Superlinguist is an electronic science Library, dedicated to theoretical and applied issues linguistics, as well as the study of various languages.
How the site works
The site consists of sections, each of which includes further subsections.
Home. This section presents general information About the site. Here you can also contact the site administration through the “Contacts” item.
Books. This is the largest section of the site. Here are books (textbooks, monographs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books) on various linguistic areas and languages, a full list of which is presented in the “Books” section.
For a student. This section contains many useful materials for students: essays, coursework, diplomas, lecture notes, answers to exams.
Our library is designed for any circle of readers dealing with linguistics and languages, from a schoolchild who is just approaching this field to a leading linguist working on his next work.
What is the main purpose of the site
The main goal of the project is to increase scientific and educational level persons interested in linguistics and studying various languages.
What resources are contained on the site?
The site contains textbooks, monographs, dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias, periodicals, abstracts and dissertations on various directions and languages. Materials are presented in .doc (MS Word), .pdf (Acrobat Reader), .djvu (WinDjvu) and txt formats. Each file is archived (WinRAR).
(9 Votes)Lvov M.R.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language
Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language.- M.: Russian language, 1984. - 384 p.. EBook. Slavic languages. Russian studies. Russian language
Abstract (description)
The dictionary contains more than 2,000 pairs of antonyms - words with opposite meanings. Antonyms are accompanied by synonyms (synonymous pairs of antonyms). All of them are illustrated with quotes from fiction, science, journalistic literature. The quotes contain both contrasting words. The dictionary provides an index and appendix. In this edition, the vocabulary of the dictionary has been enlarged, synonymous nests of antonyms have been replenished, and partially updated illustrative material.
The dictionary is intended for philologists, translators, press and radio workers, it can be recommended as reference manual for persons learning Russian as a second or foreign language. The dictionary is also of interest to a wide range of readers.
|
Series: "Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language" The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. It contains for the first time general concepts, uniting antonymous pairs, and features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary presents examples of the use of antonyms in speech: dictionary entries contain illustrations from fiction and journalistic works literature XIX-XX centuries. The appendices provide non-standard methods formation of antonyms, as well as antonymy of morphemes. The index helps you quickly find the desired antonymic pair. The dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers, including philologists, translators, media workers, methodologists, school teachers and university teachers. Publisher: "AST-Press Book" (2012) Format: 70x100/16, 512 pages.
ISBN: 978-5-462-01207-5 On Ozone |
Other books on similar topics:
| Author | Book | Description | Year | Price | Book type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | 2018 | 2019 | paper book | ||
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press, (format: 210x140mm, 1024 pages) Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2018 | 2091 | paper book | |
| M. R. Lvov | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press Book, (format: 70x100/16, 512 pages) Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2012 | 903 | paper book | |
| Lvov, Mikhail Rostislavovich | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press, (format: 241.00mm x 169.00mm x 25.00mm, 512 pages) desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2016 | 1102 | paper book | |
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press, Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2016 | 1450 | paper book | |
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | Explanatory dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. About 2700 antonyms. A general concept that unites an antonymous pair, interpretation of meanings, use | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press Book, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2012 | 1818 | paper book |
| Mikhailova O., Alabugina Y., Ruth M. | Synonym dictionary. Dictionary of antonyms. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. 4 books in one | This edition includes four dictionaries. These are dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms, which are useful reference books, which will be useful, in particular, for high school students, an explanatory dictionary of Russian ... - AST, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) | 2014 | 212 | paper book |
| Yu. V. Alabugina, O. A. Mikhailova | Dictionary. Dictionary of synonyms and antonyms | The main purpose of the dictionary is to give an interpretation of words and stable combinations found in textbooks (mainly Russian language and literature), in the language fiction, studied... - AST, Astrel, Lingua, (format: 60x84/32, 672 pages) Pocket Dictionary Library | 2011 | 129.3 | paper book |
| Yu. V. Alabugina | Modern universal dictionary of the Russian language: 6 dictionaries in one. Over 33,000 words and expressions | The modern universal dictionary of the Russian language is comprehensive. It includes six dictionaries: “ orthographic dictionary», « Pronouncing dictionary», « Dictionary», « Phrasebook"... - AST, e-book | 2012 | 199.9 | eBook |
| Alabugina Yu.V. | Modern universal dictionary of the Russian language: 6 dictionaries in one: more than 33,000 words and expressions | The modern universal dictionary of the Russian language is comprehensive. It includes six dictionaries: “Spelling Dictionary”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Explanatory Dictionary”, “Phraseological Dictionary”... - Astrel, (format: 60x90/16, 1024 pages) | 2012 | 639 | paper book |
| Olga Mikhailova, Yulia Alabugina, Lyudmila Subbotina, Maria Ruth | Modern universal dictionary of the Russian language. 6 dictionaries in one | The modern universal dictionary of the Russian language is comprehensive. It includes six dictionaries: “Spelling Dictionary”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Explanatory Dictionary”, “Phraseological... - (format: 210x140mm, 1024 pages) Dictionary | 2013 | 432 | paper book |
| 2017 | 318 | paper book | |||
| Yu. V. Alabugina | Universal dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. 10 dictionaries in one book | The book includes 10 dictionaries of the Russian language: Orthographic, Orthoepic, Explanatory, Phraseological, Etymological, as well as Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homophones, homographs and homonyms... - AST, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) Universal dictionaries for schoolchildren eBook | 2017 | 189 | eBook |
| Universal dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren | The book contains 10 dictionaries of the Russian language: Orthographic, Orthoepic, Explanatory, Phraseological, Etymological, as well as Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homophones, homographs and homonyms... - AST, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) Universal dictionaries for schoolchildren | 2017 | 255 | paper book | |
| Alabugina Yu.V. | Universal dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren: 10 dictionaries in one book | The book contains 10 dictionaries of the Russian language: Orthographic, Orthoepic, Explanatory, Phraseological, Etymological, as well as Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homophones, homographs and homonyms... - AST, (format: 60x90/16, 640 pages) universal dictionaries for schoolchildren | 2017 | 361 | paper book |
Explanatory dictionary is a dictionary containing words and concepts of a language with brief description what the words mean, often accompanied by examples of how the words are used. The explanatory dictionary explains lexical meaning this or that... ... Wikipedia
The following dictionaries can be considered the largest dictionaries of the Russian language in terms of the composition of the vocabulary: Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language(Dahl) ok. 200,000 words. Consolidated dictionary of modern Russian vocabulary ca. 170,000 words. Russian spelling... ... Wikipedia
Etymological dictionary Russian language German Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Genre: etymological dictionary
Grammar dictionary of the Russian language (Zaliznyak’s dictionary) compiled by A. A. Zaliznyak is a dictionary of approximately 100 thousand basic word forms of the Russian language with their full morphological description. Fundamental work on morphology, ... ... Wikipedia
A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant objects, phenomena, and events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, individual writer etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) located in in a certain order… … Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary
- “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov, is one of the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Under the editorship and with the author’s participation of D.N. Ushakov, in 1935-1940, 4 volumes of “Explanatory ... ... Wikipedia” were published
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by S. I. Ozhegov. “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” one-volume normative ... Wikipedia
|
Series: "Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language" The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary presents examples of the use of antonyms in speech: dictionary entries contain illustrations from fiction and journalistic literature of the 19th-20th centuries. The appendices provide non-standard ways of forming antonyms, as well as the antonymy of morphemes. The index helps you quickly find the desired antonymic pair. The dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers, including philologists, translators, media workers, methodologists, school teachers and university professors. Publisher: "AST-Press Book" (2012) Format: 70x100/16, 512 pages.
ISBN: 978-5-462-01207-5 On Ozone |
Other books on similar topics:
| Author | Book | Description | Year | Price | Book type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | 2018 | 2019 | paper book | ||
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press, (format: 210x140mm, 1024 pages) Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2018 | 2091 | paper book | |
| M. R. Lvov | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press Book, (format: 70x100/16, 512 pages) Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2012 | 903 | paper book | |
| Lvov, Mikhail Rostislavovich | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press, (format: 241.00mm x 169.00mm x 25.00mm, 512 pages) desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2016 | 1102 | paper book | |
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press, Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2016 | 1450 | paper book | |
| Lvov Mikhail Rostislavovich | Explanatory dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. About 2700 antonyms. A general concept that unites an antonymous pair, interpretation of meanings, use | The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. For the first time, it provides general concepts that unite antonymic pairs and the features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples... - AST-Press Book, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language | 2012 | 1818 | paper book |
| Mikhailova O., Alabugina Y., Ruth M. | Synonym dictionary. Dictionary of antonyms. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. 4 books in one | This edition includes four dictionaries. These are dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms, which are useful reference books that will be useful, in particular, for high school students, an explanatory dictionary of Russian ... - AST, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) | 2014 | 212 | paper book |
| Yu. V. Alabugina, O. A. Mikhailova | Dictionary. Dictionary of synonyms and antonyms | The main purpose of the dictionary is to give an interpretation of words and stable combinations found in textbooks (mainly Russian language and literature), in the language of fiction studied ... - AST, Astrel, Lingua, (format: 60x84/32, 672 pages) Pocket Dictionary Library | 2011 | 129.3 | paper book |
| Yu. V. Alabugina | Modern universal dictionary of the Russian language: 6 dictionaries in one. Over 33,000 words and expressions | The modern universal dictionary of the Russian language is comprehensive. It includes six dictionaries: “Spelling Dictionary”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Explanatory Dictionary”, “Phraseological Dictionary”... - AST, e-book | 2012 | 199.9 | eBook |
| Alabugina Yu.V. | Modern universal dictionary of the Russian language: 6 dictionaries in one: more than 33,000 words and expressions | The modern universal dictionary of the Russian language is comprehensive. It includes six dictionaries: “Spelling Dictionary”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Explanatory Dictionary”, “Phraseological Dictionary”... - Astrel, (format: 60x90/16, 1024 pages) | 2012 | 639 | paper book |
| Olga Mikhailova, Yulia Alabugina, Lyudmila Subbotina, Maria Ruth | Modern universal dictionary of the Russian language. 6 dictionaries in one | The modern universal dictionary of the Russian language is comprehensive. It includes six dictionaries: “Spelling Dictionary”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Explanatory Dictionary”, “Phraseological... - (format: 210x140mm, 1024 pages) Dictionary | 2013 | 432 | paper book |
| 2017 | 318 | paper book | |||
| Yu. V. Alabugina | Universal dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. 10 dictionaries in one book | The book includes 10 dictionaries of the Russian language: Orthographic, Orthoepic, Explanatory, Phraseological, Etymological, as well as Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homophones, homographs and homonyms... - AST, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) Universal dictionaries for schoolchildren eBook | 2017 | 189 | eBook |
| Universal dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren | The book contains 10 dictionaries of the Russian language: Orthographic, Orthoepic, Explanatory, Phraseological, Etymological, as well as Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homophones, homographs and homonyms... - AST, (format: Soft glossy, 511 pages) Universal dictionaries for schoolchildren | 2017 | 255 | paper book | |
| Alabugina Yu.V. | Universal dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren: 10 dictionaries in one book | The book contains 10 dictionaries of the Russian language: Orthographic, Orthoepic, Explanatory, Phraseological, Etymological, as well as Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homophones, homographs and homonyms... - AST, (format: 60x90/16, 640 pages) universal dictionaries for schoolchildren | 2017 | 361 | paper book |
An explanatory dictionary is a dictionary containing the words and concepts of a language with a brief description of what the words mean, often accompanied by examples of how the words are used. An explanatory dictionary explains the lexical meaning of this or that... ... Wikipedia
The following dictionaries can be considered the largest dictionaries of the Russian language in terms of the composition of the vocabulary: Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (Dal) ca. 200,000 words. Consolidated dictionary of modern Russian vocabulary ca. 170,000 words. Russian spelling... ... Wikipedia
Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Genre: etymological dictionary
Grammar dictionary of the Russian language (Zaliznyak’s dictionary) compiled by A. A. Zaliznyak is a dictionary of approximately 100 thousand basic word forms of the Russian language with their full morphological description. Fundamental work on morphology, ... ... Wikipedia
A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant objects, phenomena, and events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order … … Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
- “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov, is one of the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Under the editorship and with the author’s participation of D.N. Ushakov, in 1935-1940, 4 volumes of “Explanatory ... ... Wikipedia” were published
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by S. I. Ozhegov. “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” one-volume normative ... Wikipedia
> Antonym dictionariesVvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2004. - 445, p.
The dictionary contains more than 500 antonymic nests. The dictionary entry includes an antonymic pair, an interpretation of each of its members and illustrative material. Synonymous pairs of antonyms form a nest.
Dictionary contains following applications: 1. Antonymy between a word and a free phrase; 2. On the interaction of antonymy and synonymy; 3. Synonymous pairs of antonyms; 4. Synonymous relations between pairs of antonyms; 5. The concept of synonymous-antonymous paradigm; 6. Combination of antonyms in the Russian language; 7. Occasional antonyms; 8. Stylistic figures based on antonyms; 9. Antonyms as an artistic and visual means in journalism by L.N. Tolstoy; 10. Dictionary of antonyms A.P. Chekhov.
Sample dictionary entries
NATURAL 1 - ARTIFICIAL 2
And where life could not take root natural okay, little by little it arose there artificial in a forced manner, at the cost of large monetary costs and human effort. A.P. Chekhov.
NATURAL 2 - UNNATURAL
When a woman destroys like a man, they find it natural and everyone understands this, when she wants or tries to create like a man, then they find it unnatural and they don’t put up with it. A.P. Chekhov.
FEAR IS BRAVE
They all teach, warn, scare, and as if for courage their words are hidden fear. M. Gorky.
Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: Over 3000 antonyms / Ed. L.A. Novikova. - 8th ed., stereotype. - M: PRESS KNIGA, 2006. - 592 p.
The dictionary includes more than 3000 antonyms of the Russian language. Synonyms are given for antonyms (synonymous pairs of antonyms). Antonymous pairs are illustrated with quotes from fiction, scientific literature and journalism.
THE GREAT IS THE MINOR
Greatness is insignificance (cm.)
greatness is insignificance (cm.)
A great goal is an insignificant goal. O According to the strange structure of things, insignificant causes always gave birth to great events and, conversely, great enterprises ended with insignificant consequences. Gogol. Old-world landowners.- It has long been known that high places make insignificant people even more insignificant, and great people even greater. Stadnyuk. War.Ø In meaning noun Wed R. Evil is rooted in evil secrets, The pain of a bitten cry lurks. Everything about them is wrong: great is small. Everything, everything is wrong: the insignificant is great. You. Fedorov. Oh evil secrets...
GREAT - PATHETIC
Napoleon Bonaparte was despised by everyone as long as he was great, and since he became a pathetic comedian, Emperor Franz sought to offer him his daughter as an illegitimate wife. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.
GREAT IS FUNNY
It's better to be funny than to pretend to be great. G. Gor. Geometric forest.Ø In meaning noun Wed R. From the great to the ridiculous - one step. Proverb. Yes, he was young, in his head the great and the funny coexisted side by side. M. Kolesnikov. Industrial ballad.
TO MAKE YOU HAPPY - TO MAKE YOU SAD
owlsto please - to sadden
I am just as little pleased with your winning as I am saddened by your loss. L. Tolstoy. Childhood. He was ashamed of those fifteen minutes that he dozed off without waiting for her, but he didn’t want to say that he hadn’t slept all night - that would probably have upset her more than it would have pleased her. K. Simonov. Days and nights. The passenger train made a short stop there. This both made Klimov happy and sad. Nagibin. Smoke break. Galya, my dear! Thank you for your letter, it made me very happy. I was a little upset that you reported about Borovsky. Yesenin. Letter from G. Benislavskaya, December 20. 1924.
M. R. LVOV
DICTIONARY OF ANTONYMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
More than 2,000 antonymous pairs
Edited by L. A. NOVIKOV
2nd edition,
Corrected and supplemented
MOSCOW
"RUSSIAN LANGUAGE" 1984
AVTOR SKANA:
BBK 81.2R-4
Reviewers: Dr. Philol. Sciences D. N. SHMELYOV,
Ph.D. Philol. Science E. L. GINZBURG
Lvov M. R.
L89 Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: More than 2,000 antonyms. steam/Ed. L. A. Novikova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Rus. lang., 1984.-384 p.
The dictionary contains more than 2,000 pairs of antonyms - words with opposite meanings. Antonyms are accompanied by synonyms (synonymous pairs of antonyms). All of them are illustrated with quotes from fiction, scientific, and journalistic literature. The quotes contain both contrasting words. The dictionary provides an index and appendix. In this edition, the vocabulary of the dictionary has been enlarged, the synonymous nests of antonyms have been replenished, and the illustrative material has been partially updated.
The dictionary is intended for philologists, translators, press and radio workers; it can be recommended as a reference tool for people studying Russian as a second or foreign language. The dictionary is also of interest to a wide range of readers.
L 4602020000-219
0.5(01)-84 "22 - 84 BBK81.2R-4
© Russian Language Publishing House, 1978, 1984, as amended
CONTENTS OF THE DICTIONARY
Russian antonymy and its lexicographic description
(L. A. Novikov)................................................. ................... 5
How to use a dictionary........................................................ .. 33
Conditional abbreviations and signs accepted in the dictionary.... 36
Dictionary
AND I............................................... .................................... 37
Application
I - II......................................................... .................................... 319
Index of antonymic pairs included in the dictionary 333
AVTOR SKANA:
ALPHABET
RUSSIAN ANTONYMY AND ITS LEXICOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
Antonyms, or words with opposite meanings, became the subject linguistic analysis relatively recently, and interest in the study of Russian antonymy is growing noticeably. This is evidenced by the emergence of a number of special linguistic studies on antonymy 2 and dictionaries of antonyms 3 .
The dictionary of antonyms occupies an important place among other dictionaries: it gives a description of vocabulary from the point of view of the semantic opposition of its units. The need to select words with opposite meanings, to find a figurative opposition, to “grab” the polar manifestations of one or another quality, attribute, property often arises among people of the most various specialties, from everyone who is interested in language and especially associated with it by their profession, i.e. philologists, Russian language teachers, translators, writers, journalists.
Lexical units vocabulary languages turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants polysemantic word (nose\"olfactory organ" = "=* "osg "front part of a boat, ship, airplane" *=fc nose 3"bird's beak" +* hoc a"front end of shoe"; clippings"action on a verb cut" ** cut 2"a cut piece of text from a newspaper or magazine" ^=fc tenderloin^"premium grade meat, fillet, semantic content similarity as synonyms (attraction, gravitation, craving, inclination, passion), mutual “reciprocity” when designating the same action or relationship as conversion (The student takes the exam to the professor-e- The professor takes the student's exam; Alexey- Marina's brother-«*- Marina- Alexei's sister), genus-species relations as hyponyms (the science - physics, chemistry, biology, political economy, philology...; day - morning afternoon Evening Night), but also based on them opposites as antonyms: high- short, handsome- ugly, cultured- uncultured, revolutionary- counter-revolutionary, love- hate, hope- despair, enter- go out, brighten up- get dark, start- cum often- rarely, maybe- it is forbidden.
1 From Greek. anti - against and onyma - name.
2 See, for example: Novikov L. A. Antonymy in the Russian language (Semanti
analytical analysis of opposites in vocabulary). M., 1973; Lexical antoni
we.-In the book: Apresyan Yu. D. Lexical semantics. Synonymous
means of language. M., 1974; Ivanova V. A. Antonymy in the language system. Kishi
Nev, 1982.
3 Vvedenskaya L. A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. Rostov-on-
-Don, 1971; Same. 2nd ed. Rostov-on-Don, 1982; Kolesnikov N. P. Slo
Var of antonyms of the Russian language, Tbilisi, 1972; Lvov M. R. Dictionary
antonyms of the Russian language. M., 1978; Lvov M. R. School dictionary
antonyms of the Russian language. M., 1980.
■ Antonymy is based on association by contrast, reflecting significant differences in objects, phenomena, actions, qualities and characteristics that are homogeneous in nature. Antonymy is one of the most important linguistic universals, one of the essential dimensions of the lexical-semantic system of various languages.
In the semantic field, i.e. in an ordered set linguistic units, united by a common (invariant) meaning, antonyms are closely interconnected not only with each other (cf. full - thin) t but also with other categories of lexical units: synonyms (full- fat, plump, fat, thin- bony, skinny), lexical conversions (She's fatter than him-*> He's thinner than her) lexical-semantic variants of the word (full^"fat" - cf. full\"containing something to its limits, replaced entirely" (Full jug of water), full"entirely imbued with something" (Eyes, full of life), full^"whole, complete, exhaustive" (Complete collection essays. Full list present), full^"reached the limit, the highest" (In full bloom. Complete freedom); they can also enter into homonymous relationships (skinny 1"skinny"- skinny 2"bad" - skinny 3"holey, damaged^ and some others. The semantic field is the most complete And adequate reflection lexical system language, those various connections of words that exist V linguistic consciousness of people 4.
Varied semantic relations antonyms with other categories of words, and primarily with synonyms, indicate the close connection of the dictionary of antonyms with other dictionaries, and primarily with synonymous ones. Such dictionaries complement each other when revealing complex And a complete picture of synonymous-antonymic interaction of lexical units. Therefore, it is no coincidence that antonymy finds additional reflection in dictionaries of synonyms, and synonymy - V antonym dictionaries. In the academic “Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language” (L., 1970-1971. Vol. 1-2), many dictionary entries indicate antonyms corresponding to synonyms or even whole series of antonyms: cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful(antonyms: sad, melancholy, gloomy, gloomy, dull, sad),include, introduce, pour in(antonym: exclude),turn on, connect, connect(antonym: turn off),together, jointly, jointly, at the same time, together(antonym: apart),tall, tall, towering, long, lanky(antonyms: low, short, not tall, undersized, undersized, undersized, short, stubby),tall, thin, squeaky, squeaky(antonyms: low, thick, bassy, bassy) etc. On the other hand, on the contrary, dictionaries of antonyms provide synonymous means of expressing one or another opposite: important- unimportant(synonyms: significant- insignificant, important- insignificant, important- insignificant, significant- unimportant),import - export(synonym: import Export),defend yourself- attack (synonyms: defend-- attack, fight back- attack),reality- unreality(synonyms: reality- fantasy, reality- fantasy, true story- fable, true story- fable, true story- fairy tale, incident- unprecedented), revolutionary- counter-revolutionary(synonym: red- white),connect - disconnect(synonyms: unite- to separate, to unite- divide, bind- disconnect),ripe - unripe(synonym: mature- green) etc. (examples are taken from this dictionary).
4 On the nature and structure of the semantic field, see: Karaulov Yu. N., General and Russian ideography. M., 1976.
It is also no coincidence that many dictionaries of English, French, German and other languages are called this: dictionary of synonyms and antonyms. Most Full description synonymy and antonymy c. their relation to other lexical-semantic categories x is able to give ideographic dictionary- a thesaurus in which “words-concepts” (lexical-semantic variants of a word) are arranged not alphabetically, but according to semantic fields, “meanings”. Together with other units of similar meaning, synonyms and antonyms are grouped around such “meanings* 4 as language means their expressions 5.
The above, of course, does not mean that the dictionary of antonyms has no independent value. It reflects and describes one of the most essential characteristics of the vocabulary of a language - the systematization of words from the point of view of their mutual opposition, promotes an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the semantic contrast of linguistic units, and introduces a rich arsenal of figurative and stylistic functions of antonyms.
It can be said without any exaggeration that opposition as a concept ("naive" or strictly scientific) is one of the characteristic manifestations of the natural inclination of the human mind and underlies various ideas in everyday life, scientific knowledge, philosophical constructs, ethics, aesthetics, religion.
It is important to emphasize that the feeling and perception of the opposite can to a certain extent depend on the age, profession of people, geographical, climatic, social and other conditions of their life and sometimes be quite subjective. Interesting Facts I. Gritskat cites different perceptions of opposites in his article 6 . Thus, in children aged three to four years, words form a kind of opposite uncle And aunt, hand And leg, in older adults, “irrefutable” opposites are basement And attic, sun And rain. For a person accustomed to mixed geographical relief, the most natural opposition mountain- plain, but for a mountaineer who has never seen the plains, the opposite turns out to be mountain And basin(or valley). Farmers will apparently have the opposite words arable land And meadow, sowing And harvest, astronomers - Sun And planets. It can be assumed, not without reason, that in relation to words whole, whole the glass cutter will count opposite word broken, tailor - ripped open or torn, other masters - broken, fragmented, shattered, and the artist, photographer and architect - fragmentary. An experimental study of antonymy, along with a large coincidence in the perception of the opposite of words by subjects, also reveals individual characteristics her awareness.
Of course, antonymy as a phenomenon of language must be “cleansed** of private, local, highly specialized and accidental “stratifications.” It must be defined as the most significant and characteristic of all native speakers, the maximum opposition of words, enshrined in the norms of literary usage.
Related information.