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Content:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3
ChapterI. Theoretical foundations of the activities of public associations….5
……………………………………………………………………………………..6
ChapterII. Activity public association“Common cause” for the prevention of addictions……………………………………………………..8
2.1.What is “Common Cause”? …………………………………………….8
2.2. Goals and directions of the organization's activities. Rights and obligations of the organization……………………………………………………….10
2.3. The role of the organization “Common Cause” in the prevention of drug addiction on the basis of the Savasley school MBOU……………………………………………………13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….15
Literature……………………………………………………………………………….17
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………18
Introduction.
Today the world is experiencing one of the most difficult stages of its development. Social and economic instability, the destruction of an adequate system of values and moral guidelines - all this gives rise to a feeling of helplessness and despair not only among younger generation, but also in an adult. The younger generation has it more difficult than adults in such an unstable and incomprehensible world, whose outlook on life is still being formed. Often there is a desire to “hide” from life, to forget, to feel safe. Addictions may contribute to this various types: alcohol, nicotine addiction, drug addiction. All this creates an illusion of safety for many young men and women and temporarily provides the opportunity to experience a sense of psychological comfort and peace of mind. Therefore, efforts to prevent addictions should be focused on carrying out preventive measures and educating the younger generation of personal resistance to any of the addictions.
One of the central tasks of modernizing Russian society is raising a healthy generation. This task cannot be solved if the subjects of the educational process do not have clear ideas about the components of health, and most importantly, consciously relate to their health.
Each of us knows that an attitude towards health and, accordingly, a healthy lifestyle does not appear in a person on its own, but is formed as a result of a certain pedagogical influence. Therefore, at the MBOU Savasley school great attention is devoted to preventive work aimed at development conscious attitude to one’s own health, the ability to resist other people’s influence and make one’s choice consciously, realistically assessing its consequences, the NGO “Common Cause” helps us in this work, thanks to their interactive classes, teaching aids, etc.
Object of study: drug addiction prevention.
Subject of research: Prevention of drug addiction among adolescents by public organizations.
Purpose of the study: to analyze the problem of drug addiction prevention, to study the content of its process, to describe the forms and methods of preventive work in public organizations.
Research objectives:
1.Study the psychological and pedagogical problem of drug addiction prevention.
2.Identify the features of preventing drug addiction among adolescents in the context of public associations.
3.Describe the experience of the public association “Common Cause” in the prevention of drug addiction.
4.Describe the forms and methods of work of the public association “Common Cause” for the prevention of drug addiction.
Chapter I . Theoretical foundations of the activities of public associations.
Public associations, like government bodies, are part of the institutional “subsystem” political system society. These are voluntary associations of citizens (“interest groups”) created in established by law ok. They express powerfully significant interests of social, national, regional and other communities and influence state institutions for the purpose of their implementation.
A public association is understood as a set of equal citizens who have voluntarily united on the basis of common interests for the joint implementation of their rights. Public associations are recognized as political parties, organizations, unions, societies, movements, associations, foundations, etc.
Since ancient times, unions of citizens have been known that united people with common views on various phenomena public life: philosophical, artistic and literary schools, Masonic lodges, knightly orders, music salons, etc. The emergence of social movements in a more or less modern form dates back to the beginning of the 19th century.
Their existence was due to certain social needs, first of all: in solving a particular problem; V joint activities; in communication with like-minded people.
At the present stage, two main forms of associations can be distinguished:
Public organizations and social movements.
The social movement is a clearly organized structure, has a rather diverse composition of participants with different political views, there is no fixed membership, etc.
Most often, the basis for the emerging experience is the school and institutions of additional education - the main centers for the upbringing of modern children, as well as public structures of a non-political nature that legally exist and have legal status in the state and society.
1.1.Functions and areas of activity of public associations.
The main directions of work carried out by youth organizations:
general preventive activities aimed at organizing leisure and youth employment, promoting healthy image life and anti-drug education, individual preventive work with adolescents and youth at risk, young people who find themselves in difficult life situations.
By implementing programs aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle, youth organizations have a number of advantages, which allows us to talk about high efficiency their work: an informal and proactive approach to conducting general preventive and educational events makes it possible to make them relevant and attractive to modern youth. Youth organizations have new forms of work in their arsenal: health marathons, flash mobs, photo exhibitions, social theater, peer-to-peer training, the ability to attract and accumulate all types of resources, active participation in grant programs, the carriers of the anti-drug culture are healthy, positive and energetic young people - leaders of public opinion.
The main role of all public associations is to express the position of a particular group of people on social or political issues.
For example, public youth associations reflect the interests of the younger generation of citizens. Recently, such movements have received serious support from government authorities, which has pushed their development. The realization has come that the education of the nation should begin with the youth. Many of the existing public youth associations implement programs to create social youth groups, labor exchanges, develop sports, identify and support young talents, summer vacation and others.
Main functions of public associations:
Identifying the interests and needs of group members with their further satisfaction. The principles of activity of public associations are based precisely on the performance of this function;
Social integration and mobilization.
Socialization. This function of public associations involves identifying the civic position of the association’s participants;
Lobbying the interests of its participants when communicating with various political and social institutions;
A new look at socio-political structure.
At the present stage, public associations in the Russian Federation can be characterized as variable in the direction of activity (creative, professional, sports, realization of interests, environmental, charitable, civil-patriotic, etc.), in the variety of forms and mechanisms of implemented projects and programs.
The function of the organization's data is to expand the capabilities of various types of socialization, legal education, social protection through the inclusion of additional sources of social control, etc.
Chapter II . Activities of the public association “Common Cause” for the prevention of addictions.
2.1.What is Common Cause?
In 2011, an initiative group of citizens from different cities of Russia created the Public Organization Common Cause. They were united by the desire and need to convey to Russians the severity of the current situation in the country due to the use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. This idea turned out to be close to many people, and by the end of 2012 the organization was represented in 47 regions of Russia.The phrase Common Cause was chosen as the name of the organization.
Since before its creation, many volunteers had already carried out preventive work, in which they used video materials from a television project called “Common Cause,” which aired on Channel One from February to June 2009.
But the main thing was the meaning contained in these words, the revival and strengthening of Russia is our Common Cause!
The priority area of work of the organization “Common Cause” is broad educational activities:
- conducting interactive lectures in educational institutions;
- creation of video and printed educational materials;
- wide dissemination of these materials in the media and on the Internet.
The organization carries out its activities in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, and adheres to the principles of political, national and religious neutrality
Political neutrality. Participants of the organization, within the framework of its activities, do not conduct political or propaganda work, do not participate in political events.
Confessional neutrality. Members of the organization respect the right of every person to freedom of religion, and do not conduct preaching or religious programs.
National neutrality. For many centuries Russia has been and remains a multinational country, uniting various cultural and ethnic groups people and the activities of the organization apply equally to all groups of citizens without exception.
The Common Cause organization creates educational videos and documentaries approved by the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia.
The Common Cause organization creates projects aimed at strengthening moral values in our society.
The projects of the organization “Common Cause” are also aimed at preserving the health of our children. This is the holding of gaming educational programs in schools and camps, creating cartoons that help develop in children the value of a healthy lifestyle and conscious citizenship.
COMMON CAUSE is a public organization that unites caring people throughout Russia. The purpose of the Organization is to strengthen moral values and promote a healthy lifestyle in Russian society.
Most Russians would like to see their country prosper. Everyone, of course, would like to be healthy and wishes health to their family, loved ones and friends. After all, a person’s health is the basis both for his personal success in all areas of life, and for the well-being of the people around him and the entire country.
What can we do for ourselves, our family and friends, for everyone?
Secondly, we can contribute to the emergence of a socially healthy atmosphere where our children and all of us will live comfortably and safely, an atmosphere where a healthy lifestyle in all respects will be interesting and attractive.
Thirdly, we will be able to realize our internal potential in taking responsibility for our own lives, the lives of our children, our country.
2.2. Goals and directions of the organization's activities. Rights and obligations of the organization.
The organization was created for the purposes of:
- support, development and implementation of presidential initiatives in the field of protecting the health of the nation;
- popularizing a healthy lifestyle and creating a fashion for a healthy lifestyle in a wider public environment;
- increasing social responsibility among those responsible for raising children and youth (teachers, social workers, parents);
- overcoming the critical situation caused by the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco by the population and, in particular, children and youth;
- increasing the level of awareness of the dangers of alcohol, drug and tobacco consumption among the population;
- development of universal, moral and spiritual values in society;
- changes in the stereotype of thinking in relation to alcohol and tobacco in society, and primarily in youth environment in favor of understanding that the use of alcohol and tobacco is incompatible with a full, healthy and happy life, both at the level of the individual, family and society as a whole;
- changing the stereotype of thinking in relation to artificial termination of pregnancy in society, in favor of the understanding that artificial termination of pregnancy causes irreparable physical and moral harm to both the woman herself and society as a whole.
To achieve these goals, the Organization carries out the following activities in accordance with the procedure established by law:
- implementation of programs and scientific research in the field of public health;
- conducting and organizing interactive programs, lectures and seminars aimed at changing the stereotype of thinking in relation to alcohol and tobacco in society, and primarily among young people, in favor of understanding that the use of alcohol and tobacco is incompatible with a full, healthy and happy life as at the level of the individual, family, and society as a whole;
- conducting and organizing interactive programs, lectures and seminars on the development of universal, moral and spiritual values in society;
- placement of educational materials in the media;
- attracting, organizing and coordinating the activities of groups of volunteer activists, primarily from the youth environment;
- conducting monitoring, surveys and sociological research;
- implementation of programs aimed at legal education of the population in the field of health protection;
- creation of video, audio, as well as electronic and printed materials;
- holding and organizing cultural events in support of a healthy lifestyle, including with the involvement of famous musicians, singers, film and television stars;
- widespread distribution of educational materials (boards, posters, printed publications, films, videos, lectures, seminars, trainings, etc.) among the population;
- creation of information data banks on the development of educational work among the country's population;
organizational, methodological and advisory information support for the activities of enterprises, institutions, creative organizations, unions, foundations, charitable organizations on issues of promoting a healthy lifestyle;
- organizing trips and excursions (including on a paid basis) for members of the Organization and other persons in order to promote a healthy lifestyle, as well as for tourism and other socially useful purposes;
- other areas of activity that help reduce alcohol consumption and smoking among the population, not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In the interests of achieving its statutory goals, the Organization has the right:
- make various transactions on your own behalf;
- acquire property and personal non-property rights;
- freely disseminate information about its activities;
- in the manner prescribed by law, represent and defend their rights and legitimate interests of their members, as well as other persons;
- take initiatives on various issues of public life, make proposals to government bodies;
- carry out charitable activities;
- conduct charity events (including lotteries, auctions, concerts, tours, etc.);
- create business partnerships, societies, as well as acquire property intended for running economic activity;
- independently determine the procedure, forms of organization and remuneration of full-time employees and attracted specialists;
- carry out any other activities not prohibited by current legislation and aimed at achieving the statutory goals of the Organization.
The organization is obliged:
- comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law;
- ensure transparency in its activities;
- annually inform the body making the decision on state registration of public associations about the continuation of its activities, indicating the actual location of the permanent governing body, its name and information about the leaders of the Organization in the amount of information included in the single State Register legal entities;
- allow representatives of the body making decisions on state registration of public associations to events held by the Organization;
- provide assistance to representatives of the body making decisions on state registration of public associations in familiarizing themselves with the activities of the Organization related to the achievement of statutory goals and compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
- annually publish a report on the use of your property or ensure accessibility of the said report;
- submit, at the request of the body making the decision on state registration of public associations, any documents of the Organization, including annual and quarterly reports on its activities and the amount of information provided to the tax authorities.
2.3. The role of the organization “Common Cause” in the prevention of drug addiction on the basis of the Savasley school.
The social teacher of our school, at a seminar at NIRO in April of this year, met the coordinator of the NGO “Common Cause” Sergei Tikhomirov, he gave a report on the dangers of addictions, on the methods of manipulation used to attract young people to use various psychoactive substances. Taught methods of conducting interviews and cool hours with watching films made thanks to “Common Cause”. After an active and meaningful discussion with teachers about the importance of preventive work among students, about the importance of a teacher’s personal example in communicating with students, all those present were offered teaching aids and CDs for conducting these programs as a gift. Marina Aleksandrovna wished to become an activist and help in promoting a healthy lifestyle, especially since her work is directly related tonurturing in the younger generation personal resistance to drug temptation.Today, the MBOU Savasley school hosts interactive classes according to the program developed by the NGO “Common Cause”this program is a convenient algorithm for conducting classes on the primary prevention of psychoactive substance (PAS) use. With its help you can carry out interactive lessons with a high degree of effectiveness in informing about the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco and other substances on a person’s physical and mental health.This program has been approvedMinistry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Drug Control, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University, Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Narcology; We recommend the website “Common Cause” to work colleagues and parents on parent meetings, where there is detailed information about the organization and all materials for prevention work. At the methodological association in the educational institution of the Kulebak region, they talked about this organization, watched fragments of educational films so that teachers in the Kulebak region could use these materials for their work and to promote a healthy lifestyle. So that our efforts are truly common! Such classes are a serious investment in the development of a harmonious person, and therefore can be recommended for educational work with students. Children were informed about the group in the “Common Cause” contact, where there is also all the information about NGOs, events held by activists, films, expert opinions on watching video material, brochures, healthy advertising. In our opinion, thanks to the actions of this organization, its active life position, energetic people who wholeheartedly support youth, Russia andthe realization comes that the education of the nation should begin with the youth.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the research work, we can conclude that everything higher value In the last decade, drug addiction has become a problem. It is global because the future depends on its decision social progress and the fate of civilization. People are trying to understand its seriousness and therefore effective measures are being taken to combat drug addiction, such as the creation of:
bills - at the state level;
various projects - at the level of public organizations;
programs – at the level of educational institutions.
It is very important that everyone realizes that this disaster can befall every family. Then we will be able to mobilize not only public organizations and government agencies, but also every person to fight drug addiction. Only in this case, when we all unite, can we reduce this terrible and dangerous phenomenon to society to a minimum.
But, as we know, it’s better not to start taking drugs at all because it can be almost impossible to give them up, and it’s easier to say “no” right away than to regret it later.
The goal of our work was to find out whether there are ways to combat drug addiction. And, as a result, we can say that methods of struggle exist, and methods of primary prevention are the most effective, thanks to public organizations created by caring people, united by an understanding of the need to convey to broad layers of Russian society the truth about the social and medical consequences of using alcohol, tobacco and other drugs ; thanks to educational organizations that see children every day and for many years, actively promoting a healthy lifestyle; and, of course, such work should be carried out within the family. After all, the most important thing, in our opinion, in the Common Cause is people! People united by one common idea - to make our country healthy and prosperous! Join us!
Literature
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Internet resources:
1. Wikipedia free encyclopedia [electronic resource]. Access form:
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< https://общее-дело.рф/about/reviews/school/>
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
KAZAKH HUMANITIES AND LAW UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES
GRADUATION WORK
TOPIC: “The role of non-governmental organizations in solving problems of drug addiction among youth”
Scientific adviser:
Senior Lecturer
Zhusupova M.T._________
Performed:
4th year student
groups SR-402
Dzhumagulova D.N.______
Internal reviewer:
Ph.D., professor
Izteleuova L.I.________
Standard controller:
Sembina J.J.__________
Accepted for defense
"___"________2009
Head department:___________
Candidate of Social Sciences, Professor Izteleuova L.I.
Astana - 2009
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….. 3-6
CHAPTER 1. YOUTH DRUG ABUSE AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY…………………………………………………………….. 7
1.1 Organization of anti-drug work with youth in foreign countries…………………………………………………………………………………………7-18
1.2 Working with teenagers to prevent drug addiction in modern Kazakh society (using the example of the Corporate Foundation “Future without Drugs”)………………..…………………………………………………………………….. .19-29
CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICITY OF SOCIAL WORK WITH DRUG ADDICTED ADOLESCENTS................................................................... ......... 30
2.1 Activities of a social work specialist
with the specified target group……………………………………………………………..30-39
2.2 Modern methods and prevention programs
drug addiction among teenagers…………………………….……………40-50
CONCLUSION................................................. ........................................... 51-52
LIST OF REFERENCES……………………......53-57
ANNEX 1.
APPENDIX 2.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, drug addiction is one of the most pressing social problems not only in Kazakhstan, but throughout the world. The scientific literature explores the social, psychological and biological roots of drug addiction; law enforcement agencies and public organizations are making attempts to intensify preventive activities; the number of institutions and organizations where drug addicts are provided with the necessary medical and psychological-social assistance is increasing. However, the drug situation in Kazakhstan has changed qualitatively and quantitatively for the worse over the past ten years.
According to the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the General Prosecutor's Office, as of April 1, 2008, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 55,781 drug users were officially registered with health authorities, including 4,165 minors and 4,769 women. Experts say that their real number is 10 times higher.
The associated social, criminal, economic and health aspects have become one of the most intractable problems.
Today it is generally accepted that drug addiction is not so much a medical problem as a social problem, the so-called social disease.
Practice shows that most often specialists limit themselves to stating the situation without offering forms and technologies of social therapy. As a result, various myths regarding drugs dominate among adolescents and young people, drug consumption is growing, and preventive work is carried out insufficiently.
Of particular concern is the fact that the most rapid growth in the consumption of psychoactive substances is observed among young people and among adolescents - the transition from traditional consumption to a youth consumption culture. According to sociological research in recent years, every seventh schoolchild has tried drugs at least once. If we compare the figures for 1992 and 2005, the number of minor drug users during this period increased 4.7 times (from 859 to 4843).
In this situation, the relevance of conducting preventive work to prevent the use of psychoactive substances (PAS) by children and adolescents is undeniable.
The spread of drugs in modern society allows us to characterize this phenomenon as the drugization of the population. Its scale is critical and gives the right to talk about a threat to the safety of society. The growing severity of the drug addiction situation also indicates a lack of preventive work. Moreover, to date, the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation measures remains extremely low; only 5-7% of drug addicts do not return to drug addiction after undergoing traditional courses of treatment.
Research has shown that drug abuse prevention is especially necessary among adolescents and young adults. However, given the extreme prevalence and growing level of drug use among adolescents and young people, no measures have yet been developed. efficient technologies prevention of teenage drug use, suitable for practical purposes.
Purpose of the study: consider the content and role of non-governmental organizations in solving problems of drug addiction among young people.
· study foreign and Kazakhstani experience on the problem of drug addiction prevention in adolescence;
· consider the activities of non-governmental organizations in the prevention of drug addiction using the example of the Corporate Foundation “Drug-Free Future”;
· justify the need to use modern techniques and programs for the prevention of drug addiction among adolescents by social work specialists.
Object of study: at-risk youth aged 14-29 years.
Subject of study: social and preventive work of non-governmental organizations with teenagers.
Research hypothesis: Involving teenagers in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances is an effective method of countering drug use.
Research methods:
· method of group questioning, testing;
· quantitative, qualitative analysis results;
· advisory methods: observation, conversations with teenagers;
· method of individual and pedagogical documentation;
· interviews with narcologists, psychologists, social workers, non-governmental organizations, government officials.
Scientific novelty of the research The results of the work are as follows:
· based comparative analysis modern preventive programs and interactive anti-drug methods, the position is justified that the involvement of adolescents in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances, as well as their active participation in the use interactive techniques is a key factor in effectively combating drug use.
Empirical basis of the study: regulatory documents, instructions, teaching aids and developments of the youth organization of the Corporate Foundation “Future without Drugs”.
Theoretical and practical significance work. The data obtained about the characteristics of the drug situation in adolescents and young adults can become the basis for the development of social and preventive programs intended for both drug-prone and drug-addicted adolescents.
Interactive methods and programs for the prevention of teenage drug use can be used in secondary educational institutions as part of drug prevention activities. results final work expand the problem field of social worker practice and can be used in the development of effective programs and methods in preventive work with youth, as well as in the field of anti-drug education of the population.
Structure thesis The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of used sources and literature, including 53 titles, and an appendix.
CHAPTER 1. YOUTH DRUG ABUSE AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY
1.1. Organization of anti-drug work with youth in foreign countries
Addiction - This is a disease characterized by drug abuse and addiction to them. The problem of drug addiction exists to a greater or lesser extent in almost all countries, and in this regard, Kazakhstan is rightfully included in the world community. Drugs are now called the third threat to humanity after nuclear weapons and global environmental disaster.
According to statistics, the number of drug addicts in the world has exceeded 50 million people. At the same time, according to Interpol, people use drugs with varying intensity (from one-time use to daily use). various types 200 million people (95 percent of this number are users of cannabis, heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs). The number of drug users is constantly increasing.
The problem of “drugs and drug addiction” throughout the world is perceived primarily as a youth problem. The main factor in the increase in drug addiction is age. Drug addiction is rapidly becoming “younger”; today we can note not only teenage, but also children’s drug addiction. This is a worldwide trend. According to the UN International Narcotics Control Board, in some countries the number of minors who have tried marijuana at least once exceeds 37 percent.
Due to the current socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan, children, adolescents and young people find themselves in a difficult situation. Values have been destroyed, the connection between generations is lost, and behavioral stereotypes have changed dramatically. Increasing tension, stressful situations, uncertainty of the situation, instability, unemployment, difficulties in finding employment for minors, conflicts with the law - cause asocial forms of behavior in the younger generation, self-destructive in nature. In minors, a disastrously rapid attitude toward further drug addiction is formed and, at the same time, personal growth stops, connections with the immediate environment are severed or deformed, and family relationships, the subsequent formation of one’s own family and the birth of offspring is often difficult. Abuse of psychoactive substances often leads to early disability and death of minors.
Today the group of teenagers and youth at “social risk” is extremely large. In the context of socio-economic transformations, children, adolescents, and young people turned out to be one of the least protected groups of the population, which led to the exacerbation of problems such as homelessness, neglect, the growth of alcoholism and drug addiction, and crime. The practice of drug use, which has grown into a form of leisure, has become a “new” model of behavior. The topic of drug addiction has been raised in the media for several years. But there is another side to this problem, namely the propaganda of narcotic drugs.
The problem of drugs, as an element of the youth subculture, first manifested itself in the United States during the heyday of the “flower children” - the hippies. Similar situations have arisen and are arising in Europe: the promotion of drugs among youth and teenagers as an element of leisure or sociocultural youth systems.
In this regard, a wide variety of anti-drug programs are currently being developed and tested in each country, of which only the most effective ones are subsequently widely used, aimed at overcoming the interest of minors in drugs.
Let us consider the features of primary prevention of drug addiction and substance abuse using the example of programs operating in the USA, England, Holland, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Russia.
In the United States of America , Since the passage of the Juvenile Act in 1899, much discussion has been devoted to the problem of deviant behavior of youth, in particular the prevention of drug addiction, and a huge number of prevention programs have been developed.
Studying issues of drug use, US scientists came to the conclusion that the effectiveness of preventive programs depends on the chosen goal, therefore, the main stage of anti-drug education was programs where the goal was not to obtain information about drug addiction, but to develop in adolescents the ability to make decisions based on this information.
Along with the value choice program, drug alternative programs were also developed.
The best youth drug prevention programs in the United States have a broad range of efforts to address drug addiction among youth as a whole. For successful implementation Such programs require the combined efforts of many people and organizations. Thus, American scientists put forward 7 main categories of prevention: through family, religion, school, leisure activities, police, judicial and legislative bodies.
Programs aimed at peers, parents, and communities in which young people live play an important role. Since the opinion of the youth environment has a great influence on the behavior of minors, programs aimed at “street youth” have been developed.
A methodological technique called patronage has become widespread in the United States, when older students give younger students information about drugs, health problems, as well as other issues that are more general, but of interest to both. The experience of using this technique has shown that it has the main educational effect on young people acting as chefs. This technique has a much smaller impact on the sponsored ones.
There are also programs that focus on peer participation. The point of creating such groups is to develop the necessary work skills, achieve academic success, and form a positive opinion about young man, his peers and friends, school.
In addition to anonymous trust points in large American cities anti-drug prevention is carried out by various rehabilitation centers. A typical rehabilitation system abroad is specialized clinics in which drug addicts live from one to three years, acquire new profession, restore lost work skills. Enterprises, subsidiary farms, and artistic crafts are created at rehabilitation centers. All this allows the patient to rationally change previously established categories of values, break with the former criminal environment, and form an attitude toward a healthy lifestyle in the future. By the time the patient ends his stay at the rehabilitation center, a place of work and housing are found for him. According to National Drug Enforcement Administration Chief Barry McCaffrey, the United States has made great strides in reducing drug use and eradicating the consequences of drug addiction at the national level. The ongoing prevention and education programs have been successful. Over the past 15 years, they have managed to reduce the number of people using drugs by 50%. Drug-related homicides have dropped by 25%. More than 3.5 thousand public organizations to combat drugs have been formed in the cities of the country.
There is a strong social anti-drug movement in America. It covers over 3.5 thousand public associations. In an effort to reduce drug use, especially among young people, these associations collaborate with local groups and state and federal government agencies. Such groups can mobilize community resources, organize collective action, combine prevention, treatment and law enforcement, and restore youth's sense of pride in living in a given city or region.
Thus, prevention and education programs conducted in the United States have proven to be the most successful. This country has made great strides in reducing drug use and eradicating the consequences of drug addiction at the national level.
In England, preventive work is carried out with students in primary, secondary schools and colleges. In the anti-drug education program, much attention is paid to teachers and parents, who find it easier to quickly detect a child’s interest in drugs, and even more so their use. Along with advice on prevention, parents and teachers are taught first aid techniques in critical situations.
The main preventive work is carried out with the students themselves. In 1991, a massive educational campaign began in Great Britain with the aim of determining the level of knowledge among adolescents about drugs and, above all, the consequences of their use, including the legal aspect. As part of this program, teenagers are offered theoretical and practical assistance. They are introduced to local organizations where they can turn for help, and even to specialists who can solve a specific problem.
Local health and education committees provide assistance in organizing the anti-drug movement. For teachers and parents on certain days there are special classes, giving an idea of the goals and objectives of this campaign, and also provides methodological assistance.
Such programs give hope that young people, knowing all aspects of a given problem - medical, legal, social - will be able to do for themselves right choice and will not succumb to the temptation to take a path from which it is very, very difficult to leave. And more often - it is impossible, due to the fleeting outcome.
The law on the legalization of soft drugs was adopted in Holland, and it was after its adoption that the number of crimes sharply increased, and the country became the drug center of Europe. In addition, the very word legalization leads to the erasure of the prohibition on drugs, and millions of people who were previously hesitant to try even soft drugs are now happy to do so.
Of course, there are arguments in favor of this law:
· drug addicts will be registered;
· the state will sell them only soft and refined drugs, and the proceeds from the sale will go to the budget.
However, this program will still cost the state much more in purely financial terms. After all, every registered drug addict should be monitored: such a person should not work in transport, in education and in many other places. In addition, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has extremely limited funds to combat drugs. Another interesting fact is that in Holland the drug mafia does not stand still: new varieties of anasha (originally an easy and therefore legalized drug) are constantly being developed, some of them are already stronger in their effect than heroin and cocaine.
There are special rooms in the country that only a drug addict can enter with an individual chip card in order to “inject” there, in relatively sterile conditions. This way there is less harm for them and for those around them.
In other countries, the Dutch model not only does not live up to expectations, but also leads to exactly the opposite results. Thus, in Spain, in the ten years following the introduction of the Dutch model, the number of drug addicts increased from 200 thousand to 1.69 million.
In countries Western Europe They are talking with increasing concern about the “Dutch trace” - that is, about the negative impact of the anti-drug system used there. In Holland itself, serious concern is caused by the pendulum migration of semi-criminal elements from all over Europe, who come to the country to have a pleasant “marijuana weekend”.
Having summarized the experience of many anti-drug education programs, experts from Holland came to the conclusion that programs focused only on information about the negative consequences of using psychoactive substances are ineffective, while programs teaching an adaptive lifestyle, communication skills, critical thinking, decision-making skills and resist in situations of supply of psychoactive substances - are effective.
When the question of which path to take in the fight against drugs was discussed in the Netherlands 25 years ago, there was a consensus that heroin and cocaine were dangerous drugs that needed to be fought. At the same time, no agreement could be reached regarding the negative impact of hemp products on humans and society. Based on these provisions, Dutch drug policy was formulated. The idea was that by selling the less dangerous drug separately, it would be possible to divide the drug market so that authorities could concentrate resources on the so-called “hard drugs.” The core of Dutch drug policy was the position that caniabis is not dangerous.
In the Netherlands, as an experiment, the consumption of drugs, in particular “weed,” which can be purchased in specialized “cafes” in Amsterdam, has been legally permitted for several years now.
When the country turned into a major drug producer, and large cities became transit points for drug smuggling, the authorities still did not want to admit their mistake. It didn't turn out at all as planned. A divided drug market has not resulted in fewer heroin, cocaine, amphetamine or ecstasy abusers compared to other countries.
It was in the Netherlands that the concept of “soft drugs” appeared. No international organization adheres to this terminology. The erroneous policy of the Dutch government led to the fact that the level of ecstasy consumption in the country increased so much that in 1997 it was necessary to create a special agency to combat its spread.
The UN and, in particular, the International Narcotics Control Board in its 1999 report indicated that the Dutch policy in this area has facilitated access to caniabis (marijuana) and increased the influx of drug addicts into the country from neighboring countries. International organization Europe Against Drugs demands that legal marijuana distribution outlets existing in the Netherlands be banned. It is unlikely that any successes can be said in the fight against drugs in the Netherlands, since studies among children under 12 years of age showed that cocaine is used by 1.7 to 3%, i.e. the same as in Germany and the UK. Educational campaigns highlighting the dangers of drugs are worth considering. These programs are part of the school curriculum in primary school.
In Poland there is a youth movement to combat drug addiction - "Monar" with headquarters in Warsaw. The principle is “give yourself to others.” Monar does a lot of work against drug addiction. The active members of this movement are schoolchildren, students, and working youth. Monar is funded by the Ministry of Health and Social Security. Self-government operates in the center. A differentiated approach is being taken to prevent bad habits among schoolchildren and young people.
Also, in Poland, for many years, classes have been conducted with schoolchildren using the game program “Thanks, no!” The goal of the program is to help teenagers and young people painlessly give up temptation, to develop in them negative attitude to the involvement of peers, and even adults, in drug use.
Sweden has accumulated extensive experience in drug addiction prevention. In this country in the 60s and 70s there was an increase in the number of drug addicts. In recent years, a reverse trend has been noticed. The set of measures used in Sweden is called the “Swedish way”. It includes three levels of prevention.
Primary prevention consists of activities aimed at the entire population: relevant legislation, general information about drugs, concern for filling the free time of young people, etc. Secondary prevention is focused on the risk group. And tertiary is help and treatment for drug addicts.
The activities of the national information service are based on the following premises:
a) it is human nature to succumb to the influence of those in his environment whom he trusts. Therefore, the most important part of the information is carried out at the local level through daily non-spectacular events;
b) the obligation of a centralized campaign through the media;
c) people must “recognize themselves” in the information that is given, so the information must be completely truthful;
d) the best way to change a person’s position is to push him to independent reflection, and then to action. Naked facts are needed, but they must be supplemented by efforts that will help a person apply his own capabilities to solving the drug problem.
Primary prevention activities are carried out in Sweden starting from preschool children. But the main focus is on teenagers. Thus, the created society “We are the youth” organizes viewings and discussions of video programs aimed at audiences aged 8 to 13 years.
A particularly important role is given to educating parents of teenagers, who, as a rule, know little about drugs. Books for parents about drug addiction have been published.
Primary prevention in Sweden is carried out at the central and regional levels. The Swedish Alcohol and Drug Information Council collects literature and factual materials on these issues and has its own library and collections.
In Russia, the issue of child drug addicts became acute in the first years of Soviet power, when the number of minors who took drugs reached 10% of the total number of adolescents, primarily street children. In 1921, the number of street children urgently in need of help was estimated at 7.5 million. In those years, the People's Commissariat of Health opened special medical and pedagogical institutions - psychoneurological schools and sanatoriums. In 1927, there were 11 such institutions in Leningrad, Voronezh, Saratov, Kazan and some other cities.
In the sanatorium schools, medical care was provided, special treatment was carried out, and adolescents were trained according to the programs of first-level schools. For physical labor there were carpentry and bookbinding workshops, vegetable gardens, and orchards. Cultural events were held regularly, an ideologically rich political work. Most children who suffered from a severe form of drug addiction returned to mainstream schools after treatment and became full members of society.
In 1925, a nursery was opened clinical department a drug dispensary for homeless minor drug addicts, whose work was mainly practical in nature and consisted of an in-depth medical study of the patient population for the purpose of their further treatment and education in appropriate children's institutions.
To train qualified specialists in the field of addiction in the mid-20s. refresher and training courses for workers in this area were opened.
In December 1980, the USSR Ministry of Health issued an order “On further improvement of psychoneurological and drug addiction care for the population,” providing for the organization of adolescent drug treatment rooms consisting of drug treatment clinics. And in accordance with the order, in 1986, the total number of adolescent drug treatment rooms in 68 administrative territories of the RSFSR reached 81. Accordingly, the rates of attracting adolescents who abuse alcohol and other intoxicants to outpatient and inpatient examination and treatment increased. At the same time, it became clear that the number of drug treatment service units to provide assistance to adolescents was extremely insufficient.
Numerous prevention programs designed for children and adolescents that have appeared in recent decades have not always undergone an examination of their effectiveness before or after their practical implementation. Despite this, public opinion considers the widespread implementation of programs in schools desirable.
Consequently, the problems of drug addiction in the USA, England, Holland, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Russia are in many ways similar, sometimes even similar, but the methods for solving them and the results achieved in decisive degree depend on economic, socio-political and cultural conditions, which is of scientific and practical interest. Of course, the organizational scientific and other characteristics of domestic and foreign systems for the prevention of youth drug addiction are difficult to compare, but the essence of the object on which they influence is the same.
1.2. Working with teenagers to prevent drug addiction in modern Kazakhstani society
The problem of involving children, adolescents, and youth in the abuse of drugs and other psychoactive substances continues to remain acute and relevant in Kazakh society. Various state and non-state structures are taking steps to overcome it. Over the past three years, the situation in the field of drug addiction prevention has changed significantly in positive side. The state and society are moving from a position of declarative recognition of the need for preventive activity to real constructive actions.
In order to ensure the implementation of a balanced public policy, which makes it possible to establish effective state and social control over the development of the drug situation in the country, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 29, 2005 No. 1678 approved the Strategy for Combating Drug Addiction and Drug Business in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2006-2014.
With the support of the Secretariat of the Security Council, together with the Akimat of Astana, at the beginning of 2006, the program “Astana - a drug-free city” was developed, designed for 2006-2008, which provides for a set of measures to reduce the level of drug use and strengthen the fight against drug crime in the capital.
Almost all regions of the Republic have developed territorial programs to prevent the abuse of psychoactive substances and combat their illicit trafficking. The problem is constantly in the field of view of executive and legislative branch. Regular monitoring of the implementation of anti-drug measures is carried out by the Committee for Combating Drug Trafficking and Control over Drug Trafficking of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
A legal basis has been created for the development and implementation of measures to combat drug addiction and combat drug trafficking. In particular, laws “On narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, precursors and measures to counter their illicit trafficking and abuse”, “On medicines”, “On the media”, “On advertising”. A number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Code of Administrative Offenses provide for liability for offenses related to drugs, psychotropic and other intoxicating substances.
Solving many prevention problems is within the competence of educational authorities and educational institutions, since almost the entire young generation of the country goes through the educational influence of this system. The drug addiction prevention carried out here is not limited to individual ineffective attempts to inform young people about drugs and the consequences of their use, but has clearly formulated goals, objectives and action strategies. The priority task of combating drug addiction among adolescents and young people is the organization of preventive work aimed at developing an orientation towards a healthy lifestyle in the younger generation. It is based on an integrated approach to the prevention of drug addiction in all spheres of life of children, adolescents and young people.
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan continued work to improve the scientific and methodological base that ensures the preventive activities of educational authorities and educational institutions. Prepared for general education institutions, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions learning programs, printed and video materials for anti-drug education, promotion of a healthy and safe lifestyle. Educational and methodological manuals on the prevention of substance abuse in the educational environment have been published.
The status of educational work in educational institutions has been increased. Preventive work is carried out at all levels of education (from preschool to higher professional), in educational institutions of all types and types. Within general education programs The study of drug addiction prevention issues is provided for in courses on the basics of life safety, biology, physical education, and a number of other academic subjects. Courses on the prevention of drug addiction among minors and youth are being introduced into the programs of educational institutions of secondary, higher, postgraduate and additional professional education.
In activities to prevent drug addiction in the educational environment, the resources of the service are used practical psychology for children in need of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social assistance (primary health care centers). Drug addiction prevention rooms and drug posts are being created in educational institutions, and trust services are being formed for children, adolescents and young people. Measures are being taken to create a network of regional rehabilitation centers for minors who abuse drugs.
Significant positive experience in solving problems of combating drug addiction has been accumulated by bodies and institutions of health care, sports and tourism, culture, youth affairs committees, law enforcement agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
The role of non-governmental organizations in drug prevention is widely recognized throughout the world due to their flexibility and ability to freely work with target groups. However, NGOs working in the field of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS prevention often lack modern knowledge and experience, they are experiencing financial difficulties. Moreover, existing effective programs for the prevention of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, their methods and approaches, must be properly assessed, documented and disseminated both within the region and beyond as best practices.
Currently in Kazakhstan there are more than 5,000 non-governmental organizations operating in more than 200 types of activities. The non-governmental sector employs more than 200 thousand people. About two million citizens are covered by the services of Kazakhstani NGOs. NGOs provide the population large complex educational and outreach services. Held big job for promotion legal culture, electoral literacy, work with the poor and vulnerable, charitable activities.
As noted in the report of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev at the First Civil Forum, Kazakh NGOs have come a certain way. Their formation is inextricably linked with the period of the country’s independence and the implementation of large-scale market and democratic reforms. The activities of NGOs have largely ensured the attraction of non-state investments in the humanitarian sphere.
The Republic of Kazakhstan has 14 regions and 2 cities of regional significance (Astana and Almaty). Throughout Kazakhstan there are non-governmental organizations whose mission is to solve the problems of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, including prevention issues. However, given the magnitude of the problem, the number of NGOs working in this area is very limited.
The most active regions in this sense are Pavlodar, Kostanay, South Kazakhstan and Karaganda regions. This may be due to the fact that these regions are traditionally considered the most socially active and advanced in Kazakhstan in terms of the development of the NGO sector. The policies of international donor agencies may also have played a role.
Despite the fact that all organizations include issues of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS among their main goals and objectives, only 75% of them have this activity as a priority. According to the questionnaire survey, 60% of the surveyed NGOs have been working in the field of drug addiction prevention for more than 3 years, and 52% of organizations have been working in the field of HIV/AIDS prevention. Most of These organizations are engaged in the implementation of harm reduction programs. And no more than 25% of NGOs are professionally engaged primary prevention drug addiction. These organizations have quite a long work history and, most importantly, valuable experience, developed methodological material and trained staff and volunteers. However, it should be noted that due to a lack of financial resources, they are extremely limited in their ability to expand this activity.
Today in Astana there are several non-governmental organizations that are directly involved in the primary prevention of drug addiction. One such organization is the Drug-Free Future Corporate Foundation, which was created in February 2003 by a group of youth leaders involved in drug addiction issues.
The mission of the organization is to create a healthy lifestyle for teenagers and young people in Astana without alcohol and drugs.
The goal of the organization is to create and support a youth anti-drug movement with the aim of creating a negative attitude towards drug use among peers. Achieving the goal occurs through the implementation of a number of tasks: · preparing youth leaders to work among their peers; · ensuring support for the movement from teachers and parents; · reviving the idea of patronage as a means of spreading the ideology of the movement; · creating conditions that allow young people to carry out work on their own aimed at preventing drug use among teenagers; organization and implementation for teenagers training courses aimed at preventing psycho-emotional maladaptation and instilling healthy lifestyle skills; · working with at-risk teenagers, involving youth leaders in the activities of the movement; · creating conditions for self-realization of adolescents and increasing their social activity. Within the framework of the movement, there are the following programs: “Mentors” - based on the idea of patronage and aimed at preventing addictions among younger schoolchildren and instilling healthy lifestyle skills. “Peacemakers” is based on the idea of preventing conflicts and aggression in the school environment through the efforts of teenage leaders. “School News” is based on the idea of promoting a healthy lifestyle and the inadmissibility of addictive behavior among teenagers through the efforts of schoolchildren through the creation of a correspondent network of students from educational institutions in the city to collect and process positive information about the lives and achievements of their peers, thereby creating an example to follow for other schoolchildren. “One plus one” is a program aimed at uniting teenagers around a good cause and creating conditions for realizing the need to be needed and increasing the social activity of teenagers.
In addition, the organization’s program is aimed at protecting the health of young people - the most important mechanism for strengthening young Kazakhstanis and developing their competitiveness. Personal ability to work, active life and a decent existence depend on the presence of health, the first capital of every person. The main goal of implementation this direction is the involvement of young people themselves in finding solutions to problems, the interest of young people in creating a healthy lifestyle and creating a negative image of AIDS and drug addiction.
The Drug-Free Future Corporate Foundation is holding working together with other youth NGOs on the prevention of drug addiction, alcoholism and tobacco smoking among young people, through conferences and seminars, the release of special booklets, visual information; (See Appendix 1)
· organizes health and preventive activities for all categories of youth;
· promotes a healthy lifestyle directly among young people, as well as in the media through the release of social videos and thematic programs;
creates whole system social work with youth, as a preventive measure in the fight against youth drug addiction by expanding the network of sports sections, interest clubs, introducing youth to mass sports and creative activities. (See Appendix 2)
Over the course of six years of work, the foundation has developed special programs and interactive methods for the prevention of teenage drug use, which are used in secondary schools, lyceums and colleges, contribute to the social rehabilitation of adolescents and are a key factor in effectively combating drug use.
Workers of this fund believe that one ><из ><новых ><элементов ><универсального ><предупреждения ><наркотизации ><в ><школах ><является ><общение ><в ><интерактивных ><группах. Так, ><общение ><в ><большей ><степени ><включает ><коммуникацию на ><равных,><>><а не общение ><между ><молодежью ><и ><инструктором. ><Примеры ><интерактивной работы ><включают ><ролевые ><игры, ><мозговой ><штурм, ><тренинги,><><><групповые дискуссии ><и ><т.п. ><Такие ><виды ><практических ><занятий ><предоставляют молодежи ><возможность ><сформировать ><собственные ><убеждения и ><><><><попракти><ковать ><полезные ><навыки ><решения ><жизненных ><проблем >< разрешения ><конфликтов, ><развития ><уверенности ><в ><себе, ><эффективного ><общения и т.п.
To ensure the effectiveness of prevention, the corporate foundation uses the most effective channel - the youth themselves, which is why preventive programs work most fruitfully according to the principle “Peer teaches peer.” The work is carried out based on the characteristics of the group and from a position “on equal terms”, which implies equality in communication - sincerity, openness; the ability to be yourself and speak in a language that people understand; respect for the lifestyle, opinions, feelings of other people. The essence of activities within the framework of equal education is that the information necessary for maintaining health is provided to adolescents by their peers.
The “Peer Teach Peer” technique, when trained representatives of vulnerable groups teach others from the same groups. It includes, as one of the main elements, interactive games, in-depth interviews that help a person understand why in a certain situation he acts one way or another and whether he can control his actions.
The construction of the program for preventing the use of psychoactive substances “Peer teaches peer” is based on a humanistic approach, on the ideas of A. Maslow and K. Rogers. One of the ideas embedded in this approach assumes that the “I” of an individual is formed in communication with other people. Human behavior is considered as the result of a restructuring of self-image.
The Peer Education Program (abbreviated as PEP) began its activities in 1988 in Los Angeles (USA), with the goal of educating young people about HIV prevention and training volunteer instructors from among them. The scheme of work was simple: first, volunteers learned reliable data about the infection and its routes of transmission, prevention methods, strategies for effective communication, conducting group classes with peers, etc. Then the trained teenagers developed their own prevention activities and carried them out with other teenagers in schools, youth organizations, shared the information received with their friends, or simply applied important skills in their own lives.
After completing the program, young people became able to critically evaluate their actions, choose a healthier lifestyle and say “No!” in situations where there is peer pressure to use drugs.
The use of the “Peer Teach Peer” method is not limited only to youth audiences and issues of HIV/AIDS and drug addiction. It is also effective and works among other social groups: medical workers, teachers, social workers. Any category of people would be more willing to entrust the expansion of their knowledge, especially on sensitive topics, to an equal - a friend, colleague, a person whom they respect and who professes the same principles and values in life.
Many years of experience in the Program have shown its high effectiveness in the field of HIV/AIDS/STD and drug addiction prevention. From a city social program, REP has expanded and turned into an international network of organizations providing HIV prevention using the “peer education” method.
In Kazakhstan, there are many non-profit, municipal, and government organizations that support and develop the idea of involving young people in solving social problems that are relevant to them.
The organization has developed a system for attracting, training and supporting the activities of volunteer volunteers. High school students (9th - 11th grade) and students of higher educational institutions can become volunteers. The scheme for attracting potential volunteers is simple. Preventive information seminars are held for high school students, and they are given the opportunity to learn how to conduct such seminars themselves. Students initially have a professional interest in this kind of event, so they can be attracted by the opportunity to try themselves in group work.
Need ><признать ><неоценимую ><роль, ><которую ><играет ><молодежь, ><привлеченная ><к ><разработке ><и ><реализации ><программ ><предупреждения ><распространения ><наркомании. ><Совместная ><работа ><с ><формальными ><и ><не><формальными ><молодежными ><лидерами ><и ><их ><поддержка ><помогают ><луч><ше ><донести ><программы ><до ><целевой ><аудитории, ><а ><также ><оценить, ><если ><это ><возможно, ><результаты ><и ><эффект ><проведенной ><работы.
Involving young people in preventive work brings together people who know the teenage subculture from the inside, which makes it much easier to establish trusting contact with the target group. Programs for the prevention of substance use have a huge impact on those who are involved in work as leaders - they gain group leadership skills, experience in helping another person, experience in communication, managing a group, and experience in responsibility for what is happening.
This is what gives a teenager the opportunity to satisfy his desire to be an adult, gain rights and functions that traditionally belong to adults, broaden his horizons and form a civic position in relation to social problems. As a result, we get an active member of society, capable of defending our interests and helping others.
It seems necessary to note the fact that the evolution of preventive programs used in the West goes from the simple dissemination of medical knowledge to the targeted formation of complex social and personal skills in the younger generation, as well as to the active regulation of the social environment in order to positively change the social environment of adolescents. However, significant adaptation of these social technologies in relation to Kazakh society is required. Modern social technologies are not always scientifically substantiated, labor-intensive to use, and require significant material, human and time resources. In addition, social technologies designed for the prevention of drug addiction among adolescents are practically absent. Therefore, the drug prevention system being created in Kazakhstan needs to be expanded and supplemented by developing new methods, programs, technologies, including both preventive measures and social diagnostics.
CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICITY OF SOCIAL WORK WITH DRUG ADDICTED TEENS
2.1. Activities of a social work specialist with the specified target group
The social aspect of drug addiction is to understand the complexity of the relationship between a person who uses psychoactive substances and different levels of his social environment.
Social work specialists in addiction treatment have a wide field of activity. At the conditional pre-medical stage, they participate in programs for primary prevention of addiction to psychoactive substances, both in organized and unorganized contingents; identify people at risk and work with them; assist in attracting persons in need of treatment to treatment, establish contact with the families of such persons, provide them with advisory assistance and other support. At the conditional medical stage, when clients find themselves in the sphere of activity of medical workers, social work specialists work closely with medical personnel. They take part in special trainings that promote early readaptation and rehabilitation of patients with addiction to substances, organize family groups and participate in family psychotherapy, together with clients they look for ways to solve accumulated social problems. At the conditional post-medical stage, social work specialists participate in differentiated programs for the rehabilitation and reintegration of patients, the prevention of temporary disability and disability.
World practice shows that a social work specialist seeking to provide professional assistance to his client must have theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of medicine and healthcare. Regardless of specialization and workplace, he participates in solving problems of individual and public health, and acts as a “health teacher”.
Comprehensive social assistance, including medical-psychological, socio-psychological and pedagogical aspects for people suffering from addiction and members of their families is the main goal of medical and social work with drug addicts.
Social work in narcology is not just the appearance of additional functions for the narcological service, it is a radical restructuring of the entire treatment and preventive process and preventive work. In the system of relations with the patient, as a full partner, along with medical personnel, a social work specialist is included, coordinating the activities of several social workers or consultants.
The goal of medical and social work is to achieve the optimal possible level of adaptation and functioning of persons with physical, mental and social pathologies. As a rule, such persons find themselves in difficult life situations. The object of medical and social work in narcology is various groups of people with pronounced medical and social problems, caused by abuse and dependence on psychoactive substances, which mutually potentiate each other and their solution is difficult in the scope of one-sided professional measures. Working with such populations is equally difficult and ineffective for both medical workers and social service specialists, since they inevitably face a range of problems that go beyond their professional competence and impede successful professional activity.
The peculiarity of social work with drug addicts is that, as a professional activity, it is formed at the intersection of two independent sectors - healthcare and social protection of the population. Domestic and foreign experience shows that, despite the ongoing coordination of efforts to help people with both medical and social problems, the actual coordination of departmental actions is not effective enough.
Another priority problem - development of medical and social work in narcology, taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of the healthcare and social protection system, as well as taking into account the specifics of the socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan. Currently, only the first steps are being taken in this direction.
Optimal interaction is developed only after long-term joint work in a related sector, after appropriate preparation and selection of special forms of work that make it possible to combine the actions of representatives of different specialties in the person of a new social work specialist who has received the appropriate medical (in our case, drug addiction) specialization.
In practice, medical workers are forced to perform a number of functions as social workers - domestic certified social work specialists have appeared only in recent years and their number is insignificant. In turn, social workers in their work very often work with clients who also suffer from physical pathology, i.e. They also act as healers.
To indicate the place of medical and social work among related activities, it is necessary to note the coordinating role of the social worker in resolving the entire complex of problems of a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation and requiring the participation of specialists in related professions - doctors, psychologists, teachers, and other specialists.
The model for organizing social work, including in the field of drug treatment, is the most progressive and effective; it needs to be taken into account and mastered in the process of training social workers in Kazakhstan. Thus, the areas of activity of a social work specialist in any field of social assistance stem from his main functions: diagnostic, prognostic, human rights, organizational, preventive, socio-medical.
An increasing number of programs for the rehabilitation of persons dependent on psychoactive substances are being developed and implemented in practice with the direct participation of social work specialists, therefore, the activities of a social work specialist in a drug treatment institution are acquiring an increasingly significant role.
The activities of a social work specialist at the medical and social stage of helping drug addicts are as follows:
· solving organizational and therapeutic problems in close cooperation with medical staff;
· organization and participation in special psychological trainings that promote early readaptation and rehabilitation of patients;
· organization of family psychotherapy and participation in it;
· organization and participation in various programs for rehabilitation and readaptation of patients.
Functions of social work specialists dealing with problems teenage drug addiction, and the amount of knowledge they need for effective work is determined by the job responsibilities of a social worker.
1. A social work specialist determines the system of socio-psychological and socio-legal relations in the field of prevention and treatment of drug addiction.
2. In the field of prevention: promotes extensive information and educational work to present drug addiction as a disease that has physiological, psychological and social causes, manifestations and consequences.
3. In the field of treatment: establishes primary contact with the teenager, his family and school, provides clients with the necessary information about the disease, ways to combat it, forms attitudes towards treatment; establishes the connection of the teenager with the treatment programs of the Center and self-help groups (“Anonymous Narcotics”), provides socio-psychological assistance to family members and relatives of the client, establishes their connection with treatment programs for relatives and self-help groups.
4. In the field of rehabilitation: coordinates the rehabilitation of a teenager in the family, at school, helps in solving social problems, collaborating with state, public and private organizations.
5. The specialist must know: regulations, instructions, orders of higher authorities, methodological and normative guidance materials on social work in general and drug treatment practice, modern methods of helping drug addicts and their loved ones, advanced domestic and foreign experience of social work specialists in the field of assistance drug addicts
For social workers who do not have a medical education in the field of working with adolescent drug addicts, special knowledge is required about the bio-psycho-social model of chemical dependence, about addiction and society in micro- and macro-manifestations, about models and principles of treatment for drug-dependent adolescents. A social worker must use in his work knowledge about family and codependency, about personal, ethnic, social and cultural factors in the formation and development of addiction, about AIDS and drug addiction, as well as about the prevention of addiction. A social worker must take into account the ethical features of professional counseling when working with the environment, society, and the media, analyze the results of work, have the skills of statistical processing and documentation.
In addition to the requirements for the professional skills of specialists, practical activity in the field of social work is associated with the fulfillment of certain conditions in terms of lifestyle and behavior, manner of communication, and image.
A specialist taking part in preventive work must not only have a good understanding and understanding of the psychological characteristics of the stages of development of children and adolescents, the real specifics and interests of the teenage environment, but also be proficient in psychocorrectional technologies, and also be able to patiently win the trust of adolescents. Let's consider several types of technologies used by a social work specialist in the prevention of drug addiction:
· "Extrusion" technologies drug addicts from a certain area. It leads to a temporary improvement in the situation, especially in schools, but is not radical, because in another area the number of drug addicts is increasing. Applicable for marginal and semi-marginal areas that have a ghetto character. The driving force behind this technology is the parents of drug addicts who have stopped using drugs and the parents of deceased drug addicts.
· Volunteer movement. Quite specific and “intelligent” technology. May take the form of community councils, street committees, school organizations. Its essence can be briefly described in two words: the work of community social workers on a voluntary basis. This technology has rather low efficiency due to the low potential for impact on distributors and consumers of surfactants. Applicable in areas where intellectuals live. The driving force is prosperous parents and teenagers who do not have problems with drugs and alcohol.
· “Baiting” technology. It is very effective, but often during its implementation actions occur that can hardly be recognized as legal. Its essence lies in the fact that an open information channel is created (pager, hotline telephone), where anyone can report a place where drugs are sold. Information about the addresses of distributors is verified by the public. The driving force behind this technology is the parents of drug addicts. Applicable in areas with different social composition of the population.
· Support groups, or codependent groups,- a traditional and effective form of work on tertiary and partly secondary drug addiction prevention throughout the world. The life experience of relatives of drug addicts in overcoming problems of addictive behavior makes a great contribution to the formation of public opinion, and when implementing a unified anti-drug policy, it is very important to direct public opinion in a constructive direction. Such groups are no longer a novelty, but many of them lack methodological and organizational support. Support groups are a grassroots movement. If at least 20% of relatives of drug addicts registered in drug treatment clinics take part in work on codependency, the region will receive 4-5 thousand citizens supporting anti-drug policy. In addition, psychological work with codependents (as well as supporting codependents with each other) leads to an improvement in the mental health of society.
One of the effective ways to fill the information vacuum is the widespread use of educational and awareness-raising programs on chemical dependency issues. The classification of these programs is based on the principle of target audiences.
· Training programs for parents of students in secondary schools, colleges, lyceums, vocational schools, technical schools. The main goal of training parents is to teach them how to build their relationships with their children. Avoiding conflicts. The program includes mastering the skills of early detection of chemical dependence and predisposition to it, and the formation of a volunteer workforce from among the parents of healthy children.
· Educational programs on the problem of chemical dependency for the entire population.
· Training programs for teachers, psychologists and social workers operating in educational institutions and centers. This type of educational programs is based on the “training of trainers” principle. Here you should adhere to special aspects of chemical dependence prevention.
· Educational programs for students of schools, vocational schools, lyceums, technical schools, and university students. These programs carry a fairly high risk of nonconformist behavioral reactions among adolescents. In response to information about chemical dependence, adolescents are becoming increasingly involved in the use of psychoactive substances; therefore, programs for the prevention of drug addiction and alcoholism among young people and adolescents should be carried out only by highly professional specialists.
Many researchers have concluded that the risk of drug use is greatest among young people aged 12-18 years. At this time, young people solve numerous developmental tasks, much more extensive than in any other period of their subsequent life: they must prepare their departure from home (symbolic, meaning complete personal independence), achieve recognition of their age group(and even better - not only in your own), establish friendships and partnerships in a microsocial environment, determine the prospects for your future profession and life in general, create a scale of values as the basis of your own behavior.
Therefore, psychological support for a child is necessary precisely during the school period of life. Data from foreign studies show that a teenager must be kept from using psychoactive substances until he is 20-21 years old. Upon reaching this age, interest and the likelihood of contacting them decreases significantly.
When building relationships with a teenager, it is important to take into account the need for opportunities for individual self-expression, the manifestation of his personal qualities and initiatives. In confidential personal communication, it is easier for a teenager to understand himself, critically reflect on his behavior, while maintaining an overall positive assessment of himself.
In addition, it is necessary to remember that among teenagers there are a huge number of myths, different kinds of interpretations and understandings of the problem of addiction and use of psychoactive substances. These are the so-called « street myths » , which are difficult to correct through conversation with adults and easily change in their group. Therefore, in our opinion, efforts aimed at really helping teenagers in solving their psychological problems of growing up and creating conditions for self-realization are more effective.
Taking into account the specifics of work in an educational institution, the conditions dictating relationships with teenagers, it can be stated that the above falls into the category of what is desirable and not always easily achievable. But the peculiarity of preventive activities determines some mandatory conditions, the fulfillment of which directly determines the effectiveness of all work carried out.
When working with teenagers, you should not use “intimidation” tactics, false information, distortion of information about substances, or exaggeration negative consequences drug abuse, descriptions of their effects, the effect of intoxication, mentions of the cultural background of drug use, psychoactive substances, the “historical” aspect of the use of psychoactive substances, justification for drug use, for whatever reasons.
Thus, in a generalized form, the rules of social work with adolescent drug addicts can be presented as follows: recognition, non-judgment, targeting (individualization), empathy, partnership, trust. Manipulation of patients' behavior, deliberate deception, selective treatment of clients of different character, intelligence, age, gender, wealth, nationality, religion are prohibited, that is, a social worker must be a guarantor of respect for all human rights for adolescent drug addicts.
Social work in narcology is at the initial stage of its development. The formation of social rehabilitation programs for patients has not yet been completed; the role of social work specialists in the overall process of treatment and interaction with specialists of related specialties has not yet been fully formed. Given the obvious relevance of developing the practice of medical and social work in narcology, the development of its theoretical, organizational and methodological foundations is no less relevant.
The task of primary importance is the creation of a system of street social work, including mobile groups of specialists focused on identifying informal teenage associations at the microdistrict level, organizing channels of communication between social institutions and the youth subculture, developing social programs on correction and rehabilitation.
Such specialists are called upon to serve as intermediaries between children and adolescents at risk and the operational services of territorial administration and self-government.
2.2 Modern methods and prevention programs
drug addiction among teenagers
The use of various methods and techniques significantly expands the possibilities of active preventive influence and can significantly affect the result of anti-drug measures.
The development of programs for the prevention of adolescent drug use should be based, first of all, on scientific research data. Only those programs whose results have been subject to control can be recommended for implementation and distribution. Program evaluation should be carried out by government agencies within the framework of a unified anti-drug state policy.
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Working methods: group work, behavior training, personal training, discussions, brainstorming, conversations, lectures, role-playing games, elements of individual and group psychotherapy, " round tables", meetings.
The object of work of teachers, educators, social workers and healthy lifestyle promoters is primary and partially secondary prevention; With a well-thought-out methodology for their implementation, preventing early drug addiction in children and adolescents is quite possible. Tertiary prevention is the prerogative of doctors and people close to the patient.
The multifaceted nature and complexity of the causes and conditions that contribute to the drug use of children, adolescents and young people necessitate the need for comprehensive measures to prevent adolescent drug use.
The main objectives of the educational program are to conduct educational work with children, parents and teachers, identify risk groups, preventive work with such teenagers together with parents, law enforcement agencies and representatives of the social sphere . The goal of preventive work is to create a situation among young people that prevents the growth of demand and abuse of any intoxicants.
Prevention programs must provide students with accurate and sufficient information about drugs and their impact on a person's social and economic well-being. Information must be relevant and reliable, especially regarding the consequences of drug and psychotropic substance abuse, not only for the drug addict himself, but also for society. It is necessary to promote a healthy lifestyle, which allows, based on the formation of an optimal life attitude resist the urge to try drugs even in a stressful situation. Information must be directed, i.e. taking into account the gender, age, beliefs of the teenage group. The anti-drug education strategy provides for the participation of parents and other adults, whose opinion is very important for the child.
· children 10 - 12 years old. They are interested in everything related to drugs: their effects, methods of use; Children have already heard about the consequences of their abuse, but do not take them seriously. They themselves do not use drugs (substance abuse is possible), only a few people know those who use them. Knowledge about drugs and their effects is fragmentary, unreliable, obtained from hearsay;
· teenagers 12-14 years old. They know a lot about drugs, mainly from the experience of friends; many information is unreliable; Few people tried drugs - mostly out of curiosity; many are familiar with the potion's users. The danger of abuse is underestimated. The main interest is in the possibility of using “soft” drugs; they talk about the problem among themselves, few think about its global nature;
· teenagers 14-16 years old. In this age group, there are three subgroups in relation to drugs:
Users and sympathizers - they are interested in issues related to reducing the risk of use, the possibility and duration of use without developing addiction. Consumption is considered a sign of independence. There are many leaders among the group members;
Radical opponents - “I will never do it myself and I won’t let a friend die,” most members of this group consider drug use a sign of weakness and inferiority;
A group that has not defined its attitude towards drugs. A significant part of it may become involved in their use under the influence of friends.
· teenagers 16 – 18 years old. The groups remain, but the number of undecided drug addicts is significantly reduced.
Knowledge about drugs is changing qualitatively, it is becoming more detailed and objective. In the group of users and sympathizers, the first bitter fruits are reaped; in this regard, the greatest interest is caused by the criminal consequences of drug use and the speed of processes that negatively affect health. A global problem Few consider drug addiction. Among radical opponents, there is a growing number of people who realize the need for active action to overcome child, adolescent and youth drug addiction.
When working in drug education, intimidation tactics should be avoided because they are ineffective. One-time anti-drug measures are inappropriate, since this approach does not allow adolescents to develop skills to resist drugs. Every specialist involved in prevention needs to take a strong anti-drug position, allowing them to suppress any attempts by the audience to justify the non-medical use of drugs.
Group forms of work are actively used as the most fulfilling required condition prevention of substance abuse: structure work in such a way as to non-directively, without causing harm, interact with adolescents and thereby cause a certain beneficial, personality-activating effect.
A necessary condition for the success of preventive methods is the use of group classes different approaches to work: these can be developmental and diagnostic programs, group discussions, role-playing games and other psychotherapeutic techniques.
Let's look at a few modern approaches to the prevention of drug use.
The first approach is informational - it is the most common type of preventive strategies based on providing partial information about drugs, their harm and the negative consequences of use. The second approach is based on affective (emotional) learning. This approach focuses on a person’s sensations, experiences, and his skills to recognize and manage them. Affective learning is based on the fact that addiction to psychoactive substances most often develops in individuals who have difficulties in determining the expression of emotions, with low self-esteem and poorly developed decision-making skills. Third Role Based Approach social factors comes from the fact that the influence of peers and family plays an important role in the life of a teenager, facilitating or preventing the onset of drug addiction. An individual’s behavior is formed as a result of the positive and negative consequences of his own behavior and the influence of examples of the behavior of others and its consequences, i.e. the environment is a source of feedback - rewards and punishments. The fourth approach, based on the development of life skills - skills of personal behavior and interpersonal communication - allows people to control and direct their life activities, develop the ability to live with others and make changes in their lives. environment. The fifth approach is based on alternative activities to drugs. Proponents of this approach suggest that meaningful activity is an alternative to alcohol and drug addiction to psychoactive substances. The forms of work to prevent drug addiction among teenagers can be very diverse. To work with a group, it is more effective to use group methods. There are a sufficient number of ways to provide necessary information: lecture, reading, audio-visual aids, use of visual aids, group discussion, learning by practice, acting as a teacher, training.
A person learns information faster if learning takes place interactively, when he has the opportunity, while receiving information, to discuss unclear points, ask questions and immediately consolidate the acquired knowledge and develop behavioral skills.
Preventive training develops communication skills. In the process of conducting it, issues of responsible behavior are addressed. But the main function of such training is still information and the formation of life skills.
The goal of group preventive training is to help a teenager understand the problem of drug addiction and develop protective behavior skills.
Collective group tasks such as discussion, brainstorming, and role-playing games deserve special attention.
You can select following criteria assessing the effectiveness of group work methods: increasing the level of audience awareness on the issues and topics discussed; formation of attitudes towards behavior change; assessment of the lesson as a process.
Based on the results of assessing the effectiveness of group methods, it turned out that young people almost unanimously consider the most effective means of preventing drug addiction to be showing films about the consequences of drug use.
Students named the creation of various “helplines,” centers for psychological support for youth (which every educational institution needs), and the opening of yard clubs for hobby classes, sections, and gyms as effective means of preventing the consumption of psychoactive substances.
Thus, simply lecture presentation of material, even by specialists, or training in itself does not have the desired effect on the individual in terms of behavior change. To improve information programs, the introduction of psychological and psychotherapeutic technologies is required. We must not forget that the ability to present information is a certain kind of art and requires from the trainer not only sufficient knowledge on the problem, but also personal, natural data. When many points come together, the effectiveness of informational and cognitive-behavioral programs increases.
One of the main means of influencing drug-addicted adolescents is social rehabilitation.
Social rehabilitation considers its main goal to be the restoration or formation of normative, personal and social status the patient on the basis of the disclosure and development of his intellectual, moral, emotional and creative potential.
For a more effective impact on the patient, treatment and social rehabilitation of drug addicts should be carried out in closed institutions, and within long period time (up to two years). At the same time, they must be based on strict adherence to the following principles:
· maximum individualization;
· integrated approach to treatment and rehabilitation;
· the principle of voluntariness.
The principle of voluntariness should be mentioned separately: in relation to patients with drug addiction, this principle can be applied conditionally, depending on the severity of the disease and the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual.
Let's consider the problem of technologies for rehabilitation work with drug addicts according to the following scheme:
· level of impact;
· main targets of influence;
· type of therapy;
· basic methods and means of influence.
Type of therapy on biological level - biologically oriented influence, the main method and means of which is drug treatment, that is, the use of drugs that regulate neuromediation: neuroleptics, antidepressants, neuropetides, anticonvulsants, receptor system blockers, tranquilizers, as well as non-drug methods - reflexology, electrical stimulation.
On mental level effects, the main target is pathological craving for a narcotic substance. The type of therapy used is “psychotherapeutically oriented influence”.
The main methods and means can generally be divided into two main groups, differing in the nature of the psychotherapeutic effect:
· methods that use predominantly manipulative strategies that are addressed mainly to pathological processes; (suggestive methods (suggestion), hypnotherapy, game methods (situational psychological training), group discussion methods);
methods using personality development strategies (gestalt therapy, existential therapy, “problem solving therapy”, systemic intervention technique).
Psychotherapeutic work with drug addicts is labor-intensive and serious work. The most important thing, an indispensable condition for success, is that the more active the patient’s role in this process, the more significant the result will be. In many ways, the success of treatment and social rehabilitation will depend on the coordination of efforts of both the narcologist, the social work specialist, and the client himself, as well as the correct choice of technologies for treatment and rehabilitation work in each specific case, from the ability to rationally combine these technologies.
On social level impact, the main target is codependency (codependency is understood as deformation of relationships and individual behavior, role shifts and distortion of the psycho-emotional state of members of the social environment of a drug addict - spouses, children, parents and others), type of therapy - socially oriented influence. The main methods and means of therapy of the group are self- and mutual assistance, the “12 steps” program developed within their framework, a patented method of rehabilitation of drug addicts. Of course, not everything in these steps to a normal life can be immediately understood, so a coach works with newcomers to the group - a person who himself has gone through these steps and got rid of drug addiction.
It should be noted that, despite the treatment of drug addicts with the above methods, their effectiveness remains low, and the integration of patients into these programs is minimal. From all this it follows that it is necessary to develop and implement new innovative programs for social rehabilitation or “reanimate” programs that were successfully used in the past, but their use, unfortunately, ceased during the “heyday of democracy” in our state.
As an example, we can cite a developed network of medical and labor workshops at medical and preventive institutions. Occupational therapy, as a form of social rehabilitation and readaptation of drug addicts, is undoubtedly effective, but it should be applied to them depending on the severity of the disease and the socio-psychological characteristics of the patient.
Occupational therapy is the treatment of various physical and mental illness by attracting patients to certain types activities. This allows patients to remain constantly occupied with work and achieve maximum independence in all aspects of their work. Everyday life. Kinds labor activity, to which the patient is involved are specially selected in such a way as to make maximum use of the abilities of each person. At the same time, it is always necessary to take into account his individual needs and inclinations. This technique plays a big role in the system of social and labor rehabilitation of patients. The technique was brought from Poland, where the experience of “Therapeutic Communes” has been practiced since 1978 by the non-governmental organization “Monar”. It's called the program of Polish monarchs. People at the center do physical labor, participate in labor cleanup days, help improve and clean the center’s territory, restore damaged equipment, and care for animals. The department has drawn up a daily routine, a weekly routine and a hospital routine. Upon admission, each patient and his/her caregivers receive information about these rules. As practice shows, the Polish occupational therapy system is effective. Out of five patients, as a rule, three drug addicts gain victory over themselves.
Rehabilitation centers for drug addicts all over the world work on different programs. There are purely medical ones, there are Christian ones, some rely on occupational therapy (for example, Polish Monar), and the 12-step program for Narcotics Anonymous is also known. There are also proprietary programs. And in some centers they prefer to use several methods at once. For example, such as: art therapy (psychotherapeutic influence through artistic images); music therapy; meditation; body-oriented therapy (psychotherapeutic influence through awareness of the processes occurring inside the body); rational - behavioral therapy (psychotherapy through awareness of the cause-and-effect mechanisms of human behavior); communication trainings; fairy tale therapy (psychotherapeutic influence through special psychotherapeutic fairy tales through identification with fairy-tale characters); family psychotherapy.
It should be noted that employment and stimulation of creative and business activity among youth and adolescents are recognized throughout the world as the most effective method fight against drug addiction. This work is based on the following areas.
1. Club work. Organization of various clubs and professional methodological support their activities can not only structure a teenager’s free time, develop creative and business activity, but also significantly improve communicative and educational resource child.
2. Additional education. Sunday schools (including religious ones) and electives reduce the amount of free time and increase the store of knowledge; they require not only time, but also the attention of the teenager. Organizing such events within one school or one territory allows one to raise the positive potential of children and their parents.
3. Temporary or part-time employment of teenagers. The measure is most effective in those segments of society that have low adaptive potential. Suitable for implementation in small villages and areas where many unskilled workers live. Where marginal and semi-marginal individuals are concentrated. The problem of creating additional jobs for teenagers is being solved through municipal funding.
Thus, the hypothesis that the involvement of adolescents in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances is an effective method of countering drug use was confirmed.
CONCLUSION
The results of this diploma research indicate the achievement of its main goals and the tasks they envisage, in accordance with which a number of significant and interrelated conclusions were made:
1. Analysis of foreign and Kazakhstani experience revealed important prevention of drug addiction in adolescence, both for adolescents themselves and for society as a whole. It is noted that it is in the United States that great success has been achieved in reducing drug use and eradicating the consequences of drug addiction at the national level, while in Kazakhstan there is insufficiently effective control and monitoring of anti-drug work. Consequently, the mechanism for coordinating anti-drug activities currently requires strengthening.
2. The role of NGOs in drug addiction prevention is widely recognized throughout the world due to their flexibility and ability to freely work with target groups. However, NGOs working in the field of drug addiction prevention often lack modern knowledge and experience and experience financial difficulties. Moreover, it is necessary to constantly improve the professional level of organizations working in the field of drug addiction prevention. To this end, conduct various training activities on a regular basis to obtain new information and skills to work using modern and progressive methods and social technologies.
3. The activities of a social work specialist in a drug treatment facility play a significant coordinating role in resolving the entire complex of problems of a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation and requiring the participation of specialists in related professions - doctors, psychologists, teachers, and other specialists. The key to the effectiveness of social work in solving drug addiction problems is the use of existing effective methods, approaches and programs for the prevention of drug addiction.
4. According to psychologists and social educators, the program for the prevention of teenage drug use “Peer teaches peer” gives a positive preventive effect of 90%. These methods are currently recognized by anti-drug service employees as not only the best, but also the most promising and are planned for active dissemination among organizations involved in the prevention of drug addiction.
Thus, the results of the study give reason to believe that the active involvement of adolescents in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances, as well as the use of interactive methods, contributes to the most effective counteraction to drug use.
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On the role of youth public associations in the prevention of crime and drug addiction among young people, the development and prospects of the volunteer movement.The problem of health and law and order in our country sounds especially pressing. Recently, the President of Russia, deputies of the Federal Assembly and other officials have repeatedly raised the issue of the need to increase the level of legal culture of the population, comply with laws and ensure the safety of citizens, improve physical and spiritual health.
Alcoholism, drug addiction, crime - these are the main obstacles preventing our society from developing normally. Everyone knows about this and agrees to fight this evil, but finding the right ways to solve the problem is difficult. The activities of youth public associations today are considered as the most effective form of crime prevention.
There are 49 youth organizations registered in the Republic of Mari El
and children's public associations (including regional, local
and branches of all-Russian organizations), in addition, there are actively operating public associations that do not have the status of a legal entity. Regulatory framework is the Law of the Republic of Mari El dated December 1, 1997 No. 51-Z
“On state support for youth and children's public associations in the Republic of Mari El.”
In accordance with current legislation, youth affairs specialists provide support to youth and children's public associations in the form of organizational and financial support for projects, identification and support of talented
and creatively working leaders, advanced training of association leaders. The result is not only supporting leaders and encouraging them to continue professional growth, but also the identification and assessment of the successful experience of these associations, innovative approaches in the theory and practice of the social movement.
An analysis of the activities of youth and children's public associations shows that the youth movement is very diverse in areas of activity (environmental, creative, sports, human rights, educational, associations of youth subcultures - bikers, representatives of a number of extreme sports, historical reconstruction clubs, associations. Unfortunately We must recognize the fact that these areas are little known in the region. This means that we need to more widely develop social partnerships with representatives of non-profit organizations that could be reliable assistants in educating young people. Experience shows that such organizations are the most reliable partners.
There are 6,579 young people aged 14 to 30 registered in the municipality, which is more than 30% of the total population of the district. There are no officially registered children's and youth public associations in the area (the Union of Children's and Youth Organizations "Friends" is a subject of SDPO "Erviy" of the Republic of Mari El, officially registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Mari El, certificate of registration of the public association No. 3 dated November 10, 1999).
On December 4, 2011, elections to the municipal Youth Parliament were held, 537 young people took part in the elections, which is 30% of the number of youth in the region. The list of candidates for participation in the elections was nominated by 7 youth public associations:
Youth public association “Young Entrepreneurs”, which consists of young people who are engaged in or want to start their own business;
Public association of patriotic clubs “Derzhava”, which includes members of military-patriotic clubs of the region;
The public association “Youth Council”, youth councils are organized in all rural and urban settlements;
One of the main problems of young people is legal incompetence. When faced with a serious problem, a young person often does not know its legal basis and his civil rights. Therefore, one of the most effective projects for the prevention of crime among adolescents and young people is the legal assistance service for adolescents and young people using volunteers. After all, it is easier for teenagers to understand their peers, and then, in turn, to entrust their problems and experiences and treat the information received from peers with great confidence. Since September, a volunteer team has been implementing the “Peer to Peer” project. The important thing here is not to “teach” peers, but to support them as “peers.” The creation of volunteer groups - this first stage is carried out from among youth activists and identified positive leaders among young people. We will also involve children who are registered with the KDN into volunteer groups. These volunteer groups will unite children from different educational institutions so that the work is more specific, even targeted. And cooperation with specialists (psychologist, traffic police inspector) will make this activity more effective, carried out at a fairly high professional level.
L. Merkusheva - chief specialist in youth affairs of the department of education and youth affairs of the administration of the Mari-Turek municipal district