there are quite acceptable conditions for farming. Although, of course, the harvests here are not as rich as in some Krasnodar region. But there are good conditions for dairy and meat farming.
In the northern part of the region, natural conditions for life and agriculture can be said to be completely absent. But the main oil and gas provinces of Russia are concentrated there. So the people in these parts live solely on mining. The indigenous population is engaged in reindeer herding.

It is located between the West Siberian and the regions, in the depths of Russian territory, at a considerable distance from the developed Central regions.

The development of an area rich in a diverse range of natural resources (coal, metal ores, etc.) directly depends on the network of transport arteries. The main routes are the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways, the waterway along. The natural and climatic conditions of the region are harsh (1/4 of the territory lies in the Arctic), so its development requires large investments.

EGP of Eastern Siberia complex. Eastern Siberia is very remote from the main economically developed regions of the country and the oceans, which significantly affects its economy. The natural conditions are extreme. 3/4 of the surface is occupied by mountains and plateaus; harsh, sharply continental, 25% of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Dominated by and. The southern regions are characterized by high temperatures. Most of it is occupied and only in the extreme south are there islands and.

Natural resources of Eastern Siberia very rich. 70% of Russia's coal reserves are concentrated in Eastern Siberia. There are large deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores (copper, tin, tungsten, etc.). There are a lot of non-metallic materials - asbestos, graphite, mica, salts. The hydropower resources of the Yenisei and Angara are enormous; 20% of the world's fresh water is contained in unique. Eastern Siberia also occupies a leading position in timber reserves.

It is distributed extremely unevenly - the main part is concentrated in the south along, in the rest of the territory the settlement is focal - along and in the steppe intermountain basins. There is a shortage. The degree is high -72%, large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Chita, Norilsk.

Economy of Eastern Siberia. The development of the rich resources of Eastern Siberia is difficult due to harsh natural conditions, lack of a network and shortage of labor resources. In the country's economy, the region stands out as a base for the production of cheap electricity.

Eastern Siberia specializes in the production of cheap electricity, timber and pulp and paper industries.

Eastern Siberia accounts for 1/4 of the gold mined in Russia.

Based on the use of cheap energy, petroleum products, sawmilling, coal, table and potassium salts, chemical and. The region produces: chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, clays, rubber products, and chlorine products. Centers - Achinsk and Angarsk. In Krasnoyarsk. Woodworking and pulp and paper industry enterprises were built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Lesosibirsk, Baikalsk, and Selenginsk. Timber harvesting is carried out in the Yenisei and Angara basins. Timber is also transported along the Yenisei, and then along the Northern Sea Route to other areas.

The region produces equipment for the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Cheremkhovo), combines, river vessels, excavators (Krasnoyarsk), instruments, machine tools, electrical equipment.

The agro-industrial complex is developed mainly in the south of the region. specializes in grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Sheep farming is developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva.

The leading place belongs to grain crops. Spring wheat, oats, barley, fodder crops are cultivated, potatoes and vegetables are grown. In the north, deer are bred. Hunting and fishing are also developed

Represented by leather (Chita, Ulan-Ude), shoe (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Chita), textile enterprises and wool production.

Transport. The most important routes in the region are the Trans-Siberian Railway, the BAM, the Yenisei, as well as the Northern Sea Route, which runs off the northern coast.

Branches of specialization:

• Coal energy using brown coal mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin by open pit mining. Large thermal power plants - Nazarovskaya, Chitinskaya, Irkutskaya.
• Hydropower. The most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Russia were built on the Yenisei (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk).
• Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by energy-intensive industries. Aluminum is smelted in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhovo, copper and nickel are smelted in Norilsk, copper is smelted in Udokan.
• The chemical, petrochemical and forest chemical industries produce a variety of water- and energy-intensive products - plastics, chemical fibers, polymers. The raw materials are processed products (Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoye) and wood (Krasnoyarsk).
• The timber and pulp and paper industries are developed in the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the largest industrial logging in the country takes place here. The largest plants were built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseisk, and Baikalsk.

On the basis of interconnected production of coal and hydropower, non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, and also in Eastern Siberia, large TPK-Norilsk, Kansko-Achinsk, Bratsko-Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsk were formed.

The future of Eastern Siberia is connected with the formation of a transport network, new energy transport and industrial complexes, and the development of the manufacturing industry, including modern ones. The environmental situation in areas of concentration of industrial production - Norilsk, the Baikal basin, along the BAM highway - is of great concern.

Eastern Siberia is the most continental of the regions of Russia, one of two (together with Western Siberia) that does not extend to any of the ice-free seas. Here is the “center of Asia” (in the city of Kyzyl, the capital of the Republic of Tyva) - the point farthest from all the oceans and seas washing the shores of Asia.

Why does Eastern Siberia, located on an ancient platform, have an elevated relief?

The increased activity of the Pacific lithospheric plate, moving under Eurasia (in the Mesozoic and Neogene-Quaternary times), led to significant uplifts of the earth's crust. These movements covered both the ancient Siberian platform and folded structures of different ages.

During the uplift of individual sections of the crystalline basement along numerous faults, magma intruded into the thickness of sedimentary rocks. In many areas of the Central Siberian Plateau, magma poured onto the surface, forming a vast lava plateau. Subsequently, with the incision of rivers and denudation, a characteristic stepped relief was formed.

What mineral resources is Eastern Siberia rich in?

Deposits of iron and copper-nickel ores, gold and platinum are associated with outcrops of crystalline basement rocks. The East Siberian gold deposits (Bodaibo) have been exploited for about 150 years. Currently, Eastern Siberia accounts for over 10% of all-Russian industrial reserves of iron ore (Korshunovskoye deposits in the Irkutsk region, Nizhneangarskoye in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, ores of Khakassia and others).

Rice. 143. Central Siberian Plateau

The Norilsk region has unique reserves of complex copper-nickel ores. In addition to the main components (nickel, copper, cobalt), Norilsk ores contain platinum, palladium, gold, iron, silver, tellurium, selenium, sulfur and other chemical elements. Almost 40% of Russian copper reserves and about 80% of nickel reserves are concentrated in the deposits of the Norilsk region. On their basis, one of the largest in the Russian Federation, the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, operates.

Why are not all coal deposits in the region being developed?

The largest coal deposits are located in tectonic troughs. Among them, the country's largest coal basin, the Tunguska, stands out. The already explored coal reserves in this basin alone amount to almost 5 billion tons. Currently, several deposits are being exploited in the basin in the Norilsk region, which provide fuel to the city and the mining and metallurgical plant. There is no point in increasing production here, despite the huge reserves: it will be almost impossible to remove coal from here (or it will be very expensive).

The development of the Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin is of great importance for the country's economy. It is very advantageously located along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The deposits have one thick (from 10 to 90 m) layer and are located close to the surface, so coal is mined by open-pit mining. Unfortunately, the coal from this basin is of low quality, high-ash, and it is unprofitable to transport it over long distances. Therefore, most of the mined coal is used in local power plants.

The largest basin under development is the Irkutsk basin. The thickness of the coal seams there is 4-12 m, and most of the explored coal reserves are available for open-pit mining.

Why are the rivers of Eastern Siberia favorable for the construction of hydroelectric power stations?

The Yenisei and its deep tributaries: the Lower Tunguska, the Podkalennaya Tunguska and the Angara contain huge reserves of hydropower. A cascade of the largest hydroelectric power stations has already been built on the Yenisei and Angara.

Rice. 144. High river banks

Effective hydropower construction is possible due to favorable natural conditions. For example, on the Yenisei, a relatively narrow river valley is deeply cut into strong rocky banks. As a result, the construction of hydroelectric power stations here is much cheaper than in other areas. And the flooded area of ​​farmland in the Yenisei basin per unit of generated electricity is 20 times less than the national average.

In which natural zone is most of Eastern Siberia located?

The northern plains and mountainous regions are dominated by tundra and forest-tundra, and in the Far North, on the oceanic coast of Taimyr and on the Arctic islands (Severnaya Zemlya), arctic deserts dominate.

Most of Eastern Siberia is covered with light-coniferous larch forests, the border of which in the north goes quite far - up to 70° N. w. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, larch forests occupy half of the entire taiga.

Rice. 144a. Larch forest

In the Angara basin, large areas are also occupied by pine forests, and in the Western Baikal region - dark coniferous spruce-cedar forests. Only in the southern regions of the region in the basins (Minusinsk, Kuznetsk) are there areas of steppes and forest-steppes.

The region has huge reserves of wood raw materials. The total timber reserve is almost 40% of the all-Russian stock. However, the main tracts of forests are located in poorly developed areas, where logging is almost never carried out.

Rice. 145. Fur gold of Siberia

An important wealth of the region are fur-bearing animals: sable, squirrel and arctic fox, the main object of hunting for the indigenous population of this area.

Agricultural land is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the region, in steppe and forest-steppe areas and along river banks in the taiga zone.

conclusions

Harsh climatic conditions and inaccessibility of many areas, a sparse population, despite countless natural resources, are a limiting factor in the economic development of Eastern Siberia.

Questions and tasks

1. Determine the distance separating the European Center from Eastern Siberia, assess transport conditions, population distribution and assess the physical and economic-geographical position of Eastern Siberia.
2. “The Yenisei Valley is the border between Western and Eastern Siberia.” Using atlas maps, provide evidence for this statement.
3. What climatic features of the region make economic activity and people’s lives difficult?
4. Siberian rivers are characterized by a special regime. Are they losing their originality as a result of the construction of hydroelectric power stations? What environmental problems arise from this?
5. In Eastern Siberia, which extends at the same latitudes as the East European Plain and Western Siberia, there is no pronounced latitudinal zonation of soil and plant zones. Why?
6. Do you think it is legitimate to single out the Far North region from the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia? How would you draw its southern border? What distinctive features of nature and population were named?

Area: (4.1 million km2) between Western Siberia and the Far East.

Composition: Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk and Chita regions, republics - Khakassia, Tuva, Buryatia and autonomous okrugs - Taimyr, Evenki, Ust-Ordynsky, Buryat, Aginsky.

EGP: Distance from the main economically developed areas of the country and oceans.

Natural conditions: extreme - 3/4 of the surface is occupied by mountains and plateaus; The climate is harsh, sharply continental, 25% of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Permafrost and permafrost-taiga soils dominate. The southern regions are characterized by high seismicity. Most of it is occupied by taiga, and only in the extreme south are there islands of forest-steppes and steppes.

Natural resources: 70% of Russia's coal reserves are concentrated, large deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores (copper, nickel, tin, tungsten, etc.). There are many non-metallic minerals - asbestos, graphite, mica, salts. The hydropower resources of the Yenisei, Lena, and Angara are enormous; 20% of the world's fresh water is contained in the unique Lake Baikal. Eastern Siberia also occupies a leading position in timber reserves.

Population: average density - 2 people/km2. It is distributed extremely unevenly - the main part is concentrated in the south along the Trans-Siberian Railway, in the rest of the territory the population is focal - along river valleys and in steppe intermountain basins. The degree of urbanization is high - 72%, large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Chita, Norilsk.

Economy: Development of the rich resources of Eastern Siberia is difficult due to harsh natural conditions, lack of a transport network and shortage of labor resources. In the country's economy, the region stands out as a base for the production of cheap electricity.

Branches of specialization:

1. Coal energy using brown coal mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin by open pit mining. Large thermal power plants - Nazarovskaya, Chitinskaya, Irkutskaya.
2. Hydropower. The most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Russia were built on the Yenisei (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk, on the Angara - Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk).
3. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by energy-intensive industries. Aluminum is smelted in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhovo, copper and nickel are smelted in Norilsk, copper is smelted in Udokan.
4. The chemical, petrochemical and forest chemical industries produce a variety of water- and energy-intensive products - plastics, chemical fibers, polymers. The raw materials are oil refining products (Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoye) and wood (Krasnoyarsk).
5. The timber and pulp and paper industries are developed in the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where the largest industrial logging takes place in the country. The largest plants were built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseisk, and Baikalsk.