Which language is not artificial? A Brief History of Artificial Languages

No society is unthinkable without language. There are times when an already established language system cannot meet the needs modern society. In this situation, an artificial language is created. Bright to that An example is programming languages created for working on a computer. Artificial languages are created for a specific purpose, and not all individuals can understand them or speak them, since they do not have interests in areas where these languages are needed. Artificial languages are constantly being created in accordance with the new needs of society. Moreover, as in natural languages, vocabulary base artificial languages is constantly expanding, which makes it possible to expand the circle of participants in communication in this language.

Constructed languages

Ido is one of the artificial languages. It was adopted in 1907 as an improved Esperanto. Has some differences from Esperanto. Both the creator of Esperanto and other specialists participated in its creation. Its alphabet has Latin base and consists of 26 letters. Such letters are used in English, but in Ido they have acquired a slightly different meaning.

The following have undergone changes: spelling, phonetics, vocabulary, morphology. The big differences between Ido and Esperanto are most noticeable in the use of spelling, phonetics, and morphology. The vocabulary was also changed, but not so much. However, the main goal of the creators of Ido was to change the word formation of Esperanto. A root in the Esperanto language has a connection with a word of a certain part of speech, which affects how the forms of the word are formed. In Ido, the root is not tied to any part of speech, which, according to the creators’ plans, should free the language learner from the need to remember the root and which part of speech it belongs to. But at the same time, the Romance system of forming action names was introduced into the system of this language, which led to the fact that the connection between the root and the part of speech was preserved.

Ido became slightly lighter than Esperanto, which led some Esperantists to switch to Ido. The Ido movement caused significant damage to the movement Esperanto. However, not all Esperanto speakers accepted Ido as best language and never studied Ido. After some time, the ido movement almost disappeared. Few people have preserved the tradition of using the Ido language.

In general, the Ido movement has already lost its strength and is almost not used in modern world. It's hard to admit, but not everyone shares that idea that the opportunity to create a simple and understandable single world language still exists. Ido, like many others, showed this. However, Ido, like Esperanto, are still used as examples to show what to create common language It almost happened.

Cinema and artificial languages

Cinematography has advanced significantly in its development over last years. This applies not only to technology, but also to huge corporations that create entire universes, which are then transferred to the screen. Not often, but separate worlds demand to themselves special approach, this is not only the creation of original architecture, but also the creation of an original language unique to this world. So, to realize the culture of entire worlds, the following were invented: Na'vi, Klingon language, Elvish languages.

As for the Elvish language, it was created for a series of books by the writer J.R.R. Tolkien, where the main or minor characters are elves. It is used both in books and in film adaptations, which has created a whole movement that uses this language at meetings with admirers of this writer’s work.

The Na'vi and Klingon languages were specially created for the original film masterpieces and were not used anywhere else. The first was developed for the film "Avatar", where James Cameron showed the life of blue-skinned aliens on the planet Pandora. The Klingon language is used in the Star Trek TV series and films. home story line it's a relationship between different races of aliens and earthlings who work together on starships and end up in different stories.

Film language rarely extends to everyday life. This is also due to the fact that they are quite complex to show the identity of a particular people who use this language, and in general it is not intended for widespread use. The exception is that fans of a movie, TV series, or book series may learn those languages to show special devotion to those created worlds.

Conclusion

Artificial languages are also necessary for society, just like natural ones. They are involved not only in areas useful with economic point view, society, but also for entertainment purposes. This makes it possible to think broadly not only to those who study them, but also to those who create them. Currently, there are not very many artificial languages; some appear quickly and also disappear. However, some linger in society for a long time, becoming a sign of distinction for one or another group of people that uses them.

“Artificial language – 1. Any auxiliary language in contrast to natural, or language proper. 2. Sign system, intended for use in those areas of communication where the functioning of natural living language is less effective or impossible” [Nelyubin 2001, p. 60].

“Natural language – 1. Language in the proper sense, human language as a natural instrument of thought and a means of communication, in contrast to its artificially created substitutes. 2. Human language, which arose naturally and is used in social practice” [Nelyubin 2001, p. 45]. “A substitute is the same as a deputy” [Nelyubin 2001, p. 182].

The first attempts to invent artificial languages were made in the second half of the 17th century. The main directions in the creation of artificial languages in the 17th-19th centuries were logical and empirical.

The logical direction was based on rationalist philosophy, which criticized natural language for its inconsistency. According to the English philosophers J. Dalgarno and J. Wilkins (Wilkins - 1614-1672), there is a direct correspondence between a concept and a word, so it is possible to create a language in which concepts and the words they denote are built logically. According to Wilkins' theory, division into parts of speech is not necessary for language. Wilkins proposed words as names, and verbs (i.e. words denoting properties and actions) could be formed from names using regular derivational devices.

The empirical direction was oriented towards natural language. Representatives of this direction proposed to improve any existing natural language. Thus, F. Labbe proposed the Latin language as a basis, I. Schipfer - the French language, Yuri Kryzhanich (1617-1674) - the Pan-Slavic language.

But the languages being created were looked at as curiosities, they were not seen as practical application. The most practical was the language created by the priest (German pastor) Johann Schleyer in 1879 and called "volapuk" - volapuk - a distorted form English words. The language was a means of communication for several dozen people. The language did not last long. According to researchers, the reasons for the fall of the language were the closed system of the language, the position of Schleyer himself, who did not allow anything to be changed in the language, and discord between distributors.

One of the most famous artificial languages is Esperanto (Esperanto means “hoping”), created in 1887 by the Warsaw doctor Ludwig Zamenhof. To create the language, L. Zamenhof used Polish, Greek, Latin, Hebrew languages. The Esperanto language is deprived nationality. Seven million people use this language for practical purposes. More than 100 magazines, about 7 thousand books, and textbooks are published in Esperanto.

The Esperanto language uses elements of English and German. Elements Latin language, Slavic languages occupy an insignificant place in the structure.

L. Zamenhof considered his goal to be the creation of an international easy language communication. Esperanto is characterized by the absence of homonymy, unity of writing and pronunciation, phonetic writing, and unity of roots regardless of position. Since the first syllable is always stressed, and words are mostly two-syllable, speech is monotonous. There are affixes in the language, but their number is small, so the language has little emotionality, it is not expressive, and the semantics of the phrase is conveyed approximately.

Despite negative qualities, the language has existed for more than a hundred years, published a large number of literature on it, circles and societies of Esperantists have been created in many countries, congresses of Esperantists are held, but it never became international. Esperanto is not a living language, it is monotonous, it is not expressive, it is not able to reflect all the situations in which a person finds himself.

In 1907, Louis de Beaufront created the IDO language, based on Esperanto, which is more logical and consistent. But this language did not become international either.

In the early 60s of the 20th century, the language LINCOS (“linguistics of space”) was created. The creator of the language is considered to be the Dutch mathematician G. Freudenthal, who received a prize for the monograph “LINKOS. Building a language for space communications» Nobel Prize. G. Freudenthal, using light and sound signals in a certain sequence, tries to outline the laws of mathematics, biology, physics, morality, and ethics. Linkos is the first attempt to create a space language for the exchange of information in extraterrestrial communication.

The phenomenon of an artificial language is a subject of debate among linguists, sociolinguists, sociologists, ethnographers and many representatives of other branches of knowledge related to language.

So, M.I. Isaev opposes the term “artificial language”. In one of his works he writes: “Artificial language” - wrong term, or rather: Pla new language" M.I. Isaev writes: “Planned language (“artificial language”) - created for communication in the international arena. The term “planned language” was proposed by E. Wüster (1955). As for the name “artificial language”, it is not acceptable, because suggests a contrast to “natural language,” which in fact occurs quite often. At the same time, the last term (“natural language”) is inadequate, because language is a social phenomenon, not a biological one.” It is not difficult to notice the desire of M.I. Isaev emphasize the social nature of language as a means of communication. But the situation with international languages, which has developed over centuries, indicates that there is still no “planned language” in the understanding of M.I. Isaeva: languages designed to communicate in the international arena are not created, as the author points out, but are selected from existing national languages.

The problem of artificial language still exists today; it is becoming increasingly relevant with the expansion of the Internet’s influence zones.

1. Types of dictionaries. The role of the dictionary in the work of a translator.

2. The problem of the origin of language. Hypotheses. Stages of development. The role of dialects in the formation of language.

The existing types of dictionaries are very diverse. This diversity is explained, first of all, by the complexity and multifaceted nature of the object itself. lexicographic description, i.e. language. In addition, the numerous needs of society to obtain a wide variety of information about the language also complicate and expand the repertoire of dictionaries.

Exist:

· transferable

· sensible

The most important type monolingual linguistic dictionary is an explanatory dictionary containing words with an explanation of their meanings, grammatical and stylistic characteristic. The first proper explanatory dictionary was the six-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy, published in 1789-1794. and containing 43,257 words taken from modern secular and spiritual books.

The most important role In the history of lexicography of the Soviet era, the four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D. N. Ushakov, published in 1934-1940, played a role. In the dictionary, which contains 85,289 words, many issues of normalization of the Russian language, ordering of word usage, formation, and pronunciation have been resolved. The dictionary is built on vocabulary works of art, journalism, scientific literature.

· dialect and regional dictionaries

The first dialect (regional) dictionaries of the Russian language began to be published in the middle of the 19th century. These were the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary”, containing 18,011 words (1852) and the “Addition to the Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary”, containing 22,895 words (1858). IN late XIX- early 20th century A number of dictionaries of individual dialects and dialects were published. In Soviet times, the “Don Dictionary” by A. V. Mirtov (1929), “A Brief Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary...” by G. G. Melnichenko (1961), “The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data” (1967), etc. were published. Currently, a lot of work is being done to compile a multi-volume “Dictionary of Russian folk dialects", which includes about 150 thousand folk words unknown in

modern literary language (from 1965 to 1987, 23 issues were published - until Oset)

· slang dictionaries

· historical

The main historical dictionary of the Russian language was the three-volume “Materials for the Dictionary Old Russian language By written monuments"I. I. Sreznevsky (1890-1912), containing many words and about 120 thousand excerpts from monuments of Russian writing of the 11th-14th centuries (the last, reprint, edition was published in 1989). The Dictionary of Russian is currently being published language of the 11th-17th centuries." In 1988, the 14th issue (up to Person) was published. Since 1984, the "Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century" began to be published, edited by Yu. S. Sorokin. To date, 5 issues have been prepared ( 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1989).

· neologisms

· etymological

In 1961, “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” was published by N. M. Shansky, V. V. Ivanov and T. V. Shanskaya, edited by S. G. Barkhudarov, containing an etymological interpretation common words modern Russian literary language (3rd edition, supplemented, in 1975).

· catchphrases and many others

In 1890, S. V. Maksimov's collection " Winged words". The collection was republished in 1899 and 1955.

In 1955, the collection “Winged Words. Literary Quotations. Figurative Expressions” by N. S. Ashukina and M. G. Ashukina was published (4th edition - in 1988). The book includes a large number literary quotes and figurative expressions, arranged in alphabetical order.

THE ROLE OF THE DICTIONARY IN THE WORK OF A TRANSLATOR.

No matter how qualified a translator is, he cannot do without dictionaries. A dictionary is necessary for both a student taking his first steps in the field of translation and a professional translator.

Carrying out translation requires the availability of the most different words areas and reference books. Without this, it is difficult to achieve high-quality translations quickly.

Dictionaries are used not only when they do not know the meaning or translation of a foreign language unit, but also for selection best option from a number already known to the translator.

But dictionaries also have disadvantages:

1) Another disadvantage of bilingual dictionaries is that they, as a rule, do not include words that entered the language relatively recently, as well as units widely used in the media, journalism and fiction our days.

Often the translator needs to reveal certain shades of the meaning of a word, and in this case it is important that these shades are presented in the dictionary. That is why different dictionaries have different value for the translator

2) It is even more difficult for a translator when translating the contextual meanings of words, the correspondence of which a bilingual dictionary, as a rule, does not provide at all due to their low frequency.

In such cases, an experienced translator can select a contextual correspondence to a foreign language unit, starting from the normative meanings of the word given in the dictionary, but this, as a rule, is extremely difficult.

3) On the other hand, PL words that more or less successfully translate individual values foreign words may have their own additional meanings and shades that the corresponding foreign words do not have. And here there is a risk of transferring these meanings and shades to a foreign word.

Of particular note is the danger of using outdated bilingual dictionaries.

Outdated dictionary– the enemy of the translator!

1) Another advantage of using explanatory dictionaries is their great information content, reliability of information and the availability of encyclopedic information.

2) Advantage encyclopedic dictionaries– their great information content, larger number quotes and illustrations.

Modern encyclopedic dictionaries are published quickly and in increasing numbers thematic diversity, which is exactly what a modern translator needs.

The main goal of encyclopedic dictionaries is to provide comprehensive information about a word, concept, or phenomenon.

3) Variety of dictionaries.

Problems of the origin of language.

1. The concept of the national language. Forms of existence of the national language.

2. Homonymy as linguistic phenomenon. Types of homonyms

The national language is the entire set of means necessary for communication among representatives of certain nations.

National language – a heterogeneous phenomenon, it exists in different forms. Scientists identify 4 forms (variants) of the existence of the national language, one literary and three non-literary:

1. Literary language

2. Territorial dialects

3. Urban vernacular

4. Jargons

Language – complex phenomenon, exists in several forms. These include: dialects, vernaculars, jargons and literary language.

Dialects - local dialects of Russia, limited territorially. They exist only in oral speech and are used for everyday communication.

Vernacular – speech of people that does not correspond to the literary norms of the Russian language (ridiculitis, colidor, without a coat, driver).

Jargon - the speech of social and professional groups of people united by common occupations, interests, etc. Jargon is characterized by the presence of specific vocabulary and phraseology. Sometimes the word argo is used as a synonym for the word jargon. Argo - the speech of the lower classes of society, the criminal world, beggars, thieves and swindlers.

Literary language – the highest form of the national language, processed by masters of words. It has two forms - oral and written. Oral speech obeys orthoepic and intonational forms, it is influenced by the direct presence of the addressee, it is created spontaneously. Written speech graphically fixed, subject to spelling and punctuation standards, the absence of an addressee has no effect, it allows processing and editing.

IN lexical system In the Russian language there are words that sound the same, but have completely different meanings. Such words are called lexical homonymes, and the sound and grammatical coincidence of different linguistic units, which are not semantically related to each other, are called o m o n i m i e (Gr. homos - identical + onyma - name).

For example, a key is a “spring” (cold key) and a key is “a metal rod of a special shape for unlocking and locking a lock” (steel key); onion - “plant” (green onion) and bow - “weapon for throwing arrows” (tight bow). Unlike polysemantic words lexical homonyms do not have a subject-semantic connection, i.e. they do not have common semantic features, by which one could judge the polysemanticism of one word.

The following types of homonyms are distinguished:

Full and lexical homonyms . These are words in the form of which different meanings coincided by chance.

Full homonyms - these are words that have different meanings, but have the same sound in all grammatical forms oh and in writing. H: key (source of water; to answer; device for opening doors).

Partial homonyms - these are words that have different meanings, but coincide in spelling or sound or in one or two grammatical forms. N: bow

Homophones ( phonetic homonyms ) - identical in sound composition(pronunciation), but different in letter composition (spelling) words: code and cat, mushroom and flu, fort and “Ford”, people and lyut, illuminate and consecrate;

Homographs (graphic, letter homonyms) - words identical in letter composition, but different in pronunciation: soar - soar, horns - horns, shelves - shelves, atlas - atlas;

Homoforms (matching grammatical forms of different words or one word): summer time - time to go; hunting (wolves) and hunting (desire); window glass - glass on the floor (noun and verb); frozen meat - chocolate ice cream (adj. and noun); enjoy spring - return in spring (noun and adverb); seal a leak - flow across the floor (noun and verb).

Basic textbooks:

1. Alefirenko N.F. Modern problems of the science of language. - Teacher allowance. – M.: Flinta-Nauka, 2005. – 412 p.

2. Budagov R.A. Introduction to the science of language. M., 1958.

3. Vendina T.I. Introduction to linguistics. M., 2001.

4. Girutsky A.A.. Introduction to linguistics. Minsk, 2000.

5. Grechko V.A.. Theory of linguistics. – M.: Higher School, 2003. – 375 p.

6. Golovin B.N.. Introduction to linguistics. M., 1977.

7. Kodukhov V.I. Introduction to linguistics. M., 1979.

8. Maslov Yu.S.. Introduction to linguistics. M., 1975.

9. Nelyubin L.L. Essays on an introduction to linguistics. - Textbook. – M., 2005. – 215 p.

10. Reformatsky A.A. Introduction to linguistics. M.: Aspect Press, 1999. – 536 p.

11. Rozhdestvensky Yu.V.. Introduction to general philology. M., 1979.

12. Sorokina E.A. Fundamentals of linguistics. M., 2013.

13. Shaikevich A.Ya. Introduction to linguistics. M., 1995.

Additional benefits:

1. Barannikova L.I. Basic information about the language. M., 1982.

2. Baudouin de Courtenay I.A. Selected works in general linguistics. T. 1-2. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963. – 390 p.

3. Ganeev B.T. Language: Textbook, 2nd ed., revised, additional. – Ufa: BSPU Publishing House, 2001. – 272 p.

4. Genidze N.K. Fundamentals of modern linguistics. Textbook village – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Publishing House. University of Economics and Finance, 2003. – 201 p.

5. Grinev-Grinevich S.V., Sorokina E.A., Skopyuk T.G. Fundamentals of anthropolinguistics. Tutorial. - M.: Publishing center“Academy”, 2008. – 128 p.

6. Budagov R.A. Literary languages And language styles. M., 1967.

7. Ivanova I.N., Shustrova L.V. Fundamentals of linguistics. M., 1995.

8. Kamchatnov A.M., Nikolina N.A. Introduction to linguistics. M., 2000.

9. Krongauz M.A.. Semantics. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2005. – 352 p.

10. Kondratov A.M. Sounds and signs. M., 1978.

11. Kondratov A.M.. The land of people is the land of languages. M., 1974.

12. Kondratov A.M.. A book about letters. M., 1975.

13. Leontyev A.A. What is language? M., 1976.

14. Lakoff J., Johnson M. Metaphors by which we live. – M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. – 256 p.

15. Mechkovskaya N.B.. Social linguistics: A manual for students of humanities universities and lyceum students. 2nd ed., rev. M.: Aspect-Press, 1996. – 207 p.

16. Norman B.Y. Fundamentals of linguistics. Minsk, 1996.

17. Odintsov V.V.. Linguistic paradoxes. M., 1976.

18. Panov M.V.. But still she is good... M., 1978.

19. Sugar L.V. How our language works. M., 1978.

20. Languages as an image of the world. – M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”; St. Petersburg: Terra Fantastica, 2003. – 568 p.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE MOSCOW REGION

State educational institution of higher professional education

Moscow State Regional University

Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication

Faculty of Linguistics

CourseworkJob

Bydiscipline " LinguisticsAndliterary criticism"

ontopic: " Causescreationartificiallanguages. StorycreationAndfunctioningVolapuk"

Work completed

student Zhigunova Elena Dmitrievna

Scientific supervisor: Art. Rev. Fedosova A.K.

Content

Introduction
1.3 Examples of artificial languages in literature and cinematography
Chapter 2. Volapyuk
2.1 History of creation
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

This topic of the course work is quite relevant in this moment, since nowadays the creation of artificial languages is quite common. After all, natural languages mainly serve as the basis for artificial languages, although there are cases when new languages are completely different from any of the existing languages.

The problem of creating artificial languages has both positive and negative character, which is why I would like to consider this problem from both sides in order to find out why artificial languages are created in the presence of thousands of natural ones.

Indeed, today not every natural language has a written language; there are quite a few dead languages, which no one speaks anymore, there are endangered languages that are spoken by only a few people in the whole world, and from this one cannot help but wonder why artificial languages are attractive, why some artificial languages are spoken more people than on some that are considered endangered.

The main research method in this work was studying material on different artificial languages, conducting surveys about what artificial languages people know and where they learned about them, writing short reviews about different languages after the survey, studying material about natural languages and the problems of the “language barrier” in the modern world, as well as Negative consequences creation of artificial languages.

Chapter 1. Reasons for the creation of artificial languages

Since ancient times, people have experienced certain difficulties due to the fact that different nationalities speak different languages and dialects, accordingly, such a concept as “ the language barrier".

Since then, people began to wonder how to overcome this “barrier”, because people needed to contact each other ever since states appeared, and there was a need for trade, establishing friendly ties between states and concluding treaties.

A striking example is the Old Russian state and Byzantium. In 907 and 911 the first treaties were concluded between Old Russian state and Byzantium. The first treaty of 907 was of a dubious nature and was, rather, preparatory to the treaty of 911. And the treaty of 911 determined the procedure for the ransom of prisoners, restored friendly relations between states, determined punishments for criminal offenses committed by Greek and Russian merchants in Byzantium, and rules of conduct trial and inheritance, created favorable conditions trade for Russians and Greeks, changed coastal law (the owners of the coast had to provide assistance in rescuing a beached ship and its property instead of seizing it).

People began to solve the problem of the “language barrier” in different ways. Some began to study other languages in order to be able to speak them and understand others, others chose one language for international communication, for example, in ancient times it was Latin, but now in most countries people understand English language and speak it.

Also, pidgins began to emerge - peculiar “hybrids” of any two languages. An example of such a “hybrid” is a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian languages - from the outside it seems as if a person speaks Russian, but uses both Ukrainian words, and it turns out that both Russians and Ukrainians understand him. Although Russian and Ukrainian are very similar, this “hybrid” is still useful for communication.

Since the seventeenth century, scientists have been thinking about creating new, special language, which would be fairly easy to understand and learn, and which would become the language of international communication. After all, in natural languages, the languages we speak from birth, there are quite a lot of exceptions and borrowed words, complex rules, and their structure depends on historical development, in which it is very difficult to understand the logic, such as the formation of some grammatical forms and spelling. Artificially created languages are usually called planned languages, since the word "artificial" can cause negative associations when translated into some languages.

The most famous and widespread of the artificial languages is Esperanto, which was created by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. “Esperanto,” which means “hopeful,” was Zamenhof’s pseudonym, and subsequently the language he created was called by this name.

Zamenhof was born in Bialystok, in the Russian Empire. Jews, Poles, Germans and Belarusians lived in the city - in a word, people of completely different nationalities, and relations between people of these nationalities were quite tense. Ludwik Zamenhof decided that the reason for this enmity between ethnic groups lies in misunderstanding, and even when he was studying at the gymnasium he made attempts to develop a “common” language based on those European languages which he studied. He needed to create a language that was also neutral. The structure of Esperanto was created quite simple for ease of learning and memorizing the language. The roots of the words were borrowed from European and Slavic languages, as well as from Latin and ancient Greek.

There are many organizations that devote their activities to disseminating Esperanto; books and magazines are published in this language, broadcasting channels have been created on the Internet, and songs have been written. There are also versions of many popular programs in the language, such as Office applications OpenOffice.org, browser Mozilla Firefox, as well as the Esperanto version is available in the Google search engine. The language also enjoys the support of UNESCO.

In addition to Esperanto, there are quite a few other artificially created languages, both widely known throughout the world and some less widespread. Many of them were created with the same goal - to develop the most convenient means for international communication: Ido, Interlingua, Volapuk and others.

Some other artificial languages, such as Loglan, were created with research purpose, linguists specially developed new artificial languages in order to conduct experiments, experiments, identify patterns, etc. And languages such as Na'vi, Klingon and Sindarin were developed so that characters in books and films could speak them.

We all know the “Lord of the Rings” trilogy, in which elves, gnomes, goblins, and orcs spoke languages that were completely different in sound and writing, and each of the languages had its own history, as did the peoples speaking them . Also, the Na'vi language was specially developed, which was spoken by the heroes of the film "Avatar", the film's director James Cameron specifically asked the linguist to develop and create an artificial language for the fictional world. After the film was released, there were a lot of people who wanted to learn the fictional language, which became one of the means of communication between fans of the film and the book.

Unlike natural languages, which developed throughout the history of mankind, separated over time from any parent language and died, artificial languages are created by people specifically for relatively a short time. They can be created based on the elements and structure of existing natural languages or "constructed" entirely.

Authors of artificial languages disagree on which strategy best meets their goals - neutrality, ease of learning, ease of use. After all, it is impossible to guess which of these parameters will make the language the most popular and spread so much as to become universal. And therefore, many believe that the creation of artificial languages makes no sense at all, since they will never spread enough to serve as a universal interethnic language. Even a language like Esperanto is now known to few, but for international negotiations English is most often used.

Learning artificial languages is complicated by many factors. Firstly, there are no native speakers, since these are completely made-up languages that have never been spoken by anyone since ancient times. The structure may change periodically as scholars often argue about how to make the language better, which rules to keep and which should be replaced. And, as a result of disagreements between theorists, an artificial language can be divided into two variants, since some decide that one variant is more acceptable, and others decide that it should be done differently - for example, Lojban was separated from the Loglan language, Ido from Esperanto .

However, supporters of artificial languages still believe that in the conditions of modern globalization, a language is needed that could be used by everyone, but at the same time not associated with any particular country or culture, and continue linguistic research and experiments.

1.1 Negative aspects creation of artificial languages

As it turned out, artificial languages began to be created in the 17th century in order to overcome the “language barrier.” But is it right to create a language in which all people can communicate? Of course, it is good if people can communicate with each other without any problems and do not experience any difficulties when traveling to other countries.

After all, if there is one universal language of interethnic communication, then there will be no need to learn other languages almost from infancy, there will be no difficulties with incorrect pronunciation words in another language, you won’t need to buy dictionaries just to go on vacation with your family to another country. Ignorance of another language and another country will no longer be a problem for vacationers, travelers and tourists.

If you look from this point of view, if a universal language of interethnic communication is ever created, then over time, after centuries, people will simply no longer need their native languages. But why, if there is one that everyone knows and understands? Now there is no “language barrier”, no translation difficulties, you can freely communicate with anyone anywhere in the world!

People of different nationalities will speak neutral, simple, fictional language which Not It has stories. But each of the languages, natural languages, is unique. Carries with him a whole historical era, the spirit of the people, because it is part of the ethnic group. Will he just be forgotten? Because people simply don’t want to learn other languages in order to contact other, equally unique ethnic groups with their own history.

Perhaps the creation of artificial universal language in order for people different nations could communicate - just an act of laziness? Many people, if possible, go abroad and receive higher education there, the opportunity to communicate with people of another country, to learn a language, is refused, and only because they simply do not want to learn another language seems savage to me.

In addition, if there is only one language, after centuries, maybe even millennia, people will simply forget their native languages, they will become for them like Latin is for us now - dead language, which now exists only as echoes of the great language that existed before.

What will be left for linguists? Now there are thousands of languages that are spoken, written, and they can all be studied, many dialects, neologisms, incomprehensible exceptions to the rules of languages - all this gives linguists work, knowledge, scientific discoveries, creation of new dictionaries and the like.

But if all this does not exist, if there is only one language, linguists will have no choice but to delve into history and study dead languages that were once great, or create new ones for your research purposes.

1.2 Positive aspects of creating artificial languages

The creation of artificial languages also brings benefits. Undoubtedly, to create a universal language for communication - great idea to overcome the language barrier, because if it is possible to create one, then most likely there will be no disputes between people due to misunderstandings. In some cases, an artificial language as a means of interethnic communication is urgently needed.

For example, in Papua New Guinea there are a huge number of languages spoken, and the authorities there are literally “hanging themselves” because even neighboring villages find it very difficult to communicate with each other due to the large difference in dialects or language in general. Problems also arise with the media, because if a country does not have a national language, then it becomes unclear how to present information to people, in what language the information should be disseminated through radio, television, newspapers and magazines so that it reaches all residents.

Also, India has about 17 accepted national languages and it is very difficult to communicate with so many differences in word meanings. In China, people also experience difficulties, since the Chinese language has a huge number of different characters and from this Chinese quite a few dialectal branches that are understandable only to those people who use them.

It is for such cases that the creation of a single language so that people can communicate, at least within their own country, is very important, because this can lead to strife and difficulties in people’s interaction with each other and life in general.

Also, artificial languages are very interesting factor for fans of science fiction, books and films in general, as many writers create their own own world, in which they create their own language. These languages are, as it were, native to the characters in books or films, since the authors create not only the language itself, but also think through its history, not the story of creation, or the idea that came to the author’s mind, and he decided to create the language, but the story that goes deep into the fictional world that the author writes about.

1.3 Examples of artificial languages in literature and cinema

The Klingon language, spoken by humanoid warriors from the planet Khonosh in the fictional universe of the Star Trek series, was invented by linguist Marc Okrand for Paramount Studios. The language has a detailed grammar, syntax, vocabulary and even a regulatory organization - the Klingon Language Institute, which promotes Klingon culture and translations classical literature, including the Bible and Shakespeare in Klingon.

Besides Klingon, there are about 10 languages in the Star Trek universe. varying degrees elaboration, including Vulcan, Borg, Riannsa, Andorian, Orion, Tamarian, Ferengi, Bayoran, etc.

By J.R. R. Tolkien is known not only as a writer and author of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", but also as a linguist and inventor of many artificial languages.

Even as a child, Tolkien and his friends came up with secret languages to communicate with each other. This passion remained with him throughout his life. He developed the grammar and vocabulary for a whole family of 15 Elvish languages, which he continued to work on from 1910 until his death in 1973. This group includes Proto-Elven, Common Eldarin, Quenya, Goldogrin, Telerin, Sindarin, Ilkorin, Nandorin, Avarin.

In the movie "The Fifth Element" main character Lilu speaks the so-called ancient Divine language (The Divine Language), which, according to prehistory, was spoken by the entire Universe before the beginning of time.

Designed by Luc Besson and Milla Jovovich, the language has just over 400 words. As the actress claimed, she and the director for language practice They even wrote letters to each other on it. Some time after the film's release, Besson's inspired fans collected all the phrases from the film and compiled a dictionary.

In the world of A Song of Ice and Fire, created by George R.R. Martin, there are many different languages. In Westeros the so-called mutual language, languages of Valyria, Dothraki and others that differ from it are also known (dialects Free Cities, language Quart, Ghiscari, language Lhazaryan, Asshai, trade language, language Summer Islands Andetc.). Most of these languages are rendered in English in the books of the saga.

We will focus on Dothraki, which Daenerys Targaryen had to learn. This language was developed in more detail especially for the Game of Thrones series, and its creator was David J. Peterson from the Language Creation Society. The books didn't have many guidelines for language development, just a few nouns and dozens of names. They set the vector for its development.

The new language received grammatical and phonetic borrowings from Russian, Turkish, Estonian, and Inuktitut (language residents extreme north Canada) and Swahili.

Several fictional languages are mentioned in the world of Harry Potter, including Gobbledook, Runic, the language of the merpeople, and Parseltongue or "serpentine." This magical language, according to JK Rowling's narrative, is owned by parsel-mouth magicians who speak with snakes. Those around cannot understand the conversation between the parselmouth and the snake, since they only hear hissing. This innate and extremely rare gift is passed on by inheritance or along with magical powers. Typically, tongue is associated with the Dark Arts, but some good wizards also possessed this gift.

The most famous Parselmouth was Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. That is why the symbol of the Slytherin house is a snake.

The tongue consists of various hissing sounds and rough letters, and the words are pronounced as you exhale with hissing and imitation of snake sounds. Most sentences are very short and consist of only a subject, an object and a verb. The rest of the meaning must be figured out by the listener, based on their knowledge and context. Moreover, the language has no written form, and it is very difficult to convey its sound in Latin. The version of Parseltongue used in the films was developed by Francis Nolan, professor of phonetics and specialist in Finnish and Estonian at the University of Cambridge.

The Star Wars universe is also filled with a kind of different languages, of which the saga mentions Galactic High, Droid Binary, Duros, Hutt, Yuuzhan Vong, and many others. The fictional languages of Star Wars, unlike Klingon or Sindarin, have no real grammatical system. For example, Wookiee growls or droid signals mostly convey intonation and emotion. The language most often used in the films, Galactic Basic, is identical to modern English and is only slightly supplemented by fictitious idioms and individual words. Other languages are also similar to existing human ones, although unfamiliar to most viewers.

One of the original languages of the film saga is bokke , an artificial language used by space travelers, which consists of the languages of several races.

According to the narrative, the language originated in the Baobab trade ftol as a means of communication between pilots, crew and support staff who belonged to a variety of races. Although the language is not widely used, any experienced pilot and space traveler knows a few phrases in Bokke to communicate with other pilots.

Chapter 2. Volapyuk

2.1 History of creation

Volapyuk (Volapьk: vol - “world” + pьk - language) is the first international language of artificial origin in history. It was created by the German priest Johann Schleyer back in 1879. As the author himself claimed, one day the Lord appeared to him in a dream and offered to create a new language capable of uniting all peoples.

A disclaimer should be made here that in fact the first project to create an artificial international language was Universalglot, created in 1868 by the French linguist Jean Pirro. However, he had no success at all. Volapyuk managed to advance a little further.

Schleyer's creation was based on the classic German, from which the author excluded the sound r, considering it too complex for several nationalities, but left the original German umlauted vowels d, c, ь.

Unlike the deliberately simplified Esperanto, Volapük had a complex grammatical and word-formation system. There were several thousand forms of verbs alone in it. In addition, this language, like its progenitor, made it possible to combine in one compound word an unlimited number of roots, which led to the appearance of such monsters as klonalitakipafablеdacifalоpasekretan (“secretary of the chandelier factory directorate”). Unfortunately, it was precisely this complexity that caused the rapid decline of Volapük.

Volapuk artificial language international

2.2 Functioning of Volapük in modern society

Over the course of twenty years since its creation, this language has been actively gaining popularity. By 1889, over 210 thousand people had studied it in the most different countries, relevant literature was created, periodicals were published. But in the same year there was a conflict between Schleyer and reformers who wanted to somewhat simplify Volapuk for general use. The priest forbade making any changes to his creation, and fans of artificial international languages switched attention to Esperanto, created two years earlier.

And although in 1929 it was nevertheless somewhat transformed into Volapuk, the total number of its speakers today does not exceed 30 people. This is definitely not enough for the language to develop and spread normally.

Conclusion

Thus, we can conclude that artificial languages were mainly created in order to facilitate intercultural communication for people, since people need to overcome the “language barrier” and speak freely among themselves without quarreling due to misunderstandings.

It also turned out that a lot of artificial languages were created in connection with books and films, which have their own fictional world and, accordingly, need a language to make this world look like the real one. As it turns out, these fictional languages are very popular among people because people are interested in worlds and their languages, and after the release of films or books, there are a lot of followers of trilogies or series of books or films. This is why some man-made languages eclipse endangered languages in popularity.

Also, artificial languages are created by linguists themselves, sometimes for research purposes, to observe processes, compare an artificially created language with a natural one, or develop a language for a tribe that only has a written language.

Bibliography

1. Actual problems modern interlinguistics: Sat. in honor of the 75th anniversary of academician. P.A. Ariste. (Interlinguistica Tartuensis - 1). Tartu, 1982.

2. Akhmanova ABOUT. WITH, Bokarev E.A. International auxiliary language as linguistic problem. - Questions of linguistics, 1956, No. 6, pp. 65-78.

3. Isaev M.AND. The problem of an artificial language of international communication. - In the book: Problems of interlinguistics. M.: Nauka, 1976.

4. http://london-moscow.ru/zachem_sozdavat_iskusstvennie_yaziki

5. http://whoyougle.ru/texts/artificial-languages/

6. https://ru. wikipedia.org

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Which language is not artificial? A Brief History of Artificial Languages

Constructed languages

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Introduction

The problem of creating artificial languages ​​has both positive and negative character, which is why I would like to consider this problem from both sides in order to find out why artificial languages ​​are created in the presence of thousands of natural ones.

Chapter 1. Reasons for the creation of artificial languages

Since ancient times, people have experienced certain difficulties due to the fact that different nationalities speak different languages ​​and dialects, accordingly, such a concept as “ the language barrier".

Since then, people began to wonder how to overcome this “barrier”, because people needed to contact each other ever since states appeared, and there was a need for trade, establishing friendly ties between states and concluding treaties.

The most famous and widespread of the artificial languages ​​is Esperanto, which was created by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. “Esperanto,” which means “hopeful,” was Zamenhof’s pseudonym, and subsequently the language he created was called by this name.

However, supporters of artificial languages ​​still believe that in the conditions of modern globalization, a language is needed that could be used by everyone, but at the same time not associated with any particular country or culture, and continue linguistic research and experiments.

1.1 Negative aspects creation of artificial languages

In addition, if there is only one language, after centuries, maybe even millennia, people will simply forget their native languages, they will become for them like Latin is for us now - dead language, which now exists only as echoes of the great language that existed before.

But if all this does not exist, if there is only one language, linguists will have no choice but to delve into history and study dead languages that were once great, or create new ones for your research purposes.

1.2 Positive aspects of creating artificial languages

It is for such cases that the creation of a single language so that people can communicate, at least within their own country, is very important, because this can lead to strife and difficulties in people’s interaction with each other and life in general.

1.3 Examples of artificial languages ​​in literature and cinema

Besides Klingon, there are about 10 languages ​​in the Star Trek universe. varying degrees elaboration, including Vulcan, Borg, Riannsa, Andorian, Orion, Tamarian, Ferengi, Bayoran, etc.

By J.R. R. Tolkien is known not only as a writer and author of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", but also as a linguist and inventor of many artificial languages.

In the movie "The Fifth Element" main character Lilu speaks the so-called ancient Divine language (The Divine Language), which, according to prehistory, was spoken by the entire Universe before the beginning of time.

The new language received grammatical and phonetic borrowings from Russian, Turkish, Estonian, and Inuktitut (language residents extreme north Canada) and Swahili.

The most famous Parselmouth was Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. That is why the symbol of the Slytherin house is a snake.

One of the original languages ​​of the film saga is bokke , an artificial language used by space travelers, which consists of the languages ​​of several races.

Chapter 2. Volapyuk

2.1 History of creation

A disclaimer should be made here that in fact the first project to create an artificial international language was Universalglot, created in 1868 by the French linguist Jean Pirro. However, he had no success at all. Volapyuk managed to advance a little further.

Schleyer's creation was based on the classic German, from which the author excluded the sound r, considering it too complex for several nationalities, but left the original German umlauted vowels d, c, ь.

2.2 Functioning of Volapük in modern society

And although in 1929 it was nevertheless somewhat transformed into Volapuk, the total number of its speakers today does not exceed 30 people. This is definitely not enough for the language to develop and spread normally.

Conclusion

Thus, we can conclude that artificial languages ​​were mainly created in order to facilitate intercultural communication for people, since people need to overcome the “language barrier” and speak freely among themselves without quarreling due to misunderstandings.

Also, artificial languages ​​are created by linguists themselves, sometimes for research purposes, to observe processes, compare an artificially created language with a natural one, or develop a language for a tribe that only has a written language.

Bibliography

Similar documents

The problem of creating artificial languages has both positive and negative character, which is why I would like to consider this problem from both sides in order to find out why artificial languages are created in the presence of thousands of natural ones.

Since ancient times, people have experienced certain difficulties due to the fact that different nationalities speak different languages and dialects, accordingly, such a concept as “ the language barrier".

The most famous and widespread of the artificial languages is Esperanto, which was created by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. “Esperanto,” which means “hopeful,” was Zamenhof’s pseudonym, and subsequently the language he created was called by this name.

However, supporters of artificial languages still believe that in the conditions of modern globalization, a language is needed that could be used by everyone, but at the same time not associated with any particular country or culture, and continue linguistic research and experiments.

1.3 Examples of artificial languages in literature and cinema

Besides Klingon, there are about 10 languages in the Star Trek universe. varying degrees elaboration, including Vulcan, Borg, Riannsa, Andorian, Orion, Tamarian, Ferengi, Bayoran, etc.

One of the original languages of the film saga is bokke , an artificial language used by space travelers, which consists of the languages of several races.

Thus, we can conclude that artificial languages were mainly created in order to facilitate intercultural communication for people, since people need to overcome the “language barrier” and speak freely among themselves without quarreling due to misunderstandings.

Also, artificial languages are created by linguists themselves, sometimes for research purposes, to observe processes, compare an artificially created language with a natural one, or develop a language for a tribe that only has a written language.