The development of linguistics over the century that has passed since the publication of the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” and the “Supplement” to it, the need to attract new data for historical lexicology and phraseology of the Russian language, for the comparative historical study of Slavic languages and their connections with non-Slavic languages, has made the urgent need for a new regional dictionary covering the lexical riches of all Russian dialects.
The concept of the Dictionary and the principles of its construction were developed by F.P. Filin in the “Project of the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”.
The dictionary includes dialect vocabulary and phraseology of all Russian folk dialects of the 19th – 20th centuries. Vocabulary sources are many and varied. These are published dictionaries and dictionaries that have been published in various publications; articles on dialect vocabulary, ethnographic descriptions, folklore collections; handwritten materials from the archives of the Geographical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the dictionary card index of the Institute of Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences - Institute of Linguistic Research; dictionary applications to dissertations. Thus, the Dictionary contains, if possible, all dialect words and meanings collected over 200 years in all regions of Russia.
The vocabulary of the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” (hereinafter SRNG) includes about 240 thousand words. The definition of meanings is given in an explanatory and translational way. If a dialect word has lexical correspondence in a literary language, the meaning is determined using these literary words (one or a group of synonyms): aruṭka ‘ cloth', row‘to disdain’, juicy'cheesecake'. Words that do not coincide in meaning with the words of the literary language or do not have lexical equivalents in the literary language receive a descriptive definition: Adamovik‘white deer fur’, bakaldina‘bump or pothole in the road’, subside‘fall apart, grow into the ground’. If necessary, elements of the encyclopedic definition are introduced: madam‘in the Orthodox calendar there is a two-week fast before the church holiday of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Dormition Fast from August 14 to 28. (from August 1 to August 15, O.S.)’.
The meanings of the word and stable combinations are illustrated with examples from the Dictionary sources. The illustrations are arranged in chronological order and are usually presented in modern spelling, preserving stress and some phonetic and morphological features. Since the consolidated dictionary contains a wide variety of records of dialects, both modern and from sources of the 19th century, the compilers of the SRNG, as well as the compilers of the “Experience” and “Additions,” very much depend on the quality of the material. However, to date, quite a lot of information has already been accumulated on various dialects, which makes the dictionary a truly representative reflection of Russian dialects. Words receive detailed grammatical characteristics and are accompanied by notes that specify the scope of use, the degree of their use, and the year of recording. Many articles provide phraseological material, and when borrowing, an etymological reference is given.
Examples of dictionary entries.
RENKA And RONKA,and. 1. Renka. Enmity, hatred; anger. Lebed., Tamb., Tsvetkov. Petka Koshatnikov and Volodka will fight... I don’t know, maybe they have some kind of money . Ryaz., Don. ◊ Drive Renka. To be angry, to harm, to take revenge. Mosal. Kaluzh., Dal. Eagle, Raven.◊ Keep the renka for smb. Same as have a renka. Ardat. Nizhegorod., Dal. Ural.◊ To have a renku for smb. To have a grudge, to have a grudge against someone; take revenge. Mosal. Kaluzh., Archives of the Russian Geographical Society. Kaluzh. You never know who he has a thing for... now he will take revenge . Ryaz. Whoever had a grudge against whom goes to say goodbye . Don. For a long time after that he had a grudge against me . Ural, Kama region. // Quarrel, scandal. Swan. Tamb., Tsvetkov. It was through the piglets that our money came out. There was a fight, guy against guy, and a fight. Ryaz. Kaluzh. ◊ In renki. In a quarrel. Swan. Tamb., Tsvetkov. // Ryonka. Displeasure. Vlad. Vlad., 1847.
2. Ryonka. Jealousy. Vlad. Vlad., 1847. – Wed. Remka.
RENKY, oh oh; renok, renka. 1. Trotting, hot (about a horse). Kashin. Tver., 1897. The horse is fast, but it doesn’t run very well. Yarosl. // Hot, but unbearable (about a horse). Renka is a horse, she has a quarter of a groin, she immediately loses her appearance, she doesn’t hold her fat, she has to be fed all the time, enough for an hour, and then she has to be harnessed. Verkhneural. Chelyab., 1962.
2. Shy (about a horse). Tver., 1927.
RENKOY, Aya, oh. Jealous. I have a young husband, he won’t let me go for a walk ( song). Ohan. Perm., 1903-1910.
Scheme of a dictionary entry for a word:
TURNIP, and. 1. Swede. (Moscow, Chuvash, Kalin.) ♦ Vegetable. (Bryan.)
2. Potato. (Ryaz.)
3. Clover. (Sib.)
4. Mantle, a herbaceous plant with greenish flowers and folded leaves. (Sverdl.)
5. Wild turnip. Plant Malva borealis Wallm. (Nizhegor., Annenkov).
6. About a chubby girl, woman. (Bryan.)◊ Turnip turnip. About a girl, a woman with a very wide, thick face. (Bryan.)
7. In combinations. ◊ Turnip is good. Cm. Lyadny. ◊ Turnip meat. The wish for the meat to be soft, like a turnip, tasty. (Sib., Sverdl.)◊ Suck turnips. Cut turnips into thin slices. (Vlad.)
8. In sayings and proverbs. ◊ Hungry Fedot is keen on turnips. (Vlad.)◊ Cabbage and turnips are not good for the belly. (Dahl).◊ Turnips are not strong enough for the belly. (Pomor.)◊ Turnips and peas are sown for thieves. (KASSR)◊ Even though the turnip is boneless, it still has bark (bitter) (Arch.)
~ Exactly like turnip tugs. About a person who is useless in some way. respect. (Ivan.) Sowing turnips. Vomit, regurgitate food. (Vyat.) Sit like a washed turnip. To put on airs, to put on airs. (Don.) At least sing mother's turnip. About a decisive refusal to an annoying petitioner. (Tver.)
The dictionary reflects folk material and spiritual folk culture. So, in the article on the word snake first meaning – ‘male snake’ (Arhang.)’ and use brano (Kalin.); the second meaning is ‘The Serpent-Garaday’ folk A fairy-tale creature in a spell against the evil eye. (Smol.)'; third – ‘ In popular beliefs, it is a spirit that appears to someone who misses a person who has died or left home. (Simb., Ufim.)'; fourth – ‘ In popular belief, it is a demon who flies to seduce widows. (Ryaz., Tul.)’.Combinations Serpent-Zmeevich are given (Kursk), Serpent-Lubak (Smol.), Fire Serpent (Psk.) In the fifth meaning - Meteorite (Arch.)– the combination Fiery Serpent is also recorded (Don., Kostroma.) 6. – “One of the stars of Ursa Major; According to popular belief, this star only travels in certain places, and where it stops on Midsummer’s Day, in that place people will be happy and rich” (Psk.) 7. A fairy-tale creature that brings wealth to the house. (Smol.) 8. Fiery serpent. About the locomotive. (Symb.) At the end of the article there are folklore combinations Serpent-Gorynishche (Smol.) and the flying serpent (Smol.)
Large explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks. M., 2003.
[Option 1] , [Option 2]
Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language (4th edition).
[On Archive.org]
[On the website Slovari.ru]
Dobrovolsky V.N. Smolensk regional dictionary. Smolensk, 1914.
Kulikovsky G.I. Dictionary of the regional Olonets dialect in its everyday and ethnographic application. St. Petersburg, 1898.
[Option 1]
[Option 2]
Serdyukova O.K. Dictionary of the dialect of Nekrasov Cossacks. Rostov n/d, 2005.
Dictionary of dialects of the Russian North / Ed. A.K. Matveeva. Ekaterinburg, 2001–. T. 1–.
[T. 1–3 (A–F)]
[Option 2]
[T. 4 (G–I)]
Dictionary of Oryol dialects / Scientific. ed. T. V. Bakhvalova. Yaroslavl, 1989–1991. Vol. 14; Eagle, 1992–. Vol. 5- .
Dictionary of Perm dialects. / Ed. A.N. Borisova, K.N. Prokosheva. Perm, 2000–2002. Vol. 1–2.
[Vol. 1 (A – dashingly)]
Dictionary of Russian dialects of Karelia and adjacent regions. St. Petersburg, 1994–2005. Vol. 16.
[Vol. 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Vol. 2: Yeast - Joint. St. Petersburg, 1995. ]
[Vol. 3: Cat – Mute. St. Petersburg, 1996. ]
[Vol. 4: Unshaven – Poduzornik. St. Petersburg, 1999. ]
[Vol. 5: Poduzorie – Swerve. St. Petersburg, 2002. ]
Dictionary of Russian dialects of the Middle Urals. Sverdlovsk, 1964–1987.
[T. 1. Sverdlovsk, 1964]
[T. 2. Sverdlovsk, 1971]
[T. 3. Sverdlovsk, 1981]
Thematic dictionary of dialects of the Tver region. Tver, 2000–2006. Vol. 1–5.
[Option 1]
[Option 2]
Dictionary of Russian folk dialects / Ed. F. P. Filina, F. P. Sorokoletova. M.; L., 1965–. Vol. 1-.
Vol. 1–42:
Chaikina Yu. I. Geographical names of the Vologda region: Toponym. dictionary. Arkhangelsk; Vologda, 1988. (on-line)
Research on Russian dialectology
Simoni P.K. Russian language in its dialects and dialects: Experience of a bibliographic index of works relating to Russian dialectology and history of the language, with the addition of references to research, publications and collections of monuments of folk art: I. Great Russian dialect. pp. 117-178. News of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg, 1896. T.1. book 1
[Option 1]
[Option 2]
Bergelson M., Kibrik A., Leman W. Ninilchuk Russian-English Dictionary (Alaska).
Works presented on Danefæ.org
N. T. Voitovich. On the question of the ways of development of Akanya in East Slavic languages // General Slavic linguistic atlas. Materials and research. 1970. M., 1972.
N. T. Voitovich. On the question of the ways of development of akanya in East Slavic languages. II // General Slavic linguistic atlas. Materials and research. 1971. M., 1974. P. 32–41.
N. T. Voitovich. On the connection between vocalism and the rhythmic-intonation system in Russian and Belarusian dialects // Russian and Slavic linguistics: To the 70th anniversary of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences R. I. Avanesov. M., 1972. pp. 57–63.
S. S. Vysotsky. The sound of speech in context // Dialectological studies in the Russian language. M., 1977. pp. 24–38.
S. S. Vysotsky. On the sound structure of words in Russian dialects // Studies in Russian dialectology. M., 1973. pp. 17–41.
S. S. Vysotsky. About the Moscow folk dialect // Urban vernacular. Problems of study / Answer. ed. E. A. Zemskaya, D. N. Shmelev. M., 1984. pp. 22–37.
S. S. Vysotsky. Determination of the composition of vowel phonemes in connection with the quality of sounds in Northern Russian dialects (based on experimental phonetic research) // Essays on the phonetics of Northern Russian dialects. M., 1967. P. 5–82.
K. V. Gorshkova. Historical dialectology of the Russian language: A manual for students. M., 1972.
K. F. Zakharova. Time and causes of loss in Moscow // Language. Culture. Humanitarian knowledge. Scientific heritage of G. O. Vinokur and modernity / Responsible. ed. S. I. Gindin, N. N. Rozanova. M., 1999. pp. 15–27..
K. F. Zakharova. On the question of the genetic basis of the types of assimilative-dissimilative yakan // Dialectological studies in the Russian language. M., 1977. P. 49-63.
K. F. Zakharova. Ways of changing dialect systems of pre-stress vocalism // Russian dialects: Linguistic and geographical aspect. M., 1987. pp. 52–61.
L. E. Kalnyn. Phonetic program of a word as a tool for typological classification of Slavic dialects // Slavic linguistics. XIII International Congress of Slavists. Reports of the Russian delegation / Rep. ed. A. M. Moldovan. M., 2003. pp. 289–308.
L. L. Kasatkin. Don Cossack dialects // Word in the text and in the dictionary: Sat. Art. to the seventieth birthday of Academician Yu. D. Apresyan. M., 2000. pp. 582–590.
R. F. Kasatkina. Notes on South Russian intonation // Materials and research on Russian dialectology. I (VII). To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Corresponding Member of the RAS Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov. M., 2002. pp. 134–150.
R. F. Kasatkina. About the South Russian dissimilatory akanya // Philological collection (to the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician V.V. Vinogradov). M., 1995. pp. 220–228.
R. F. Kasatkina, D. M. Savinov. Once again to the history of the development of assimilative-dissimilative vocalism in South Russian dialects // Problems of phonetics. V. M., 2007. pp. 395–407.
S. V. Knyazev, S. K. Pozharitskaya. Once again about the mechanism of formation of moderate yakan in the Russian language // Avanesov collection: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Corresponding Member. R.I. Avanesova. M., 2002. pp. 273–279.
A. M. Kuznetsova. Typology of the palatal series in Russian dialects // Dialectological studies on the Russian language. M., 1977. P. 96-102.
E. N. Nikitina, S. K. Pozharitskaya. Function words in the prosodic organization of dialect text // Studies in Slavic historical linguistics. In memory of Prof. G. A. Khaburgaeva. M., 1993. pp. 156-166.
R. F. Paufoshima. On the use of register differences in Russian phrasal intonation (based on the material of the Russian literary language and Northern Russian dialects) // Slavic and Balkan linguistics. Prosody. Sat. articles. M., 1989. pp. 53-64.
R. F. Paufoshima. On the transition from okaya unstressed vocalism to akayuschie in one Northern Russian dialect (according to spectral analysis) // Essays on the phonetics of Northern Russian dialects. M., 1967. pp. 83–98.
R. F. Paufoshima. On the structure of a syllable in some Russian dialects // Experimental phonetic research in the field of Russian dialects / Responsible. ed. S. S. Vysotsky. M., 1977. pp. 185–230.
R. F. Paufoshima. On the rate of speech in some Russian dialects // Russian dialects: Towards the study of phonetics, grammar, vocabulary. M., 1975. pp. 146–152.
R. F. Paufoshima. Phonetics of words and phrases in Northern Russian dialects. M.: Nauka, 1983.
A. B. Penkovsky. On the phonological consequences of sound substitutions in the interaction of dialects // Studies in Russian dialectology. M., 1973. P 106–121
I. L. Stalkova. Pre-stressed vowel Y (etymological) in the system of dissimilative akanya // Studies in Russian dialectology. M., 1973. pp. 74–87
V. N. Teplova. On the types of vocalism of a post-stressed final closed syllable after hard consonants in the akatic dialects of the Russian language // General Slavic Linguistic Atlas. Materials and research. 1979. M., 1981. pp. 273–288.
V. N. Teplova. On the vocalism of a post-stressed final closed syllable after hard consonants in the accusatory dialects of the Russian language // General Slavic Linguistic Atlas. Materials and research. 1978. M., 1980. pp. 309–330.
V. N. Teplova. On the vocalism of the post-stressed final open syllable after hard consonants in the accusatory dialects of the Russian language // Russian folk dialects. Linguistic and geographical research. M., 1983. pp. 44–54.
V. N. Teplova. On post-stress vocalism after hard consonants in Russian dialects // Dialectology and linguistic geography of the Russian language. M., 1981. pp. 53–64.
V. N. Teplova. On the unvoicing of consonants at the end of a word in dialects of the Russian language // General Slavic linguistic atlas. Materials and research. 1981. M., 1984. pp. 138–153
E. V. Ukhmylina. Russian dialects that preserve the opposition of voiced noisy and voiceless consonant phonemes at the end of words and syllables (based on the dialects of the Gorky region) // General Slavic linguistic atlas. Materials and research. 1971. M., 1974. S. 42-46.
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PAREMIOGRAPHY AND WINGING IN THE CONTEXT OF SLAVISTICS
V. M. Mokienko
PROJECT “PHRASEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF RUSSIAN FOLK DIALOGS”
The publication of the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” edited by F. P. Filin, F. P. Sorokoletov and S. A. Myznikov became a landmark event in world lexicography. Based on the model of this dictionary, a group of St. Petersburg phraseologists (V. M. Mokienko, T. G. Nikitina and E. K. Nikolaeva) propose to create a “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.” It will significantly expand the corpus of dialect phraseology, unify the presentation of material and detail its purely phraseographic parameters. The article discusses the basic principles of constructing a dictionary.
Key words: phraseological dictionary, folk dialects, lexicography, phraseography, phraseographic parameters.
The publication of the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” (SRNG 1965-2010) edited by F. P. Filin, F. P. Sorokoletov and (lately) S. A. Myznikov became a landmark event not only in domestic but also in world lexicography and dialectology. Created by a group of knowledgeable, experienced and dedicated specialists, it has long defined the strategy and tactics of the dictionary description of folk dialects in our country and abroad. Perhaps, except for Germany, where dialectography was already in the 19th century. led to the creation of regional lexicographic thesauri for many German-speaking regions; nowhere else in the world was such an impressive body of dialect vocabulary and phraseology created as in the Russian Academy of the post-war period. The work of the authors of the SRNG, as well as the dictionary projects of the “Pskov Regional Dictionary” under the leadership of B. A. Larin and the “Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary” under the leadership of O. G. Getsova, became a powerful stimulus for dialectographic developments in almost all regions of Russia. That is why, in a relatively short period of time - the post-war fifty years, domestic dialectologists were able to organize mass expeditions, create powerful card indexes and publish multi-volume dictionaries of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Novgorod, Vologda, Smolensk, Oryol, Tomsk, Irkutsk and other regions of Russia. And for most of these dictionaries, the principles of compiling the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, its structure and vocabulary became a lexicographical model and measure of dictionary quality.
Mokienko Valery Mikhailovich - Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Slavic Philology at St. Petersburg State University; chief researcher at the Institute of Philological Research, St. Petersburg State University; Professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies at the University. Ernst Moritz Arndt (Greifswald, Germany). Email: [email protected]
Over the 46 years that have passed since the publication of the first issue of the SRNG, the stock of domestic dialectisms has been largely replenished and continues to be replenished. Since the publication of this dictionary has already passed the letter “T”, meaning it is close to the finish line of the lexicographic marathon of St. Petersburg dialectographers, the prospect of re-issuing the dictionary, or rather, its second, expanded and expanded edition, is already arising. As is known, adjustments to some principles of its compilation, ways to expand the vocabulary and geography of the material described, and such technical details as the format of published issues, which can be larger and more ambitious, are already being discussed.
For phraseologists, the SRNG has long become a necessary source of both scientific research and lexicographical finds. Dialect phraseology, largely based on the lexicographic practice of various regional centers of our country, gradually developed the basis for the compilation and specialized dictionaries of dialect set phrases. Dictionaries of Siberian dialect phraseology, created under the guidance of prof. A. I. Fedorova (SFS, FSS) relied heavily on our academic experience simply because their editor was a Leningrader and came from the group of compilers of the famous dictionary edited by A. I. Molotkov. When compiling our phraseological dictionary of Pskov dialects (hereinafter referred to as SPP), T. G. Nikitina and I proceeded both from the experience of compiling the “Pskov Regional Dictionary” (hereinafter referred to as POS) with its millionth card index, and from the experience of the SRNG. Phraseological dictionaries of other regions of Russia (see [Prokosheva 1972]; [Kobeleva 2004]; [Stavshina 2006] and others) also proceed from the experience of developing phraseology by Leningrad / St. Petersburg lexicographers in the SRNG.
It seems that the time has come to generalize this experience in the form of a special consolidated dictionary of Russian dialect phraseology - “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.” When proposing a project for compiling such a dictionary, several circumstances should be taken into account.
Firstly, the phraseological dictionary of the SRNG in the process of gradual and long-term publication of its issues since 1965 requires significant expansion. During this period, many fundamental dialect dictionaries of the Russian language appeared, as well as a mass of regional dictionaries and dictionaries and collections of local folklore of a small genre, including proverbs and sayings. This material, according to preliminary data, can more than double the original phraseological dictionary of the SRNG.
Secondly, during this period, the theoretical postulates of phraseology as a special linguistic discipline were significantly improved, views on phraseology as an object of lexicographic description were clarified, the attitude to various types of phraseology was detailed, their regional and stylistic qualifications were improved, and the possibilities of objective cultural and historical-etymological commenting on dialect phraseological units. All this can and should be taken into account when compiling the “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” (FSRNG).
Thirdly, the differential principle of selecting a vocabulary for the SRNG, which turned out to be productive in describing vocabulary, caused certain discrepancies
specifically when processing phraseology. After all, many phraseological dialectisms include lexical components of the national language. These are, for example, dialectisms with somatic components such as head, arm, leg, etc. The compilers of the SRNG are completely justified in including them in their dictionary without commenting on the original word. Thus, the 1st meaning of the vocable Leg opens with the standard characteristic “In combinations”, and then under the signs ◊ and ~ phraseological units are given: in white legs (sit down), in the legs, in the leg... in the horse leg (horse leg), in three dance your feet, live lightly, etc. [SRNG, 21, 1986: 261-263]. It is easy to notice that such phraseological units organically fit into the ranks of phraseological units that are not so much dialectisms in accordance with the differential approach adopted by the compilers, but rather only variants of nationwide stable word combinations. And this, it seems, is the correct approach, because - despite the deviation from the strictly differential principle - it allows us to make the volume of the phraseological dictionary more complete and reflects the dynamics of phraseology in living speech. In the projected dictionary, variations of phraseology will also be described, especially since it is impossible to make a strict distinction between “pure” dialectisms and “variation” phrases.
Fourthly, the order of arrangement of phraseological units in the SRNG, although logically subordinate to the alphabetic principle chosen for vocabulary, makes it somewhat difficult to find the desired phrase in large vocabulary words - such as, for example, Noga. After all, the desire to distinguish the described phraseological units into stable phrases of a semi-terminological type (legs remain “legs are taken away”, dry legs “hit, beat off legs”, stand on grass (waxed) legs “stand unsteadily; fall” and idioms themselves (camel foot “cover on the sleeve ; oversleeve", live on a light foot, "live carefree", see under the foot "it's bad to see") [SRNG, 21, 1986: 261-263], as can be seen even from the examples given, can be considered relative. Moreover, because due to the variability of the components of phraseological units, their first component can be replaced, which violates the strictness of the alphabetical order.That is why in the proposed FSRNG draft, the principle of placing phraseological units under the first core word, usually a noun, has been chosen, as we will see below.
Finally, by combining phraseological material in a comprehensive specialized dictionary, it is possible to unify its presentation, correlate variants and synonyms within a single dictionary text, describe its semantics and stylistics in one key, offer the reader semantic and historical-etymological comments, etc. Thus, The purpose of the conceived “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” is a complete systematic description of the phraseological dialectisms of the Russian language.
Of course, the differential principle of selecting dialect material, which forms the basis of the SRNG, will be observed consistently in the FSRNG, taking into account the experience already available in the first dictionary of including various types of variants of national phraseological units in the corpus. Thus, from the block of the vocabula KORYTO the colloquial phrases Stay / stay (find yourself, find yourself, sit) at a broken trough (with a broken trough) and Return / return to a broken trough will be excluded, but will be reflected as dialecticisms, from
reflecting the national specifics of the semantics of a vocable word, as well as variations and associative reminiscences of a national expression dating back to the fairy tale of A. S. Pushkin:
Stay on the trough. Kar. The same as being left with nothing [SRGK, 4, 1997: 256].< Баенный - банный.
Ergot in the trough! Yarosl. Greetings to those who wash clothes [SRNG, 15, 1979: 37].
It's a trough. Psk. Disapproved About smb. bad, unsuccessful [POS, 2, 1973: 16]; [POS, 7, 1986: 16].
Put (brother, sister) under the trough. Novg., Sib. Get married before your older brother (sister) [SFS 1972: 148]; [SRNG, 30, 2003: 134]; [Sergeeva 2004: 244].
Broken trough. 1. Psk. Disapproved About a poor, destroyed economy. [SIP 2001: 47]. 2. Jarg. they say Joking-iron. About a sick person [Maksimov 2002: 199].
The composition of the FSRNG and the principles for selecting phraseological units will correspond to the criteria that guide the compilers of the FSRNG in relation to dialect vocabulary [SRNG, 1, 1965: 5-7]. “Whatever the meaning and origin of a word, it, as a rule, will be included in the Dictionary only if it is not used everywhere, if it is not a word of a modern literary language,” writes in his project and in the “Introduction” to the SRNG F. P. Filin. He makes a significant reservation, which, it seems, is especially relevant in relation to the selection of phraseological dialectisms: “In all cases when a word stands on the border of dialectal and national vocabulary or when it is impossible to determine whether a word is dialectal or whether it is widespread, the issue is resolved in favor placing the word in the Dictionary" [SRNG, 1, 1965: 6]. It is precisely phraseological units that are characterized by their location “on the edge” of the dialect and the national, and here it is better to cross this line in favor of a shift to the national than to exclude expressions that are relevant for regional living speech. This criterion for selecting a dictionary will be a guide to the compilation of the FSRNG.
Of the other criteria for selecting dialect material, determined by the differential principle, only one will be expanded - relating to proper names. F. P. Filin does not include this category of words in the corpus of the Dictionary, giving them, as an exception, a place as additional illustrative material at the end of dictionary entries or (very rarely) with the special historical-etymological value of individual names [SRNG, 1, 1965 : 7]. Proper names as a component (often a core one) are of independent value, which is why they are often reflected in the SRNG. The compilers of the FSRNG will continue this tradition, expanding the range of “onomastic” phraseological units, for example:
MALANYA * Malanya is countless. Perm. Iron. About a person who cannot count correctly (1930) [SRNG, 17, 1981: 318].
Malanya, ram's head. Region A stupid, narrow-minded woman who is easy to fool and deceive (1927) [SRNG, 17, 1981: 318].
Malanya with a box. 1. Irkut. About someone who bothers others. business or your worries; fool with a written bag (1967) [SRNG, 17, 1981:
318]. 2. Sib. Joking-iron. About a man who came with a large but low-value cargo [SFS 1972: 102].
Malanya plowed backwards. Kar. Joking-iron. About who started doing the job incorrectly [SRGK, 5, 2002: 20].
It is especially appropriate to fix proper names in this type of phraseology (in the broad sense) as folk proverbs. Thus, in the SRNG (36) the name Savva is not recorded. It will nevertheless be included in the section of dialectic proverbs of the FSRNG, because proverbs with this name in all respects correspond to the principle of differential selection of dialect material:
SAVVA (SAVA)
SAVAf Sava has great glory [Dmitriev 1972: 46].
SAVVA ♦ There was Savva, there was glory [Simoni 1899: 78], [Anikin 1988: 30].
As is Savva, such is [his] glory [Collection of Tatishchev of the 18th century. 1961: 54], [Kurganov 1793: 130], [Snegirev 1848: 163]; [Dal, a, 1984: 180]; [Dal, b, 1984: 159]; [Shapovalova 1959: 317]; [Sobolev 1956: 63]; [Spirin 1985: 65]; [Anikin 1988: 129]; [PPZK 2000: 55]; [SPP 2001: 139].
Such is Savva (Sava), such is his glory [Weisman 1731: 400]; .
Savva stood up, Khoma siv, and we are now gone. Kuban. [PPZK 2000: 76].
Savva makes you laugh, but the shroud scares you [Simoni 1899: 141]; [SRYA XI-
XVII centuries, 25, 2000: 190].
Savva ate the lard, resisted, locked himself, and said: I haven’t seen it. Eagle [Dal, a, 1984: 160].
Savva ate the lard, wiped himself, locked himself up, and said: I haven’t seen him [Anikin 1988: 279].
Savva grabbed it like a wife sewed a shroud [Dal, b, 1984: 123].
As is Savva, so is glory [Dal, b, 1984: 159].
SAVVA+ To the good Savva, goodness and glory [Snegirev 1848: 97]; [Dal, b, 1984: 159]; [Zhukov 1966: 133]; [Spirin 1985: 65]; [Anikin 1988: 81].
According to Savva, there is glory [Dal, b, 1984: 159].
SAVWUF They honored Savva neither in honor nor in glory! [Dal, 4, 1955: 528].
SAVA+ From Savva there is glory, and from Persha there is honor. Psk. [Peter. galley beginning
XVIII century: 36]; [Shapovalova 1959: 323]; [SPP 2001: 139].
You want glory from Sava, but you seek honor from dust [Simoni 1899: 152].
Today he has Savvas, tomorrow he has Varvara [Dal, 1984: 198; Dahl, 4, 1955: 170].
STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY The thesaurus type of the proposed Dictionary allows us to accept a broad understanding of phraseology. Its corpus will include not only idioms like psk. play giganki "laugh" [POS, 8, 1990: 101] or sib. ku-mohu (kumoku) shake “to mess around, do trifles” [SRNG, 16, 1980: 85-86; SFS 1972: 97], but also stable comparisons (for example, muzzle. clap zenks like stuffing “about someone’s incessantly blinking eyes” [SRGM, 4, 1986:, 52] or resin. run with the tip “about strong, abundant flow of water (for example, from a tap)" [SSG, 11, 2005: 93] and proverbs - like those given above with the name Savva. Each category of these language units will receive a special description in separate volumes of the Dictionary. Thus, the objects of description will be presented in three parts - “Dictionary of Russian dialect phraseological units”, “Dictionary of Russian dialect comparisons” and “Dictionary of Russian dialect proverbs”.
In accordance with the linguistic specificity of these three main types of proverbs, the Dictionary is compositionally laid out in line with a kind of lexicographical “trilogy”.
Part I - “Dictionary of Russian dialectal phraseological units”, which will describe dialectal idioms, give their semantic and stylistic characteristics, information about their territorial distribution (area) and interpretation of individual lexical dialectic units included in the turnover. Part II - “Dictionary of Russian dialect comparisons”, which is built according to the same scheme. Part III - “Dictionary of Russian dialect proverbs”, where the material is also arranged in alphabetical order of the core word, indicating the written source or geographical characteristics.
Despite the well-known linguistic difference between the three types of proverbs described in the dictionary (phraseologisms-sayings, proverbs and stable comparisons), the compilers tried to present them in a lexicographically similar treatment. The structure of a dictionary entry is developed precisely as a dictionary entry, which distinguishes this collection from many collections of proverbs and sayings, where a general thematic heading replaces interpretation, stylistic characteristics, data on the distribution and frequency of use, and other lexicographic parameters. All such characteristics are reflected, if possible, in the dictionary of Pskov proverbs and sayings.
The proposed structure of the FSRNG has already been tested by us in the compilation of several dictionaries - primarily in the “Dictionary of Pskov Proverbs and Sayings” (hereinafter SPP 2001) and in our recently published paremiological “trilogy” - “Big Dictionary of Russian Sayings” [Mokienko, Nikitina, a, 2008 ], “Big Dictionary of Russian Folk Comparisons” [Mokienko, Nikitina, b, 2008] and “Big Dictionary of Russian Proverbs” [Mokienko, Nikitina, Nikolaeva 2010]. The difference between FSRNG and these already published dictionaries will be significant precisely in terms of reflecting the actual dialect material. In the paremiological “trilogy” the main body was colloquial and vernacular units, as well as, in the fullest possible volume, the phraseology of the Russian literary and book language, and in a much wider chronological amplitude: for proverbs, for example, it covered proverbs from the 12th to the 21st centuries.
It is known that paremiological collections, especially in Russia, usually following V.I. Dahl, systematized the material in thematic order. When thinking about what type of classification of material to use in the FSRNG, the compilers chose a different type - the alphabetical arrangement of the core word, which, as a rule, turns out to be the first noun - a component of a saying, comparison or proverb. The arrangement of proverbs, sayings and comparisons along the figurative “core” as their semantic dominant seems to allow us to look deeper into their hidden original meaning. This arrangement makes it possible to reflect the purely linguistic system in which the pearls of folk wisdom crystallized. In addition, it is the alphabetical-nested principle of description that ensures the lexicographic unity of the three parts of the Dictionary, preserving the purely linguistic specificity of the units described in each of
The purpose of this article is to give a general description of the future Dictionary. Only the space limit does not allow us to present in expanded form the structure of the FSRNG dictionary entries, which includes, of course, all the classic parameters of a thesaurus-type dictionary: 1. Alphabetical (according to the core noun word) arrangement of the material. 2. The shape of the described units, a reflection of their variants. 3. Interpretations (definitions). 4. Stylistic, geographical and chronological qualification of the material. 5. Contextual illustrations. 6. Comments and explanations of unclear words and combinations.
Each of these points could easily be demonstrated with representative examples. This will be done elsewhere.
A tempting task for a further lexicographic description of dialect phraseology at this stage remains, as it seems, its deeper historical, etymological and cultural commentary. Works of such devotees of historical phraseology as V.V. Vinogradov, B.A. Larin, A.M. Babkin, R.N. Popov, L.A. Ivashko, L.Ya. Kostyuchuk, S.G. Shulezhkova and many their followers have already made it possible to reveal different aspects of the life of ancient and modern Russia in the mirror of phraseology. I would like to hope that the work on the “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” will give this kind of research a new impetus. For readers who are not experienced in philological studies, the very “red word” of our Russian speech, perhaps, will bring aesthetic pleasure. After all, this word is not just a monument of folk literature. This monument is alive and continuously renewed, despite its age. The monumental academic “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects,” work on which is entering its final stage, may receive its specialized continuation in the projected “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.”
LITERATURE
Anikin V.P. Russian proverbs and sayings / ed. V. P. Anikina; preface
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THE CONCEPT OF "THE DICTIONARY OF RUSSIAN DIALECTAL SET
The publication of the "Dictionary of Russian Dialects" edited by F. P. Filin, F. P. Sorokole-tov and S. A. Myznikov became an important landmark in lexicography all over the world. Using this dictionary as a model a group of St. Petersburg linguists (V. M. Mokiyenko, T. G. Nikitina, Ye. K. Nikolayeva) intend to compile "The Dictionary of Russian Dialectal Set Phrases". It will contain a considerably enlarged corpus of dialectalset phrases with unified material presentation and detailed phraseological parameters. The paper discusses the main principles of the dictionary structure.
Key words: phraseological dictionary, dialects, lexicography, phraseography, phraseological parameters.
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