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Yakov Petrovich Polonsky Date of birth: December 6 (18), 1819 Place of birth: Ryazan Date of death: October 18 (30), 1898 (78 years old) Place of death: St. Petersburg
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Biography Born into the family of a poor official in 1819. After graduating from high school in Ryazan (1838), he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. Got closer to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky. He published his first poem in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski in 1840. Participated in the student almanac “Underground Keys”. At this time I met I. S. Turgenev, whose friendship continued until the latter’s death. After graduating from the university (1844), he lived in Odessa, then was assigned to Tiflis (1846), where he served until 1851; Caucasian impressions inspired his best poems, which brought the young official all-Russian fame. From 1851 he lived in St. Petersburg, edited the magazine “Russian Word” in 1859-60. He served on the Foreign Censorship Committee and on the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1860-96). Polonsky's addresses are as follows: 1879-1883 - Bezobrazov's house, embankment. Fontanka, 24 corner of Zvenigorodskaya and Nikolaevskaya streets. (Marata, 84) 1888-1898 - Znamenskaya (now Vosstaniya Street), 26 In the 1890s, Polonsky, Maikov and Grigorovich - the last representatives of the literature of the forties - reminded St. Petersburg society of the bygone century of literary giants. Polonsky died in St. Petersburg in 1898 and was buried in the Olgov Monastery near Ryazan; in 1958 he was reburied on the territory of the Ryazan Kremlin
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Creativity Polonsky's literary heritage is very large and unequal; it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels and stories. According to the characteristics of Yuli Aikhenvald
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The first collection of poetry is “Gammas” (1844). The second collection of “Poems of 1845”, published in Odessa, caused a negative assessment by V. G. Belinsky. In the collection “Sazandar” (1849), he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus. A small part of Polonsky’s poems refers to the so-called civil lyrics (“I must admit, I forgot, gentlemen,” “Miasm” and others). He dedicated the poem “Prisoner” (1878) to Vera Zasulich. In his later years he turned to the themes of old age and death (collection “Evening Bells”, 1890). Among Polonsky’s poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem “The Grasshopper the Musician” (1859). Polonsky's Georgian poems stand out for their rare musicality for their time. D. Mirsky calls him “the most romantic of the eclecticists of the mid-century,” although he never ceased to struggle with his romanticism: His poetic skill was purely romantic, but he was afraid to devote himself entirely to it and considered it his duty to write well-intentioned poems about the beacon of progress, freedom of speech and other modern items. Polonsky also wrote prose. The first collection of prose, “Stories,” was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The novel “Cheap City” (1879) was based on impressions of Odessa life. Author of experiments in the genre of memoirs (“My Uncle and Some of His Stories”). Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. “The Gypsy Song” (“My fire shines in the fog”), written in 1853, became a folk song.
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Holidays in Crimea At the beginning of the summer of 1850, Polonsky asked for a vacation and went to Crimea. On the way, he was caught up with a letter from Zolotarev, in which a friend reassured Yakov Petrovich: “...Two or three months in the Crimea, among a calm, organized life, while swimming in the sea, will completely restore your health, and you will return to us in the fall, a fine fellow... If you have developed a disease of the spinal column, then the reason for this is your intemperance with your Tiflis beauty and your careless life, which turned night into day and days into night.” Ivan Fedorovich was right: he had to take care of his health, but is it possible for a poet to live in a straitjacket? Having reached Redut-Kale along the familiar road, Yakov Petrovich took a ticket on the ship and set off by sea to Yalta. He stayed in Massandra, on Vorontsov’s estate, and every day he took walks to Yalta, comfortably located in the foothills near the sea. The town was small, quiet and calm. The houses, mostly one-story, ran down to the sea, the mountain peaks were blue in the distance, and the air was such that you wanted to drink it and drink it.. “When there is no wind and the sea is not seething,” Polonsky wrote, “from one end of Yalta you can clearly hear, how at the other end of the city the clatter of hooves, the thunder of an unexpected carriage, or a visitor loudly asking where the hotel is.”
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Holidays in Crimea In Yalta, Polonsky met his old acquaintance, Lev Sergeevich Pushkin. The brother of the great poet had given up greatly and looked unwell: a chaotic life and immoderate libations had thoroughly undermined his health. However, Levushka was still cheerful and carefree, as if his life was supposed to last forever. “...On the terrace, at midnight, I read him my poems Stars,” Polonsky recalled, “which he really liked (but I don’t remember what kind of poems they were). He was a very secular man, very funny - and loved to make people laugh - especially the ladies - he was a bit of a cynic, once, with me, in the Crimea, he read his brother Tsar Nikita to Princess Urusova... (young Pilar von Pilchau blushed for her, and she looked coldly at Pushkin and at times seemed to exclaim to herself: what nonsense!)” And the amorous Yakov Petrovich in Yalta began an unexpected affair with a certain Madame de Volans. The poet became interested in the beauty, but their relationship did not last long. At the end of August, the lady got ready to go home to Odessa. The courteous and gallant Polonsky escorted her onto the ship, helped her carry her things into the cabin, and then... Then the lovers did not hear the ship shout hoarsely and roll away from the pier. When Polonsky came to his senses, it was already too late: water was splashing overboard, and the shore was barely visible in the bluish haze...
POLONSKY, YAKOV PETROVICH (1819–1898), Russian poet, prose writer. Born on December 6 (18), 1819 in Ryazan into a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. Polonsky considered the beginning of his literary activity to be 1837, when he presented one of his poems to the crown prince, the future Tsar Alexander II, who was traveling around Russia accompanied by his tutor V.A. Zhukovsky.
In 1838 Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduated in 1844). During his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. I also met P. Chaadaev, A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In 1840, Polonsky’s poem “The Holy Gospel Sounds Solemnly” was first published in the magazine “Otechestvennye Zapiski”... Published in the magazine “Moskvityanin” and in the student almanac “Underground Keys”.
In 1844, the first collection of poetry by Polonsky Gamma was published, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (Meeting, Winter Journey, etc.). Polonsky’s lyric masterpiece, Song of the Gypsy (“My fire shines in the fog...”, 1853), was subsequently written in this genre. Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum subsequently called the main feature of Polonsky’s romances “the combination of lyrics with narration.” They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details reflecting the psychological state of the lyrical hero (“The shadows of the night came and became...”, etc.).
After graduating from university, Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, Poems of 1845 (1845). The book caused a negative assessment by V.G. Belinsky, who saw in the author “an unrelated, purely external talent.” In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure among writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. Impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis for the novel Cheap City (1879).
In 1846 Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time, he became an assistant editor of the Transcaucasian Vestnik newspaper, in which he published essays. Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (Singer) was published in Tiflis in 1849. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the “natural school” - i.e. replete with everyday scenes (Walk through Tiflis) or written in the spirit of national folklore (Georgian song).
In 1851 Polonsky moved to St. Petersburg. In his diary in 1856 he wrote: “I don’t know why I feel an involuntary disgust from any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as in politics itself.” Soon Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire... / And for the few I am a poet” (For the few, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him “a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin trend” (A. Druzhinin) and noted that “he never shows off or plays any role, but always appears as he is” (E. Stackenschneider).
In St. Petersburg, Polonsky published two collections of poetry (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose Stories (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noticed “the poet’s sensitive sensitivity to the life of nature and the internal merging of the phenomena of reality with the images of his fantasy and with the impulses of his heart " D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such traits to be manifestations of a “narrow mental world” and classified Polonsky among the “microscopic poets.”
In 1857 Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg and experienced a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, reflected in the poems Chaika (1860), Madness of Grief (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” ( 1869), in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky was published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: “I have been a nobody’s whole life.”
In 1858–1860 Polonsky edited the magazine “Russian Word”, in 1860–1896 he served on the Committee of Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860–1870s were marked for the poet by reader inattention and everyday disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maykov, he was part of the “poetic triumvirate”, which enjoyed the respect of the reading public. Polonsky again became an iconic figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg; outstanding contemporaries gathered at “Polonsky Fridays.” The poet was friends with Chekhov and closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In the poems The Madman (1859), The Double (1862), and others, he predicted some of the motifs of 20th century poetry.
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Antonova Oksana Viktorovna, teacher of Russian language and literature at the MBOU "Bolokhovskaya secondary school No. 2" Native nature in the poems of Russian poets of the 19th century E.A. Baratynsky, Y.P. Polonsky, A.K. Tolstoy. Goals: -to awaken interest in Russian poetry; -understand the thoughts, feelings, moods of the poets E.A. Baratynsky, Y.P. Polonsky, A.K. Tolstoy; -instill love for native nature.
It has a soul, it has freedom, it has love, it has language. F.I. Tyutchev. Our nature is our Motherland. Our land is a part of us. A person loves his land and admires the beauty of his native nature. Native nature is an inexhaustible source of poetry. The rustle of leaves, the smell of the earth, the color of the air - poets notice everything. Landscape lyrics convey the moods and feelings of a person and are in tune with his soul.
EVGENY ABRAMOVICH BARATYNSKY 1800-1844 E. A. Baratynsky was born into a noble noble family in the Tambov province. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Corps of Pages. In 1819 he entered the guards regiment in St. Petersburg as a private, and subsequently served as a non-commissioned officer in Finland. He was a friend of A. Delvig, A. Pushkin, K. Ryleev, V. Zhukovsky. He appeared in print in 1819 and quickly gained success, becoming famous as a master of elegy. During his short life, he created many beautiful poems, several poems. Died while traveling abroad in Naples.
"Spring, spring! how clean the air is..." Spring, spring! how clean the air is! How clear is the sky! He blinds my eyes with his living azure. Spring, spring! how high on the wings of the breeze, caressing the sun's rays, the clouds fly! The streams are noisy! the streams are shining! Roaring, the river carries on the triumphant ridge the ice it raised! The trees are still bare, But in the grove there is a decaying leaf, As before, under my foot, And it is noisy and fragrant. The invisible lark soared under the sun And in the bright heights the Invisible lark sings a cheerful hymn to spring. What's wrong with her, what's wrong with my soul? With a stream she is a stream And with a bird she is a bird! murmurs with him, flies in the sky with her! Why does the sun and spring make her so happy! Does she rejoice, like the daughter of the elements, at their feast? What needs! Happy is he who drinks oblivion of thought on it, Whom he, wondrous, will carry far from it!
What signs of early spring does the poet see? What literary device helps make a picture come alive? What mood is the poem permeated with? What colors does the poet use to depict a joyful picture of spring? What mood do exclamatory sentences give to the poem? 1.Clean air, clear sky, raised ice on the river, running streams, the song of a lark. 2. Personification: “Caressing the sun’s rays, / Clouds fly,” “the river carries” / On a triumphant ridge / The ice it raised!” Metaphors: “on the wings of the breeze”, “on a triumphant ridge”. 3. A feeling of joy and admiration for the awakening nature. 4. The azure is “dazzling”, the sky is “clear”, in the heights “bright”. 5. Expressive (expressive) attitude. It sounds like a “healthy hymn to spring.”
YAKOV PETROVICH POLONSKY 1819-1898 Ya. P. Polonsky lived a long life. He devoted 60 years to writing, but did not receive real recognition. Fame came to him later. He developed the genre of romance, song, and elegy in his work. Therefore, his work attracted the attention of composers - Tchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky, Taneyev, Rachmaninov. Many of his poems became songs.
“There are two gloomy clouds over the mountains...” Over the mountains two gloomy clouds wandered on a sultry evening and slowly slid down onto the chest of the flammable rock toward the night. But they came together - they did not give up that rock to each other for nothing, and the desert was filled with a bright lightning strike. Thunder struck - through the damp wilds the Echo laughed sharply, And the rock sounded pitifully with such a drawn-out moan, It sighed so much that it did not dare Repeat the blow of the cloud And at the feet of the flammable rock They lay down and were stupefied...
What picture does the poet paint? What thoughts do the poet have when observing the pre-storm landscape? What can you say about the relationship between the clouds? How did the rock respond to the quarrel between two clouds at its foot? Is it possible to transfer the description of a natural phenomenon to human relationships? In the poem, the images of two clouds and a rock resemble children and a mother. Having quarreled among themselves, they filled the desert with a “bright lightning strike.” The quarrel of the children echoed with a groan in the heart of the rock mother. The cloud children realized the grief they had caused their mother, so they calmed down and lay down peacefully at her feet, admitting their guilt.
ALEXEY KONSTANTINOVICH TOLSTOY 1817-1875 A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, into a noble noble family. He spent his childhood in Ukraine. On the estate of Uncle A. Perovsky. The ball's literary debut was the story "The Ghoul." In the 1850s Tolstoy was published in Sovremennik and was one of the leading writers. He is known as a prose writer (the novel “Prince Silver”) and as a playwright. The lyrics strike with a deep insight into the natural world. He is a master of the ballad. Romance. Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin, Rachmaninov wrote music to his poems.
“Where the vines bend over the pool...” Where the vines bend over the pool, Where the summer sun bakes, Dragonflies fly and dance, They lead a merry round dance. “Child, come closer to us, We will teach you to fly, Child, come, come, before your mother wakes up! The blades of grass are fluttering under us, We feel so good and warm, Our backs are turquoise, And our wings are like glass! We know songs like that a lot, We love you so much for a long time - Look, what a sloping shore, what a sandy bottom!
What landscape does Tolstoy paint in the poem? To whom and how do dragonflies tell about the beauty of summer nature? What danger awaits a child who listens to the singing of dragonflies? Did the author manage to convey an atmosphere of enchanting and frightening beauty? The poet paints the beauty of a summer day with sun glare, a round dance of turquoise dragonflies, and singing about the beauty of a fairy-tale world, where they call the child. Most of the poem is occupied by the song of dragonflies. They tell the boy how beautiful it is around. They offer to look at the pool from above, taking off with them. The forces of nature draw man into their enchanting world in order to destroy him.
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Biography
- 2 Creativity
- 3 Journalistic and social activities
- 4 Addresses in St. Petersburg Notes
Introduction
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky(December 6 (18), 1819, Ryazan - October 18 (30), 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet and prose writer.
1. Biography
Yakov Polonsky
Born into the family of a poor official. After graduating from high school in Ryazan (1838), he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, and also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky.
In 1840 he published his first poem in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Participated in the student almanac “Underground Keys”.
After graduating from the university (1844), he lived in Odessa, then was assigned to Tiflis (1846), where he served until 1851. From 1851 he lived in St. Petersburg, edited the magazine “Russian Word” (1859-1860). Served on the Foreign Censorship Committee and on the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1860-1896).
He died in St. Petersburg and was buried in Ryazan.
Polonsky's grave in Ryazan
2. Creativity
Yakov Polonsky, 1880s
Polonsky's literary heritage is very large and unequal; it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels, and stories.
The first collection of poetry is “Gammas” (1844). The second collection of “Poems of 1845”, published in Odessa, caused a negative assessment by V. G. Belinsky. In the collection “Sazandar” (1849), he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus. A small part of Polonsky’s poems refers to the so-called civil lyrics (“I must admit, I forgot, gentlemen,” “Miasm” and others). He dedicated the poem “Prisoner” (1878) to Vera Zasulich. In his later years he turned to the themes of old age and death (collection “Evening Bells”, 1890).
Among Polonsky’s poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem “The Grasshopper the Musician” (1859).
He also wrote in prose. The first collection of prose, “Stories,” was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The novel “Cheap City” (1879) was based on impressions of Odessa life. The prose writer's talent determined the exceptional liveliness and brightness of his experiments in the genre of memoirs (“My Uncle and Some of His Stories”).
Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. "Song of the Gypsy" (" My fire is shining in the fog"), written in 1853, has become a folk song.
Polonsky was one of Alexander Blok's favorite poets. Lyrical works by Ya.P. Polonsky is distinguished, as I.S. said. Turgenev, the truthfulness of impressions from daily, almost everyday life and some kind of secret sadness spilled in them.
3. Journalistic and social activities
From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and artistic figures gathered in the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.
Conservative and Orthodox, at the end of his life Ya. P. Polonsky opposed criticism of the church and state by Leo Tolstoy. In 1895, regarding Tolstoy’s work “The Kingdom of God is Within You,” which was published abroad, Polonsky published a polemical article in “Russian Review” (No. 4-6) “Notes on one foreign publication and the new ideas of Count L.N. Tolstoy.” After the appearance of Tolstoy’s article “What is art?” Polonsky also wrote a harsh article. This prompted a letter from L.N. Tolstoy with a proposal for reconciliation: Tolstoy became aware of Polonsky’s friendly attitude towards the persecuted Doukhobors.
Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Doukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and also planned to write memoirs about them.
4. Addresses in St. Petersburg
- 1879-1883 - Bezobrazov's house, embankment. Fontanki, 24
- corner of Zvenigorodskaya and Nikolaevskaya streets (Marata, 84)
- 1888-1898 - Znamenskaya (now Vosstaniya St.), 26
Notes
- 112. Ya. P. Polonsky. 1898 April 7. Moscow - az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_1480.shtml in the book: Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich. Volume 71, Letters 1898, Complete Works, Moscow, 1954
- Eisenstadt, V.; Aizenstadt, M. Along the Fontanka. Pages of the history of St. Petersburg culture. - M.: Tsentropoligraf, 2007. - p. 227. - ISBN 978-5-9524-2918-5
- see http://www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2804017646 - www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2804017646.
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Text content of presentation slides: Presentation on the topic “Yakov Petrovich Polonsky” Pupils of the 6th grade “A” of school No. 29 of Ulyanovsk Diana Fedorova Presentations on literature http://prezentacija.biz/ Yakov Petrovich Polonsky December 18, 1819 Ryazan - October 30, 1898 St. Petersburg. Born into the family of a poor official in 1819. After graduating from high school in Ryazan in 1838, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, and also met P. Ya. Chadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky. Publications. He published his first poem in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski in 1840. The first collection of poetry is “Gammas” (1844). The second collection of “Poems of 1845”, published in Odessa, caused a negative assessment by V. G. Belinsky. In the collection “Sazandar” (1849), he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus. A small part of Polonsky’s poems refers to the so-called civil lyrics (“I must admit, I forgot, gentlemen,” “Miasm” and others). He dedicated the poem “Prisoner” (1878) to Vera Zasulich. In his later years he turned to the themes of old age and death (collection “Evening Bells”, 1890). Among Polonsky’s poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem “The Grasshopper the Musician” (1859). Family. First wife since July 1858 - Elena Vasilievna Ustyuzhskaya (1840-1860), daughter of the headman of the Russian church in Paris, Vasily Kuzmich Ustyuzhsky (Ukhtyuzhsky), and a French woman. The marriage was concluded for love, although the bride knew almost no Russian, and Polonsky knew no French. She died in St. Petersburg from the consequences of typhus combined with a miscarriage. Their six-month-old son Andrei died in January 1860. The second wife since 1866 is Josephine Antonovna Ryulman (1844-1920), an amateur sculptor, sister of the famous doctor A. A. Ryulman. According to a contemporary, “Polonsky married her because he fell in love with her beauty, but she married him because she had nowhere to lay her head.” The marriage had two sons, Alexander (1868-1934) and Boris (1875-1923), and a daughter Natalya (1870-1929), married to N. A. Jelacich. Portrait.